People :: Sociology Department

Vitae

Lynn Smith-Lovin

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FORMAL EDUCATION

B.A. 1972 , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

BA 1973 Journalism (with honors), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Honors paper: "Candidate Images in the 1972 Presidential Election: A Content Analysis of Evaluative Attribution Words in TIME and NEWSWEEK."

M.A. 1976 Communications Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. "Individual Political Participation: The Effects of Social Structure and Communication Behavior."

Ph.D. 1978 Sociology/Social Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. "Settings and Scenarios: The Impact of Behavior Settings on the Affective Dynamics of Interpersonal Action."

EMPLOYMENT

1/79-7/82 Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.

7/82-7/88 Associate Professor (tenured), Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.

7/87-7/88 Visiting Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

7/88-7/91 Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

7/91-8/03 Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

Fall 2003-present Affiliated Faculty, Women's Studies, Duke University.

Fall 2003-present Professor, Sociology, Duke University.

2003 - present Affiliated Faculty, Duke Interdiscipnary Initiative in Social Psychology, Duke University.

2004 - present Robert L. Wilson Professor of Sociology, Duke University.

ACADEMIC HONORS

UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES:

EDITORSHIPS AND EDITORIAL BOARDS:

PROFESSIONAL DUTIES:

CONSULTING:

PUBLICATIONS:

Book:

Writing in Sociology: A Brief Guide

Smith-Lovin, L; Heise, DR. 2016. Analyzing social interaction: Advances in affect control theory. Gordon and Breach, (Reprinted from a double special issue of Journal of Mathematical Sociology.)

Smith-Lovin, L; Heise, D. 2016. Editors' Preface. , (.)

Wisecup, AK; McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L. 2005. Recognition of Gender Identity and Task Performance. Emerald (MCB UP ), (.)

Articles and Chapters:

Social Psychology Quarterly

Affect Control Theories: A Double Special Issue in Honor of David R. Heise (Kroska, A; Powell, B; Rogers, KB; Smith-Lovin, L) American Behavioral Scientist 67:1:3-11 We introduce this two-part special issue that celebrates David Heise and his pathbreaking theories: affect control theory (ACT), affect control theory of the self (ACTS), and affect control theory of institutions (ACTI). These interlocking, multi-level, mathematically based theories explain a range of social processes, including impression formation, social interaction, trait and mood attributions, emotional experiences, emotion management, and identity adoption, and they do so in multiple languages and cultures. The 15 articles in this two-part issue test, apply, and develop the theories in new and innovative ways. After briefly summarizing each theory and Bayesian affect control theory (BayesACT), we highlight the key findings from each of the articles that follow. ( 2023).

How Cultural Meanings of Occupations in the U.S. Changed During the Covid-19 Pandemic. (Quinn, JM; Freeland, RE; Rogers, KB; Hoey, J; Smith-Lovin, L) The American behavioral scientist 67:1:125-147 Social research highlights the stability of cultural beliefs, broadly arguing that population-level changes are uncommon and mostly explained by cohort replacement rather than individual-level change. We find evidence suggesting that cultural change may also occur rapidly in response to an economically and socially transformative period. Using data collected just before and after the outbreak of Covid-19 in the U.S., we explore whether cultural beliefs about essential and non-essential occupations are dynamic in the face of an exogenous social and economic shock. Using a sample of respondents whose characteristics match the U.S. Census on sex, age, and race/ethnicity, we fielded surveys measuring cultural beliefs about 85 essential and non-essential occupations using the evaluation, potency, and activity (EPA) dimensions from the Affect Control Theory paradigm. We expected that EPA ratings of essential work identities would increase due to positive media coverage of essential occupations as indispensable and often selfless roles in the pandemic, while EPA ratings of non-essential identities would decline. Our findings show patterns that are both clear and inconsistent with our predictions. For both essential and non-essential occupations, almost all statistically significant changes in mean evaluation and potency were negative; activity showed relatively little change. Changes in evaluation scores were more negative for non-essential occupations than essential occupations. Results suggest that pervasive and persistent exogenous events are worth investigating as potential sources of episodic cultural belief change. ( 2023).

Status as Deference: Cultural Meaning as a Source of Occupational Behavior (Maloney, EK; Rogers, KB; Smith-Lovin, L) RSF 8:7:70-88 Status is an independent basis of inequality. Cultural meanings create the voluntary esteem and deference that distinguish status inequities from inequalities in power and material resources, as Cecilia Ridgeway and Hazel Markus explain in the introduction to this issue. Here, we use affect control theory (ACT)—a formal theory of culture, identity, and social action—to explore how cultural meanings of occupational identities shape status behavior. ACT assumes that people try to maintain cultural meanings for identities and behaviors on three affective dimensions (evaluation, potency and activity) as they interact with others. We use ACT to define how actors in different status groups—occupations with similar patterns of deference to and from other occupations—act toward one another. We validate our theoretical behavioral predictions with vignette survey data. ( 2022).

Introduction of Neil J. MacKinnon, 2021 Cooley-Mead Award Recipient (Kroska, A; Heise, DR; Smith-Lovin, L) Social Psychology Quarterly 85:1:1-5 ( 2022).

The emotional implications of occupational deference structures (Maloney, E; Smith-Lovin, L) Advances in Group Processes 38:1-21 Purpose: We examine how one’s occupational class affects emotional experience. To do this, we look at both general affective outcomes (job satisfaction, respect at work, and life happiness) and the experience of specific positive emotions (overjoyed, proud, and excited) during the week. Methodology/Approach: Using affect control theory simulations, we find the characteristic emotions of four occupational classes, derived from Maloney’s (2020) block model analysis: everyday specialists, service-to-society occupations, the disagreeably powerful, and the actively revered. Using these characteristic emotions, we make predictions about how likely it is that individuals in these occupational classes will report workplace affective experiences: job satisfaction and respect at work, and broader affective experience: general happiness in the prior year. Lastly, we generate and test predictions about everyday emotional experience of positive emotions. Findings: We find mixed results for our hypotheses. In general, our predictions regarding the actively revered as the highest status block in Maloney (2020) are supported for general happiness, job satisfaction, and daily emotional experience. However, we find higher probabilities of happiness and job satisfaction for the disagreeably powerful, a lower evaluation but higher power block, than were expected. Research Limitations: The current analysis uses only 268 occupations out of the 650 occupational titles in the US Census three-digit occupational codes. An analysis that includes the entire occupational structure would be more definitive. Additionally, it would be preferable to have emotion-dependent variables that were specifically tied to work, rather than broader emotional experience, to have a cleaner test of our hypotheses about occupational identities. Practical and Social Implications: Prior research has shown how the emotional experiences associated with different identity labels can explain mental health outcomes, workplace anger, and broader patterns of inequality (Foy, Freeland, Miles, Rogers, & Smith-Lovin, 2014; Kroska & Harkness, 2008, 2016; Lively & Powell, 2016). Understanding how occupational class elicits certain types of emotions in everyday interactions may help scholars explain differences in health and overall life satisfaction across occupations that are not explained by material resource differentiation. ( 2021).

The Enormous Flock of Homophily Researchers: Assessing and Promoting a Research Agenda (McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L; Rawlings, C) PERSONAL NETWORKS :459-470 ( 2021).

The role of the other: How interaction partners influence identity maintenance in four cultures (Robinson, DT; Smith-Lovin, L; Zhao, J) Identity and Symbolic Interaction: Deepening Foundations, Building Bridges :213-237 Since its inception, identity theory has emphasized the crucial role of relationships with others in shaping social behavior. Sheldon Stryker's original formulation of identity theory gave a central role to social networks in determining structural commitment to identities. Research in the identity theory tradition explicitly considers interactional partners as occupants of counter-roles and as sources of reflected appraisals. Implicitly, identity theory research also considers the identities and actions of others as environmental input into the identity verification process. Affect control theory offers a somewhat more elaborated specification of the influence of interaction partners in the identity control process. Others serve both as a source of impression-change in social situations, and as a resource for identity maintenance as the objects of new actions. Recent cross-cultural work in the affect control theory tradition points to important cultural variations in that influence of the other in identity maintenance. In high context cultures like Egypt and Morocco, for example, the identity and actions of one's interaction partner play an even larger role in shaping one's identity-situated behavior than in low context cultures like the United States. In this chapter, we present a series of simulations that illustrate the impact of interaction partners on identity maintenance in the United States, China, Egypt, and Morocco. ( 2020).

