Publications of David R. Smith    :chronological  alphabetical  combined listing:

%% Papers Published   
@article{fds335053,
   Author = {Suthakar, U and Magnoni, L and Smith, DR and Khan,
             A},
   Title = {Optimised Lambda Architecture for Monitoring Scientific
             Infrastructure},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed
             Systems},
   Volume = {32},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1395-1408},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2021},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2017.2772241},
   Abstract = {Within scientific infrastructuscientists execute millions of
             computational jobs daily, resulting in the movement of
             petabytes of data over the heterogeneous infrastructure.
             Monitoring the computing and user activities over such a
             complex infrastructure is incredibly demanding. Whereas
             present solutions are traditionally based on a Relational
             Database Management System (RDBMS) for data storage and
             processing, recent developments evaluate the Lambda
             Architecture (LA). In particular these studies have
             evaluated data storage and batch processing for processing
             large-scale monitoring datasets using Hadoop and its
             MapReduce framework. Although LA performed better than the
             RDBMS following evaluation, it was fairly complex to
             implement and maintain. This paper presents an Optimised
             Lambda Architecture (OLA) using the Apache Spark ecosystem,
             which involves modelling an efficient way of joining batch
             computation and real-time computation transparently without
             the need to add complexity. A few models were explored: pure
             streaming, pure batch computation, and the combination of
             both batch and streaming. An evaluation of the OLA on the
             CERN IT on-premises Hadoop cluster and the public Amazon
             cloud infrastructure for the monitoring WLCG Data acTivities
             (WDT) use case are both presented, demonstrating how the new
             architecture can offer benefits by combining both batch and
             real-time processing to compensate for batch-processing
             latency.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TPDS.2017.2772241},
   Key = {fds335053}
}

@article{fds345912,
   Author = {Fern, GR and Hobson, PR and Metcalfe, A and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Performance of four CVD diamond radiation sensors at high
             temperature},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {958},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162486},
   Abstract = {Ionising radiation detectors based on wide band-gap
             materials have the potential to operate at temperatures
             higher than 200°C. Such detectors are important in
             applications such as monitoring near nuclear reactors and in
             deep oil and gas well borehole logging. We discuss the
             development of alpha particle detectors, based on CVD
             diamond, which operate with high charge collection
             efficiency and energy resolution at temperatures up to
             225°C. Four nominally identical commercial, electronic
             grade, CVD diamonds have been coated with a thin metal
             conductive layer in our laboratory and then attached to
             ceramic PCB. We present the I–V characteristics, the
             charge collection efficiency and the energy resolution for
             alpha particles from a mixed 239Pu,241Am,244Cm source, for
             the four sensors operating at temperatures from 20 to
             250°C. Monte Carlo simulations of the energy spectra and
             charge collection efficiency and experimental measurements
             of these are presented. Energy resolutions between 1.6% and
             4.0% at elevated temperatures with charge collection
             efficiency exceeding 96% were measured. The potential for
             thermal neutron detection is discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2019.162486},
   Key = {fds345912}
}

@article{fds347047,
   Author = {Ruiz, JR and Guttenfelder, W and White, AE and Howard, NT and Candy, J and Ren, Y and Smith, DR and Loureiro, NF and Holland, C and Domier,
             CW},
   Title = {Validation of gyrokinetic simulations of a National
             Spherical Torus eXperiment H-mode plasma and comparisons
             with a high-k scattering synthetic diagnostic},
   Journal = {Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion},
   Volume = {61},
   Number = {11},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ab4742},
   Abstract = {A new extensive validation study performed for a modest-beta
             National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) neutral beam
             injection-heated H-mode discharge predicts that electron
             thermal transport can be entirely explained by
             short-wavelength electron-scale turbulence fluctuations
             driven by the electron temperature gradient mode (ETG), both
             in conditions of strong and weak ETG turbulence drive.
             Quantitative comparisons between high-k fluctuation
             measurements (Smith et al 2008 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79 123501)
             and simulations are performed via a novel synthetic high-k
             diagnostic. Computationally intensive electron-scale
             simulations featuring an unusually large domain (L r, L θ)
             ∼ (20, 20)ρ s are shown to be required for accurate
             deployment of the synthetic diagnostic. Ion thermal
             transport is shown to be close to neoclassical levels,
             consistent with stable ion-scale turbulence simulations
             conducted with the GYRO code (Candy and Waltz 2003 J.
             Comput. Phys. 186 545). Electron-scale GYRO simulations are
             shown to match the thermal power-balance estimates from
             TRANSP. The frequency spectra characteristics of
             electron-scale turbulence (spectral peak and width) can be
             consistently reproduced by the synthetic spectra, but these
             reveal not to be a critical constraint on the simulation
             model. The shape of the high-k wavenumber spectrum and the
             fluctuation level ratio between the strong and weak ETG
             conditions can also be simultaneously matched by
             electron-scale simulations within sensitivity scans about
             the experimental profile values, and result to be great
             discriminators of the turbulence models analyzed. Together,
             electron thermal power comparisons and quantitative
             agreement of electron-scale turbulence spectra give strong
             evidence supporting electron-scale ETG fluctuations as the
             main mechanism driving anomalous electron thermal transport
             in the two outer-core conditions of the modest-beta NSTX
             H-mode analyzed.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1361-6587/ab4742},
   Key = {fds347047}
}

@article{fds349393,
   Author = {Hobson, PR and Smith, DR},
   Title = {A portable test-bench for real-time radiation damage
             measurements in scintillating and wavelength-shifting
             fibres},
   Journal = {2019 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging
             Conference, NSS/MIC 2019},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781728141640},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NSS/MIC42101.2019.9059764},
   Abstract = {A portable test-bench has been developed to enable the
             real-time measurement of radiation-induced absorption in
             scintillating and wavelength-shifting fibres. Such fibres
             are typically used in the readout of fibre calorimeters or
             scintillating tiles such as those used in some hadron
             calorimeters. The testbench has been designed to be used in
             a range of facilities, such as 60Co irradiators or
             high-intensity test beam facilities, and can accommodate
             fibres with length up to 300 mm and diameter greater than
             1.0 mm. The test fibres are illuminated using a combined
             deuterium and halogen light source focussed onto the end of
             the fibre with a 0.25 NA radiation-tolerant quartz lens. The
             light transmitted by the fibre is collected by an identical
             lens and measured as a function of wavelength with a linear
             charge-coupled device spectrometer covering a wavelength
             range of 190 to 850 nm. We present the design of the
             test-bench, and studies of the systematic errors arising
             from the components. We measured induced absorbance in the
             fibres tested and determined the major systematic error to
             be the stability of the light source. Planned enhancements
             to the test-bench are discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1109/NSS/MIC42101.2019.9059764},
   Key = {fds349393}
}

@article{fds346473,
   Author = {Ren, Y and Smith, DR and Zweben, SJ and Bell, R and Guttenfelder, W and Kaye, SM and Leblanc, BP and Mazzucato, E and Lee, KC and Domier, CW and Sun, PJ and Yuh, H},
   Title = {Experimental observation of electron-scale turbulence
             evolution across the L-H transition in the National
             Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {9},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab2f4f},
   Abstract = {Electron-scale turbulence (for 3 k s12) was measured during
             the L-H transition in the National Spherical Torus
             Experiment (NSTX) (Ono et al 2000 Nucl. Fusion 40 557) using
             a coherent microwave scattering system. The measurements
             were carried out at a radial region adjacent to the edge
             transport barrier (ETB) (at smaller radius than ETB). The
             observed L-H transition occurred during current flattop,
             which facilitated the measurement of electronscale
             turbulence. The measured electron-scale turbulence is
             observed to be quasi-stationary before the L-H transition,
             and an intermittent phase for electron-scale turbulence is
             observed after the start of the L-H transition with a
             gradual decrease in overall turbulence density fluctuation
             spectral power with intermittent large relative variations
             (on ~0.5-1 ms time scale) in the total spectral power. A
             turbulence-quiescent phase is observed following the
             intermittent phase, and a significant reduction in the
             electron-scale turbulence spectral power is only observed at
             lower wavenumbers, namely ks9-10, which is also seen in
             different operational NSTX scenarios due to different
             stabilization mechanisms. A recovery phase is seen after the
             quiescent phase, where the electron-scale density
             fluctuation power starts to gradually increase. Simultaneous
             ion-scale turbulence measurements at larger radius than the
             electron-scale turbulence measurement location show similar
             temporal behavior in ion-scale turbulence as in the measured
             electron-scale turbulence. These observations demonstrate
             that the suppression of turbulence during the L-H transition
             is not just limited to the ETB region. None of the measured
             electron-scale turbulence and ion-scale turbulence from edge
             into core is found to be obviously leading in the response
             to the L-H transition, and the overall turbulence
             suppression after the start of the L-H transition at
             different radii seems to start at the same time and is a
             gradual process happening on a tens-of-ms time scale. The
             trend of decrease in electron-scale turbulence during the
             L-H transition is found to be consistent with a decrease in
             the maximum electron erature-gradient linear growth rate
             from linear gyrokinetic stability analysis. However, the
             observed intermittency in electron-scale turbulence during
             the intermittent phase cannot be explained by the linear
             analysis.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1741-4326/ab2f4f},
   Key = {fds346473}
}

@article{fds346628,
   Author = {Kaye, SM and Battaglia, DJ and Baver, D and Belova, E and Berkery, JW and Duarte, VN and Ferraro, N and Fredrickson, E and Gorelenkov, N and Guttenfelder, W and Hao, GZ and Heidbrink, W and Izacard, O and Kim, D and Krebs, I and La Haye and R and Lestz, J and Liu, D and Morton, LA and Myra, J and Pfefferle, D and Podesta, M and Ren, Y and Riquezes, J and Sabbagh, SA and Schneller, M and Scotti, F and Soukhanovskii, V and Zweben, SJ and Ahn,
             JW and Allain, JP and Barchfeld, R and Bedoya, F and Bell, RE and Bertelli,
             N and Bhattacharjee, A and Boyer, MD and Brennan, D and Canal, G and Canik,
             J and Crocker, N and Darrow, D and Delgado-Aparicio, L and Diallo, A and Domier, C and Ebrahimi, F and Evans, T and Fonck, R and Frerichs, H and Gan, K and Gerhardt, S and Gray, T and Jarboe, T and Jardin, S and Jaworski, MA and Kaita, R and Koel, B and Kolemen, E and Kriete, DM and Kubota, S and Leblanc, BP and Levinton, F and Luhmann, N and Lunsford,
             R and Maingi, R and Maqueda, R and Menard, JE and Mueller, D and Myers, CE and Ono, M and Park, JK and Perkins, R and Poli, F and Raman, R and Reinke, M and Rhodes, T and Rowley, C and Russell, D and Schuster, E and Schmitz, O and Sechrest, Y and Skinner, CH and Smith, DR and Stotzfus-Dueck, T and Stratton, B and Taylor, G and Tritz, K and Wang, W and Wang, Z and Waters,
             I and Wirth, B},
   Title = {NSTX/NSTX-U theory, modeling and analysis
             results},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {11},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab023a},
   Abstract = {The mission of the spherical tokamak NSTX-U is to explore
             the physics that drives core and pedestal transport and
             stability at high-β and low collisionality, as part of the
             development of the spherical tokamak (ST) concept towards a
             compact, low-cost ST-based pilot plant. NSTX-U will
             ultimately operate at up to 2 MA and 1 T with up to 12 MW of
             neutral beam injection power for 5 s. NSTX-U will operate in
             a regime where electromagnetic instabilities are expected to
             dominate transport, and beam-heated NSTX-U plasmas will
             explore a portion of energetic particle parameter space that
             is relevant for both _-heated conventional and low aspect
             ratio burning plasmas. NSTX-U will also develop the physics
             understanding and control tools to ramp-up and sustain high
             performance plasmas in a fullynoninductive fashion. NSTX-U
             began research operations in 2016, but a failure of a
             divertor magnetic field coil after ten weeks of operation
             resulted in the suspension of operations and initiation of
             recovery activities. During this period, there has been
             considerable work in the area of analysis, theory and
             modeling of data from both NSTX and NSTX-U, with a goal of
             understanding the underlying physics to develop predictive
             models that can be used for high-confidence projections for
             both ST and higher aspect ratio regimes. These studies have
             addressed issues in thermal plasma transport,
             macrostability, energetic particlet-driven instabilities at
             ion-cyclotron frequencies and below, and edge and divertor
             physics.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1741-4326/ab023a},
   Key = {fds346628}
}

@article{fds342179,
   Author = {Everitt, HO and Tyler, T and Caraway, BD and Bingham, CM and Llopis, A and Heimbeck, MS and Padilla, WJ and Smith, DR and Jokerst,
             NM},
   Title = {Strain Sensing with Metamaterial Composites},
   Journal = {Advanced Optical Materials},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {9},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.201801397},
   Abstract = {Mapping strain fields in visually opaque structural
             composites—for which failure is often sudden, irreparable,
             and even catastrophic—requires techniques to locate and
             record regions of stress, fatigue, and incipient failure.
             Many composite materials are transparent in the terahertz
             spectral region, but their strain history is often too
             subtle to recover. Here, terahertz metamaterials with
             strain-severable junctions are introduced that can identify
             structurally compromised regions of composite materials.
             Specifically, multilayer arrays of aluminum meta-atoms are
             designed and fabricated as strip dipole antennas with a
             terahertz frequency resonance and a strong response to
             cross-polarized radiation that disappears when local stress
             irreversibly breaks their bowtie-shaped junction. By
             spatially mapping the local polarimetric response of this
             metamaterial as a function of global strain, the regions of
             local stress extrema experienced by a visually opaque
             material may be visualized. This proof-of-concept
             demonstration heralds the opportunity for embedding
             metamaterial laminates within composites to record and
             recover their strain-dependent history of
             fatigue.},
   Doi = {10.1002/adom.201801397},
   Key = {fds342179}
}

@article{fds342177,
   Author = {Diebold, AV and Imani, MF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Phaseless radar coincidence imaging with a MIMO SAR
             platform},
   Journal = {Remote Sensing},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {5},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11050533},
   Abstract = {The correlation-based synthetic aperture radar imaging
             technique, termed radar coincidence imaging, is extended to
             a fully multistatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
             synthetic aperture radar (SAR) configuration. Within this
             framework, we explore two distinct processing schemes:
             incoherent processing of intensity data, obtained using
             asynchronous receivers and inspired by optical ghost imaging
             works, and coherent processing with synchronized array
             elements. Improvement in resolution and image quality is
             demonstrated in both cases using numerical simulations that
             model an airborne MIMO SAR system at microwave frequencies.
             Finally, we explore methods for reducing measurement times
             and computational loads through compressive and gradient
             image reconstruction using phaseless data.},
   Doi = {10.3390/rs11050533},
   Key = {fds342177}
}

@article{fds342178,
   Author = {Zecca, R and Marks, DL and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Variational design method for dipole-based volumetric
             artificial media.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {27},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {6512-6527},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.006512},
   Abstract = {A fundamental challenge has plagued computer-generated
             volumetric holography since its inception: design methods
             are available only in the perturbative limit, but this poses
             serious limitations on efficiency and the amount of
             multiplexing achievable. Given the recent progress in highly
             tailorable artificial media, such as metamaterials, the need
             for general and robust design techniques grows. We present a
             method based on the electromagnetic variational principle
             that applies to media that can be described as collections
             of point dipoles, as most metamaterials are. We demonstrate
             its efficacy by designing highly efficient,
             non-perturbative, multiplexing devices.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.27.006512},
   Key = {fds342178}
}

@article{fds342386,
   Author = {Huang, Z and Marks, DL and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Out-of-plane computer-generated multicolor waveguide
             holography},
   Journal = {Optica},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {119-124},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.6.000119},
   Abstract = {Multicolor waveguide holography remains a challenge due to
             its inherent design complexity, compounded by the limited
             low-loss materials available in the optical range as well as
             challenges in nanofabrication. In this study, we first
             propose and experimentally demonstrate a multicolor,
             computer-generated hologram (CGH) in an all-dielectric
             waveguide metasurface system. Light beams from three
             different color laser sources (red, green, and blue) are
             coupled into the waveguide via a single-period grating
             without any beam splitters or prisms. A multicolor
             holographic image can be decoupled in the far field through
             a binary metasurface CGH without any lenses. This technology
             enables lensfree, ultraminiature augmented and virtual
             reality displays.},
   Doi = {10.1364/OPTICA.6.000119},
   Key = {fds342386}
}

@article{fds349690,
   Author = {Al-Karakchi, AAA and Nashad, FE and Putrus, G and Foti, S and Smith, D and Elsdon, M},
   Title = {Cost-effective Integration System of Solar Cell Powered
             Remote Small-Size Wireless Communication},
   Journal = {2nd International Conference on Electrical, Communication,
             Computer, Power and Control Engineering, ICECCPCE
             2019},
   Pages = {19-22},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {February},
   ISBN = {9781728107813},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICECCPCE46549.2019.203741},
   Abstract = {in this paper, a cost-effective design technique of a
             combined photovoltaic solar system, with electrical energy
             storage (ESS) for remote areas wireless long-term
             communication integration system is presented and discussed.
             Solar systems are the only possible solutions for supplying
             the required power to the communication infrastructure, i.e.
             antennas, in remote areas with no access to the electricity
             grid. However, due to the intermittency of solar power
             production support from ESS is required. As such, in periods
             of solar generation excess, the ESS is charged with the
             extra energy, whereas, in periods of solar generation
             scarcity the ESS is discharged to provide the load. The
             sizing of the overall solar-ESS system should be carefully
             carried out, by considering important aspects, such as
             installation and maintenance costs, operational requirements
             and related constraints, i.e. desired level of reliability
             and efficiency. The proposed cost-effective integration
             strategy is designed for Microwave antennas, such as Ku-band
             and Ku-band satellite communications (SATCOM), and this will
             consider the optimal sizing of the ESS in combination with
             the solar system in order to minimize investment and
             operational costs, while ensuring a continuous and efficient
             operation of the antenna.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ICECCPCE46549.2019.203741},
   Key = {fds349690}
}

@article{fds339601,
   Author = {Yoo, I and Imani, MF and Sleasman, T and Pfister, HD and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Enhancing Capacity of Spatial Multiplexing Systems Using
             Reconfigurable Cavity-Backed Metasurface Antennas in
             Clustered MIMO Channels},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Communications},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {1070-1084},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2018.2876899},
   Abstract = {We propose a spatial multiplexing system using
             reconfigurable cavity-backed metasurface antennas. The
             metasurface antennas consist of a printed cavity with
             dynamically tunable metamaterial radiators patterned on one
             side and fed by multiple radio frequency ports on the other
             side (each port representing one communication node),
             forming a shared aperture. By individual tuning of the
             radiators, the antennas can generate steerable, concurrent
             beams that can be adapted to the properties of
             multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channels. In this
             paper, we present a 2 × 2 MIMO system with simulated
             metasurface antennas as transmit and receive antennas
             operating at 5.9 GHz. We demonstrate that the flexibility in
             beamforming supported by the metasurface antennas can be
             used to achieve low spatial correlation and high SNR gain in
             clustered MIMO channels, leading to a significant
             improvement of the channel capacity. Numerical studies show
             2.36-fold, 2.11-fold enhancements of capacity in MIMO
             channels with one and two clusters, respectively, compared
             with an MIMO system consisting of linear dipoles. The MIMO
             system based on the metasurface antennas can be low cost,
             low profile, and low power. The metasurface antenna thus has
             potential applications in small cell networks requiring high
             data rate under bandwidth, energy, and cost
             constraints.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TCOMM.2018.2876899},
   Key = {fds339601}
}

@article{fds340524,
   Author = {Diebold, AV and Imani, MF and Sleasmanand, T and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Phaseless coherent and incoherent microwave ghost imaging
             with dynamic metasurface apertures},
   Journal = {Optica},
   Volume = {5},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {1529-1541},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.001529},
   Abstract = {Phase information and spatially coherent illumination have
             usually been considered indispensable components of most
             microwave imaging systems. Dynamic metasurface apertures
             (DMAs)—with their ability to generate spatially incoherent
             illumination—have recently supplanted these assumptions in
             favor of simplified imaging hardware. In light of this
             development, we investigate the coherence of a phaseless
             imaging system based on metasurface apertures. In doing so,
             we propose and experimentally demonstrate coherent and
             incoherent computational microwave ghost imaging using DMAs.
             These apertures can generate a multitude of distinct speckle
             fields at a single frequency by modulating the electrical
             properties of radiating complementary metamaterial elements
             patterned into the surface of a waveguide. We show that a
             pair of dynamic apertures, one acting as transmit and the
             other as receive, can achieve two-dimensional, phaseless,
             coherent imaging. Further, by averaging the intensity
             measurements obtained in this manner over a random set or
             ensemble of receive aperture distributions, we demonstrate
             that an incoherent imaging system can be achieved in which
             single-port ensemble averaging by the electrically large DMA
             plays the role of spatial averaging in a bucket detector. We
             investigate the effects of these different imaging schemes
             on the resulting reconstructions and provide experimental
             demonstrations.},
   Doi = {10.1364/OPTICA.5.001529},
   Key = {fds340524}
}

@article{fds339664,
   Author = {Marks, DL and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Motion compensation of the transmitter and receiver in
             bistatic frequency-modulated continuous-wave synthetic
             aperture radar},
   Journal = {IET Radar, Sonar and Navigation},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {1336-1345},
   Publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology
             (IET)},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2018.5051},
   Abstract = {Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging with an independently
             moving transmitter and receiver introduces motion artefacts
             difficult to compensate for, especially between satellites
             in separate orbits that rendezvous over a target. A solution
             for polarisation-resolved bistatic frequency-modulated
             continuous-wave (FMCW) SAR with independently moving
             platforms is derived and demonstrated through simulation.
             This solution accounts for the polarisation of the source,
             susceptibility tensor of the target, and the velocity and
             acceleration of the transmitter and receiver. The accuracy
             of the solution is demonstrated by reconstructing simulated
             point ground targets with a pair of X-band SAR satellites of
             realistic parameters.},
   Doi = {10.1049/iet-rsn.2018.5051},
   Key = {fds339664}
}

@article{fds338565,
   Author = {Liu, X and Jia, X and Fischer, M and Huang, Z and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Enhanced Two-Photon Photochromism in Metasurface Perfect
             Absorbers},
   Journal = {Nano Letters},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {6181-6187},
   Publisher = {American Chemical Society (ACS)},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02042},
   Abstract = {Light switchable materials are essential to optoelectronic
             applications in photovoltaics, memories, sensors, and
             communications. Natural switchable materials suffer from
             weak absorption and slow response times, preventing their
             use in low-power, ultrafast applications. Integrating light
             switchable materials with metasurface perfect absorbers
             offers an innovative route to achieving desirable features
             for nanophotonic devices, such as directional emission,
             low-power and broadband operation, high radiative quantum
             efficiency, and large spontaneous emission rates. Here we
             show an enhanced two-photon photochromism based on a
             metasurface perfect absorber: film-coupled colloidal silver
             nanocubes. The photochromic molecules, spiropyrans, are
             sandwiched between the silver nanocubes and the gold
             substrate. With nearly 100% absorption and an accompanying
             large field enhancement in the molecular junction, the
             transformation of spiropyrans to merocyanines is observed
             under excitation with 792 nm laser light. Fluorescence
             lifetime measurements on the merocyanine form reveal that
             large Purcell enhancement in the film-coupled nanocubes
             leads to large enhancements of the spontaneous emission rate
             and a high quantum efficiency. An averaged incident power as
             low as 10 μW is enough to initiate the two-photon
             isomerization of spiropyran in the film-coupled nanocubes,
             and a power of 100nW is able to excite the merocyanines to
             emit fluorescence. The power consumption is orders of
             magnitude lower than bare spiropyran thin films on silicon
             and gold, which is highly desirable for the writing and
             reading processes relevant to optical data storage. By
             sweeping the plasmonic resonance of the film-coupled
             nanocubes, wavelength specificity is demonstrated, which
             opens up new possibilities for minimizing the cross talk
             between adjacent bits in nanophotonic devices.},
   Doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02042},
   Key = {fds338565}
}

@article{fds338067,
   Author = {Kriete, DM and McKee, GR and Fonck, RJ and Smith, DR and Whelan, GG and Yan, Z},
   Title = {Extracting the turbulent flow-field from beam emission
             spectroscopy images using velocimetry.},
   Journal = {The Review of scientific instruments},
   Volume = {89},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {10E107},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5036535},
   Abstract = {The 2D turbulent <i>E</i> × <i>B</i> flow-field is inferred
             from density fluctuation images obtained with the beam
             emission spectroscopy diagnostic on DIII-D using the
             orthogonal dynamic programming velocimetry algorithm. A
             synthetic turbulence model is used to test the algorithm and
             optimize it for measuring zonal flows. Zonal flow
             measurements are found to require a signal-to-noise ratio
             above ∼10 and a zonal flow wavelength longer than ∼2 cm.
             Comparison between the velocimetry-estimated flow-field and
             the <i>E</i> × <i>B</i> flow-field using a nonlinear
             gyrokinetic GENE simulation finds that the flow-fields have
             identical spatial structure and differ only by the mean
             turbulence phase velocity, which is spatially uniform in
             this flux tube simulation.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.5036535},
   Key = {fds338067}
}

@article{fds337399,
   Author = {Del Hougne and P and Imani, MF and Fink, M and Smith, DR and Lerosey,
             G},
   Title = {Precise Localization of Multiple Noncooperative Objects in a
             Disordered Cavity by Wave Front Shaping.},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {121},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {063901},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.121.063901},
   Abstract = {Complicated multipath trajectories of waves in disordered
             cavities cause object localization to be very challenging
             with traditional ray-tracing approaches. Yet it is known
             that information about the object position is encoded in the
             Green's function. After a calibration step, traditional
             time-reversal approaches retrieve a source's location from a
             broadband impulse response measurement. Here, we show that a
             nonemitting object's scattering contribution to a
             reverberant medium suffices to localize the object. We
             demonstrate our finding in the microwave domain. Then, we
             further simplify the scheme by replacing the temporal
             degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) of the broadband measurement
             with spatial d.o.f. obtained from wave front shaping. A
             simple electronically reconfigurable reflectarray inside the
             cavity dynamically modulates parts of the cavity boundaries,
             thereby providing spatial d.o.f. The demonstrated ability to
             localize multiple noncooperative objects with a
             single-frequency scheme may have important applications for
             sensors in smart homes.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.121.063901},
   Key = {fds337399}
}

@article{fds335048,
   Author = {Boyarsky, M and Sleasman, T and Pulido-Mancera, L and Diebold, AV and Imani, MF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Single-frequency 3D synthetic aperture imaging with dynamic
             metasurface antennas.},
   Journal = {Applied optics},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {4123-4134},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.004123},
   Abstract = {Through aperture synthesis, an electrically small antenna
             can be used to form a high-resolution imaging system capable
             of reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) scenes. However,
             the large spectral bandwidth typically required in synthetic
             aperture radar systems to resolve objects in range often
             requires costly and complex RF components. We present here
             an alternative approach based on a hybrid imaging system
             that combines a dynamically reconfigurable aperture with
             synthetic aperture techniques, demonstrating the capability
             to resolve objects in three dimensions (3D), with
             measurements taken at a single frequency. At the core of our
             imaging system are two metasurface apertures, both of which
             consist of a linear array of metamaterial irises that couple
             to a common waveguide feed. Each metamaterial iris has
             integrated within it a diode that can be biased so as to
             switch the element on (radiating) or off (non-radiating),
             such that the metasurface antenna can produce distinct
             radiation profiles corresponding to different on/off
             patterns of the metamaterial element array. The electrically
             large size of the metasurface apertures enables resolution
             in range and one cross-range dimension, while aperture
             synthesis provides resolution in the other cross-range
             dimension. The demonstrated imaging capabilities of this
             system represent a step forward in the development of
             low-cost, high-performance 3D microwave imaging
             systems.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ao.57.004123},
   Key = {fds335048}
}

@article{fds335049,
   Author = {Del Hougne and P and F Imani and M and Sleasman, T and Gollub, JN and Fink, M and Lerosey, G and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Dynamic Metasurface Aperture as Smart Around-the-Corner
             Motion Detector.},
   Journal = {Scientific reports},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {6536},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24681-9},
   Abstract = {Detecting and analysing motion is a key feature of Smart
             Homes and the connected sensor vision they embrace. At
             present, most motion sensors operate in line-of-sight
             Doppler shift schemes. Here, we propose an alternative
             approach suitable for indoor environments, which effectively
             constitute disordered cavities for radio frequency (RF)
             waves; we exploit the fundamental sensitivity of modes of
             such cavities to perturbations, caused here by moving
             objects. We establish experimentally three key features of
             our proposed system: (i) ability to capture the temporal
             variations of motion and discern information such as
             periodicity ("smart"), (ii) non line-of-sight motion
             detection, and (iii) single-frequency operation. Moreover,
             we explain theoretically and demonstrate experimentally that
             the use of dynamic metasurface apertures can substantially
             enhance the performance of RF motion detection. Potential
             applications include accurately detecting human presence and
             monitoring inhabitants' vital signs.},
   Doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-24681-9},
   Key = {fds335049}
}

@article{fds335050,
   Author = {Marks, DL and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Linear solutions to metamaterial volume hologram design
             using a variational approach.},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image
             science, and vision},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {567-576},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.35.000567},
   Abstract = {Multiplex volume holograms are conventionally constructed by
             the repeated exposure of a photosensitive medium to a
             sequence of external fields, each field typically being the
             superposition of a reference wave that reconstructs the
             hologram and the other being a desired signal wave. Because
             there are no sources of radiation internal to the hologram,
             the pattern of material modulation is limited to the
             solutions to Helmholtz's equation in the medium. If the
             three-dimensional structure of the medium could be
             engineered at each point rather than limited to the patterns
             produced by standing waves, more versatile structures may
             result that can overcome the typical limitations to hologram
             dynamic range imposed by sequentially superimposing
             holograms. Metamaterial structures and other synthetic
             electromagnetic materials offer the possibility of achieving
             high medium contrast engineered at the subwavelength scale.
             By posing the multiplex volume holography problem as a
             linear medium design problem, we explore the potential
             improvements that such engineered synthetic media may
             provide over conventional multiplex volume
             holograms.},
   Doi = {10.1364/josaa.35.000567},
   Key = {fds335050}
}

@article{fds333288,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Fromenteze, T and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Relaxation of Alignment Errors and Phase Calibration in
             Computational Frequency-Diverse Imaging using Phase
             Retrieval},
   Journal = {IEEE Access},
   Volume = {6},
   Pages = {14884-14894},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2816341},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a computational, frequency-diverse, phaseless
             imaging technique at microwave frequencies that minimizes
             the impacts of phase calibration and alignment errors on
             image reconstruction. Phase calibration error is introduced
             by means of misaligning the sub-antennas forming an
             aperture, causing unwanted phase shifts between the forward
             model and adjoint operation. It is shown that by leveraging
             phase retrieval techniques, distinguishable images can still
             be reconstructed in the presence of significant phase
             errors, while complex-based reconstructions - those relying
             on measurement of both phase and amplitude - produce heavily
             corrupted images. Using a frequency-diverse imaging system
             consisting of a cavity-backed metasurface antenna that
             operates at microwave frequencies in the K-band (17.5-26.5
             GHz), we demonstrate the complex-based and phaseless images
             of various objects, from a simple subwavelength conducting
             element to more complex metal structures. We verify that the
             combination of the phase retrieval approach with the
             frequency-diverse imager significantly improves the
             robustness of the composite imaging system to phase errors.
             While frequency-diverse computational imaging systems have
             significant advantages in terms of hardware, their reliance
             on a near-exact forward model places heavy requirements on
             system calibration. The phase retrieval approach developed
             here has the potential to alleviate this reliance,
             increasing the feasibility of such systems.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2816341},
   Key = {fds333288}
}

@article{fds333600,
   Author = {Diebold, AV and Imani, MF and Sleasman, T and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Phaseless computational ghost imaging at microwave
             frequencies using a dynamic metasurface aperture.},
   Journal = {Applied optics},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {2142-2149},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.002142},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a dynamic metasurface aperture as a unique
             tool for computational ghost imaging at microwave
             frequencies. The aperture consists of a microstrip waveguide
             loaded with an array of metamaterial elements, each of which
             couples energy from the waveguide mode to the radiation
             field. With a tuning mechanism introduced into each
             independently addressable metamaterial element, the aperture
             can produce diverse radiation patterns that vary as a
             function of tuning state. Here, we show that fields from
             such an aperture approximately obey speckle statistics in
             the radiative near field. Inspired by the analogy with
             optical correlation imaging, we use the dynamic aperture as
             a means of illuminating a scene with structured microwave
             radiation, receiving the backscattered intensity with a
             simple waveguide probe. By correlating the magnitude of the
             received signal with the structured intensity patterns, we
             demonstrate high-fidelity, phaseless imaging of sparse
             targets. The dynamic metasurface aperture as a novel ghost
             imaging structure can find application in security
             screening, through-wall imaging, as well as biomedical
             diagnostics.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ao.57.002142},
   Key = {fds333600}
}

@article{fds333601,
   Author = {Marks, DL and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Inverse scattering with a non self-adjoint variational
             formulation.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {7655-7671},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.007655},
   Abstract = {The weak scattering approximation is used when designing
             optical media that couple fields together, but to account
             for the interactions of multiple fields in a volume or to
             achieve the best efficiency, the solution must be consistent
             with Maxwell's equations. We describe a method based on the
             variational formulation of Maxwell's equations typically
             employed in the finite element method (FEM) that finds both
             the fields and the medium that couples incident and
             scattered fields together, and so can be considered an
             extension of the FEM when both the field and the medium are
             allowed to vary. The method iteratively updates estimates of
             the field and the medium and can be readily implemented. We
             demonstrate designs of diffractive and refractive elements
             that couple fields together using an iteratively updated
             finite-difference-frequency-domain (FDFD) solution. Such
             methods that are fully consistent with Maxwell's equations
             are needed to design metamaterials that fully exploit
             strongly interacting metamaterial elements.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.26.007655},
   Key = {fds333601}
}

@article{fds333268,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Marks, DL and Fromenteze, T and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Dynamically reconfigurable holographic metasurface aperture
             for a Mills-Cross monochromatic microwave
             camera.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {5281-5291},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.005281},
   Abstract = {We present a reconfigurable, dynamic beam steering
             holographic metasurface aperture to synthesize a microwave
             camera at K-band frequencies. The aperture consists of a 1D
             printed microstrip transmission line with the front surface
             patterned into an array of slot-shaped subwavelength
             metamaterial elements (or meta-elements) dynamically tuned
             between "ON" and "OFF" states using PIN diodes. The proposed
             aperture synthesizes a desired radiation pattern by
             converting the waveguide-mode to a free space radiation by
             means of a binary modulation scheme. This is achieved in a
             holographic manner; by interacting the waveguide-mode
             (reference-wave) with the metasurface layer (hologram
             layer). It is shown by means of full-wave simulations that
             using the developed metasurface aperture, the radiated
             wavefronts can be engineered in an all-electronic manner
             without the need for complex phase-shifting circuits or
             mechanical scanning apparatus. Using the dynamic beam
             steering capability of the developed antenna, we synthesize
             a Mills-Cross composite aperture, forming a single-frequency
             all-electronic microwave camera.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.26.005281},
   Key = {fds333268}
}

@article{fds330573,
   Author = {Liu, X and Larouche, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Homogenized description and retrieval method of nonlinear
             metasurfaces},
   Journal = {Optics Communications},
   Volume = {410},
   Pages = {53-69},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2017.09.048},
   Abstract = {A patterned, plasmonic metasurface can strongly scatter
             incident light, functioning as an extremely low-profile
             lens, filter, reflector or other optical device. When the
             metasurface is patterned uniformly, its linear optical
             properties can be expressed using effective surface electric
             and magnetic polarizabilities obtained through a
             homogenization procedure. The homogenized description of a
             nonlinear metasurface, however, presents challenges both
             because of the inherent anisotropy of the medium as well as
             the much larger set of potential wave interactions
             available, making it challenging to assign effective
             nonlinear parameters to the otherwise inhomogeneous layer of
             metamaterial elements. Here we show that a homogenization
             procedure can be developed to describe nonlinear
             metasurfaces, which derive their nonlinear response from the
             enhanced local fields arising within the structured
             plasmonic elements. With the proposed homogenization
             procedure, we are able to assign effective nonlinear surface
             polarization densities to a nonlinear metasurface, and link
             these densities to the effective nonlinear surface
             susceptibilities and averaged macroscopic pumping fields
             across the metasurface. These effective nonlinear surface
             polarization densities are further linked to macroscopic
             nonlinear fields through the generalized sheet transition
             conditions (GSTCs). By inverting the GSTCs, the effective
             nonlinear surface susceptibilities of the metasurfaces can
             be solved for, leading to a generalized retrieval method for
             nonlinear metasurfaces. The application of the
             homogenization procedure and the GSTCs are demonstrated by
             retrieving the nonlinear susceptibilities of a SiO2
             nonlinear slab. As an example, we investigate a nonlinear
             metasurface which presents nonlinear magnetoelectric
             coupling in near infrared regime. The method is expected to
             apply to any patterned metasurface whose thickness is much
             smaller than the wavelengths of operation, with inclusions
             of arbitrary geometry and material composition, across the
             electromagnetic spectrum.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.optcom.2017.09.048},
   Key = {fds330573}
}

@article{fds332910,
   Author = {Gowda, VR and Imani, MF and Sleasman, T and Yurduseven, O and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Focusing Microwaves in the Fresnel Zone with a Cavity-Backed
             Holographic Metasurface},
   Journal = {IEEE Access},
   Volume = {6},
   Pages = {12815-12824},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2802379},
   Abstract = {We present the design and experimental demonstration of a
             cavity-backed, holographic metasurface capable of focusing
             microwaves in the Fresnel zone. The circular cavity consists
             of two stacked plates: microwaves are injected into the
             bottom plate via a coaxial connector, which forms the feed
             layer, and are coupled to the top holographic metasurface
             layer via an annular ring on the periphery of the cavity.
             This coupling results in an inward traveling cylindrical
             wave in the top layer, which serves as the reference wave
             for the hologram. A sparse array of slots, patterned into
             the upper plate, constitutes the hologram that produces the
             focal spot. To mitigate high sidelobe levels and improve
             performance, a tapered design, facilitated by varying the
             slot size, is also introduced. The proposed designs-which
             have a 10-cm diameter, operate at 20 GHz, and form a focal
             spot at a distance of 10 cm-are validated using full-wave
             simulations as well as measurements of fabricated samples.
             The proposed focusing metasurface may find application as a
             compact source for Fresnel zone wireless power transfer and
             remote sensing schemes.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2802379},
   Key = {fds332910}
}

@article{fds332909,
   Author = {Jia, X and Bowen, P and Huang, Z and Liu, X and Bingham, C and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Clarification of surface modes of a periodic nanopatch
             metasurface.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {3004-3012},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.003004},
   Abstract = {We study the angle-dependent optical reflectance spectrum of
             a metasurface consisting of a periodic array of film-coupled
             plasmonic nanopatch particles. The nanopatch metasurface
             exhibits a strong, angle-independent absorption resonance at
             a wavelength defined by the nanopatch geometry and relative
             density. When the nanopatches are arranged in a regular
             lattice, a second, sharp absorption dip is present that
             varies strongly as a function of the incidence angle. This
             second resonance is a collective effect involving the
             excitation of surface plasmon modes and relates to a Wood's
             anomaly. Using an analytical model, we compute the surface
             modes of the structure and confirm details about the various
             mechanisms that contribute to the reflection spectra. The
             measured reflectance spectra are in excellent agreement with
             both analytical calculations and full-wave numerical
             simulations.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.26.003004},
   Key = {fds332909}
}

@article{fds341932,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, DR and Fromenteze, T},
   Title = {Phase Retrieval in Frequency-Diverse Imaging},
   Journal = {2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting,
             APSURSI 2018 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {1797-1798},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781538671023},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8609240},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a phaseless computational frequency-diverse
             imaging system at K-band frequencies. The integration of the
             phase retrieval concept with computational frequency-diverse
             imaging is achieved by leveraging a gradient-descent based
             Wirtinger Flow algorithm. Using the developed phaseless
             imaging system, imaging of complex-shaped targets, such as
             the letters of the word 'DUKE', is shown, and it is observed
             that the phaseless reconstructed images are on par with the
             complex-based reconstructions.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8609240},
   Key = {fds341932}
}

@article{fds337401,
   Author = {Diebold, AV and Imani, MF and Sleasman, T and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Reflective microwave ghost imaging with dynamic metasurface
             apertures},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Volume = {Part F102-ISA 2018},
   Publisher = {OSA},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781943580446},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ISA.2018.IM2B.5},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate phaseless, single-frequency ghost imaging at
             microwave frequencies using a dynamic metasurface aperture.
             This aperture comprises a simplified hardware architecture
             for generating diverse speckle patterns by tuning an array
             of resonant metamaterial elements.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ISA.2018.IM2B.5},
   Key = {fds337401}
}