How Do We “Do Gender”? Permeation as Over-talking and Talking Over (Cannon, BC; Robinson, DT; Smith-Lovin, L) Socius 5 Gendered expectations are imported from the larger culture to permeate small-group discussions, creating conversational inequalities. Conversational roles also emerge from the negotiated order of group interactions to reflect, reinforce, and occasionally challenge these cultural patterns. The authors provide a new examination of conversational overlaps and interruptions. They show how negotiated conversational roles lead a status distinction (gender) to shape conversational inequality. The authors use a mixed-effects logit model to analyze turn taking as it unfolds in task-group discussions, focusing on how previous behavior shapes current interaction. They then use these conversational roles to examine how locally produced interaction orders mediate the relationship between gender and interruptions. The authors find a more complex process than previous research has revealed. Gender influences the history of being interrupted early in an interaction, which changes the ongoing behavioral patterns to create a cumulative conversational disadvantage. The authors then discuss the implications of these group dynamics for interventions. ( 2019).

Does the job matter? Diversity officers and racialized stress (Wingfield, AH; Hordge-Freeman, E; Smith-Lovin, L) Research in the Sociology of Work 32:197-215 Research indicates that work in predominantly white professional settings generates stress for minority professionals. However, certain occupations may enable or constrain these race-related stressors. In this paper, we use affect control theory to examine the identity dynamics present in professions that explicitly require workers to highlight racial issues. We might expect that occupations that require attention to racial inequalities could produce heightened stress for these workers. However, our research on diversity officers indicates that the opportunity to advocate for disadvantaged groups and address racial bias explicitly creates emotions of satisfaction and fulfillment, and removes some of the common pressures to manage negative emotions that arise as a result of cross-race interactions. Importantly, these emotions are achieved when minority diversity workers perceive institutional supports that buttress their work. Thus, our findings offer a more nuanced assessment of the ways professionals of color engage in various types of emotional performance, and emphasize the importance of both occupational role and institutional support. ( 2018).

AFFECT CONTROL THEORIES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION AND SELF (Robinson, DT; Smith-Lovin, L) CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES, 2 EDITION :139-165 ( 2018).

A Multilevel Investigation of Arabic-Language Impression Change (Kriegel, DJ; Abdul-Mageed, M; Clark, JK; Freeland, RE; Heise, DR; Robinson, DT; Rogers, KB; Smith-Lovin, L) International Journal of Sociology 47:4:278-295 Informa UK Limited ( 2017).

Affect control theory: An assessment (Smith-Lovin, L) Analyzing Social Interaction: Advances in Affect Control Theory :171-192 This paper reviews affect control theory's major strengths, the contributions of recent work to its growth, and the most promising avenues for future work. Affect control theory's strengths include (1) the precision of its mathematical statement and empirical base (especially when compared with earlier interpretive sociologies), (2) its ability to link the internal processing that generates social action to the socio-cultural system upon which that action is based, and (3) the generality that allows a parsimonious explanation of a wide range of processes and previous research findings. Recent advances provide (1) new, more accurate impression-change formulas, (2) the expansion of the theory to encompass settings, emotions, and traits, (3) new dictionaries of evaluation, potency and acitivity meanings and (4) tests o f the theory using likelihood judgments, verbal scenarios and actual behavior of naive experimental subjects. Further work must include links to cognitive structures that will further delineate definition of situation and behavior selection processes. In addition, integration of affect control theory with new sociological work on the development of shared social knowledge and on institutionalized production systems expand the theory in useful ways. Finally, new work must find innovative and convincing ways to test simulation outcomes using both verbal accounts and behavior. ( 2016).

Impressions from events (Smith-Lovin, L) Analyzing Social Interaction: Advances in Affect Control Theory :35-70 A large study of event stimuli developed new equations for describing how people react to events. Exploratory work found several new interaction terms affecting the impression formation process. To demonstrate the generality of the impression formation process across subject populations and study procedures, the results from the current study were compared to four others: two earlier studies on U.S. college undergraduates, a study of Belfast, Northern Ireland, high school students, and an Arabic study of well-educated Egyptians and Lebanese. Striking similarities in evaluation dynamics appeared in all studies. All English-speakers had similar potency and activity dynamics, while the Arabic study showed subtantial differences in the processing of these dimensions. ( 2016).

The affective control of events within settings (Smith-Lovin, L) Analyzing Social Interaction: Advances in Affect Control Theory :71-102 This paper develops an affect control model of how behavior changes as actors move from setting to setting. After a review o f other theoretical approaches to the problem, the affective meanings of settings are examined. Then, impression change equations are developed to assess how sentiments toward actors, behaviors and object-persons are affected by the setting in which interaction occurs. The tempo or characteristic activity level of a behavior setting appears to have the most impact on impression formation. Settings that are lively and fast-paced lead social actors and behaviors to be evaluated more favorably and make them seem more expressive. Actors also seem more admirable when they match their activity level to that of the setting. The current data provide the first effort to understand changes in impressions about settings themselves. Generally, the most important factor influencing how people feel about a setting after an event is the act that is committed there. Places are defiled by violent, aggressive behaviors, but seem nicer when conciliatory, inquisitive acts have occurred. Finally, the usual affect control theory assumption - that people act to minimize affective deflections - is employed along with the new impression-change formulas to analyze some interactions in which people might alter their behavior because of their location. ( 2016).

Surgical Team Stability and Risk of Sharps-Related Blood and Body Fluid Exposures During Surgical Procedures. (Myers, DJ; Lipscomb, HJ; Epling, C; Hunt, D; Richardson, W; Smith-Lovin, L; Dement, JM) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 37:5:512-518 OBJECTIVE: To explore whether surgical teams with greater stability among their members (ie, members have worked together more in the past) experience lower rates of sharps-related percutaneous blood and body fluid exposures (BBFE) during surgical procedures. DESIGN: A 10-year retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A single large academic teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Surgical teams participating in surgical procedures (n=333,073) performed during 2001-2010 and 2,113 reported percutaneous BBFE were analyzed. METHODS: A social network measure (referred to as the team stability index) was used to quantify the extent to which surgical team members worked together in the previous 6 months. Poisson regression was used to examine the effect of team stability on the risk of BBFE while controlling for procedure characteristics and accounting for procedure duration. Separate regression models were generated for percutaneous BBFE involving suture needles and those involving other surgical devices. RESULTS The team stability index was associated with the risk of percutaneous BBFE (adjusted rate ratio, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.88-0.97]). However, the association was stronger for percutaneous BBFE involving devices other than suture needles (adjusted rate ratio, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.85-0.99]) than for exposures involving suture needles (0.96 [0.88-1.04]). CONCLUSIONS: Greater team stability may reduce the risk of percutaneous BBFE during surgical procedures, particularly for exposures involving devices other than suture needles. Additional research should be conducted on the basis of primary data gathered specifically to measure qualities of relationships among surgical team personnel. ( 2016).

Justice Standard Determines Emotional Responses to Over-Reward (Clay-Warner, J; Robinson, DT; Smith-Lovin, L; Rogers, KB; James, KR) Social Psychology Quarterly 79:1:44-67 How do people feel when they benefit from an unfair reward distribution? Equity theory predicts negative emotion in response to over-reward, but sociological research using referential standards of justice drawn from status-value theory repeatedly finds positive emotional responses to over-reward. Researchers have proposed methodological explanations for these different findings, but we propose a theoretical explanation—that over-reward based on local comparisons with an interaction partner creates guilt and other negative emotions, while over-reward relative to an abstract justice standard leads to more positive emotion. We describe two experiments that address methodological explanations for the status value findings: (1) lack of tangible rewards and (2) lack of sufficiently large over-rewards. We find that people who are over-rewarded relative to their referential expectations still report less negative emotion and more positive emotion than those who receive expected rewards. We report results from a third experiment that demonstrate support for our theoretical argument. SAGE Publications ( 2016).