@article{fds341934,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, DR and Fromenteze, T},
   Title = {Design of a Reconfigurable Metasurface Antenna for Dynamic
             Near-Field Focusing},
   Journal = {2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting,
             APSURSI 2018 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {1707-1708},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781538671023},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8609076},
   Abstract = {We show the design of a dynamically reconfigurable
             holographic metasurface antenna for near-field beam-focusing
             applications. A metasurface layer is used to modulate the
             guided-mode reference to an aperture field of interest
             producing the desired radiated wavefront. Exciting the
             dynamically reconfigurable metasurface layer with the
             guided-mode reference produces a reconfigurable focus in the
             near-field of the antenna aperture. The reconfigurable
             operation is achieved in an-all electronic manner, without
             the need for any mechanical moving apparatus or phase
             shifting circuits.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8609076},
   Key = {fds341934}
}

@article{fds341935,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, DR and Fromenteze, T},
   Title = {Computational Millimeter-wave Spotlight Imaging using
             Holographic Metasurface Antennas},
   Journal = {2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting,
             APSURSI 2018 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {1461-1462},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781538671023},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8609303},
   Abstract = {In this paper, a spotlight imaging system integrated with a
             frequency-diverse aperture is presented for
             security-screening applications. The spotlight imager
             consists of holographic metasurface antennas that can
             dynamically be tuned to radiate spotlight patterns allowing
             the extraction of high-resolution images from a constrained
             field-of-view (FOV). The spotlight aperture operates at a
             single frequency, 75 GHz, within the W-band frequency regime
             (75 - 110 GHz)and is used for the identification of threat
             objects while the frequency-diverse aperture operates at
             K-band frequencies (17.5 - 26.5 GHz)and is used for
             detection purposes, determining the constrained FOV to be
             imaged using the spotlight imager at high
             resolution.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8609303},
   Key = {fds341935}
}

@article{fds341936,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, DR and Fromenteze, T},
   Title = {Additive Manufacturing of a Conductive Polymer Cavity-Backed
             Metasurface Antenna for Computational Microwave
             Imaging},
   Journal = {2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting,
             APSURSI 2018 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {233-234},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781538671023},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8608895},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a new 3D printing technique, making use of a
             copper-polyester conductive composite filament (Electrifi)
             to achieve additive manufacturing of a frequency-diverse
             metasurface antenna. Using the 3D printed antenna, we
             synthesize a computational microwave camera performing 3D
             imaging at K-band frequencies.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8608895},
   Key = {fds341936}
}

@article{fds341933,
   Author = {Pulido-Mancera, L and Imani, MF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Dipolar Model for Metamaterial Imaging Systems},
   Journal = {2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting,
             APSURSI 2018 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {1487-1488},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781538671023},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8608502},
   Abstract = {We present a comprehensive simulation platform for
             computational microwave imaging systems based on
             frequency-diverse metasurface antennas (FDMAs). FDMAs
             consist of a waveguide patterned with complementary
             metamaterial elements with resonant frequencies selected
             randomly from a band of operation, enabling the generation
             of distinct frequency-indexed radiation patterns. By
             accurately modeling the fields produced by the FDMA using a
             dipolar model, it is possible to predict the capabilities of
             the imaging system in a fast and reliable manner. In
             contrast to previous works, in this paper we include the
             mutual interaction between metamaterial elements, and it is
             demonstrated that these interactions are crucial to a better
             understanding of the FDMAs' capabilities e. g. effective
             aperture area and correlation of radiation patterns. The
             simplicity and accuracy of the proposed model permits the
             simulation of different metasurfaces for computational
             microwave imaging, where traditional antenna design- and
             metamaterial modeling-are prohibitively costly.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8608502},
   Key = {fds341933}
}

@article{fds337028,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Marks, DL and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {A reconfigurable millimeter-wave spotlight metasurface
             aperture integrated with a frequency-diverse microwave
             imager for security screening},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {10634},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781510617797},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2303588},
   Abstract = {In this paper, a spotlight imaging system integrated with a
             frequency-diverse aperture is presented for
             security-screening applications. The spotlight imager
             consists of holographic metasurface antennas that can
             dynamically be tuned to radiate spotlight patterns allowing
             the extraction of high-resolution images from a constrained
             field-of-view (FOV). The reconfigurable holographic
             metasurface antennas consist of a metasurface layer used to
             modulate the guided-mode reference to an aperture field of
             interest producing the desired radiated wavefronts. The
             reconfigurable operation is achieved in an all-electronic
             manner without the need for any mechanical moving apparatus
             or phase shifting circuits. The spotlight aperture operates
             at a single frequency, 75 GHz, within the W-band frequency
             regime (75-110 GHz) and is used for the high-resolution
             identification of threat objects while the frequency-diverse
             aperture operates at K-band frequencies (17.5-26.5 GHz) and
             is used for low-resolution detection purposes. The scene to
             be imaged is first interrogated using the K-band aperture at
             low resolution and the constrained-FOV is imaged using the
             W-band system to achieve the identification of threat
             objects.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.2303588},
   Key = {fds337028}
}

@article{fds337105,
   Author = {Boyarsky, M and Sleasman, T and Pulido-Mancera, L and Diebold, AV and Imani, MF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Synthetic aperture radar imaging with reconfigurable 1d
             dynamic metasurface apertures},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the European Conference on Synthetic Aperture
             Radar, EUSAR},
   Volume = {2018-June},
   Pages = {6-11},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9783800746361},
   Abstract = {Driven by the growing need for lightweight and low-cost
             antennas, we investigate metasurface antennas as a potential
             SAR hardware platform. Metasurface antennas can generate
             arbitrary radiation patterns and electronically modulate
             them without requiring complex components such as phase
             shifters and amplifiers. In this work, we operate in the
             radiative near field of metasurface antennas and translate
             them with aperture synthesis to access 3D scene information
             without requiring spectral bandwidth. This work reviews
             metasurface antenna operation and examines their exciting
             potential in single-frequency 3D SAR imaging
             systems.},
   Key = {fds337105}
}

@article{fds337400,
   Author = {Diebold, AV and Imani, MF and Sleasman, T and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Spatial intensity averaging for ghost imaging with a
             single-port dynamic metasurface aperture},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Volume = {Part F105-MATH 2018},
   Publisher = {OSA},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781943580446},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/MATH.2018.MTu2D.6},
   Abstract = {We present a method for achieving spatial intensity
             integration of temporally coherent microwave radiation. The
             approach consists of averaging the instantaneous intensity
             over an ensemble of random radiation patterns using a
             single-port metasurface aperture.},
   Doi = {10.1364/MATH.2018.MTu2D.6},
   Key = {fds337400}
}

@article{fds328955,
   Author = {Sharma, A and Pedross-Engel, A and Arnitz, D and Watts, CM and Smith,
             DR and Reynolds, MS},
   Title = {A K-Band Backscatter Fiducial for Continuous Calibration in
             Coherent Millimeter-Wave Imaging},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and
             Techniques},
   Volume = {66},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {431-438},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2017.2723889},
   Abstract = {We present a modulated ultrawideband backscatter calibration
             target (fiducial) intended for group delay calibration in
             large-aperture multitransceiver millimeter-wave imagers. The
             fiducial is designed to resemble a modulated point scatterer
             across the K-band (17.5-26.5 GHz). Multiple such fiducials
             may be used to mitigate thermal and mechanical drift across
             multiple transceivers comprising the imager. This approach
             allows tracking and removing both time-varying amplitude and
             phase drift in the RF hardware and associated cables.
             Backscatter modulation of the fiducial allows the system to
             separate the fiducial from the imaged scene and clutter in
             the environment. We show that the -10 dB beamwidth of the
             proposed fiducial is approximately 84° along the azimuth
             plane and 60° along the elevation plane. A proof of concept
             group delay calibration experiment is presented for a K-band
             laboratory setup, where a single fiducial and a metal plate
             target are placed in a scene together. After the
             backscatter-based calibration, the measured range error of
             the metal plate at a two-way slant distance of 70.54 cm is
             reduced to only 1.06 mm (0.15% position error).},
   Doi = {10.1109/TMTT.2017.2723889},
   Key = {fds328955}
}

@article{fds335052,
   Author = {Nashad, FME and Foti, S and Smith, D and Elsdon, M and Yurduseven,
             O},
   Title = {Ku-band suspended meshed patch antenna integrated with solar
             cells for remote area applications},
   Journal = {Progress In Electromagnetics Research C},
   Volume = {83},
   Pages = {245-254},
   Publisher = {EMW Publishing},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIERC18020608},
   Abstract = {A new structure design of a dual-band suspended microstrip
             meshed patch antenna integrated with a polycrystalline
             silicon solar cell for Ku-band satellite applications is
             proposed and presented. This antenna element is a basic
             building block for a Ku-band meshed array antenna used for
             two-way satellite internet and TV applications at rural and
             remote locations. The antenna covers the operating frequency
             range from 11.7GHz to 12.22 GHz downlink band and from
             14.0GHz to 14.5GHz uplink band allocated by the ITU to the
             Regions 1 and 2. While achieving 500MHz bandwidth across
             each band, fully covering the Ku-band uplink and downlink
             frequency bands, the antenna offers a single element gain of
             6.05 dBi in the downlink band and 7.61 dBi in the uplink
             band. The antenna has been fabricated and measured, and good
             agreement is achieved between the experimental and simulated
             results. In addition, a good compromise between RF
             performance and optical transparency is obtained. The
             overall visible light transmission is found to be
             approximately 87%. A compact low-profile antenna element is
             also achieved.},
   Doi = {10.2528/PIERC18020608},
   Key = {fds335052}
}

@article{fds332911,
   Author = {Marks, DL and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Mode diversity of weakly modulated cavity
             antennas.},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image
             science, and vision},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {135-147},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.35.000135},
   Abstract = {The radiating mode of a cavity antenna at a particular
             frequency is fixed. However, by actively modulating the
             permittivity inside the cavity, the radiating mode may be
             changed. Using time-independent perturbation theory, we
             derive the modes of a cavity perturbed by many modulating
             elements. It is found that with a sufficient number of
             modulators of sufficient strength, the number of unique
             fields radiated by the cavity may reach a limit determined
             by the number of unperturbed cavity modes. The number of
             addressable radiated fields increases exponentially with the
             number of modulators; however, perturbations involving the
             interaction of several modulators become progressively
             weaker. For antennas at millimeter and terahertz
             frequencies, such cavity antennas can realize a great
             diversity of radiation patterns using fewer active devices,
             better exploiting the diversity achieved by each added
             modulator.},
   Doi = {10.1364/josaa.35.000135},
   Key = {fds332911}
}

@article{fds331537,
   Author = {Caira, NW and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Multispectral metasurface hologram at millimeter
             wavelengths.},
   Journal = {Applied optics},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {A19-A25},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.000a19},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a computer-generated metasurface hologram in
             which four distinct images are encoded at four different
             W-band (75-110 GHz) frequencies. The metasurface hologram
             consists of a planar array of resonant metamaterial elements
             excited by a collimated reference beam incident on the
             hologram at an oblique angle. Each of the images is encoded
             by a subset of metamaterial elements that are resonant at
             the specific excitation frequency and are spatially
             positioned to achieve a desired phase distribution in the
             plane in conjunction with the reference wave. The phase-only
             hologram is optimized using the Gerschberg-Saxton algorithm.
             The four well-defined images are produced at specific
             distances within the Fresnel zone of the
             aperture.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ao.57.000a19},
   Key = {fds331537}
}

@article{fds337697,
   Author = {Zeng, B and Huang, Z and Singh, A and Yao, Y and Azad, AK and Mohite, AD and Taylor, AJ and Smith, DR and Chen, H-T},
   Title = {Hybrid graphene metasurfaces for high-speed mid-infrared
             light modulation and single-pixel imaging.},
   Journal = {Light, science & applications},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {51},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41377-018-0055-4},
   Abstract = {During the past decades, major advances have been made in
             both the generation and detection of infrared light;
             however, its efficient wavefront manipulation and
             information processing still encounter great challenges.
             Efficient and fast optoelectronic modulators and spatial
             light modulators are required for mid-infrared imaging,
             sensing, security screening, communication and navigation,
             to name a few. However, their development remains elusive,
             and prevailing methods reported so far have suffered from
             drawbacks that significantly limit their practical
             applications. In this study, by leveraging graphene and
             metasurfaces, we demonstrate a high-performance free-space
             mid-infrared modulator operating at gigahertz speeds, low
             gate voltage and room temperature. We further pixelate the
             hybrid graphene metasurface to form a prototype spatial
             light modulator for high frame rate single-pixel imaging,
             suggesting orders of magnitude improvement over conventional
             liquid crystal or micromirror-based spatial light
             modulators. This work opens up the possibility of exploring
             wavefront engineering for infrared technologies for which
             fast temporal and spatial modulations are
             indispensable.},
   Doi = {10.1038/s41377-018-0055-4},
   Key = {fds337697}
}

@article{fds340084,
   Author = {Zvolensky, T and Gowda, VR and Gollub, J and Marks, DL and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {W-band sparse imaging system using frequency diverse
             cavity-fed metasurface antennas},
   Journal = {IEEE Access},
   Volume = {6},
   Pages = {73659-73668},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883402},
   Abstract = {We experimentally demonstrate a frequency-diverse,
             computational imaging system at W-band frequencies utilizing
             an array of cavity-fed metasurface antennas. Each
             metasurface antenna consists of a cavity milled from
             aluminum stock, with an upper plate patterned with a set of
             radiating slots. As a function of frequency, the metasurface
             cavities produce a set of spatially diverse radiation
             patterns that probe the reflectivity distribution of a
             scene. The antennas are designed to maximize the measurement
             diversity and hence imaging capacity of the system. The
             number and distribution of the radiating slots is optimized
             by balancing the cavity quality factor (Q) and Fourier space
             coverage. In the experimental realizations, the radiation
             patterns from each cavity-fed metasurface antenna is first
             measured using near-field scanning techniques, propagated
             over the imaging domain, and then stored for use in the
             image reconstruction step. Comprehensive alignment procedure
             is implemented to align the measured radiation patterns with
             regard to the physical position of the cavities. Using a
             modeling platform, we find excellent agreement between the
             simulation and experiment, indicating the validity of the
             calibration and alignment procedures. The scaling of the
             cavity-fed metasurface antenna represents a key step in the
             development of alternative high-frequency apertures for
             imaging and beam-forming applications.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883402},
   Key = {fds340084}
}

@article{fds331538,
   Author = {Marks, DL and Yurduseven, O and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Sparse blind deconvolution for imaging through layered
             media},
   Journal = {Optica},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {1514-1521},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.4.001514},
   Abstract = {When imaging through layered media such as walls, the
             contents and thickness of the wall layers are generally not
             known a priori. Furthermore, compensating for their effects
             can be computationally intensive, as this generally requires
             modelling the transmission and reflection of complex fields
             through layered media. We propose a blind deconvolution
             method that does not require knowledge of the wall layers by
             directly estimating a circularly symmetric Green’s
             function that models the transmission through the wall
             layers, simultaneously addressing both problems. We
             experimentally demonstrate this technique by measuring the
             reflection through a multilayered structure of building
             materials at the K-band microwave frequencies, and using the
             blind deconvolution method to find the image of a reflective
             object behind the layers.},
   Doi = {10.1364/OPTICA.4.001514},
   Key = {fds331538}
}

@article{fds331539,
   Author = {Pulido-Mancera, L and Bowen, PT and Imani, MF and Kundtz, N and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {Polarizability extraction of complementary metamaterial
             elements in waveguides for aperture modeling},
   Journal = {Physical Review B},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {23},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.235402},
   Abstract = {We consider the design and modeling of metasurfaces that
             couple energy from guided waves to propagating wave fronts.
             To this purpose, we develop a comprehensive, multiscale
             dipolar interpretation for large arrays of complementary
             metamaterial elements embedded in a waveguide structure.
             Within this modeling technique, the detailed electromagnetic
             response of each metamaterial element is replaced by a
             polarizable dipole, described by means of an effective
             polarizability. In this paper, we present two methods to
             extract this effective polarizability. The first method
             invokes surface equivalence principles, averaging over the
             effective surface currents and charges induced in the
             element's surface in order to obtain the effective dipole
             moments, from which the effective polarizability can be
             inferred. The second method is based in the coupled-mode
             theory, from which a direct relationship between the
             effective polarizability and the amplitude coefficients of
             the scattered waves can be deduced. We demonstrate these
             methods on several variants of waveguide-fed metasurface
             elements (both one- and two-dimensional waveguides), finding
             excellent agreement between the two, as well as with the
             analytical expressions derived for circular and elliptical
             irises. With the effective polarizabilities of the
             metamaterial elements accurately determined, the radiated
             fields generated by a waveguide-fed metasurface can be found
             self-consistently by including the interactions between
             polarizable dipoles. The dipole description provides an
             effective perspective and computational framework for
             engineering metasurface structures such as holograms,
             lenses, and beam-forming arrays, among others.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.96.235402},
   Key = {fds331539}
}

@article{fds330946,
   Author = {Diebold, AV and Pulido-Mancera, L and Sleasman, T and Boyarsky, M and Imani, MF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Generalized range migration algorithm for synthetic aperture
             radar image reconstruction of metasurface antenna
             measurements},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {34},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {2610-2623},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.34.002610},
   Abstract = {Waveguide-fed dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs) can be
             used in a variety of synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
             modalities for microwave and millimeter-wave imaging. The
             DMA consists of an electrically large array of resonant,
             dynamically reconfigurable metamaterial radiators, each
             excited by the fields of a guided wave. A given metamaterial
             element can be modeled as a polarizable dipole, with
             polarizability that equates to a complex weighting factor in
             the context of antenna array calculations. The DMA produces
             a sequence of diverse radiation patterns as a function of
             the weights, which can be rapidly varied by external
             control. The unconventional radiation patterns of the DMA,
             however, introduce added computational complexity for
             traditional SAR processing algorithms. One SAR
             reconstruction approach that has successfully been adapted
             for the static (motionless) DMA is the range migration
             algorithm (RMA). Here, we extend the RMA to scenarios in
             which the DMA is physically translated in one or two
             dimensions, deriving the RMA for each case and providing
             experimental demonstrations using a fabricated
             microstrip-based DMA. Excellent reconstruction quality is
             observed in all cases, verifying the efficacy of the
             proposed algorithms and demonstrating the imaging
             capabilities of the DMA in the synthetic aperture context.
             The combination of the DMA platform with efficient
             reconstruction algorithms can find applications in fields
             such as Earth observation, security screening, and
             autonomous vehicle navigation.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.34.002610},
   Key = {fds330946}
}

@article{fds329404,
   Author = {Sleasman, T and Boyarsky, M and Pulido-Mancera, L and Fromenteze, T and Imani, MF and Reynolds, MS and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Experimental Synthetic Aperture Radar with Dynamic
             Metasurfaces},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation},
   Volume = {65},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {6864-6877},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2758797},
   Abstract = {We investigate the use of a dynamic metasurface as the
             transmitting antenna for a synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
             imaging system. The dynamic metasurface consists of a 1-D
             microstrip waveguide with complementary electric resonator
             (cELC) elements patterned into the upper conductor.
             Integrated into each of the cELCs are two diodes that can be
             used to shift each cELC resonance out of band with an
             applied voltage. The aperture is designed to operate at
             $K$-band frequencies (17.5-20.3 GHz). We experimentally
             demonstrate imaging with a fabricated metasurface aperture
             using well-known SAR modalities, showing image quality
             comparable to traditional antennas. The agility of this
             aperture allows it to operate in spotlight and stripmap SAR
             modes, as well as in a third modality inspired by
             computational imaging strategies. We describe the dynamic
             metasurface antenna's operation in detail, demonstrate
             high-quality imaging in both 2-D and 3-D, and examine
             various tradeoffs governing the integration of dynamic
             metasurfaces in the future SAR imaging platforms.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TAP.2017.2758797},
   Key = {fds329404}
}

@article{fds330947,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Yurduseven, O and Mancera, LP and Bowen, P and Kundtz,
             NB},
   Title = {Analysis of a Waveguide-Fed Metasurface Antenna},
   Journal = {Physical Review Applied},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {5},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.054048},
   Abstract = {The metasurface concept has emerged as an advantageous
             reconfigurable antenna architecture for beam forming and
             wave-front shaping, with applications that include satellite
             and terrestrial communications, radar, imaging, and wireless
             power transfer. The metasurface antenna consists of an array
             of metamaterial elements distributed over an electrically
             large structure, each subwavelength in dimension and with
             subwavelength separation between elements. In the antenna
             configuration we consider, the metasurface is excited by the
             fields from an attached waveguide. Each metamaterial element
             can be modeled as a polarizable dipole that couples the
             waveguide mode to radiation modes. Distinct from the phased
             array and electronically-scanned-antenna architectures, a
             dynamic metasurface antenna does not require active phase
             shifters and amplifiers but rather achieves
             reconfigurability by shifting the resonance frequency of
             each individual metamaterial element. We derive the basic
             properties of a one-dimensional waveguide-fed metasurface
             antenna in the approximation in which the metamaterial
             elements do not perturb the waveguide mode and are
             noninteracting. We derive analytical approximations for the
             array factors of the one-dimensional antenna, including the
             effective polarizabilities needed for amplitude-only,
             phase-only, and binary constraints. Using full-wave
             numerical simulations, we confirm the analysis, modeling
             waveguides with slots or complementary metamaterial elements
             patterned into one of the surfaces.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.054048},
   Key = {fds330947}
}

@article{fds332087,
   Author = {Pulido-Mancera, L and Imani, MF and Bowen, PT and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Extracting polarizability of complementary metamaterial
             elements using equivalence principles},
   Journal = {2017 11th International Congress on Engineered Material
             Platforms for Novel Wave Phenomena, Metamaterials
             2017},
   Pages = {268-270},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {November},
   ISBN = {9781538637685},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MetaMaterials.2017.8107915},
   Abstract = {A novel Metamaterial Dipole Model (MDM) has been proposed as
             a powerful tool for modeling and designing metasurface
             antennas for numerous applications such as beamforming
             arrays, holograms, and flat lenses among others. In this
             technique, a metasurface antenna is described as a
             collection of effective magnetic dipoles characterized by
             their polarizability. The utility of this modeling technique
             relies on polarizability extraction, i.e.The proper
             characterization of each individual metamaterial element
             when it is embedded in a waveguide. In this presentation, we
             employ a volumetric equivalence principle in a comprehensive
             procedure for retrieving the polarizability of complementary
             metamaterial elements, when these are embedded in
             rectangular waveguides, planar waveguides, and periodic
             metascreens. We demonstrate that the extracted
             polarizability changes for each supporting waveguide
             structure, highlighting the importance of proper
             characterization of metamaterial elements in different
             environments.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MetaMaterials.2017.8107915},
   Key = {fds332087}
}

@article{fds329820,
   Author = {Marks, DL and Yurduseven, O and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Near-field multistatic radar reconstruction with
             stretched-phase Fourier accelerated multistatic
             imaging},
   Journal = {IET Radar, Sonar and Navigation},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {1718-1729},
   Publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology
             (IET)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2017.0130},
   Abstract = {There exist few rapid reconstruction methods for
             applications that use multistatic radar for targets in the
             near field such as vehicle navigation and personnel
             screening. Fourier accelerated multistatic imaging (FAMI) is
             a method that combines the rapid reconstruction speed of
             Fourier-based imaging algorithms with the flexibility of
             algebraic algorithms that allow arbitrary radiation patterns
             and antenna placement. Many of these new applications image
             in the near field of the individual antennas of a
             multistatic array, however, FAMI contains approximations
             that require the target to be in the far field of each
             antenna. Stretched-phase FAMI (SP-FAMI) overcomes this
             limitation and allows imaging in the Fresnel region of the
             antennas so that targets may be very close to the array
             while retaining the computational benefits of Fourier
             reconstruction. As radar wavelengths decrease with a
             corresponding increase in resolution, SP-FAMI allows the
             imaging of nearby targets that would otherwise be too close
             for FAMI to image accurately.},
   Doi = {10.1049/iet-rsn.2017.0130},
   Key = {fds329820}
}

@article{fds335054,
   Author = {Stewart, JW and Akselrod, GM and Smith, DR and Mikkelsen,
             MH},
   Title = {Multispectral metasurface absorbers for optoelectronic
             devices},
   Journal = {2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2017 -
             Proceedings},
   Volume = {2017-January},
   Pages = {1-2},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781943580279},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_SI-2017-SM3N.4},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate multispectral metasurfaces over wafer-scale
             areas exhibiting greater than 85 percent absorption, ~100 nm
             linewidths from 580-1125 nm by patterning plasmonic
             resonators in micron-scale pixels using a fusion of
             bottom-up and top-down fabrication techniques.},
   Doi = {10.1364/CLEO_SI-2017-SM3N.4},
   Key = {fds335054}
}

@article{fds332912,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Marks, DL and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Synthesizing a frequency-diverse aperture for
             security-screening applications},
   Journal = {2017 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium, Proceedings},
   Volume = {2017-January},
   Pages = {2383-2384},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781538632840},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8073234},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate the design of a frequency-diverse aperture
             for imaging of human size objects. Frequency-diversity is an
             all-electronic technique, allowing the imaging to be
             performed without any mechanical moving parts or active
             circuit components. Leveraging computational imaging
             algorithms, the concept of frequency-diverse imaging offers
             a simplified alternative to conventional techniques limited
             in key metrics, such as data acquisition speed, system
             complexity and cost. It is shown that the
             synthesized-frequency diverse aperture can reconstruct good
             quality images of a human-size target by means of a simple
             frequency sweep over the K-band frequency
             regime.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8073234},
   Key = {fds332912}
}

@article{fds332913,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gollub, JN and Marks, DL and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Alignment Correction for antenna scans in
             imaging},
   Journal = {2017 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium, Proceedings},
   Volume = {2017-January},
   Pages = {2381-2382},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781538632840},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8073233},
   Abstract = {In this paper, we propose a software correction technique to
             eliminate the misalignment errors in the measurement of
             antenna radiated fields for frequency-diverse imaging. It is
             shown that by using RF fiducials integrated into the
             antennas, the effect of rotation (range and cross-range) and
             offset misalignment errors can be corrected to a good
             accuracy, holding significant potential for applications
             where precise alignment is required for antenna field
             measurements.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8073233},
   Key = {fds332913}
}

@article{fds332914,
   Author = {Fromenteze, T and Boyarsky, M and Yurduseven, O and Gollub, J and Marks,
             DL and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Computational polarimetric localization with a radiating
             metasurface},
   Journal = {2017 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium, Proceedings},
   Volume = {2017-January},
   Pages = {407-408},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781538632840},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8072246},
   Abstract = {A novel computational technique is presented in this article
             for enabling the estimation of both the localization of
             radiating sources and their polarization states. To this
             end, a radiating metasurface is conceived to multiplex the
             polarization information received by the its aperture into a
             single frequency domain signal, allowing for a massive
             simplification of the architectures conventionally
             implemented.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8072246},
   Key = {fds332914}
}

@article{fds335055,
   Author = {Suthakar, U and Magnoni, L and Smith, DR and Khan,
             A},
   Title = {Optimised lambda architecture for monitoring wlcg using
             spark and spark streaming},
   Journal = {2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging
             Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector
             Workshop, NSS/MIC/RTSD 2016},
   Volume = {2017-January},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781509016426},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069637},
   Doi = {10.1109/NSSMIC.2016.8069637},
   Key = {fds335055}
}

@article{fds335056,
   Author = {Klugmann, D and Rea, S and Moyna, B and Parow-Souchon, K and Henry, M and Wang, H and Oldfield, M and Brewster, N and Hunyor, P and Merritt, M and Green, R and Smith, D and Davis, B and Obeed, A and Phillips, M and Beardsley, M and Hampton, J and Ellison, B and Howe, C and Burton, G and Marshall, A and Thomas, B and Brandt, M and Philipp, M and Sonnabend, G and Stangier, T and Hammett, R and Decoopman, T and Kangas, V and D'Addio,
             S and Piironen, P},
   Title = {Millimetre wave front end receivers for the MWS and MWI
             instruments onboard MetOp-SG satellites},
   Journal = {International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and
             Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781509060481},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IRMMW-THz.2017.8066886},
   Abstract = {RAL Space and its project partner PRG are tasked with
             providing space-qualified heterodyne receiver front-ends
             operating between 165.5 GHz and 325 GHz for the Microwave
             Sounder (MWS), the Microwave Imager (MWI) and the Ice Cloud
             Imager (ICI) of the MetOp Second Generation (MetOp-SG)
             series of satellites. The preliminary design of the receiver
             front-ends is now complete. Extensive tests on performance
             of the individual components, as well as of the assembled
             breadboard versions of the receiver front-ends, have been
             performed. The results and conclusions derived from these
             tests will be presented.},
   Doi = {10.1109/IRMMW-THz.2017.8066886},
   Key = {fds335056}
}

@article{fds329822,
   Author = {Pulido-Mancera, L and Imani, MF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Discrete dipole approximation for simulation of unusually
             tapered leaky wave antennas},
   Journal = {IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium
             Digest},
   Pages = {409-412},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781509063604},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM.2017.8058581},
   Abstract = {In this paper, Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) is
             presented as a simulation tool for predicting the
             electromagnetic properties of one dimensional metasurface
             antennas and slotted waveguide antennas. The proposed method
             is verified by demonstrating excellent agreement between DDA
             predictions and that of a full-wave electromagnetic solver.
             This technique is especially attractive since it allows us
             to simulate and design metasurface antennas with unusual
             tapering and irises with unconventional geometries (e.g.
             metamaterial elements), in order to achieve the desired
             radiation characteristics, such as beamwidth and sidelobe
             level, while maintaining steering capabilities.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MWSYM.2017.8058581},
   Key = {fds329822}
}

@article{fds329821,
   Author = {Fromenteze, T and Yurduseven, O and Boyarsky, M and Gollub, J and Marks,
             DL and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Computational polarimetric microwave imaging.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {25},
   Number = {22},
   Pages = {27488-27505},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.027488},
   Abstract = {We propose a polarimetric microwave imaging technique that
             exploits recent advances in computational imaging. We
             utilize a frequency-diverse cavity-backed metasurface,
             allowing us to demonstrate high-resolution polarimetric
             imaging using a single transceiver and frequency sweep over
             the operational microwave bandwidth. The frequency-diverse
             metasurface imager greatly simplifies the system
             architecture compared with active arrays and other
             conventional microwave imaging approaches. We further
             develop the theoretical framework for computational
             polarimetric imaging and validate the approach
             experimentally using a multi-modal leaky cavity. The scalar
             approximation for the interaction between the radiated waves
             and the target- often applied in microwave computational
             imaging schemes-is thus extended to retrieve the
             susceptibility tensors, and hence provides additional
             information about the targets. Computational polarimetry has
             relevance for existing systems in the field that extract
             polarimetric imagery, and particular for ground observation.
             A growing number of short-range microwave imaging
             applications can also notably benefit from computational
             polarimetry, particularly for imaging objects that are
             difficult to reconstruct when assuming scalar
             estimations.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.25.027488},
   Key = {fds329821}
}

@article{fds329141,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Fromenteze, T and Marks, DL and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Frequency-Diverse Computational Microwave Phaseless
             Imaging},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters},
   Volume = {16},
   Pages = {2808-2811},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2017.2748139},
   Abstract = {Phaseless imaging approaches provide a significant advantage
             for systems where maintaining coherency during the
             acquisition time is difficult. Here, we demonstrate a
             phaseless, frequency-diverse, computational imaging system
             that operates at K-band frequencies (17.5-26.5 GHz). The
             system consists of a cavity-backed metasurface antenna
             producing spatially diverse radiation patterns that vary as
             a function of the driving frequency. The frequency-diverse
             metasurface antenna can be used to form images at microwave
             frequencies by collecting measurements at frequencies
             sampled over the operational bandwidth, obviating the need
             for either mechanically moving parts or phase-shifting
             circuits. We show that high-fidelity images can be obtained
             with the metasurface antenna using only the intensity of the
             measurements by leveraging a sparse variant of the Wirtinger
             Flow algorithm. In addition to the hardware simplification
             achieved by using a frequency-diverse approach, we
             demonstrate a significant reduction in the number of
             measurements required to reconstruct a given number of
             voxels for the phaseless imaging problem. This difference
             from conventional phase retrieval techniques is achieved by
             leveraging the sparsity concept, simplifying the complexity
             of the imaging problem.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAWP.2017.2748139},
   Key = {fds329141}
}

@article{fds328956,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Dual-Polarization Printed Holographic Multibeam Metasurface
             Antenna},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters},
   Volume = {16},
   Pages = {2738-2741},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2017.2743710},
   Abstract = {Multibeam antennas have emerged as a promising concept for
             applications where selective beam coverage is required.
             Multibeam radiation can be achieved leveraging the concept
             of metasurfaces, enabling the radiated wavefronts to be
             tailored in an all-electronic manner, making reconfigurable
             multibeam operation possible without the need for bulky
             feeding structures or complex phase shifting circuits. Here
             we demonstrate a simple, planar, printed-circuit-board-based
             parallel-plate waveguide (PPW) holographic metasurface
             antenna capable of producing dual-polarized multibeam
             radiation patterns. The metasurface is synthesized using an
             array of subwavelength slot-shaped unit cells (or irises)
             coupling to a guided-mode reference wave launched into the
             PPW using a single coaxial feed. As a design example, we
             demonstrate numerically and experimentally a metasurface
             antenna creating polarization-dependent multibeam radiation
             patterns with three main lobes in azimuth and elevation
             planes.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAWP.2017.2743710},
   Key = {fds328956}
}

@article{fds328720,
   Author = {Sleasman, T and Boyarsky, M and Imani, MF and Fromenteze, T and Gollub,
             JN and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Single-frequency microwave imaging with dynamic metasurface
             apertures},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {34},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1713-1726},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.34.001713},
   Abstract = {Conventional microwave imaging schemes, enabled by the
             ubiquity of coherent sources and detectors, have
             traditionally relied on frequency bandwidth to retrieve
             range information, while using mechanical or electronic
             beamsteering to obtain cross-range information. This
             approach has resulted in complex and expensive hardware when
             extended to large-scale systems with ultrawide bandwidth.
             Relying on bandwidth can create difficulties in calibration,
             alignment, and imaging of dispersive objects. We present an
             alternative approach using electrically large, dynamically
             reconfigurable, metasurface antennas that generate spatially
             distinct radiation patterns as a function of tuning state.
             The metasurface antenna consists of a waveguide feeding an
             array of metamaterial radiators, each with properties that
             can be modified by applying a voltage to diodes integrated
             into the element. By deploying two of these apertures, one
             as the transmitter and one as the receiver, we realize
             sufficient spatial diversity to alleviate the dependence on
             frequency bandwidth and obtain range and cross-range
             information using measurements at a single frequency. We
             experimentally demonstrate this proposal by using two 1D
             dynamic metasurface apertures and reconstructing various 2D
             scenes (range and cross-range). Furthermore, we modify a
             conventional reconstruction method—the range migration
             algorithm—to be compatible with such configurations,
             resulting in an imaging system that is efficient in software
             and hardware. The imaging scheme presented in this paper has
             broad application to radio frequency imaging, including
             security screening, through-wall imaging, biomedical
             diagnostics, and synthetic aperture radar.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.34.001713},
   Key = {fds328720}
}

@article{fds330948,
   Author = {Pedross-Engel, A and Watts, CM and Smith, DR and Reynolds,
             MS},
   Title = {Enhanced resolution stripmap mode using dynamic metasurface
             antennas},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote
             Sensing},
   Volume = {55},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {3764-3772},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2017.2679438},
   Abstract = {To maintain sufficient signal-To-noise ratio (SNR) for image
             reconstruction and image interpretation, conventional
             synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems must trade off
             resolution and scene size. This paper proposes a new SAR
             mode of operation, which improves resolution while
             maintaining good SNR and a large scene size. It leverages
             the unique properties of dynamic metasurface antennas (MSAs)
             to subsample a large virtual beamwidth utilizing multiple
             small distinct antenna beams. Due to this parallelization in
             scene sampling, the constraints on the azimuth sampling rate
             can be relaxed while maintaining an aliasing-free cross
             range. Due to the versatile properties of MSAs and their
             cost effective manufacturing process, this paper proposes
             SAR systems, which can obtain high resolution images over a
             wide scene size with lower cost and complexity than
             competing approaches. Point-spread functions and
             proof-of-concept SAR simulations are shown to verify this
             approach. In addition, laboratory experiments using a
             commercial prototype MSA are presented, which show an
             improvement of 62% in cross-range resolution of the proposed
             approach, compared with the crossrange resolution of
             stripmap mode SAR with the same aperture.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TGRS.2017.2679438},
   Key = {fds330948}
}

@article{fds327438,
   Author = {Shin, D and Kim, J and Kim, C and Bae, K and Baek, S and Kang, G and Urzhumov,
             Y and Smith, DR and Kim, K},
   Title = {Scalable variable-index elasto-optic metamaterials for
             macroscopic optical components and devices.},
   Journal = {Nature communications},
   Volume = {8},
   Pages = {16090},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16090},
   Abstract = {Optical metamaterials with an artificial subwavelength
             structure offer new approaches to implement advanced optical
             devices. However, some of the biggest challenges associated
             with the development of metamaterials in the visible
             spectrum are the high costs and slow production speeds of
             the nanofabrication processes. Here, we demonstrate a
             macroscale (>35 mm) transformation-optics wave bender
             (293 mm<sup>2</sup>) and Luneburg lens
             (855 mm<sup>2</sup>) in the broadband white-light visible
             wavelength range using the concept of elasto-optic
             metamaterials that combines optics and solid mechanics. Our
             metamaterials consist of mesoscopically homogeneous chunks
             of bulk aerogels with superior, broadband optical
             transparency across the visible spectrum and an adjustable,
             stress-tuneable refractive index ranging from 1.43 down to
             nearly the free space index (∼1.074). The experimental
             results show that broadband light can be controlled and
             redirected in a volume of >10<sup>5</sup>λ ×
             10<sup>5</sup>λ × 10<sup>3</sup>λ, which enables natural
             light to be processed directly by metamaterial-based optical
             devices without any additional coupling components.},
   Doi = {10.1038/ncomms16090},
   Key = {fds327438}
}

@article{fds328104,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Marks, DL and Fromenteze, T and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Millimeter-wave spotlight imager using dynamic holographic
             metasurface antennas.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {25},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {18230-18249},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.018230},
   Abstract = {Computational imaging systems leverage generalized
             measurements to produce high-fidelity images, enabling novel
             and often lower cost hardware platforms at the expense of
             increased processing. However, obtaining full resolution
             images across a large field-of-view (FOV) can lead to slow
             reconstruction times, limiting system performance where
             faster frame rates are desired. In many imaging scenarios,
             the highest resolution is needed only in smaller subdomains
             of interest within a scene, suggesting an aperture
             supporting multiple modalities of image capture with
             different resolutions can provide a path to system
             optimization. We explore this concept in the context of
             millimeter-wave imaging, presenting the design and
             simulation of a single frequency (75 GHz), multistatic,
             holographic spotlight aperture integrated into a K-band
             (17.5-26.5 GHz), frequency-diverse imager. The spotlight
             aperture - synthesized using an array of dynamically tuned,
             holographic, metasurface antennas - illuminates a
             constrained region-of-interest (ROI) identified from a
             low-resolution image, extracting a high-fidelity image of
             the constrained-ROI with a minimum number of measurement
             modes. The designs of both the static, frequency-diverse
             sub-aperture and the integrated dynamic spotlight aperture
             are evaluated using simulation techniques developed for
             large-scale synthetic apertures.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.25.018230},
   Key = {fds328104}
}