Surgical Procedure Characteristics and Risk of Sharps-Related Blood and Body Fluid Exposure. (Myers, DJ; Lipscomb, HJ; Epling, C; Hunt, D; Richardson, W; Smith-Lovin, L; Dement, JM) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 37:1:80-87 OBJECTIVE To use a unique multicomponent administrative data set assembled at a large academic teaching hospital to examine the risk of percutaneous blood and body fluid (BBF) exposures occurring in operating rooms. DESIGN A 10-year retrospective cohort design. SETTING A single large academic teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS All surgical procedures (n=333,073) performed in 2001-2010 as well as 2,113 reported BBF exposures were analyzed. METHODS Crude exposure rates were calculated; Poisson regression was used to analyze risk factors and account for procedure duration. BBF exposures involving suture needles were examined separately from those involving other device types to examine possible differences in risk factors. RESULTS The overall rate of reported BBF exposures was 6.3 per 1,000 surgical procedures (2.9 per 1,000 surgical hours). BBF exposure rates increased with estimated patient blood loss (17.7 exposures per 1,000 procedures with 501-1,000 cc blood loss and 26.4 exposures per 1,000 procedures with >1,000 cc blood loss), number of personnel working in the surgical field during the procedure (34.4 exposures per 1,000 procedures having ≥15 personnel ever in the field), and procedure duration (14.3 exposures per 1,000 procedures lasting 4 to <6 hours, 27.1 exposures per 1,000 procedures lasting ≥6 hours). Regression results showed associations were generally stronger for suture needle-related exposures. CONCLUSIONS Results largely support other studies found in the literature. However, additional research should investigate differences in risk factors for BBF exposures associated with suture needles and those associated with all other device types. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;37(1):80-87. ( 2016).

Theory in Sociology of Emotions (Weed, EA; Smith-Lovin, L) Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research :411-433 In this chapter, we selectively review the contributions of three traditions to sociology of emotions – dramaturgy, symbolic interactionism, and group processes. In summarizing the key contributions of these literatures, we highlight possible areas for theory development and integration across the three traditions. Drawing on recent studies of the relationships between emotion and differences in social position, we focus on status and power as common ground. After reviewing the contributions to sociology of emotion by the emotion management, identity theory, affect control theory, social exchange theory, and justice/equity theory literatures, we address the lack of clarity and shared language across traditions as critical obstacles to theory development in the sociology of emotions. ( 2016).

Introduction to the special section on the sociology of emotions (Smith-Lovin, L; Thoits, PA) Emotion Review 6:3:187-188 SAGE Publications ( 2014).

Social Distance in the United States: Sex, Race, Religion, Age, and Education Homophily among Confidants, 1985 to 2004 (Smith, JA; McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L) American Sociological Review 79:3:432-456 Homophily, the tendency for similar actors to be connected at a higher rate than dissimilar actors, is a pervasive social fact. In this article, we examine changes over a 20-year period in two types of homophily-the actual level of contact between people in different social categories and the level of contact relative to chance. We use data from the 1985 and 2004 General Social Surveys to ask whether the strengths of five social distinctions-sex, race/ethnicity, religious affiliation, age, and education-changed over the past two decades in core discussion networks. Changes in the actual level of homophily are driven by the demographic composition of the United States. As the nation has become more diverse, cross-category contacts in race/ethnicity and religion have increased. After describing the raw homophily rates, we develop a case-control model to assess homophily relative to chance mixing. We find decreasing rates of homophily for gender but stability for race and age, although the young are increasingly isolated from older cohorts outside of the family. We also find some weak evidence for increasing educational and religious homophily. These relational trends may be explained by changes in demographic heterogeneity, institutional segregation, economic inequality, and symbolic boundaries. © American Sociological Association 2014. SAGE Publications ( 2014).

Emotions and Affect as Source, Outcome and Resistance to Inequality (Foy, S; Freeland, R; Miles, A; Rogers, KB; Smith-Lovin, L) Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research :295-324 While sociologists usually focus on the material aspects of inequality, its emotional outcomes are one of the reasons we care about it. People who occupy the lower positions in unequal social structures experience negative, impotent, and unengaged feelings that depress their quality of life. This chapter explores how affective meanings, transmitted by cultural systems and individual interactional experiences, help to create and re-create patterns of inequality. We first explore how affective meanings translate cultural sentiments into local interactions, creating inequality as it is experienced in everyday life. Self-identities and emotional responses of the stigmatized often reinforce these cultural responses, leading the disadvantaged to self-destructive responses. After discussing how affect and emotion create inequality, we discuss the related topic of how people experience structural emotions as a result of occupying a disadvantaged social position. We document the stress of not being able to verify valued identities or control life circumstances. Finally, we discuss the ways in which emotions can motivate people to resist inequality, by forming coalitions through affective commitments, by recognizing solidarity with other like-minded people in social movements, and by forming subcultures where affective meanings can generate positive structural emotions. ( 2014).

Sociolect-based community detection (Reynolds, WN; Salter, WJ; Farber, RM; Corley, C; Dowling, CP; Beeman, WO; Smith-Lovin, L; Choi, JN) In Glass, K; Colbaugh, R; Sanfilippo, A; Kao, A; Gabbay, M; Corley, C; Li, J; Khan, L; Wynne, A; Coote, L; Mao, W; Zeng, D; Yaghoobi, A.(ed). IEEE ISI 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics: Big Data, Emergent Threats, and Decision-Making in Security Informatics :221-226 'Sociolects' are specialized vocabularies used by social subgroups defined by common interests or origins. We applied methods to retrieve large quantities of Twitter data based on expert-identified sociolects and then applied and developed network-analysis methods to relate sociolect use to network (sub-) structure. We show that novel methods including consideration of node populations, as well as edge counts, provide substantially enhanced performance compared to standard assortativity. We explain these methods, show their utility in analyzing large corpora of social media data, and d iscuss their further extensions and potential applications. © 2013 IEEE. IEEE ( 2013).

"Emotion and affect in the social psychology of inequality." (Smith-Lovin, L; Foy, S; Freeland, R; Miles, A; Rogers, KB) In Lawler, E; McLeod, J; Schwalbe, M.(ed). Social Psychology of Inequality Springer ( 2013).

"Social distance in the United States: Homophily on Race, Sex, Age, Education and Religion, 1985-2004" (Smith-Lovin, L; Smith, JA; McPherson, M) American Sociological Review ( 2013).

"Culture, social structure and emotion in the sociology of emotion" (Smith-Lovin, L; Thoits, P) Emotion Review ( 2013).

Action, Interaction, and Groups (Rogers, KB; Smith-Lovin, L) The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Sociology :119-138 JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD ( 2012).

"Answering the call for a sociological contribution to a multilevel social construction of emotion" (Smith-Lovin, L; Rogers, KB) Emotion Review 4:3:1-20 ( 2012).

Answering the call for a sociological perspective on the multilevel social construction of emotion: A Comment on Boiger and Mesquita (Rogers, KB; Smith-Lovin, L) Emotion Review 4:3:232-233 Boiger and Mesquita (2012) present a social constructionist perspective on emotion that argues for its multilevel contextualization through social interactions, relationships, and culture. The present comments offer a response to the authors' call for input from other disciplines. We provide a sociological perspective on emotion construction at each of the contextual levels discussed by Boiger and Mesquita, and discuss a model that can address interdependencies between these levels. Our remarks are intended to identify additional literature that can be brought to bear on multilevel emotion construction and to put forward some ideas for future research on the subject. © 2012 The Author(s). SAGE Publications ( 2012).

"The Many Faces of Identity" (Smith-Lovin, L; Owens, TJ; Robinson, DT) Annual Review of Sociology 36:1:477-499 We review three traditions in research on identity. The first two traditions, which stress (a) the internalization of social positions and their meanings as part of the self structure and (b) the impact of cultural meanings and social situations on actors' identities, are closely intertwined. The third, the burgeoning literature on collective identity, has developed quite independently of the first two and focuses more on group-level processes. Unlike previous reviews of identity, which have focused on the sources of internalized identity (e.g., role relationship, group membership, or category descriptor), we focus here on the theoretical mechanisms underlying theories of identity. We organize our review by highlighting whether those mechanisms are located in the individual's self-structure, in the situation, or in the larger sociopolitical context. We especially attempt to draw connections between the social psychological literature on identity processes and the distinct, relatively independent literature on collective identity. © 2010 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved. ANNUAL REVIEWS ( 2010).