@article{fds335057,
   Author = {Menard, JE and Allain, JP and Battaglia, DJ and Bedoya, F and Bell, RE and Belova, E and Berkery, JW and Boyer, MD and Crocker, N and Diallo, A and Ebrahimi, F and Ferraro, N and Fredrickson, E and Frerichs, H and Gerhardt, S and Gorelenkov, N and Guttenfelder, W and Heidbrink, W and Kaita, R and Kaye, SM and Kriete, DM and Kubota, S and Leblanc, BP and Liu,
             D and Lunsford, R and Mueller, D and Myers, CE and Ono, M and Park, JK and Podesta, M and Raman, R and Reinke, M and Ren, Y and Sabbagh, SA and Schmitz, O and Scotti, F and Sechrest, Y and Skinner, CH and Smith, DR and Soukhanovskii, V and Stoltzfus-Dueck, T and Yuh, H and Wang, Z and Waters, I and Ahn, JW and Andre, R and Barchfeld, R and Beiersdorfer, P and Bertelli, N and Bhattacharjee, A and Brennan, D and Buttery, R and Capece, A and Canal, G and Canik, J and Chang, CS and Darrow, D and Delgado-Aparicio, L and Domier, C and Ethier, S and Evans, T and Ferron,
             J and Finkenthal, M and Fonck, R and Gan, K and Gates, D and Goumiri, I and Gray, T and Hosea, J and Humphreys, D and Jarboe, T and Jardin, S and Jaworski, MA and Koel, B and Kolemen, E and Ku, S and La Haye and RJ and Levinton, F and Luhmann, N and Maingi, R and Maqueda, R and McKee, G and Meier, E and Myra, J and Perkins, R and Poli, F and Rhodes, T and Riquezes,
             J and Rowley, C and Russell, D and Schuster, E and Stratton, B and Stutman,
             D and Taylor, G and Tritz, K and Wang, W and Wirth, B and Zweben,
             SJ},
   Title = {Overview of NSTX Upgrade initial results and modelling
             highlights},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {102006-102006},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa600a},
   Abstract = {The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) has undergone
             a major upgrade, and the NSTX Upgrade (NSTX-U) Project was
             completed in the summer of 2015. NSTX-U first plasma was
             subsequently achieved, diagnostic and control systems have
             been commissioned, the H-mode accessed, magnetic error
             fields identified and mitigated, and the first physics
             research campaign carried out. During ten run weeks of
             operation, NSTX-U surpassed NSTX record pulse-durations and
             toroidal fields (TF), and high-performance ∼1 MA H-mode
             plasmas comparable to the best of NSTX have been sustained
             near and slightly above the n = 1 no-wall stability limit
             and with H-mode confinement multiplier H98y,2 above 1.
             Transport and turbulence studies in L-mode plasmas have
             identified the coexistence of at least two ion-gyro-scale
             turbulent micro-instabilities near the same radial location
             but propagating in opposite (i.e. ion and electron
             diamagnetic) directions. These modes have the
             characteristics of ion-temperature gradient and
             micro-tearing modes, respectively, and the role of these
             modes in contributing to thermal transport is under active
             investigation. The new second more tangential neutral beam
             injection was observed to significantly modify the stability
             of two types of Alfven eigenmodes. Improvements in offline
             disruption forecasting were made in the areas of
             identification of rotating MHD modes and other macroscopic
             instabilities using the disruption event characterization
             and forecasting code. Lastly, the materials analysis and
             particle probe was utilized on NSTX-U for the first time and
             enabled assessments of the correlation between boronized
             wall conditions and plasma performance. These and other
             highlights from the first run campaign of NSTX-U are
             described.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1741-4326/aa600a},
   Key = {fds335057}
}

@article{fds326854,
   Author = {Fromenteze, T and Boyarsky, M and Gollub, J and Sleasman, T and Imani,
             M and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Single-frequency near-field MIMO imaging},
   Journal = {2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,
             EUCAP 2017},
   Pages = {1415-1418},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9788890701870},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP.2017.7928576},
   Abstract = {A near-field radar imaging technique is presented based on
             single-frequency measurements from a multiple-input
             multiple-output (MIMO) array. Such arrays are able to fully
             sample the κ-space of a region of interest. Advantageously,
             both range and cross-range information can be reconstructed,
             in contrast to conventional single-input multiple-output
             systems which require wideband frequency illumination. A
             theory of single frequency MIMO imaging is developed and
             studied through numerical modeling and experimental
             validation.},
   Doi = {10.23919/EuCAP.2017.7928576},
   Key = {fds326854}
}

@article{fds326736,
   Author = {Gollub, JN and Yurduseven, O and Imani, MF and Odabasi, H and Sleasman,
             T and Trofatter, KP and Boyarsky, M and Marks, DL and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Computational imaging using frequency-diverse
             metasurfaces},
   Journal = {2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,
             EUCAP 2017},
   Pages = {1208-1211},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9788890701870},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP.2017.7928774},
   Abstract = {This paper summarizes the recent advances in using
             frequency-diverse metasurfaces for computational imaging in
             the microwave and millimeter wave regimes. Frequency-diverse
             apertures are defined as structures that can generate
             distinct radiation patterns as a function of frequency. Such
             waveforms can multiplex a scene information into a set of
             backscattered measurements, which can be decoded using
             computational algorithms. In this manner, these apertures
             can retrieve a scene's reflectivity map using a fast
             frequency sweep (all-electronic operation), circumventing
             the requirement for a mechanical scan or active circuit
             components. We review recent advances in developing these
             apertures and examine their performance in both simulation
             and experimental settings. Finally, efforts to build large
             apertures, which can image at the diffraction limit, are
             discussed.},
   Doi = {10.23919/EuCAP.2017.7928774},
   Key = {fds326736}
}

@article{fds326737,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Fromenteze, T and Gollub, JN and Marks, DL and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Computational frequency-diverse microwave imaging using an
             air-filled cavity-backed antenna},
   Journal = {2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,
             EUCAP 2017},
   Pages = {3589-3592},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9788890701870},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP.2017.7928063},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a frequency-diverse imaging system using an
             air-filled cavity-backed antenna as a transceiver
             (cavity-to-cavity system layout) for the K-band (17.5-26.5
             GHz) frequency regime. Leveraging the computational imaging
             concept, the frequency-diversity enables imaging in an
             all-electronic manner, without the need for mechanical
             raster scanning or active circuit components, minimizing the
             data acquisition time and simplifying the system
             architecture. It is shown that the proposed system is
             capable of reconstructing good fidelity images in a
             sub-second time frame, holding significant potential for
             real-time imaging applications.},
   Doi = {10.23919/EuCAP.2017.7928063},
   Key = {fds326737}
}

@article{fds326738,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gollub, JN and Fromenteze, T and Marks, DL and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Optimization of frequency-diverse antennas for computational
             imaging at microwave frequencies},
   Journal = {2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,
             EUCAP 2017},
   Pages = {1410-1414},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9788890701870},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP.2017.7928064},
   Abstract = {Frequency-diverse imaging is an all-electronic method,
             capable of sampling the scene to be imaged without the need
             for a mechanical scan or active circuit components. In order
             to optimize the imaging characteristics, such as imaging
             resolution and fidelity of the reconstructed images, the
             antennas used within this scheme need to be optimized. It is
             demonstrated that using a Mills-Cross iris distribution,
             superior sampling of the Fourier components (wide support
             extent and minimum sampling redundancy) can be achieved.
             Using the optimized antennas, an experimental imaging system
             is built, reconstructing a good quality image of a
             cross-shaped target in less than 0.1 seconds.},
   Doi = {10.23919/EuCAP.2017.7928064},
   Key = {fds326738}
}

@article{fds326627,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Vanwolleghem, M and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Efficient finite element resolution of gyromagnetic and
             gyroelectric nonreciprocal electromagnetic
             problems.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {25},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {11088-11102},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.011088},
   Abstract = {We present a rigorous derivation of the weak-form
             formulation of the Helmholtz equation for electromagnetic
             structures incorporating general nonreciprocal, dispersive
             materials such as magnetized ferrites or magnetized
             free-carrier plasmas. This formulation allows an efficient
             self-consistent treatment using finite elements of a variety
             of problems involving magnetic or magneto-optical materials
             biased by an external DC field where the eigenmodes become
             nonreciprocal or even unidirectional. The possibilities of
             this method are illustrated with several examples of
             TE-polarized modes at microwave frequencies and TM-polarized
             modes at optical and infrared wavelengths.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.25.011088},
   Key = {fds326627}
}

@article{fds326628,
   Author = {Boyarsky, M and Sleasman, T and Pulido-Mancera, L and Fromenteze, T and Pedross-Engel, A and Watts, CM and Imani, MF and Reynolds, MS and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Synthetic aperture radar with dynamic metasurface antennas:
             a conceptual development.},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image
             science, and vision},
   Volume = {34},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {A22-A36},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.34.000a22},
   Abstract = {We investigate the application of dynamic metasurface
             antennas (DMAs) to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems.
             Metasurface antennas can generate a multitude of tailored
             electromagnetic waveforms from a physical platform that is
             low-cost, lightweight, and planar; these characteristics are
             not readily available with traditional SAR technologies,
             such as phased arrays and mechanically steered systems. We
             show that electronically tuned DMAs can generate steerable,
             directive beams for traditional stripmap and spotlight SAR
             imaging modes. This capability eliminates the need for
             mechanical gimbals and phase shifters, simplifying the
             hardware architecture of a SAR system. Additionally, we
             discuss alternative imaging modalities, including enhanced
             resolution stripmap and diverse pattern stripmap, which can
             achieve resolution on par with spotlight, while maintaining
             a large region-of-interest, as possible with stripmap.
             Further consideration is given to strategies for integrating
             metasurfaces with chirped pulse RF sources. DMAs are poised
             to propel SAR systems forward by offering a vast range of
             capabilities from a significantly improved physical
             platform.},
   Doi = {10.1364/josaa.34.000a22},
   Key = {fds326628}
}

@article{fds326240,
   Author = {Marks, DL and Yurduseven, O and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Cavity-backed metasurface antennas and their application to
             frequency diversity imaging.},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image
             science, and vision},
   Volume = {34},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {472-480},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.34.000472},
   Abstract = {Frequency diversity antennas with spatially structured
             radiation patterns reduce the reliance on actively switched
             elements for beamforming which become increasingly expensive
             and impractical as frequency increases. As the quality
             factor Q of a frequency diverse antenna increases, the
             antenna samples more spatial structure as the number of
             unique radiated coded spatial patterns correspondingly
             increases. Antennas that combine hollow cavities and
             metamaterial apertures achieve both large fractional
             bandwidth, in excess of 40%, and a high Q of 1600, so that
             each antenna radiates over 640 unique coded patterns. As
             compared to switched active antennas, such a passive antenna
             replaces the 50 antennas and switches that would produce at
             most (50/2)<sup>2</sup>=625 unique patterns. Furthermore,
             the engineered metamaterial apertures enable a radiation
             efficiency exceeding 60% to be achieved in a single desired
             polarization. The theory of cavity-backed metasurface
             antennas is explained, and frequency diverse imaging is
             demonstrated with a pair of these antennas.},
   Doi = {10.1364/josaa.34.000472},
   Key = {fds326240}
}

@article{fds326241,
   Author = {Bowen, PT and Baron, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Effective-medium description of a metasurface composed of a
             periodic array of nanoantennas coupled to a metallic
             film},
   Journal = {Physical Review A},
   Volume = {95},
   Number = {3},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.95.033822},
   Abstract = {We compute the reflectance properties of a metasurface that
             consists of a doubly periodic array of patch nanoantennas
             strongly coupled to a metallic film. Each plasmonic patch
             antenna can be accurately modeled as a polarizable,
             radiating, magnetic dipole. By accounting for interactions
             amongst the dipoles, an equivalent surface polarizability
             can be obtained, from which the effective surface impedance,
             reflectivity, and other homogenized quantities of interest
             can be obtained. When the metasurface is extremely close to
             the metal film, the interaction between constituent dipoles
             is dominated by surface plasmon mediation. We calculate
             analytically the dipole interaction constant by explicitly
             evaluating the infinite sum of fields from all the dipoles
             in the lattice. While a single film-coupled nanoparticle
             exhibits anomalous loss due to coupling to surface plasmons,
             we find that for the lattice of dipoles, the radiation
             reaction force due to the coupling to the surface plasmon
             modes is exactly canceled by the interaction constant; the
             lattice thereby conserves energy in the limit of zero Ohmic
             loss. When Ohmic losses are present, absorption to surface
             plasmons reemerges and can be compared with the losses to
             radiation and Ohmic absorption in the metasurface.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.95.033822},
   Key = {fds326241}
}

@article{fds335058,
   Author = {Ren, Y and Belova, E and Gorelenkov, N and Guttenfelder, W and Kaye, SM and Mazzucato, E and Peterson, JL and Smith, DR and Stutman, D and Tritz, K and Wang, WX and Yuh, H and Bell, RE and Domier, CW and Le Blanc,
             BP},
   Title = {Recent progress in understanding electron thermal transport
             in NSTX},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {072002-072002},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa4fba},
   Abstract = {The anomalous level of electron thermal transport inferred
             in magnetically confined configurations is one of the most
             challenging problems for the ultimate realization of fusion
             power using toroidal devices: tokamaks, spherical tori and
             stellarators. It is generally believed that plasma
             instabilities driven by the abundant free energy in fusion
             plasmas are responsible for the electron thermal transport.
             The National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) (Ono et al
             2000 Nucl. Fusion 40 557) provides a unique laboratory for
             studying plasma instabilities and their relation to electron
             thermal transport due to its low toroidal field, high plasma
             beta, low aspect ratio and large E × B flow shear. Recent
             findings on NSTX have shown that multiple instabilities are
             required to explain observed electron thermal transport,
             given the wide range of equilibrium parameters due to
             different operational scenarios and radial regions in fusion
             plasmas. Here we review the recent progresses in
             understanding anomalous electron thermal transport in NSTX
             and focus on mechanisms that could drive electron thermal
             transport in the core region. The synergy between experiment
             and theoretical/numerical modeling is essential to achieving
             these progresses. The plans for newly commissioned
             NSTX-Upgrade will also be discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1741-4326/aa4fba},
   Key = {fds335058}
}

@article{fds335059,
   Author = {Klugmann, D and Parow-Souchon, K and Smith, D and Davis, B and Ellison,
             B and Alderman, B},
   Title = {Optimisation of millimetre wave amplifiers for satellite
             based radiometer},
   Journal = {Proceedings of IEEE 9th UK-Europe-China Workshop on
             Millimetre Waves and Terahertz Technologies, UCMMT
             2016},
   Pages = {82-83},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {March},
   ISBN = {9781509022755},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/UCMMT.2016.7873969},
   Abstract = {STFC / RAL Space has been involved in the development of an
             extensive variety of satellite mission payloads operating
             across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The RAL
             Space Millimetre-wave Technology Group (MMTG) has undertaken
             the development of instrumentation in support of spaceborne
             earth observation. Most recently, the MMTG is contributing
             towards a next generation of weather monitoring satellites
             that will utilise state-of-the-art low-noise amplifier (LNA)
             technology as the first reception stage of heterodyne
             receivers. This contribution describes the performance
             optimisation of an LNA used in a 183GHz receiver chain.
             Device optimisation includes variation in impedance
             transformation between waveguide and LNA millimetre-wave
             integrated circuit (MMIC), and under different MMIC DC bias
             conditions, to achieve required performance. Extensive and
             accurate LNA measurements have been made and, in addition to
             the optimisation procedures used, example results will be
             presented, described and discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1109/UCMMT.2016.7873969},
   Key = {fds335059}
}

@article{fds335060,
   Author = {Metcalfe, A and Fern, GR and Hobson, PR and Ireland, T and Salimian, A and Silver, J and Smith, DR and Lefeuvre, G and Saenger,
             R},
   Title = {Development of high temperature, radiation hard detectors
             based on diamond},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {845},
   Pages = {128-131},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.091},
   Abstract = {Single crystal CVD diamond has many desirable properties
             compared to current, well developed, detector materials;
             exceptional radiation, chemical and physical hardness,
             chemical inertness, low Z (close to human tissue, good for
             dosimetry), wide bandgap and an intrinsic pathway to fast
             neutron detection through the 12C(n,α)9Be reaction. However
             effective exploitation of these properties requires
             development of a suitable metallisation scheme to give
             stable contacts for high temperature applications. To best
             utilise available processing techniques to optimise sensor
             response through geometry and conversion media
             configurations, a reliable model is required. This must
             assess the performance in terms of spectral response and
             overall efficiency as a function of detector and converter
             geometry. The same is also required for proper
             interpretation of experimental data. Sensors have been
             fabricated with varying metallisation schemes indented to
             permit high temperature operation; Present test results
             indicate that viable fabrication schemes for high
             temperature contacts have been developed and present
             modelling results, supported by preliminary data from
             partners indicate simulations provide a useful
             representation of response.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.091},
   Key = {fds335060}
}

@article{fds324875,
   Author = {Gollub, JN and Yurduseven, O and Trofatter, KP and Arnitz, D and F
             Imani, M and Sleasman, T and Boyarsky, M and Rose, A and Pedross-Engel,
             A and Odabasi, H and Zvolensky, T and Lipworth, G and Brady, D and Marks,
             DL and Reynolds, MS and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Large Metasurface Aperture for Millimeter Wave Computational
             Imaging at the Human-Scale.},
   Journal = {Scientific reports},
   Volume = {7},
   Pages = {42650},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep42650},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a low-profile holographic imaging system at
             millimeter wavelengths based on an aperture composed of
             frequency-diverse metasurfaces. Utilizing measurements of
             spatially-diverse field patterns, diffraction-limited images
             of human-sized subjects are reconstructed. The system is
             driven by a single microwave source swept over a band of
             frequencies (17.5-26.5 GHz) and switched between a
             collection of transmit and receive metasurface panels. High
             fidelity image reconstruction requires a precise model for
             each field pattern generated by the aperture, as well as the
             manner in which the field scatters from objects in the
             scene. This constraint makes scaling of computational
             imaging systems inherently challenging for electrically
             large, coherent apertures. To meet the demanding
             requirements, we introduce computational methods and
             calibration approaches that enable rapid and accurate
             imaging performance.},
   Doi = {10.1038/srep42650},
   Key = {fds324875}
}

@article{fds324876,
   Author = {Watts, CM and Pedross-Engel, A and Smith, DR and Reynolds,
             MS},
   Title = {X-band SAR imaging with a liquid-crystal-based dynamic
             metasurface antenna},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {34},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {300-306},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.34.000300},
   Abstract = {Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) synthesizes a large effective
             aperture via coherent processing of multiple measurements
             taken from a moving platform. We present an approach for SAR
             imaging using an X-band (10-13.7 GHz) dynamic metasurface
             antenna (MSA). This newly developed antenna has over 6000
             liquid-crystal-switched radiating elements that cover a
             circular area with an approximate diameter of 0.45 m. The
             MSA's main beam can be steered electronically to spherical
             angles of up to ±70°. To the best of our knowledge, we
             present the first-reported laboratory-scale imaging
             experiments with a liquid-crystal-switched MSA. We leverage
             the beam-steering capabilities of the MSA in a spotlight SAR
             mode to achieve a measured cross-range resolution of 1.6 cm,
             a 62% improvement over the 4.2 cm cross-range resolution
             achieved with the same aperture without the
             metasurface-enabled beam steering. The dynamic MSA offers
             the superior image resolution of a beam-steering device
             without the hardware burden of conventional phased array
             antennas.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.34.000300},
   Key = {fds324876}
}

@article{fds322740,
   Author = {Stewart, JW and Akselrod, GM and Smith, DR and Mikkelsen,
             MH},
   Title = {Toward Multispectral Imaging with Colloidal Metasurface
             Pixels.},
   Journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)},
   Volume = {29},
   Number = {6},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602971},
   Abstract = {Multispectral colloidal metasurfaces are fabricated that
             exhibit greater than 85% absorption and ≈100 nm linewidths
             by patterning film-coupled nanocubes in pixels using a
             fusion of bottom-up and top-down fabrication techniques over
             wafer-scale areas. With this technique, the authors realize
             a multispectral pixel array consisting of six resonances
             between 580 and 1125 nm and reconstruct an RGB image with
             9261 color combinations.},
   Doi = {10.1002/adma.201602971},
   Key = {fds322740}
}

@article{fds335061,
   Author = {Metcalfe, A and Fern, GR and Hobson, PR and Smith, DR and Lefeuvre, G and Saenger, R},
   Title = {Diamond based detectors for high temperature, high radiation
             environments},
   Journal = {Journal of Instrumentation},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {C01066-C01066},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/C01066},
   Abstract = {Single crystal CVD diamond has many desirable properties as
             a radiation detector; exceptional radiation hardness and
             physical hardness, chemical inertness, low Z (close to human
             tissue, good for dosimetry and transmission mode
             applications), wide bandgap (high temperature operation with
             low noise and solar blind), an intrinsic pathway to fast
             neutron detection through the 12C(n,α)9Be reaction. This
             combination of radiation hardness, temperature tolerance and
             ability to detect mixed radiation types with a single sensor
             makes diamond particularly attractive as a detector material
             for harsh environments such as nuclear power station
             monitoring (fission and fusion) and oil well logging.
             Effective exploitation of these properties requires the
             development of a metallisation scheme to give contacts that
             remain stable over extended periods at elevated temperatures
             (up to 250°C in this instance). Due to the cost of the
             primary detector material, computational modelling is
             essential to best utilise the available processing methods
             for optimising sensor response through geometry and
             conversion media configurations and to fully interpret
             experimental data. Monte Carlo simulations of our diamond
             based sensor have been developed, using MCNP6 and FLUKA2011,
             assessing the sensor performance in terms of spectral
             response and overall efficiency as a function of the
             detector and converter geometry. Sensors with varying
             metallisation schemes for high temperature operation have
             been fabricated at Brunel University London and by Micron
             Semiconductor Limited. These sensors have been tested under
             a varied set of conditions including irradiation with fast
             neutrons and alpha particles at high temperatures. The
             presented study indicates that viable metallisation schemes
             for high temperature contacts have been successfully
             developed and the modelling results, supported by
             preliminary experimental data from partners, indicate that
             the simulations provide a reasonable representation of
             detector response.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/C01066},
   Key = {fds335061}
}

@article{fds330887,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Gowda, VR and Yurduseven, O and Larouche, S and Lipworth,
             G and Urzhumov, Y and Reynolds, MS},
   Title = {An analysis of beamed wireless power transfer in the Fresnel
             zone using a dynamic, metasurface aperture},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {121},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {014901-014901},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4973345},
   Abstract = {Wireless power transfer (WPT) has been an active topic of
             research, with a number of WPT schemes implemented in the
             near-field (coupling) and far-field (radiation) regimes.
             Here, we consider a beamed WPT scheme based on a dynamically
             reconfigurable source aperture transferring power to
             receiving devices within the Fresnel region. In this
             context, the dynamic aperture resembles a reconfigurable
             lens capable of focusing power to a well-defined spot, whose
             dimension can be related to a point spread function. The
             necessary amplitude and phase distribution of the field
             imposed over the aperture can be determined in a holographic
             sense, by interfering a hypothetical point source located at
             the receiver location with a plane wave at the aperture
             location. While conventional technologies, such as phased
             arrays, can achieve the required control over phase and
             amplitude, they typically do so at a high cost;
             alternatively, metasurface apertures can achieve dynamic
             focusing with potentially lower cost. We present an initial
             tradeoff analysis of the Fresnel region WPT concept assuming
             a metasurface aperture, relating the key parameters such as
             spot size, aperture size, wavelength, and focal distance, as
             well as reviewing system considerations such as the
             availability of sources and power transfer efficiency. We
             find that approximate design formulas derived from the
             Gaussian optics approximation provide useful estimates of
             system performance, including transfer efficiency and
             coverage volume. The accuracy of these formulas is confirmed
             through numerical studies.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4973345},
   Key = {fds330887}
}

@article{fds325393,
   Author = {Nashad, F and Foti, S and Smith, D and Elsdon, M and Yurduseven,
             O},
   Title = {Development of transparent patch antenna element integrated
             with solar cells for Ku-band satellite applications},
   Journal = {2016 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference, LAPC
             2016},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781509007820},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAPC.2016.7807579},
   Abstract = {In this paper, a design of broadband compact microstrip
             meshed patch antenna integrated with solar cells for Ku-band
             satellite applications is presented. A Plexiglas transparent
             substrate is also employed to enable the light to pass
             through with high efficiency to illuminate the solar panel
             cells while the RF performance is maintained with minimal
             degradation. This meshed patch antenna for two-way satellite
             internet and TV applications at remote areas, covering the
             communications frequency range from 11.7GHz to 12.22GHz
             (downlink) and 14.0GHz to 14.5GHz (uplink) bands allocated
             by the ITU to the Regions 1 and 2. The effect of replacing
             the solid elements of a microwave suspended patch antenna
             with meshed element is examined. A compact flat meshed
             element is obtained and simulated in CST Microwave Studio
             and achieved the broadband width of 500 MHz in both portions
             and the nominal element gain is 7.47dBi downlink and 8.51
             dBi uplink, suffering only by 0.23 dBi and 0.14 dBi
             respectively, comparing to the original suspended solid
             patch antenna design. The visible light transmission is
             found at normal incidence and an oblique angle to be
             approximately 87% and 80%, respectively.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAPC.2016.7807579},
   Key = {fds325393}
}

@article{fds327443,
   Author = {Pulido Mancera and L and Fromenteze, T and Sleasman, T and Boyarsky, M and Imani, MF and Reynolds, MS and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Adapting range migration techniques for imaging with
             metasurface antennas: Analysis and limitations},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {10201},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781510609037},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2262906},
   Abstract = {Dynamic metasurface antennas are planar structures that
             exhibit remarkable capabilities in controlling
             electromagnetic wave-fronts, advantages which are
             particularly attractive for microwave imaging. These
             antennas exhibit strong frequency dispersion and produce
             diverse radiation patterns. Such behavior presents unique
             challenges for integration with conventional imaging
             algorithms. We analyze an adapted version of the range
             migration algorithm (RMA) for use with dynamic metasurfaces
             in image reconstruction. Focusing on the the proposed
             pre-processing step, that ultimately allows a fast
             processing of the backscattered signal in the spatial
             frequency domain from which the fast Fourier transform can
             efficiently reconstruct the scene. Numerical studies
             illustrate imaging performance using both conventional
             methods and the adapted RMA, demonstrating that the RMA can
             reconstruct images with comparable quality in a fraction of
             the time. In this paper, we demonstrate the capabilities of
             the algorithm as a fast reconstruction tool, and we analyze
             the limitations of the presented technique in terms of image
             quality.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.2262906},
   Key = {fds327443}
}

@article{fds327442,
   Author = {Sleasman, T and Imani, MF and Boyarsky, M and Pulido-Mancera, L and Reynolds, MS and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Reconfigurable metasurface aperture for security screening
             and microwave imaging},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {10189},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781510608795},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2262848},
   Abstract = {Microwave imaging systems have seen growing interest in
             recent decades for applications ranging from security
             screening to space/earth observation. However, hardware
             architectures commonly used for this purpose have not seen
             drastic changes. With the advent of metamaterials a wealth
             of opportunities have emerged for honing metasurface
             apertures for microwave imaging systems. Recent thrusts have
             introduced dynamic reconfigurability directly into the
             aperture layer, providing powerful capabilities from a
             physical layer with considerable simplicity. The waveforms
             generated from such dynamic metasurfaces make them suitable
             for application in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and, more
             generally, computational imaging. In this paper, we
             investigate a dynamic metasurface aperture capable of
             performing microwave imaging in the K-band (17.5-26.5 GHz).
             The proposed aperture is planar and promises an inexpensive
             fabrication process via printed circuit board techniques.
             These traits are further augmented by the tunability of
             dynamic metasurfaces, which provides the dexterity necessary
             to generate field patterns ranging from a sequence of
             steered beams to a series of uncorrelated radiation
             patterns. Imaging is experimentally demonstrated with a
             voltage-Tunable metasurface aperture. We also demonstrate
             the aperture's utility in real-Time measurements and perform
             volumetric SAR imaging. The capabilities of a prototype are
             detailed and the future prospects of general dynamic
             metasurface apertures are discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.2262848},
   Key = {fds327442}
}

@article{fds327441,
   Author = {Boyarsky, M and Sleasman, T and Pulido-Mancera, L and Imani, MF and Reynolds, MS and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Alternative synthetic aperture radar (SAR) modalities using
             a 1D dynamic metasurface antenna},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {10189},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781510608795},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2262855},
   Abstract = {Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems conventionally rely
             on mechanically-Actuated reflector dishes or large phased
             arrays for generating steerable directive beams. While these
             systems have yielded high-resolution images, the hardware
             suffers from considerable weight, high cost, substantial
             power consumption, and moving parts. Since these
             disadvantages are particularly relevant in airborne and
             spaceborne systems, a flat, lightweight, and low-cost
             solution is a sought-After goal. Dynamic metasurface
             antennas have emerged as a recent technology for generating
             waveforms with desired characteristics. Metasurface antennas
             consist of an electrically-large waveguide loaded with
             numerous subwavelength radiators which selectively leak
             energy from a guided wave into free space to form various
             radiation patterns. By tuning each radiating element, we can
             modulate the aperture's overall radiation pattern to
             generate steered directive beams, without moving parts or
             phase shifters. Furthermore, by using established
             manufacturing methods, these apertures can be made to be
             lightweight, low-cost, and planar, while maintaining high
             performance. In addition to their hardware benefits, dynamic
             metasurfaces can leverage their dexterity and high switching
             speeds to enable alternative SAR modalities for improved
             performance. In this work, we briefly discuss how dynamic
             metasurfaces can conduct existing SAR modalities with
             similar performance as conventional systems from a
             significantly simpler hardware platform. We will also
             describe two additional modalities which may achieve
             improved performance as compared to traditional modalities.
             These modalities, enhanced resolution stripmap and diverse
             pattern stripmap, offer the ability to circumvent the
             trade-off between resolution and region-of-interest size
             that exists within stripmap and spotlight. Imaging results
             with a simulated dynamic metasurface verify the benefits of
             these modalities and a discussion of implementation
             considerations and noise effects is also included.
             Ultimately, the hardware gains coupled with the additional
             modalities well-suited to dynamic metasurface antennas has
             poised them to propel the SAR field forward and open the
             door to exciting opportunities.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.2262855},
   Key = {fds327441}
}

@article{fds327440,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Reynolds, MS and Gollub, JN and Marks, DL and Imani, MF and Yurduseven, O and Arnitz, D and Pedross-Engel, A and Sleasman, T and Trofatter, P and Boyarsky, M and Rose, A and Odabasi, H and Lipworth,
             G},
   Title = {Security screening via computational imaging using
             frequency-diverse metasurface apertures},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {10189},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781510608795},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2262899},
   Abstract = {Computational imaging is a proven strategy for obtaining
             high-quality images with fast acquisition rates and simpler
             hardware. Metasurfaces provide exquisite control over
             electromagnetic fields, enabling the radiated field to be
             molded into unique patterns. The fusion of these two
             concepts can bring about revolutionary advances in the
             design of imaging systems for security screening. In the
             context of computational imaging, each field pattern serves
             as a single measurement of a scene; imaging a scene can then
             be interpreted as estimating the reflectivity distribution
             of a target from a set of measurements. As with any
             computational imaging system, the key challenge is to arrive
             at a minimal set of measurements from which a
             diffraction-limited image can be resolved. Here, we show
             that the information content of a frequency-diverse
             metasurface aperture can be maximized by design, and used to
             construct a complete millimeter-wave imaging system spanning
             a 2 m by 2 m area, consisting of 96 metasurfaces, capable of
             producing diffraction-limited images of human-scale targets.
             The metasurfacebased frequency-diverse system presented in
             this work represents an inexpensive, but tremendously
             flexible alternative to traditional hardware paradigms,
             offering the possibility of low-cost, real-Time, and
             ubiquitous screening platforms.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.2262899},
   Key = {fds327440}
}

@article{fds326739,
   Author = {Stewart, JW and Akselrod, GM and Smith, DR and Mikkelsen,
             MH},
   Title = {Multispectral metasurface absorbers for optoelectronic
             devices},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Volume = {Part F41-CLEO_SI 2017},
   Publisher = {OSA},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781943580279},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_SI.2017.SM3N.4},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate multispectral metasurfaces over wafer-scale
             areas exhibiting greater than 85 percent absorption, ~100 nm
             linewidths from 580-1125 nm by patterning plasmonic
             resonators in micron-scale pixels using a fusion of
             bottom-up and top-down fabrication techniques.},
   Doi = {10.1364/CLEO_SI.2017.SM3N.4},
   Key = {fds326739}
}

@article{fds328954,
   Author = {Zvolensky, T and Gollub, JN and Marks, DL and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Design and Analysis of a W-Band Metasurface-Based
             Computational Imaging System},
   Journal = {IEEE Access},
   Volume = {5},
   Pages = {9911-9918},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2703860},
   Abstract = {We design and numerically analyze a coherent computational
             imaging system that utilizes a sparse detector array of
             planar, frequency-diverse, metasurface antennas designed to
             operate over the W-band frequency range (75-110 GHz). Each
             of the metasurface antennas consists of a parallel plate
             waveguide, into which a center coaxial feed is inserted into
             the lower plate, launching a cylindrical guided wave. A
             dense array of metamaterial resonators patterned into the
             upper plate couples energy from the waveguide to free space
             radiative modes. The resonance frequency of each element,
             determined by its specific geometry, can be positioned
             anywhere within the W-band. The geometry of each element is
             chosen to produce a resonance frequency selected randomly
             from the W-band. Since a random subset of elements is
             resonant at any given frequency, the metasurface antenna
             forms a sequence of spatially diverse radiation patterns as
             a function of the excitation frequency. We analyze the
             metasurface aperture as an imaging system, optimizing key
             parameters relevant to image quality and resolution,
             including: aperture size; density and quality factor of the
             metamaterial resonators; number of detectors and their
             spatial distribution; bandwidth; and the number of frequency
             samples. A point-spread function analysis is used to compare
             the metasurface imager with traditional synthetic aperture
             radar. The singular value spectrum corresponding to the
             system transfer function and the mean-square-error
             associated with reconstructed images are both metrics used
             to characterize the system performance.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2703860},
   Key = {fds328954}
}

@article{fds329140,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Marks, DL and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Design and Analysis of a Reconfigurable Holographic
             Metasurface Aperture for Dynamic Focusing in the Fresnel
             Zone},
   Journal = {IEEE Access},
   Volume = {5},
   Pages = {15055-15065},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2712659},
   Abstract = {We present numerical simulations of the near-field focusing
             capabilities of a dynamically reconfigurable holographic
             metasurface aperture. The aperture consists of a
             parallel-plate waveguide in which the upper plate is
             patterned with a number of metamaterial irises that can be
             dynamically switched between radiating (ON) and
             non-radiating (OFF) states. A cylindrically symmetric
             waveguide mode, excited by a coaxial probe in the center of
             the lower plate, serves to excite the radiating irises,
             forming a focused spot in the radiating near-field (or
             Fresnel zone). The layout of the metamaterial elements and
             their tuning states is determined using holographic design
             principles, in which the interference pattern of the
             waveguide (or reference) mode and the desired radiated field
             pattern leads to the required phase distribution over the
             surface of the aperture. We also develop an analytical model
             of the aperture to confirm the numerical simulations, and to
             illustrate the advantage of the guided-mode as the reference
             wave versus a plane-wave. We further leverage this
             analytical model to analyze the diffracted order
             characteristics of the holographic metasurface aperture,
             showing high-fidelity focusing patterns even for difficult
             focusing scenarios across the entire investigated
             field-of-view.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2712659},
   Key = {fds329140}
}

@article{fds330949,
   Author = {Thornton, J and Smith, D},
   Title = {Feed and loss effects in spherical lens antennas for
             satellite communications},
   Journal = {International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided
             Engineering},
   Volume = {27},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {e21036-e21036},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmce.21036},
   Abstract = {The hemispherical lens antenna is a candidate for satellite
             communications-on-the-move, offering good scan performance
             in a reduced height. A short focal length minimizes height
             but presents challenges in illuminating the lens. Aperture
             efficiency is dominated by both the primary feed and
             dielectric loss. Feed effects are investigated in a
             threefold approach: spherical wave theory, commercial
             solver, and measurements. Gain and loss in a 432 mm diameter
             polyethylene/polystyrene lens are also measured. Gain for a
             waveguide-fed array of two lenses is 36.3, 38.8, and 41.1
             dBi, respectively, at 12.5, 20, and 30 GHz. The performance
             of a proposed four-element array of equivalent area is then
             estimated.},
   Doi = {10.1002/mmce.21036},
   Key = {fds330949}
}

@article{fds327439,
   Author = {Sleasman, T and Imani, MF and Yurduseven, O and Trofatter, KP and Gowda,
             VR and Marks, DL and Gollub, JN and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Near field scan alignment procedure for electrically large
             apertures},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation},
   Volume = {65},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {3257-3262},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2691465},
   Abstract = {Computational imaging at microwave frequencies has gained
             traction due to its potential for obtaining high-quality
             images with fast acquisition rates. Complex and diverse
             radiation patterns form the cornerstone of this approach.
             Electrically large antennas, such as modemixing cavities and
             metamaterial apertures, have proven to be effective
             platforms for generating such waveforms. Due to the complex
             nature of these antennas, near field scanning is often
             required to characterize their radiation patterns. However,
             accurate knowledge of the produced waveforms' spatial
             distribution, with respect to the physical position of the
             antenna, is imperative. This relies on precise alignment
             between the antenna and the near field scan stage during the
             characterization process-a requirement that is especially
             cumbersome to achieve when operating at high frequencies. We
             present an effective method to address this problem; by
             introducing RF markers into the antenna the position of the
             antenna under test within the near field scanning setup can
             be obtained directly from the measurements. The proposed
             method is experimentally verified through comparison with
             measurements made using optical photogrammetry. The proposed
             process will find application in the alignment of
             computational and multistatic imaging systems, commonly used
             in security screening and threat detection, as well as in
             tiled electrically large antenna structures.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TAP.2017.2691465},
   Key = {fds327439}
}

@article{fds326242,
   Author = {Zhu, R and Lipworth, G and Zvolensky, T and Smith, DR and Marks,
             DL},
   Title = {Versatile Manufacturing of Split-Block Microwave Devices
             Using Rapid Prototyping and Electroplating},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters},
   Volume = {16},
   Pages = {157-160},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2016.2563398},
   Abstract = {We present a novel method of rapid prototyping waveguide and
             antenna using plating on plastic technique. The part is
             created by high-precision three-dimensional printing and
             plated with copper using both electroless plating and
             electroplating. The performance is comparable to
             industry-made waveguides and antennas, but the time and cost
             for creating these parts are largely reduced.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAWP.2016.2563398},
   Key = {fds326242}
}

@article{fds325783,
   Author = {Marks, DL and Yurduseven, O and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Fourier Accelerated Multistatic Imaging: A Fast
             Reconstruction Algorithm for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output
             Radar Imaging},
   Journal = {IEEE Access},
   Volume = {5},
   Pages = {1796-1809},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2661068},
   Abstract = {Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar image processing
             presents problems difficult to address by modifying
             conventional monostatic radar methods as Fourier range
             migration. When the distance between the transmitter and
             receiver is comparable to the target size, the single phase
             center approximation is not accurate. Furthermore, if the
             antenna radiation pattern significantly deviates from a
             spherical wave, the symmetries assumed in most range
             migration techniques are violated. We present a rapid
             Fourier-based MIMO reconstruction called Fourier accelerated
             multistatic imaging (FAMI) suitable for massively parallel
             computation that accounts for frequency-dependent radiation
             patterns, does not require the single phase center
             approximation, and is able to dynamically adapt to different
             target support volume shapes. FAMI is especially suitable
             for frequency-diversity antenna systems that use spectrally
             modulated coded spatial radiation patterns.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2661068},
   Key = {fds325783}
}

@article{fds322742,
   Author = {Zecca, R and Bowen, PT and Smith, DR and Larouche,
             S},
   Title = {Transformation-optics simulation method for stimulated
             Brillouin scattering},
   Journal = {Physical Review A},
   Volume = {94},
   Number = {6},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.94.063818},
   Abstract = {We develop an approach to enable the full-wave simulation of
             stimulated Brillouin scattering and related phenomena in a
             frequency-domain, finite-element environment. The method
             uses transformation-optics techniques to implement a
             time-harmonic coordinate transform that reconciles the
             different frames of reference used by electromagnetic and
             mechanical finite-element solvers. We show how this strategy
             can be successfully applied to bulk and guided systems,
             comparing the results with the predictions of established
             theory.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.94.063818},
   Key = {fds322742}
}

@article{fds322741,
   Author = {Moradi, A and Akhlaghi, EA and Hajizedeh, F and Reihani,
             SNS},
   Title = {Digital holography based submicron thermometry.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {25},
   Pages = {28678-28685},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.028678},
   Abstract = {Here we introduce a phase-shifting digital holography-based
             method to determine the temperature profile around an
             irradiated (sub-)micron spherical bead. The method utilizes
             a Mach-Zehnder interferometer implemented into an open setup
             microscope. The results of irradiated gold spheres with
             diameter of 400 nm and also silver-coated micron-sized
             silica beads embedded in silicone oil are presented. We show
             that the applied method is able to accurately determine the
             surface temperature with accuracy of 1 °C. Our experimental
             results perfectly confirm the theoretical prediction of
             temperature profile around the irradiated
             bead.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.24.028678},
   Key = {fds322741}
}

@article{fds335062,
   Author = {Suthakar, U and Magnoni, L and Smith, DR and Khan, A and Andreeva,
             J},
   Title = {An efficient strategy for the collection and storage of
             large volumes of data for computation},
   Journal = {Journal of Big Data},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {1},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40537-016-0056-1},
   Abstract = {In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of data
             being produced and stored, which is known as Big Data. The
             social networks, internet of things, scientific experiments
             and commercial services play a significant role in
             generating a vast amount of data. Three main factors are
             important in Big Data; Volume, Velocity and Variety. One
             needs to consider all three factors when designing a
             platform to support Big Data. The Large Hadron Collider
             (LHC) particle accelerator at CERN consists of a number of
             data-intensive experiments, which are estimated to produce a
             volume of about 30 PB of data, annually. The velocity of
             these data that are propagated will be extremely fast.
             Traditional methods of collecting, storing and analysing
             data have become insufficient in managing the rapidly
             growing volume of data. Therefore, it is essential to have
             an efficient strategy to capture these data as they are
             produced. In this paper, a number of models are explored to
             understand what should be the best approach for collecting
             and storing Big Data for analytics. An evaluation of the
             performance of full execution cycles of these approaches on
             the monitoring of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG)
             infrastructure for collecting, storing and analysing data is
             presented. Moreover, the models discussed are applied to a
             community driven software solution, Apache Flume, to show
             how they can be integrated, seamlessly.},
   Doi = {10.1186/s40537-016-0056-1},
   Key = {fds335062}
}