The social psychologies of emotion: A bridge that is not too far (Smith-Lovin, L; Winkielman, P) Social Psychology Quarterly 73:4:327-332 SAGE Publications ( 2010).

Models and marginals: Using survey evidence to study social networks (McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L; Brashears, ME) American Sociological Review 74:4:670-681 Fischer (2009) argues that our estimates of confidant network size in the 2004 General Social Survey (GSS), and therefore the trend in confidant network size from 1985 to 2004, are implausible because they are (1) inconsistent with other data and (2) contain internal anomalies that call the data into question. In this note, we assess the evidence for a decrease in confidant network size from 1985 to 2004 in the GSS data. We conclude that any plausible modeling of the data shows a decided trend downward in confidant network size from 1985 to 2004. The features that Fischer calls anomalies are exactly the characteristics described by our models (Table 5) in the original article. SAGE Publications ( 2009).

Why do nominal characteristics acquire status value? A minimal explanation for status construction. (Mark, NP; Smith-Lovin, L; Ridgeway, CL) AJS; American journal of sociology 115:3:832-862 Why do beliefs that attach different amounts of status to different categories of people become consensually held by the members of a society? We show that two microlevel mechanisms, in combination, imply a system-level tendency toward consensual status beliefs about a nominal characteristic. (1) Status belief diffusion: a person who has no status belief about a characteristic can acquire a status belief about that characteristic from interacting with one or more people who have that status belief. (2) Status belief loss: a person who has a status belief about a characteristic can lose that belief from interacting with one or more people who have the opposite status belief. These mechanisms imply that opposite status beliefs will tend to be lost at equal rates and will tend to be acquired at rates proportional to their prevalence. Therefore, if a status belief ever becomes more prevalent than its opposite, it will increase in prevalence until every person holds it. ( 2009).

"Social Isolation" (Smith-Lovin, L; Smith, JA; McPherson, M) In Reis, H; Sprecher, S.(ed). Encyclopedia of Human Relationships ( 2008).

"To thine own self be true? Social structural sources of self, situated identity and emotion." (Smith-Lovin, L) In Chin, J; Cardell, J.(ed). Within the Social World: Essays in Social Psychology Allyn & Bacon/Longman ( 2008).

"Status, power and emotion: Commentary" (Smith-Lovin, L) In Clay-Warner, J; Robinson, DT.(ed). Social Structure and Emotion :13-20 Academic Press ( 2008).

"Loosening the ties that bind" (Smith-Lovin, L; McPherson, M; Brashears, M) Contexts ( 2008).

Interruptions in Group Discussions: The Effects of Gender and Group Composition. (Smith-Lovin, L; Brody, CJ) In Fielding, N.(ed). Interviewing II Sage ( 2008).

Erratum: Social isolation in America: Changes in core discussion networks over two decades (American Sociological Review (2006) vol. 71 (353-375)) (McPherson, M; Brashears, ME; Smith-Lovin, L) American Sociological Review 73:6:1022 ( 2008).

Commentary (Smith-Lovin, L) Social Structure and Emotion :13-19 Social structural positions, cultural meanings of those positions, and interactional situations that evoke them, influence the personal experience of emotion. This chapter highlights the interactional imbeddedness of emotional experience and attempts to describe the structural patterning of the interactional environment. A commentary is made on the position of status and power in the sociology of emotions. Status and power are the core of the sociological study of emotion. These relational features affect emotional responses that lead individuals to support or change social structures. Encounters that occur in dyadic relationships or small groups evoke emotions that depend on the groups' status and power structures. Actors experience emotions that are typical of their structural positions. Those emotions vary when there is loss or gain in status or power. Even the most structured of interactions evokes emotional responses that complicate and enrich group processes. Emotions are also involved in maintaining social order when people occupy different positions within the stratification system. Elsevier ( 2008).

Do we need a public sociology?: It depends on what you mean by sociology (Smith-Lovin, L) In Dan Clawson, Robert Zussman, Joya Mizra, Naomi Gerstel, Randall Stokes, Douglas L. Anderton and Michael Burawoy.(ed). Public Sociology: Fifteen Eminent Sociologists Debate Politics and the Profession in the Twenty-first Century :124-134 University of California Press ( 2007).

" The strength of weak identities: Social structural sources of self, situated identity and emotional experience" Social Psychology Quarterly Cooley-Mead Award Address June, 2007 .

The strength of weak identities: Social structural sources of self, situation and emotional experience (Smith-Lovin, L) Social Psychology Quarterly 70:2:106-124 Modern societies are highly differentiated, with relatively uncorrected socially salient dimensions and a preponderance of weak, unidimensional (as opposed to strong, multiplex) ties. What are the implications of a society with fewer strong ties and more weak ties for the self? What do these changes mean for our emotional experience in everyday life? I outline a structural view of self, situated identity, and emotion. It is an ecological theory in which interpersonal encounters are the link between the macro-level community structure and the micro-level experience of self-conception, identity performance, and emotion. In this ecology of encounters, multiple-identity enactments (especially of salient self-identities) are quite rare. But where they occur, they are important indicators of potential social change. SAGE Publications ( 2007).

"Control Theories of Identity, Action and Emotion." (Smith-Lovin, L; Robinson, DT) In McClelland, KA; Fararo, TJ.(ed). Purpose, Meaning and Action: Control Systems Theories in Sociology :163-188 Palgrave MacMillan ( 2006).

"Sociology of Emotions" (Wisecup, A; Robinson, DT; Smith-Lovin, L) In Peck, DL; Bryant, CD.(ed). Handbook of 21st Century Sociology :106-115 Sage Publications ( 2006).

"Affect Control Theory" (Smith-Lovin, L; Robinson, DT; Wisecup, A) In Stets, JE; Turner, JH.(ed). Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions :179-202 Springer ( 2006).

Social Networks (McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L) In Sherrod, LR.(ed). Youth Activism: An International Encyclopedia Westport, CT: Greenwood Press ( 2006).

"Affect Control Theory" (Smith-Lovin, L; Robinson, DT) In Burke, PJ.(ed). Contemporary Social Psychological Theories :137-64 Stanford CA: Stanford University Press ( 2006).

Social isolation in America: Changes in core discussion networks over two decades (McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L; Brashears, ME) American Sociological Review 71:3:353-375 Have the core discussion networks of Americans changed in the past two decades? In 1985, the General Social Survey (GSS) collected the first nationally representative data on the confidants with whom Americans discuss important matters. In the 2004 GSS the authors replicated those questions to assess social change in core network structures. Discussion networks are smaller in 2004 than in 1985. The number of people saying there is no one with whom they discuss important matters nearly tripled. The mean network size decreases by about a third (one confidant), from 2.94 in 1985 to 2.08 in 2004. The modal respondent now reports having no confidant; the modal respondent in 1985 had three confidants. Both kin and non-kin confidants were lost in the past two decades, but the greater decrease of non-kin ties leads to more confidant networks centered on spouses and parents, with fewer contacts through voluntary associations and neighborhoods. Most people have densely interconnected confidants similar to them. Some changes reflect the changing demographics of the U.S. population. Educational heterogeneity of social ties has decreased, racial heterogeneity has increased. The data may overestimate the number of social isolates, but these shrinking networks reflect an important social change in America. SAGE Publications ( 2006).

“Affect Control Theory.” (Smith-Lovin, L) In Ritzer, G.(ed). Handbook of Social Theory Sage ( 2005).

Foreword (Smith-Lovin, L) In Turner, JH; Stets, JE.(ed). The Sociology of Emotions 21:263-264 Stanford University Press ( 2005).

"Gender Identity Recognition and Task Performance" (Smith-Lovin, L; Wisecup, A; McPherson, M) In Thye, S; Lawler, E.(ed). Advances in Group Processes: Social Identification in Groups 22:177-201 Elsevier Ltd ( 2005).

Introduction of Karen S. Cook: Recipient of the 2004 Cooley-Mead Award (Smith Lovin, L) Social Psychology Quarterly 68:1:1-3 SAGE Publications ( 2005).

PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES OF THEORETICAL CONCEPTS: SOME IDEAS FOR LINKING DEFLECTION AND EMOTION TO PHYSICAL RESPONSES DURING INTERACTION (Robinson, DT; Rogalin, CL; Smith-Lovin, L) Advances in Group Processes 21:77-115 After a vigorous debate in the late 1970s, the sociology of emotion put aside most discussion of whether or not the physiological arousal associated with emotion labels is differentiated. Since this early period, scholars have made great progress on two fronts. First, theories about the interrelationship of identity, action and emotion have specified a family of new concepts related to emotion. Second, a large corpus of research on the physiological correlates of emotional experience emerged. In this chapter, we review the well-developed control theories of identity and emotion, and focus on the key concepts that might relate to different physiological states. We then review the general classes of physiological measures, discussing their reliability, intrusiveness and other features that might determine their usefulness for tracking responses to social interaction. We then offer a highly provisional mapping of physiological measures onto the concepts that they might potentially measure, given past research about how these physiological processes relate to environmental stimuli. While any linkage between concepts and measures must be speculative at this point, we hope that this review will serve as a stimulus to theoretically guided research that begins to assess the validity of these new measures for sociological use. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Emerald (MCB UP ) ( 2004).

Self, Identity, and Interaction in an Ecology of Identities (Smith-Lovin, L) In Burke, Peter J., Owens, Tim J., Thoits, Peggy A and Serpe, Richard.(ed). Advances in Identity Theory and Research :167-178 Springer US ( 2003).

Measuring interruptions: Structural versus contextual approaches (Okamoto, DG; Rashotte, L; Smith-Lovin, L) Social Psychology Quarterly 65:1:38-55 ( 2002).

Cohesion and membership duration: Linking groups, relations and individuals in an ecology of affiliation (McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L) Advances in Group Processes 19:1-36 The study of group cohesion has a rich but confused history. Cohesion was originally a group-level concept, referring to the degree to which a group tends to maintain a stable, committed membership over time. As a largely psychological literature developed, however, an increasing focus on interpersonal attraction translated into the individual-level study of liking and interdependence. Recent advances in both psychology (Hogg, 1992) and sociology (Lawler & Yoon, 1996) usefully reassert the central role of social structure in determining a group's cohesiveness. We argue, however, that current approaches have enriched our understanding of intraindividual processing at the expense of the sociological understanding of the coevolution of groups and their members' networks within a larger community structure. We review the literature on this ecology of affiliation to draw inferences about both group cohesiveness and members' attachment to the group. Then we extend a theoretical simulation of these ecological processes to show how system-level properties of communities can influence group cohesion. © 2002. Emerald (MCB UP ) ( 2002).

Measuring interruption: Syntactic and contextual methods of coding conversation (Okamoto, DG; Rashotfe, LS; Smith-Lovin, L) Social Psychology Quarterly 65:1:38-55 In this paper we focus on a long-standing debate surrounding the measurement of interruptions in conversational behavior. This debate has implications for conversational analysts interested in turn-taking structures, researchers interested in close relationships who interpret them as an exercise of power, and group processes researchers studying status-organizing structures. We explore two different measurements of interruptions: (1) a syntactic measurement that operationalizes an interruption as simultaneous talk initiated more than two syllables from the end of a current speaker's sentence, and (2) a more contextual measurement that takes into account situational factors such as the current speaker's intentions and the content of what both speakers say when judging whether a speech act is an interruption. We coded transcripts from 86 task group discussions using West and Zimmerman's (1983) syntactic criteria and Murray's (1985) context-sensitive method for identifying interruptions. Factor analyses found a one-factor solution, an indication that both measurements capture the same underlying construct. Confirmatory factor analyses identified more subtle variations, however, suggesting that gender and subcultural differences affect how coders construe interruptions. SAGE Publications ( 2002).

Getting a Laugh: A Look at Humor in Task Group Discussions (Robinson, D; Smith-Lovin, L) Social Forces 80:1:123-58 ( 2001).

“Changing the Subject: Gender, Status and the Dynamics of Topic Transitions” (with Dina Okamoto) American Sociological Review 66:852-73 2001 .

“Role-identities, action and emotion: parallel processing and the production of mixed emotions” (Smith-Lovin, L) In Kashima, Y; Foddy, M; Platow, M.(ed). Self and Identity: Personal, Social, and Symbolic :125-144 New York: Erlbaum ( 2001).

Defining the Situation: Emotional Display and Construals about Crime (Tsoudis, O; Smith-Lovin, L) Sociological Spectrum 21 ( 2001).

Changing the subject: Gender, status, and the dynamics of topic change (Okamoto, DG; Smith-Lovin, L) American Sociological Review 66:6:852-873 Social scientists have devoted a great deal of attention to how much people talk, but have paid little attention to what they talk about. Research in the tradition of conversation analysis suggests that transitions between topics of conversation are accomplished in a systematic, structured way, and that social status can affect whose topics are developed and whose are lost. The authors use insights from conversation analysis to develop a systematic coding system for identifying topic shifts in task-oriented discussions. Hypotheses from the literature on group processes predict who will suggest topic changes in a task-oriented group and whose topics will be lost. Event history methods model the dynamics of topic change in two data sets: a study of six-person laboratory task groups and a replication study of dyads. Topic changes in these task-oriented discussions are more sensitive to status structures that develop within the conversation than to a relatively weak status characteristic like gender. Some of the sequential mechanisms that conversation analysts have studied in the context of less structured, more wide ranging talk may be generalizable to this more constrained conversational environment. SAGE Publications ( 2001).

Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks (McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L; Cook, JM) Annual Review of Sociology 27:1:415-444 Similarity breeds connection. This principle - the homophily principle - structures network ties of every type, including marriage, friendship, work, advice, support, information transfer, exchange, comembership, and other types of relationship. The result is that people's personal networks are homogeneous with regard to many sociodemographic, behavioral, and intrapersonal characteristics. Homophily limits people's social worlds in a way that has powerful implications for the information they receive, the attitudes they form, and the interactions they experience. Homophily in race and ethnicity creates the strongest divides in our personal environments, with age, religion, education, occupation, and gender following in roughly that order. Geographic propinquity, families, organizations, and isomorphic positions in social systems all create contexts in which homophilous relations form. Ties between nonsimilar individuals also dissolve at a higher rate, which sets the stage for the formation of niches (localized positions) within social space. We argue for more research on: (a) the basic ecological processes that link organizations, associations, cultural communities, social movements, and many other social forms; (b) the impact of multiplex ties on the patterns of homophily; and (c) the dynamics of network change over time through which networks and other social entities co-evolve. Copyright © 2001 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved. ANNUAL REVIEWS ( 2001).

Getting a laugh: Gender, status, and humor in task discussions (Robinson, DT; Smith-Lovin, L) Social Forces 80:1:123-158 Humor is a quintessentially social phenomenon, since every joke requires both a teller and an audience. Here we ask how humor operates in task-oriented group discussions. We use theories about the functions of humor to generate hypotheses about who jokes, when and in what situations. Then we use event history techniques to analyze humor attempts and successes in six-person groups. Our results combine to suggest an image of joking as a status-related activity, with men, high participators, frequent interrupters, and those who are frequently interrupted all showing status-related patterns of humor use. We find substantial time dependence in humor use, in which humor may serve to form a status hierarchy early in a group's development and to dissipate task-related tension later in the discussion. We use these results, in conjunction with core insights on status and emotion from the group processes literature, to develop a new theory of humor use in task-oriented groups. The new theory generates predictions about the content of humor episodes, which we examine with additional data from our group discussions. Consistent with the theory, we find that a higher proportion of men's humor is differentiating, while a higher proportion of women's humor is cohesion-building. We find the same general pattern with our other status variable, participation. © 2001 University of North Carolina Press. Oxford University Press (OUP) ( 2001).