@article{fds320767,
   Author = {Sleasman, T and Imani, MF and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Microwave Imaging Using a Disordered Cavity with a
             Dynamically Tunable Impedance Surface},
   Journal = {Physical Review Applied},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {5},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.6.054019},
   Abstract = {We perform microwave imaging using a dynamically
             reconfigurable aperture based on a tunable disordered
             cavity. The electrically large cavity is cubic with a
             spherical deformation and supports a multitude of distinct
             electromagnetic modes that vary as a function of excitation
             frequency. With a set of irises introduced into one wall of
             the cavity, the cavity modes couple to spatially distinct
             radiative modes that vary as a function of the driving
             frequency. To increase the diversity of the radiated fields,
             we replace one of the cavity walls with a variable impedance
             surface consisting of a set of varactor-populated mushroom
             structures grouped into pixels. The reflection phase of each
             pixel is independently changed with application of a voltage
             bias, effectively altering the surface impedance. We
             demonstrate high-fidelity imaging and examine the role of
             the impedance-tunable boundary condition, revealing superior
             performance in comparison with just frequency-diverse
             measurements. We also demonstrate single-frequency imaging,
             which can significantly reduce the demands on the required
             microwave source. The dynamic cavity imager may find
             relevance in security screening, through-wall imaging,
             biomedical diagnostics, and radar applications.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevApplied.6.054019},
   Key = {fds320767}
}

@article{fds330950,
   Author = {Pulido-Mancera, LM and Imani, MF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Discrete dipole approximation for the simulation of the edge
             effects on metasurfaces},
   Journal = {2016 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium, APSURSI 2016 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {107-108},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781509028863},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2016.7695762},
   Abstract = {A dipole-based simulation method is presented to study the
             effects of edges on finite metasurfaces. This technique can
             accurately account for the physical limitations associated
             with fabrication and thereby leads to high fidelity
             predictions needed in practical applications. Moreover, it
             establishes a platform to improve the metasurface design
             process, given the fact that no periodic boundary condition
             is required and the interaction between different meta-atoms
             within the surface is taken into account. This paper
             presents the initial results of using this technique for a
             finite lens, composed of split-ring-resonators. The dipole
             moments are found and the far-field is computed and compared
             with full-wave simulations.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2016.7695762},
   Key = {fds330950}
}

@article{fds320768,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gollub, JN and Marks, DL and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Field repeatability in frequency diverse
             imaging},
   Journal = {2016 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium, APSURSI 2016 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {853-854},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781509028863},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2016.7696135},
   Abstract = {We consider multi-static imaging systems composed of
             frequency-diverse transmitting antenna arrays (or
             apertures). In these frequency diverse imaging modalities,
             accurate near-field characterization of the antennas is
             vital to achieving imaging. It is shown that considerable
             simplification in system characterization can be achieved
             without compromising the image quality when planar cavity
             antennas are used, because their radiation characteristics
             can be manufacture repeatable. In contrast, it is also
             demonstrated that the increased complexity of antennas
             utilizing sub-wavelength elements significantly reduces
             fabrication tolerances, making it necessary to characterize
             the metamaterial apertures individually.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2016.7696135},
   Key = {fds320768}
}

@article{fds320769,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gollub, JN and Marks, DL and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Metallization of a 3D printed cavitiy for
             imaging},
   Journal = {2016 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium, APSURSI 2016 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {855-856},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781509028863},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2016.7696136},
   Abstract = {In this paper, we propose a metallized 3D printed cavity for
             K-band imaging and investigate the effect of metallization
             type on mode diversity and image reconstruction. The 3D
             printed cavity acts as a frequency-diverse aperture and is
             capable of imaging objects in an all-electronic manner
             utilizing computational imaging techniques. We demonstrate
             that metallization material choice can increase the mode
             diversity by 90.8%, significantly improving
             imaging.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2016.7696136},
   Key = {fds320769}
}

@article{fds320770,
   Author = {Sleasman, T and Imani, MF and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Toward a tunable mode-mixing cavity for computational
             imaging},
   Journal = {2016 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
             Symposium, APSURSI 2016 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {1901-1902},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781509028863},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2016.7696657},
   Abstract = {A mode-mixing cavity, consisting of an electrically-large
             rectangular cavity with one deformed corner, supports
             distinct modes as a function of driving frequency.
             Perforating one side of this cavity, the modes formed within
             can be projected into an imaging domain, multiplexing the
             scene's spatial content into backscattered signals that is
             post-processed to obtain high-quality images. While this
             device has shown great promise as a platform for
             computational imaging at microwave frequencies, its premise
             necessitates a large bandwidth, a requirement that
             complicates circuit design and may not be readily available.
             In this presentation, we propose and report preliminary
             experimental results for a cavity containing a tunable
             artificial impedance surface in one of its walls. By varying
             the electromagnetic response of the cavity's boundary the
             field distribution within the cavity can be altered, thus
             generating distinct radiation patterns without a large
             bandwidth.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2016.7696657},
   Key = {fds320770}
}

@article{fds319556,
   Author = {Imani, MF and Sleasman, T and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Analytical modeling of printed metasurface cavities for
             computational imaging},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {120},
   Number = {14},
   Pages = {144903-144903},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4964336},
   Abstract = {We derive simple analytical expressions to model the
             electromagnetic response of an electrically large printed
             cavity. The analytical model is then used to develop printed
             cavities for microwave imaging purposes. The proposed cavity
             is excited by a cylindrical source and has boundaries formed
             by subwavelength metallic cylinders (vias) placed at
             subwavelength distances apart. Given their small size, the
             electric currents induced on the vias are assumed to have no
             angular dependence. Applying this approximation simplifies
             the electromagnetic problem to a matrix equation which can
             be solved to directly compute the electric current induced
             on each via. Once the induced currents are known, the
             electromagnetic field inside the cavity can be computed for
             every location. We verify the analytical model by comparing
             its prediction to full-wave simulations. To utilize this
             cavity in imaging settings, we perforate one side of the
             printed cavity with radiative slots such that they act as
             the physical layer of a computational imaging system. An
             analytical approximation for the slots is also developed,
             enabling us to obtain estimates of the cavity performance in
             imaging scenarios. This ability allows us to make informed
             decisions on the design of the printed metasurface cavity.
             The utility of the proposed model is further highlighted by
             demonstrating high-quality experimental imaging; performance
             metrics, which are consistent between theory and experiment,
             are also estimated.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4964336},
   Key = {fds319556}
}

@article{fds319557,
   Author = {Pulido-Mancera, L and Fromenteze, T and Sleasman, T and Boyarsky, M and Imani, MF and Reynolds, M and Smith, D},
   Title = {Application of range migration algorithms to imaging with a
             dynamic metasurface antenna},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {2082-2092},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.33.002082},
   Abstract = {Dynamic metasurface antennas are planar structures that
             exhibit remarkable capabilities in controlling
             electromagnetic wavefronts, advantages that are particularly
             attractive for microwave imaging. These antennas exhibit
             strong frequency dispersion and produce rapidly varying
             radiation patterns. Such behavior presents unique challenges
             for integration with conventional imaging algorithms. We
             adapt the range migration algorithm (RMA) for use with
             dynamic metasurfaces and propose a preprocessing step that
             ultimately allows for expression of measurements in the
             spatial frequency domain, from which the fast Fourier
             transform can efficiently reconstruct the scene. Numerical
             studies illustrate imaging performance using conventional
             methods and the adapted RMA, demonstrating that the RMA can
             reconstruct images with comparable quality in a fraction of
             the time. The algorithm can be extended to a broad class of
             complex antennas for application in synthetic aperture radar
             and MIMO imaging.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.33.002082},
   Key = {fds319557}
}

@article{fds319558,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gowda, VR and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Multistatic microwave imaging with arrays of planar
             cavities},
   Journal = {IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation},
   Volume = {10},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {1174-1181},
   Publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology
             (IET)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2015.0836},
   Abstract = {The authors present a multistatic imaging system at
             microwave frequencies based on arrays of planar cavity
             sub-apertures, or panels. The cavity imager consists of sets
             of transmit and receive panels, loaded with radiating irises
             distributed over the sub-apertures in an aperiodic pattern.
             This frequency-diverse aperture produces distinct radiation
             patterns as a function of frequency that encode scene
             information onto a set of measurements, images are
             subsequently reconstructed using computational imaging
             approaches. Similar to previously reported computational
             imaging systems, the cavity-based imager presents a simple
             system architecture, minimising the number and expense of
             components required in traditional microwave imaging
             systems. The cavity imager builds on previous
             frequencydiverse approaches, such as the recently reported
             metamaterial and air-filled cavity systems, by utilising
             frequencydiverse panels for both the transmit and receive
             sub-apertures of the imaging system. Though the
             panel-to-panel architecture has greater sensitivity to
             calibration error, this implementation nevertheless
             increases mode diversity and, in the context of a
             computational imaging system, results in improved image
             reconstructions.},
   Doi = {10.1049/iet-map.2015.0836},
   Key = {fds319558}
}

@article{fds319559,
   Author = {Lipworth, G and Caira, NW and Larouche, S and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Phase and magnitude constrained metasurface holography at
             W-band frequencies.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {17},
   Pages = {19372-19387},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.019372},
   Abstract = {Holographic optics are an essential tool for the control of
             light, generating highly complex and tailored light field
             distributions that can represent physical objects or
             abstract information. Conceptually, a hologram is a region
             of space in which an arbitrary phase shift and amplitude
             variation are added to an incident reference wave at every
             spatial location, such that the reference wave will produce
             a desired field distribution as it scatters from the medium.
             Practical holograms are composed of materials, however,
             which have limited properties that constrain the possible
             field distributions. Here, we show it is possible to produce
             a hologram with continuous phase distribution and a
             non-uniform amplitude variation at every point by leveraging
             resonant metamaterial elements and constraining the
             hologram's pixels to match the elements' resonant behavior.
             We demonstrate the viability of the resonant metamaterial
             approach with a single layer, co-polarized holographic
             metasurface that produces an image at millimeter wavelengths
             (92.5 GHz) despite the elements' limited phase range and
             coupled amplitude dependency.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.24.019372},
   Key = {fds319559}
}

@article{fds330951,
   Author = {Abadi, MM and Ghassemlooy, Z and Zvanovec, S and Smith, D and Bhatnagar,
             MR and Wu, Y},
   Title = {Dual purpose antenna for hybrid free space optics/RF
             communication systems},
   Journal = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
   Volume = {34},
   Number = {14},
   Pages = {3432-3439},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2016.2571846},
   Abstract = {The concept of hybrid free space optical/radio frequency
             (FSO/RF) communications has been considered for the last
             mile access network applications. The existing schemes
             mostly use two separate transceiver antennas for outdoor
             terrestrial links of few kilometres long. In this paper, we
             propose and investigate a single hybrid FSO/RF antenna that
             could be used in high-speed access networks. We outline the
             design procedures based on the concept of Cassegrain
             antenna, and show how the FSO transceiver is incorporated
             into the original design. The proposed antenna is fabricated
             and extensive measurements are carried out for the radiation
             pattern, return loss, RF signal-to-noise ratio and the FSO
             received power. By performing link budget analysis and the
             results obtained from experiments, we demonstrate the
             operation of proposed hybrid antenna with 1 × 3
             single-input multiple-output configuration and an equal gain
             combining at the receiver under moderate regime turbulence
             regime.},
   Doi = {10.1109/JLT.2016.2571846},
   Key = {fds330951}
}

@article{fds319560,
   Author = {Fromenteze, T and Liu, X and Boyarsky, M and Gollub, J and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Phaseless computational imaging with a radiating
             metasurface.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {16760-16776},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.016760},
   Abstract = {Computational imaging modalities support a simplification of
             the active architectures required in an imaging system and
             these approaches have been validated across the
             electromagnetic spectrum. Recent implementations have
             utilized pseudo-orthogonal radiation patterns to illuminate
             an object of interest-notably, frequency-diverse
             metasurfaces have been exploited as fast and low-cost
             alternative to conventional coherent imaging systems.
             However, accurately measuring the complex-valued signals in
             the frequency domain can be burdensome, particularly for
             sub-centimeter wavelengths. Here, computational imaging is
             studied under the relaxed constraint of intensity-only
             measurements. A novel 3D imaging system is conceived based
             on 'phaseless' and compressed measurements, with benefits
             from recent advances in the field of phase retrieval. In
             this paper, the methodology associated with this novel
             principle is described, studied, and experimentally
             demonstrated in the microwave range. A comparison of the
             estimated images from both complex valued and phaseless
             measurements are presented, verifying the fidelity of
             phaseless computational imaging.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.24.016760},
   Key = {fds319560}
}

@article{fds319562,
   Author = {Bowen, PT and Baron, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Theory of patch-antenna metamaterial perfect
             absorbers},
   Journal = {Physical Review A},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {6},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.93.063849},
   Abstract = {A metasurface that absorbs waves from all directions of
             incidence can be achieved if the surface impedance is made
             to vary as a function of incidence angle in a specific
             manner. Here we show that a periodic array of planar
             nanoparticles coupled to a metal film can act as an
             absorbing metasurface with an angle-dependent impedance.
             Through a semi-analytical calculation based on coupled-mode
             theory, we find the perfect absorbing condition is
             equivalent to balancing the Ohmic and radiative losses of
             the nanoparticles at normal incidence. Absorption over a
             wide range of incidence angles can then be obtained by
             tailoring the scattered far-field pattern of the individual
             planar nanoparticles such that their radiative losses remain
             constant. The theory provides a means of understanding the
             behavior of perfect absorbing structures that have been
             observed experimentally or numerically, reconciling
             previously published theories and enabling the optimization
             of absorbing surfaces.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.93.063849},
   Key = {fds319562}
}

@article{fds319561,
   Author = {Sleasman, T and Boyarsky, M and Imani, MF and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Design considerations for a dynamic metamaterial aperture
             for computational imaging at microwave frequencies},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1098-1111},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.33.001098},
   Abstract = {We investigate the imaging capabilities of a
             one-dimensional, dynamic, metamaterial aperture that
             operates at the lower part of K-band microwave frequencies
             (17.5-21.1 GHz). The dynamic aperture consists of a
             microstrip transmission line with an array of radiating,
             complementary, subwavelength metamaterial irises patterned
             into the upper conductor. Diodes integrated into the
             metamaterial resonators provide voltage-controlled switching
             of the resonant metamaterial elements between radiating and
             nonradiating states. Applying a series of on/off patterns to
             the metamaterial resonators produces a series of distinct
             radiation patterns that sequentially illuminate a scene. The
             backscattered signal contains encoded scene information over
             a set of measurements that can be postprocessed to
             reconstruct an image. We present a series of design
             considerations for the dynamic aperture, as well as a series
             of experimental studies performed using a dynamic aperture
             prototype. High-fidelity, real-time, diffractionlimited
             imaging using the prototype is demonstrated. The dynamic
             aperture suggests a path to fast and reliable imaging with
             low-cost and versatile hardware, for a variety of
             applications including security screening, biomedical
             diagnostics, and through-wall imaging.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.33.001098},
   Key = {fds319561}
}

@article{fds330952,
   Author = {Thornton, J and Dalay, B and Smith, D},
   Title = {Additive manufacturing of waveguide for Ku-band satellite
             communications antenna},
   Journal = {2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,
             EuCAP 2016},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9788890701863},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481435},
   Abstract = {A metal waveguide feed chain in a Ku-band scanning lens
             array antenna comprises 5 parts. These are: two iris
             polarisers, two bend-feeds, and a central power combiner.
             The combiner comprises a pair of septum polarisers and tee
             junctions. The feed chain generates a controllable, linear
             polarised E-field at each of two hemispherical lenses.
             Additive manufacturing was used to produce a copy of the
             power combiner and each bend-feed in copper plated plastic.
             In satellite receive-only trials at 10.7-12 GHz the plastic
             parts and metal parts performed equivalently.},
   Doi = {10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481435},
   Key = {fds330952}
}

@article{fds315031,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gowda, VR and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Printed Aperiodic Cavity for Computational and Microwave
             Imaging},
   Journal = {IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {367-369},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1531-1309},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2016.2548443},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a frequency-diverse aperture for microwave
             imaging based on a planar cavity at K-band frequencies
             (18-26.5 GHz). The structure consists of an array of
             radiating circular irises patterned into the front surface
             of a double-sided printed circuit board. The irises are
             distributed in a Fibonacci pattern to maximize spatial
             diversity at the scene. The printed cavity is a
             phase-diverse system and encodes imaged scene information
             onto a set of frequencies that span the K-band. Similar to
             recently reported metamaterial apertures, the printed cavity
             imager does not require any mechanically moving parts or
             complex phase shifting networks. Imaging of a number of
             targets is shown; these reconstructed images demonstrate the
             ability of the system to perform imaging at the diffraction
             limit. The proposed printed cavity imager possesses a
             relatively large quality factor that can be traded off to
             achieve higher radiation efficiency. The general mode
             characteristics of the printed cavity suggest advantages
             when used in computational imaging scenarios.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LMWC.2016.2548443},
   Key = {fds315031}
}

@article{fds316894,
   Author = {Marks, DL and Gollub, J and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Spatially resolving antenna arrays using frequency
             diversity.},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image
             science, and vision},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {899-912},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1084-7529},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.33.000899},
   Abstract = {Radio imaging devices and synthetic aperture radar typically
             use either mechanical scanning or phased arrays to
             illuminate a target with spatially varying radiation
             patterns. Mechanical scanning is unsuitable for many
             high-speed imaging applications, and phased arrays contain
             many active components and are technologically and cost
             prohibitive at millimeter and terahertz frequencies. We show
             that antennas deliberately designed to produce many
             different radiation patterns as the frequency is varied can
             reduce the number of active components necessary while still
             capturing high-quality images. This approach, called
             frequency-diversity imaging, can capture an entire
             two-dimensional image using only a single transmit and
             receive antenna with broadband illumination. We provide
             simple principles that ascertain whether a design is likely
             to achieve particular resolution specifications, and
             illustrate these principles with simulations.},
   Doi = {10.1364/josaa.33.000899},
   Key = {fds316894}
}

@article{fds315572,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gollub, JN and Marks, DL and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Frequency-diverse microwave imaging using planar Mills-Cross
             cavity apertures.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {8907-8925},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.008907},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a frequency diverse, multistatic microwave
             imaging system based on a set of transmit and receive,
             radiating, planar cavity apertures. The cavities consist of
             double-sided, copper-clad circuit boards, with a series of
             circular radiating irises patterned into the upper
             conducting plate. The iris arrangement is such that for any
             given transmitting and receiving aperture pair, a
             Mills-Cross pattern is formed from the overlapped patterns.
             The Mills-Cross distribution provides optimum coverage of
             the imaging scene in the spatial Fourier domain (k-space).
             The Mills-Cross configuration of the apertures produces
             measurement modes that are diverse and consistent with the
             computational imaging approach used for frequency-diverse
             apertures, yet significantly minimizes the redundancy of
             information received from the scene. We present a detailed
             analysis of the Mills-Cross aperture design, with numerical
             simulations that predict the performance of the apertures as
             part of an imaging system. Images reconstructed using
             fabricated apertures are presented, confirming the
             anticipated performance.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.24.008907},
   Key = {fds315572}
}