Criminal identity: The key to situational construals in mock criminal court cases (Tsoudis, O; Smith-Lovin, L) Sociological Spectrum 21:1:3-31 A number of researchers have explored legal decision making, attempting to predict factors that influence sentencing. For example, Dunning (1986) focused on one major factor, the decision maker’s construal of the crime. Dunning’s research demonstrated the importance of construals (filling in of information) in sentencing decisions; however, he was unable to identify what predicts these construals. Here we apply affect control theory to predict construals. Study 1 focuses on mock jurors’ sentencing of a guilty offender; it tests hypotheses generated from affect control theory that link emotion displays to construals through inferences about the criminal’s identity. Path analyses demonstrate that construals can be explained by inferences about the criminal’s identity. Study 2 introduces concrete information about prior record. Results suggest that identity inferences still remain important in forming construals when prior record information is available. These studies provide more evidence for the importance of social perceptions in legal decision making. © 2001 Taylor & Francis. ( 2001).

Introduction to the millennium special issue on the state of sociological social psychology (Smith-Lovin, L; Molm, LD) SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 63:4:281-283 AMER SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOC ( 2000).

“Simplicity, uncertainty and the power of generative theories.” Contemporary Sociology 29:2:300-5 2000 .

“Social psychology.” (Smith-Lovin, L) In Blau, J.(ed). Blackwell Companion to Sociology Malden, Mass.: Blackwell ( 2000).

Simplicity, uncertainty, and the power of generative theories (Smith-Lovin, L) Contemporary Sociology 29:2:300-306 SAGE Publications ( 2000).

Gender and interaction (Smith-Lovin, L; Ridgeway, C) In Chafetz, JS.(ed). Handbook on the Sociology of Gender :247-274 Plenum ( 1999).

Interaction in the gender system: Theory and research (Ridgeway, C; Smith-Lovin, L) Annual Review of Sociology 25:1:191-216 The gender system includes processes that both define males and females as different in socially significant ways and justify inequality on the basis of that difference. Gender is different from other forms of social inequality in that men and women interact extensively within families and households and in other role relations. This high rate of contact between men and women raises important questions about how interaction creates experiences that confirm, or potentially could undermine, the beliefs about gender difference and inequality that underlie the gender system. Any theory of gender difference and inequality must accommodate three basic findings from research on interaction, (a). People perceive gender differences to be pervasive in interaction, (b). Studies of interaction among peers with equal power and status show few gender differences in behavior, (c). Most interactions between men and women occur in the structural context of roles or status relationships that are unequal. These status and power differences create very real interaction effects, which are often confounded with gender. Beliefs about gender difference combine with structurally unequal relationships to perpetuate status beliefs, leading men and women to recreate the gender system in everyday interaction. Only peer interactions that are not driven by cultural beliefs about the general competence of men and women or interactions in which women are status- or power-advantaged over men are likely to undermine the gender system. Copyright © 1999 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved. ANNUAL REVIEWS ( 1999).

“Sociology of emotions.” (Smith-Lovin, L) In Levinson, D; Ponzetti, J; Jorgensen, P.(ed). Encyclopedia of Human Emotions New York: Macmillan. ( 1999).

Core concepts and common ground: The relational basis of our discipline (Smith-Lovin, L) Social Forces 78:1:1-23 The core of sociology is the key thing that we share as sociologists - the basic way of viewing social life that makes us distinctive as a discipline. This core is the content that we have to communicate to a larger public. largue that the disciplinary form that best develops a core is a structure in which there are a high density of positive network ties within the discipline, relatively weak subdivisions within the discipline, and a lower density of ties linking us to outside institutions. I use structural and social psychological theory to talk about the interactional dynamics that weaken this optimal disciplinary structure. The hope is that these theoretical insights will help us deal productively with some of the major social changes that are occurring within our field. I end with eight theoretically derived propositions to guide our behavior toward these ends. © The University of North Carolina Press. Oxford University Press (OUP) ( 1999).

Emotion display as a strategy for identity negotiation (Robinson, DT; Smith-Lovin, L) Motivation and Emotion 23:2:73-104 Affect control theory provides a formal model of emotions, behavior, and identity shifts during social interaction. According to the theory, emotions provide information about both the identity of an emoting actor and how well current social events are confirming that identity. Actors can avoid or mitigate identity damage resulting from inappropriate behaviors by displaying certain emotions (e.g. remorse). Alternately, actors can expose their identities to social damage by displaying inappropriate affect while behaving otherwise normatively. Here we present experimental tests of eight hypotheses based on affect control-based simulations. We find that (1) display of emotions that are affectively congruent with behaviors can reduce damage to identity from harmful behaviors; (2) display of evaluatively incongruent emotions can actually contribute to a spoiled identity, even in the context of socially positive behaviors; and (3) emotions that are evaluatively congruent with behaviors make actors seem more powerful. Respondents feel that they understand and like actors more when they display normative, affectively congruent emotions. These results are complicated somewhat by responses to the emotion of anger. One hypothesis - that low potency emotions will make actors seem more powerful - is not confirmed. We interpret these results and suggest avenues for future research. KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL ( 1999).

A Comparative Ecology of Five Nations (McPherson, JM; Smith-Lovin, L) In Carroll, GR.(ed). Ecological Models of Organizations :85-110 Ballinger ( 1998).

“Emotion Management as Emotional Labor.” (Smith-Lovin, L) In Clawson, D.(ed). Required Reading: Sociology’s Most Influential Books Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press ( 1998).

How bad was it? The effects of victim and perpetrator emotion on responses to criminal court vignettes (Tsoudis, O; Smith-Lovin, L) Social Forces 77:2:695-722 Affect control theory is a general model of how emotions, identities and actions are related in social interaction. In this study, we used affect control theory to predict how the emotions displayed by a perpetrator and a victim during their criminal trial statements influence a juror's judgments about their identities. We then asked how these identity judgments about the perpetrator and victim affect the recommended sentence for the perpetrator. An experiment used undergraduates' reactions in a mock jury setting to test the theory's predictions. Maximum likelihood structural equation models show the influence of both criminal and victim emotion displays in affecting identity inferences about the participants in the crime scene. These identity inferences, as well as inferences about the severity of the criminal behavior itself, determine the sentence recommended for the perpetrator, supporting affect control theory. Oxford University Press (OUP) ( 1998).

Alternative Routes: A Social Network Perspective on Gender and Careers (Ibarra, H; Smith-Lovin, L) In Cooper, C; Jackson, S.(ed). Creating Tomorrow’s Organizations :359-84 Wiley ( 1997).

“Who Benefits from Being Bold: The Interactive Effects of Task Cues and Status Characteristics on Influence in Mock Jury Groups” (Rashotte, LS) Advances in Group Processes 14 JAI Press. ( 1997).

Review- Symbolic Interactionism as Affect Control (SUNY, 1994) by Neil MacKinnon (Smith-Lovin, L) Social Forces 75:1489-91 ( 1997).

“Gender, Children and Social Contact: The Effects of Childrearing for Men and Women” (Munch, A; McPherson, M) American Sociological Review 62:4:509-520 We investigate the impact of childrearing on men's and women's social networks, using a probability sample of residents of 10 Great Plains towns. Data support the hypotheses that social network size, contact volume, and composition vary with the age of the youngest child in a family. Childrearing reduces women's network size and contact volume, while it alters the composition of men's networks. Effects are most pronounced when the youngest child is around three years old. These results suggest the possibility that sex differences in structural location (in the sense of embeddedness in social networks) explain sex differences in outcomes over the life course. The gender-specific effects of this life stage may accrue because childrearing places men and women in separate social worlds; childbearing and childrearing thus may be a crucial phase in the process by which gender differences are created and maintained. SAGE Publications ( 1997).

Gender and Social Interaction (Ridgeway, CL; Smith-Lovin, L) Social Psychology Quarterly 59:3:173-175 ( 1996).

"The Sociology of Affect and Emotion." (Smith-Lovin, L) In Cook, K; Fine, G; House, J.(ed). Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology :118-48 Boston: Allyn and Bacon ( 1995).

Handbook of Emotions (New York: Guilford, 1993) (Lewis, ROM; Haviland, JM) Contemporary Sociology 24:298-300 ( 1995).

"Sex and Race Heterogeneity in Face-to-Face Groups" (Mayhew, B; McPherson, M; Rotolo, T) Social Forces 74:1:15-52 We generate a number of hypotheses about face-to-face groups using the energy distribution principle: the frequency of an event is inversely related to the amount of energy expended in that event. The principle predicts that (1) the size of groups will be inversely related to the frequency of their occurrence; (2) at any group size, the composition of social positions will be less heterogeneous than chance; and, (3) as group size increases, observed compositional homogeneity will decline at a slower rate than chance. We test these hypotheses using data on more than 100, 000 naturally occurring, public, face-to-face groups gathered in sampling sweeps through two communities over a three-year period. The data support the hypotheses and yield interesting differences in the strength of sex and race heterogeneity. We discuss the findings as they relate to the general energy distribution principle and to other sociological perspectives. © 1995 The University of North Carolina Press. Oxford University Press (OUP) ( 1995).

Heinous crime or unfortunate accident? the effects of remorse on responses to mock criminal confessions (Robinson, DT; Smith-Lovin, L; Tsoudis, O) Social Forces 73:1:175-190 Affect control theory provides a rigorous, testable model of emotion. We use simulations based on this theory to develop predictions about the impact of emotion displays on identity attributions and subsequent sentencing recommendations in the context of criminal confessions. We then test these predictions with an experimental study using vignettes of criminal confessions. Students responded to mock criminal confessions by drivers responsible for vehicular manslaughter who either appeared to be remorseful or showed no signs of remorse. Path analyses supported the predictions that displays of remorse have an indirect effect on severity of sentence recommendation through impact on identity assessment. © 1994 The University of North Carolina Press. Oxford University Press (OUP) ( 1994).

"Structure, Culture and Interaction: A Comparison of Affect Control Theory and Expectations States Theory" (Ridgeway, C) Advances in Group Processes 11 JAI Press ( 1994).

Can Emotionality and Rationality be Reconciled? (SMITH-LOVIN, L) 5:2:283-293 Economists invoke emotions narrowly to solve commitment problems; sociologists view emotions as a more pervasive basic feature of social life. A complete approach to integrating emotionality and choice requires attention to the interactional sources of emotions and examination of the role that emotions play in directing attention to different domains of comparison and choice. Systematic analysis of the situational determinants of emotional response will allow us to see how both interaction structures and emotional responses are selected by the social environment. ( 1993).

Some Disintegrating Thoughts on Structure and Agency: Reply to Molm (McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L) In England, P.(ed). Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory Aldine Aldine ( 1993).

Eliminating Choice: Reply to Folbre (McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L) In England, P.(ed). Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory Aldine Aldine ( 1993).

You Are Who You Know: A Network Perspective on Gender (McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L) In England, P.(ed). Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory. :223-241 New York: Aldine ( 1993).

Can Emotionality and Rationality be Reconciled?: A Comment on Collins, Frank, Hirshleifer, and Jasso (Smith-Lovin, L) Rationality and Society 5:2:283-293 Economists invoke emotions narrowly to solve commitment problems; sociologists view emotions as a more pervasive basic feature of social life. A complete approach to integrating emotionality and choice requires attention to the interactional sources of emotions and examination of the role that emotions play in directing attention to different domains of comparison and choice. Systematic analysis of the situational determinants of emotional response will allow us to see how both interaction structures and emotional responses are selected by the social environment. © 1993, SAGE Periodicals Press. All rights reserved. SAGE Publications ( 1993).

Gender and Conversational Dynamics (Robinson, D; Smith-Lovin, L) In Ridgeway, C.(ed). Gender and Interaction :122-56 Springer-Verlag ( 1992).

"An Affect Control View of Cognition and Emotion." (Smith-Lovin, L) In Howard, J; Callero, P.(ed). Self and Society: A Social Cognition Approach :143-69 Cambridge University Press ( 1992).

“Selective interaction as a strategy for identity maintenance: An affect control model.” (Robinson, D) Social Psychology Quarterly 55:1:12-28 ( 1992).

An affect control analysis of two religious subcultures (Douglas, WT; Smith-Lovin, L) In Franks, D; Gecas, V.(ed). Social Perspectives on Emotion :217-247 JAI Press ( 1992).

Researching Social Life (Gilbert, EVRIGN) London: Sage ( 1992).

"Emotion as Confirmation and Disconfirmation of Identity: An Affect Control Model." (Smith-Lovin, L) In Kemper, TD.(ed). Research Agendas in Emotions, :238-270 New York: SUNY Press ( 1990).

The Timing of Interruptions in Group Discussions (Robinson, D; Smith-Lovin, L) In Lawler, EJ; Ridgeway, C; Walker, H; Markovsky, B.(ed). Advances in Group Processes :45-74 JAI Press Vol. 7 ( 1990).

"Affect, Sentiment and Emotion." (Smith-Lovin, L) Social Psychology Quarterly 52:5-9 ( 1989).

"Interruptions in Group Discussions: The Effects of Gender and Group Composition." (Brody, CJ) American Sociological Review 54:424-35 ( 1989).

Affect control theory: An assessment (Smith-Lovin, L) The Journal of Mathematical Sociology 13:1-2:171-192 This paper reviews affect control theory's major strengths, the contributions of recent work to its growth, and the most promising avenues for future work. Affect control theory's strengths include (1) the precision of its mathematical statement and empirical base (especially when compared with earlier interpretive sociologies), (2) its ability to link the internal processing that generates social action to the socio-cultural system upon which that action is based, and (3) the generality that allows a parsimonious explanation of a wide range of processes and previous research findings. Recent advances provide (1) new, more accurate impression-change formulas, (2) the expansion of the theory to encompass settings, emotions, and traits, (3) new dictionaries of evaluation, potency and acitivity meanings and (4) tests of the theory using likelihood judgments, verbal scenarios and actual behavior of naive experimental subjects. Further work must include links to cognitive structures that will further delineate definition of situation and behavior selection processes. In addition, integration of affect control theory with new sociological work on the development of shared social knowledge and on institutionalized production systems expand the theory in useful ways. Finally, new work must find innovative and convincing ways to test simulation outcomes using both verbal accounts and behavior. © 1987 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers S.A. All rights reserved. Informa UK Limited ( 1987).

The affective control of events within settings (Smith-Lovin, L) The Journal of Mathematical Sociology 13:1-2:71-101 This paper develops an affect control model of how behavior changes as actors move from setting to setting. After a review of other theoretical approaches to the problem, the affective meanings of settings are examined. Then, impression change equations are developed to assess how sentiments toward actors, behaviors and object-persons are affected by the setting in which interaction occurs. The tempo or characteristic activity level of a behavior setting appears to have the most impact on impression formation. Settings that are lively and fast-paced lead social actors and behaviors to be evaluated more favorably and make them seem more expressive. Actors also seem more admirable when they match their activity level to that of the setting. The current data provide the first effort to understand changes in impressions about settings themselves. Generally, the most important factor influencing how people feel about a setting after an event is the act that is committed there. Places are defiled by violent, aggressive behaviors, but seem nicer when conciliatory, inquisitive acts have occurred. Finally, the usual affect control theory assumption — that people act to minimize affective deflections — is employed along with the new impression-change formulas to analyze some interactions in which people might alter their behavior because of their location. © 1987 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers S.A. All rights reserved. Informa UK Limited ( 1987).

Impressions from events (Smith-Lovin, L) The Journal of Mathematical Sociology 13:1-2:35-70 A large study of event stimuli developed new equations for describing how people react to events. Exploratory work found several new interaction terms affecting the impression formation process. To demonstrate the generality of the impression formation process across subject populations and study procedures, the results from the current study were compared to four others: two earlier studies on U.S. college undergraduates, a study of Belfast, Northern Ireland, high school students, and an Arabic study of well-educated Egyptians and Lebanese. Striking similarities in evaluation dynamics appeared in all studies. All English-speakers had similar potency and activity dynamics, while the Arabic study showed subtantial differences in the processing of these dimensions. © 1987 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers S.A. All rights reserved. Informa UK Limited ( 1987).

"Homophily in Voluntary Organizations." (with J. Miller McPherson) American Sociological Review 52:370-79 ( 1987).

"Homophily in Voluntary Organizations." (McPherson, JM) American Sociological Review 52:370-79 ( 1987).

Homophily in Voluntary Organizations: Status Distance and the Composition of Face-to-Face Groups." (Miller McPherson, ; Lynn Smith Lovin, ) American Sociological Review 52:3:370-379 Recent work on the organized sources of network ties and on the social structural determinants of association are synthesized to produce several hypotheses about homophily. Friends are more similar on status dimensions than chance and this homophily is produced both by the restricted opportunity structure offered by the group and by homophilous choices made within the group. -from Authors SAGE Publications ( 1987).

Status and participation in six-person groups: A test of skvoretz’s comparative status model (Smith-Lovin, L; Skvoretz, JV; Hudson, CG) Social Forces 64:4:992-1005 A mathematical model of participation in n-person groups, derived from expectation states theory by Skvoretz (a), was tested in six-person task-oriented groups with systematically varying sex compositions. The groups of undergraduate subjects performed a task modeled after that used by Fisek. Videotapes were made of group interactions and later coded for participation, interruptions, and conversational overlaps. The Skvoretz model fits the participation data poorly (as measured by a Chi-square goodness-of-fit test), primarily because there was much more variation in participation within statuses (male and female) than predicted by the model. A revised model which represents the groups' status structure as differentiated along a primary status dimension, sex, and then differentiated along secondary status dimensions within members of the same sex is suggested for a better fit to the participation data. © 1986 The University of North Carolina Press. Oxford University Press (OUP) ( 1986).

"Sex Segregation in Voluntary Associations." (McPherson, JM) American Sociological Review 51:61-79 ( 1986).

WOMENS RETIREMENT - POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT RESEARCH - SZINOVACZ,M (FILLENBAUM, GG) JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY 39:1:124-125 GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER ( 1984).

The Employment Revolution. (MIT Press, 1982) (Mott, ROF) Social Forces 63:302-3 ( 1984).

Scaling the prestige, authority, and income potential of college curricula (Wilson, KL; Smith-Lovin, L) Social Science Research 12:2:159-186 This paper develops the concept of "targeted education," a theoretical ranking of college curricula, into a multidimensional framework. The new scales, based on the traditional stratification dimensions, prestige, authority, and income, are then used in a study of sex differences in the process of occupational achievement among men and women with college degrees. The targeted education scales predict occupational prestige and wages 7 years after the college degree, and they point out interesting differences between male and female attainment processes. In general, targeted education has a greater quantitative impact for men's occupational outcomes than for women's prestige and income, but results also suggest significant qualitative differences between men and women. A large proportion of women target their education toward, and end up in, an under-employed labor pool for the primary and secondary school system. © 1983. Elsevier BV ( 1983).

A Structural Equation Model of Impression Formation (Heise, DR; Smith-Lovin, L) In Hirschberg, CIN; Humphries, L.(ed). Multivariate Methods in the Social Sciences L. Erlbaum ( 1982).

Women’s Retirement: Policy Implications of Recent Research, Vol. 6. (Szinovacz, ROM) Sage Yearbooks in Women’s Policy Studies. (Beverly Hills: Sage,), Sex Roles ( 1982).

"Models of Women’s Work and Fertility" (Tickamyer, AR) American Sociological Review 47:461-66 ( 1982).

"Women and Weak Ties: Differences by Sex in the Size of Voluntary Organizations." (McPherson, JM) American Journal of Sociology 87:883-904 ( 1982).

Fertility and patterns of labor force participation among married women. (Smith-Lovin, L; Tickamyer, AR) Social biology 28:1-2:81-95 ( 1981).

Understanding Human Values, Individual and Societal. (Rokeach, ROM) Social Forces 59:1330-32 ( 1981).

"Impressions of Goodness, Powerfulness and Liveliness from Discerned Social Events." (Heise, DR) Social Psychology Quarterly 44:93-106 ( 1981).

Life Styles and Childbearing (New York: Free Press, 1975), and D. Gill, Illegitimacy, Sexuality and the Status of Women. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1977) (Scanzoni, ROJH) American Journal of Sociology 86:227-31 ( 1980).

On the Practical Value of Causal Modeling II. Educational Attainment and the Measurement of Conceptual Variables (Smith-Lovin, L; Wilson, KL) The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 16:4:547-565 SAGE Publications ( 1980).

Individual Political Participation: The Effects of Social Structure and Communication Behavior (Smith-Lovin, L) Sociological Perspectives 22:1:23-50 Although researchers attempting to quantify theories of individual political participation have assumed that mass media use is a recursive cause of such participation, an argument could be made for a return effect of political activity on media use. The “uses and gratifications” tradition in communication research, for example, views media use as purposive behavior that is influenced by the users social situation. In this paper the possibilty of a bidirectional relationship between mass media use and political participation is examined using the Two-Stage Least Squares technique. The data used to estimate model parameters are from a 1971 statewide survey of North Carolina. Separate analyses were conducted for male and female respondents to explore sex differences in the processes leading to individual political participation. Mass media use is shown to have an effect on participation in both the male and female subsamples. Political activity has a positive return effect on media use in the female subsample, but there is no significant return effect in the male subsample. Generally, the results indicate that models which specify media use as a unidirectional cause of participation behavior may be incorrect and wider use of techniques which allow the investigation of non-recursive relationships is recommended. © 1979, Pacific Sociological Association. All rights reserved. SAGE Publications ( 1979).

"Behavioral Settings and Impressions Formed from Social Scenarios." (Smith-Lovin, L) Social Psychology Quarterly 42:31-42 ( 1979).

Nonrecursive models of labor force participation, fertility behavior and sex role attitudes. (Smith-Lovin, L; Tickamyer, AR) American sociological review 43:4:541-557 ( 1978).

The American Woman: Her Past, Her Present and Her Future. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston) (Richmond-Abbott, ROM) Sex Roles 6:879-81 ( 1976).

"The Changing Front Page of the New York Times." (Ogan, C; Plymale, I; Turpin, W; Shaw, D) Journalism Quarterly 52:340-44 ( 1976).

The Young Moderns: Correlates of Communication Behavior among Appalachian (U.S.) College Students (Bishop, ME; Smith-Lovin, L) Der Anteil Der Massenmediem Bei Der Herausbildung Des Besussteinss In Der Sich Wanderlunden Welt :215-24 Leipzig, D.D.R.: Karl Marx Universtat ( 1974).

COMMENTS, INTRODUCTIONS AND SHORT PIECES:

BOOK REVIEWS:

Women's Retirement: Policy Implications of Recent Research,

Sage Yearbooks in Women's Policy Studies.

Review of M. Szinovacz, Women's Retirement: Policy Implications of Recent Research, Vol. 6. Sage Yearbooks in Women's Policy Studies. (Beverly Hills: Sage,), Sex Roles ( 1982).

RESEARCH GRANT ACTIVITY: WORK IN PROGRESS:

Podcast (Smith-Lovin, L) Thomson Reuters "Sciencewatch".

Book manuscript, Networks and Niches in an Ecology of Affiliation (Smith-Lovin, L; McPherson, M)

Book manuscript, Identity, Interaction and Emotion (Smith-Lovin, L; Robinson, DT)

Emotional Reactions to Over-Reward (Smith-Lovin, L; Clay-Warner, J; Robinson, DT) Social Psychology Quarterly.

Interruptions in Group Discussions: The Effects of Gender and Group Composition. (Smith-Lovin, L; Brody, CJ) Sage.

“Introduction to special issue on the state of sociological social psychology at the millennium.” (Molm, L) Social Psychology Quarterly.

“Introduction: David R. Heise, Cooley-Mead Award Winner.” (Smith-Lovin, L) Social Psychology Quarterly. AMER SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOC.

"Introduction: Joseph Berger, Cooley-Mead Award Winner." (Smith-Lovin, L) Social Psychology Quarterly.

PAPERS PRESENTED AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION ACTIVITIES:

Last modified: 2024/04/24