@article{fds335063,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Fonck, RJ and McKee, GR and Diallo, A and Kaye, SM and Leblanc, BP and Sabbagh, SA},
   Title = {Evolution patterns and parameter regimes in edge localized
             modes on the National Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion},
   Volume = {58},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {045003-045003},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/58/4/045003},
   Abstract = {We implement unsupervised machine learning techniques to
             identify characteristic evolution patterns and associated
             parameter regimes in edge localized mode (ELM) events
             observed on the National Spherical Torus Experiment.
             Multi-channel, localized measurements spanning the pedestal
             region capture the complex evolution patterns of ELM events
             on Alfvén timescales. Some ELM events are active for less
             than 100 μs, but others persist for up to 1 ms. Also, some
             ELM events exhibit a single dominant perturbation, but
             others are oscillatory. Clustering calculations with
             time-series similarity metrics indicate the ELM database
             contains at least two and possibly three groups of ELMs with
             similar evolution patterns. The identified ELM groups
             trigger similar stored energy loss, but the groups occupy
             distinct parameter regimes for ELM-relevant quantities like
             plasma current, triangularity, and pedestal height. Notably,
             the pedestal electron pressure gradient is not an effective
             parameter for distinguishing the ELM groups, but the ELM
             groups segregate in terms of electron density gradient and
             electron temperature gradient. The ELM evolution patterns
             and corresponding parameter regimes can shape the
             formulation or validation of nonlinear ELM models. Finally,
             the techniques and results demonstrate an application of
             unsupervised machine learning at a data-rich fusion
             facility.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0741-3335/58/4/045003},
   Key = {fds335063}
}

@article{fds330365,
   Author = {Dechaux, M and Tichit, PH and Ciracì, C and Benedicto, J and Pollès,
             R and Centeno, E and Smith, DR and Moreau, A},
   Title = {Influence of spatial dispersion in metals on the optical
             response of deeply subwavelength slit arrays},
   Journal = {Physical Review B},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {4},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.045413},
   Abstract = {In the framework of the hydrodynamic model describing the
             response of electrons in a metal, we show that arrays of
             very narrow and shallow metallic slits have an optical
             response that is influenced by the spatial dispersion in
             metals arising from the repulsive interaction between
             electrons. As a simple Fabry-Perot model is not accurate
             enough to describe the structure's behavior, we propose
             considering the slits as generalized cavities with two
             modes, one being propagative and the other evanescent. This
             very general model allows us to conclude that the impact of
             spatial dispersion on the propagative mode is the key factor
             explaining why the whole structure is sensitive to spatial
             dispersion. As the fabrication of such structures with
             relatively large gaps compared to previous experiments is
             within our reach, this work paves the way for future much
             needed experiments on nonlocality.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.93.045413},
   Key = {fds330365}
}

@article{fds335064,
   Author = {Soman, MR and Allanwood, EAH and Holland, AD and Stefanov, K and Pratlong, J and Leese, M and Gow, JPD and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Electro-optic and radiation damage performance of the
             CIS115, an imaging sensor for the JANUS optical camera
             onboard JUICE},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {9915},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781510602090},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2234290},
   Abstract = {The Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) has been officially
             adopted as the next Large class mission by the European
             Space Agency, with a launch date of 2022. The science
             payload includes an optical camera, JANUS, which will
             perform imaging and mapping observations of Jupiter, its
             moons and icy rings. A 13 slot filter wheel will be used to
             provide spectral information in order for the JANUS
             experiment to study the geology and physical properties of
             Ganymede, Europa and Io, and to investigate processes and
             structures in the atmosphere of Jupiter. The sensor selected
             for JANUS is the back-Thinned CIS115, a 3 MPixel CMOS Image
             Sensor from e2v technologies. The CIS115 has a 4-Transistor
             pixel design with a pinned photodiode to improve signal to
             noise performance by reducing dark current and allowing for
             reset level subtraction. The JUICE mission will consist of
             an 8 year cruise phase followed by a 3 year science phase in
             the Jovian system. Models of the radiation environment
             throughout the JUICE mission predict that the End of Life
             (EOL) non-ionising damage will be equivalent to 1010 protons
             cm-2 (10 MeV) and the EOL ionising dose will be 100
             krad(Si), once the shielding from the spacecraft and
             instrument design is taken into account. An extensive
             radiation campaign is therefore being carried out to qualify
             and characterise the CIS115 for JANUS, as well as other
             space and terrestrial applications. Radiation testing to
             take the CIS115 to twice the ionising dose and displacement
             damage levels was completed in 2015 and the change in sensor
             performance has been characterised. Good sensor performance
             has been observed following irradiation and a summary of the
             key results from the campaign using gamma irradiation
             (ionising dose) will be presented here, including its soft
             X-ray detection capabilities, flat-band voltage shift and
             readout noise. In 2016, further radiation campaigns on
             flight-representative CIS115s will be undertaken and their
             results will be disseminated in future publications.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.2234290},
   Key = {fds335064}
}

@article{fds319563,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gollub, JN and Rose, A and Marks, DL and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Design and Simulation of a Frequency-Diverse Aperture for
             Imaging of Human-Scale Targets},
   Journal = {IEEE Access},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {99},
   Pages = {5436-5451},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2604823},
   Abstract = {We present the design and simulation of a frequency-diverse
             aperture for imaging of human-size targets at microwave
             wavelengths. Predominantly relying on a frequency sweep to
             produce diverse radiation patterns, the frequency-diverse
             aperture provides a path to all-electronic operation,
             sampling a scene without the requirement for mechanical
             scanning or expensive active components. Similar to other
             computational imaging schemes, the frequency diverse
             aperture removes many hardware constraints by placing an
             increased burden on processing and analysis. While
             proof-of-concept simulations of scaled-down versions of the
             frequency-diverse imager and simple targets can be performed
             with relative ease, the end-to-end modeling of a full-size
             aperture capable of fully resolving human-size targets
             presents many challenges, particularly if parametric studies
             need to be performed during a design or optimization phase.
             Here, we show that an in-house developed simulation code can
             be adapted and parallelized for the rapid design and
             optimization of a full-size, frequency-diverse aperture.
             Using files of human models in stereolithography format, the
             software can model the entire imaging scenario in seconds,
             including mode generation and propagation, scattering from
             the human model, and measured backscatter. We illustrate the
             performance of several frequency-diverse aperture designs
             using images of human-scale targets reconstructed with
             various algorithms and compare with a conventional synthetic
             aperture radar approach. We demonstrate the potential of one
             aperture for threat object detection in security-screening
             applications.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2604823},
   Key = {fds319563}
}

@article{fds319564,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gollub, JN and Trofatter, KP and Marks, DL and Rose,
             A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Software Calibration of a Frequency-Diverse, Multistatic,
             Computational Imaging System},
   Journal = {IEEE Access},
   Volume = {4},
   Pages = {2488-2497},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2570678},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a technique for calibrating a
             frequency-diverse, multistatic, computational imaging
             system. A frequency-diverse aperture enables an image to be
             reconstructed primarily from a set of scattered field
             measurements taken over a band of frequencies, avoiding
             mechanical scanning and active components. Since
             computational imaging systems crucially rely on the accuracy
             of a forward model that relates the measured and transmitted
             fields, deviations of the actual system from that model will
             rapidly degrade imaging performance. Here, we study the
             performance of a computational imaging system at microwave
             frequencies based on a set of frequency-diverse aperture
             antennas, or panels. We propose a calibration scheme that
             compares the measured versus simulated scattered field from
             a cylinder and calculates a compensating phase difference to
             be applied at each of the panels comprising the system. The
             calibration of the entire system needs be performed only
             once, avoiding a more laborious manual calibration step for
             each transmitting and receiving path. Imaging measurements
             performed using the system confirm the efficacy and
             importance of the calibration step.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2570678},
   Key = {fds319564}
}

@article{fds330953,
   Author = {Chen, H and Pendry, JB and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Special issue on transformation optics},
   Journal = {Journal of Optics (United Kingdom)},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {040201-040201},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/18/4/040201},
   Doi = {10.1088/2040-8978/18/4/040201},
   Key = {fds330953}
}

@article{fds330954,
   Author = {Sleasman, T and Imani, MF and Xu, W and Hunt, J and Driscoll, T and Reynolds, MS and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Waveguide-Fed Tunable Metamaterial Element for Dynamic
             Apertures},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters},
   Volume = {15},
   Pages = {606-609},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2015.2462818},
   Abstract = {We present the design of a tunable metamaterial element that
             can serve as the building block for a dynamically
             reconfigurable aperture. The element - a complimentary
             electric-LC (cELC) resonator - is patterned into the upper
             conductor of a microstrip transmission line, providing both
             a means of exciting the radiating metamaterial element as
             well as independent access for biasing circuitry. PIN diodes
             are connected across the capacitive gaps of the cELC, and a
             dc bias current is used to switch the junction between
             conducting and insulating states. The leakage of RF signal
             through the bias line is mitigated by integration of a
             radial decoupling stub. The proposed design and operation of
             the element are demonstrated through full-wave
             electromagnetic simulations. We discuss the potential
             application of the cELC element as a building block for
             metamaterial apertures capable of dynamic beamforming,
             imaging, or security screening applications.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAWP.2015.2462818},
   Key = {fds330954}
}

@article{fds322743,
   Author = {Gowda, VR and Yurduseven, O and Lipworth, G and Zupan, T and Reynolds,
             MS and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Wireless Power Transfer in the Radiative Near
             Field},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters},
   Volume = {15},
   Pages = {1865-1868},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2016.2542138},
   Abstract = {A scheme for wireless power transfer (WPT) in the radiative
             near-field (Fresnel) region is presented. The proposed
             Fresnel WPT scheme is designed to focus microwaves to a
             diffraction-limited region where a detector can be
             positioned, achieving reasonably high power transfer
             efficiency over moderate distances. The configuration
             consists of transmit and receive microstrip patch array
             antennas, with the receiving antenna connected to a
             power-harvesting half-wave rectifier (rectenna). Fresnel
             region operation enables the fields radiated by the
             transmitting aperture to be localized both in range and
             cross-range. Using Fresnel region focusing, we achieve an
             increase of 66.8% in the amount of received power when
             compared to the performance of a conventional beamforming
             array. We also demonstrate the efficiency improvement by
             powering an LED using the on-axis and off-axis focusing
             configurations.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAWP.2016.2542138},
   Key = {fds322743}
}

@article{fds320771,
   Author = {Pulido-Mancera, LM and Zvolensky, T and Imani, MF and Bowen, PT and Valayil, M and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Discrete Dipole Approximation Applied to Highly Directive
             Slotted Waveguide Antennas},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters},
   Volume = {15},
   Pages = {1823-1826},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2016.2538202},
   Abstract = {We present an analysis of a slotted waveguide antenna (SWA)
             whose directivity has been enhanced by using metamaterial
             parasitic elements. We apply an adapted form of the discrete
             dipole approximation (DDA) as a modeling tool and verify the
             accuracy and versatility of this method for different
             configurations, including matched and shorted SWAs, and with
             and without parasitic elements. The results presented in
             this letter demonstrate the capabilities of the DDA for the
             fast and accurate simulation of aperture antennas composed
             of small radiators, and its further application for the
             design of complex metamaterial structures.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAWP.2016.2538202},
   Key = {fds320771}
}

@article{fds320772,
   Author = {Odabasi, H and Imani, MF and Lipworth, G and Gollub, J and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Investigation of alignment errors on multi-static microwave
             imaging based on frequency-diverse metamaterial
             apertures},
   Journal = {Progress In Electromagnetics Research B},
   Volume = {70},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {101-112},
   Publisher = {EMW Publishing},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIERB16052801},
   Abstract = {We examine the effect of alignment errors on the performance
             of a frequency-diverse imaging system composed of
             metamaterial apertures. In a frequency-diverse imaging
             system, a sequence of distinct radiation patterns, indexed
             by frequency, provides measurements of the spatial content
             of a scene. This set of measurements can then be used to
             obtain a high-fidelity estimate of the scene using
             computational imaging techniques. As with any computational
             imaging system, realizing the full potential of the
             frequency-diverse system requires accurate characterization
             of the complex radiation patterns. This characterization
             entails precise knowledge of the locations and orientations
             of the transmitters and receivers; any discrepancy between
             the modeled and actual locations will introduce phase error
             and degrade the quality of image reconstructions. Here, we
             study the effect of various misalignment errors on the
             performance of a sparse, bi-static, frequency diverse
             imaging system and provide an estimate on the levels of
             error within which the frequency-diverse apertures can
             reconstruct high quality images. Depending on the
             misalignment type (i.e., displacement, rotation) and
             direction the phase error can change significantly. As a
             result, for instance, we show that the imaging system is
             significantly less sensitive to cross-range displacement
             errors than to range displacement errors. We also show that
             the displacement errors are reduced for larger systems
             comprising many sub-apertures, due to the reduced averaged
             phase error. We find the impact of rotational errors is
             small compared to that of the displacement errors. However,
             as the sub-aperture size increases, rotational errors become
             more pronounced, becoming severe for larger sub-apertures
             with multiple feeds.},
   Doi = {10.2528/PIERB16052801},
   Key = {fds320772}
}

@article{fds315030,
   Author = {Fromenteze, T and Kpre, EL and Decroze, C and Carsenat, D and Yurduseven, O and Imani, M and Gollub, J and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Unification of compressed imaging techniques in the
             microwave range and deconvolution strategy},
   Journal = {2015 European Radar Conference, EuRAD 2015 -
             Proceedings},
   Pages = {161-164},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9782874870415},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EuRAD.2015.7346262},
   Abstract = {In recent years, several techniques of imaging have emerged
             based on compressive sensing. Thus, using passive devices
             able to code and sum the information measured on a radiating
             aperture, complex UWB beamforming hardwares can be replaced
             by inverse problems to solve using deconvolution techniques.
             Two similar compressive techniques have been developed
             independently, based on a passive multiplexer and on a
             metamaterial aperture. This paper proposes an unification of
             these approaches, using a common mathematical formulation
             and comparing the deconvolution strategy adopted by each
             research team.},
   Doi = {10.1109/EuRAD.2015.7346262},
   Key = {fds315030}
}

@article{fds300151,
   Author = {Akselrod, GM and Huang, J and Hoang, TB and Bowen, PT and Su, L and Smith,
             DR and Mikkelsen, MH},
   Title = {Large-Area Metasurface Perfect Absorbers from Visible to
             Near-Infrared.},
   Journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)},
   Volume = {27},
   Number = {48},
   Pages = {8028-8034},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0935-9648},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503281},
   Abstract = {An absorptive metasurface based on film-coupled colloidal
             silver nanocubes is demonstrated. The metasurfaces are
             fabricated using simple dip-coating methods and can be
             deposited over large areas and on arbitrarily shaped
             objects. The surfaces show nearly complete absorption, good
             off-angle performance, and the resonance can be tuned from
             the visible to the near-infrared.},
   Doi = {10.1002/adma.201503281},
   Key = {fds300151}
}

@article{fds305680,
   Author = {Bowen, PT and Smith, DR and Urzhumov, YA},
   Title = {Wake control with permeable multilayer structures: The
             spherical symmetry case.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {92},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {063030},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.92.063030},
   Abstract = {We explore the possibility of controlling the wake and drag
             of a spherical object independently of each other, using
             radial distributions of permeability in the Brinkman-Stokes
             formalism. By discretizing a graded-permeability shell into
             discrete, macroscopically homogeneous layers, we are able to
             sample the entire functional space of spherically-symmetric
             permeabilities and observe quick convergence to a certain
             manifold in the wake-drag coordinates. Monte Carlo samplings
             with 10^{4}-10^{5} points have become possible thanks to our
             new algorithm, which is based on exact analytical solutions
             for the Stokes flow through an arbitrary multilayer porous
             sphere. The algorithm is not restricted to the
             Brinkman-Stokes equation and can be modified to account for
             other types of scattering problems for spherically-symmetric
             systems with arbitrary radial complexity. Our main practical
             finding for Stokes flow is that it is possible to reduce a
             certain measure of wake of a spherical object without any
             energy penalty and without active (power-consuming) force
             generation.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.92.063030},
   Key = {fds305680}
}

@article{fds312160,
   Author = {Huang, Z and Baron, A and Larouche, S and Argyropoulos, C and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Optical bistability with film-coupled metasurfaces.},
   Journal = {Optics letters},
   Volume = {40},
   Number = {23},
   Pages = {5638-5641},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0146-9592},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.40.005638},
   Abstract = {Metasurfaces comprising arrays of film-coupled, nanopatch
             antennas are a promising platform for low-energy,
             all-optical switches. The large field enhancements that can
             be achieved in the dielectric spacer region between the
             nanopatch and the metallic substrate can substantially
             enhance optical nonlinear processes. Here we consider a
             dielectric material that exhibits an optical Kerr effect as
             the spacer layer and numerically calculate the optical
             bistability of a metasurface using the finite element method
             (FEM). We expect the proposed method to be highly accurate
             compared with other numerical approaches, such as those
             based on graphical post-processing techniques, because it
             self-consistently solves for both the spatial field
             distribution and the intensity-dependent refractive index
             distribution of the spacer layer. This method offers an
             alternative approach to finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)
             modeling. We use this numerical tool to design a metasurface
             optical switch and our optimized design exhibits
             exceptionally low switching intensity of 33  kW/cm2,
             corresponding to switching energy on the order of tens of
             attojoules per resonator, a value much smaller than those
             found for most devices reported in the literature. We
             propose our method as a tool for designing all-optical
             switches and modulators.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ol.40.005638},
   Key = {fds312160}
}

@article{fds335066,
   Author = {Ruiz Ruiz and J and Ren, Y and Guttenfelder, W and White, AE and Kaye, SM and Leblanc, BP and Mazzucato, E and Lee, KC and Domier, CW and Smith, DR and Yuh, H},
   Title = {Stabilization of electron-scale turbulence by electron
             density gradient in national spherical torus
             experiment},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {22},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {122501-122501},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4936110},
   Abstract = {Theory and experiments have shown that electron temperature
             gradient (ETG) turbulence on the electron gyro-scale,
             k⊥ρe ≲ 1, can be responsible for anomalous electron
             thermal transport in NSTX. Electron scale (high-k)
             turbulence is diagnosed in NSTX with a high-k microwave
             scattering system [D. R. Smith et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum.
             79, 123501 (2008)]. Here we report on stabilization effects
             of the electron density gradient on electron-scale density
             fluctuations in a set of neutral beam injection heated
             H-mode plasmas. We found that the absence of high-k density
             fluctuations from measurements is correlated with large
             equilibrium density gradient, which is shown to be
             consistent with linear stabilization of ETG modes due to the
             density gradient using the analytical ETG linear threshold
             in F. Jenko et al. [Phys. Plasmas 8, 4096 (2001)] and linear
             gyrokinetic simulations with GS2 [M. Kotschenreuther et al.,
             Comput. Phys. Commun. 88, 128 (1995)]. We also found that
             the observed power of electron-scale turbulence (when it
             exists) is anti-correlated with the equilibrium density
             gradient, suggesting density gradient as a nonlinear
             stabilizing mechanism. Higher density gradients give rise to
             lower values of the plasma frame frequency, calculated based
             on the Doppler shift of the measured density fluctuations.
             Linear gyrokinetic simulations show that higher values of
             the electron density gradient reduce the value of the real
             frequency, in agreement with experimental observation.
             Nonlinear electron-scale gyrokinetic simulations show that
             high electron density gradient reduces electron heat flux
             and stiffness, and increases the ETG nonlinear threshold,
             consistent with experimental observations.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4936110},
   Key = {fds335066}
}

@article{fds293133,
   Author = {Sleasman, T and F. Imani and M and Gollub, JN and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Dynamic metamaterial aperture for microwave
             imaging},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {20},
   Pages = {204104-204104},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4935941},
   Abstract = {We present a dynamic metamaterial aperture for use in
             computational imaging schemes at microwave frequencies. The
             aperture consists of an array of complementary, resonant
             metamaterial elements patterned into the upper conductor of
             a microstrip line. Each metamaterial element contains two
             diodes connected to an external control circuit such that
             the resonance of the metamaterial element can be damped by
             application of a bias voltage. Through applying different
             voltages to the control circuit, select subsets of the
             elements can be switched on to create unique radiation
             patterns that illuminate the scene. Spatial information of
             an imaging domain can thus be encoded onto this set of
             radiation patterns, or measurements, which can be processed
             to reconstruct the targets in the scene using compressive
             sensing algorithms. We discuss the design and operation of a
             metamaterial imaging system and demonstrate reconstructed
             images with a 10:1 compression ratio. Dynamic metamaterial
             apertures can potentially be of benefit in microwave or
             millimeter wave systems such as those used in security
             screening and through-wall imaging. In addition,
             feature-specific or adaptive imaging can be facilitated
             through the use of the dynamic aperture.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4935941},
   Key = {fds293133}
}

@article{fds315573,
   Author = {Lipworth, G and Rose, A and Yurduseven, O and Gowda, VR and Imani, MF and Odabasi, H and Trofatter, P and Gollub, J and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Comprehensive simulation platform for a metamaterial imaging
             system.},
   Journal = {Applied optics},
   Volume = {54},
   Number = {31},
   Pages = {9343-9353},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0003-6935},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.009343},
   Abstract = {Recently, a frequency-diverse, metamaterial-based aperture
             has been introduced in the context of microwave and
             millimeter wave imaging. The generic form of the aperture is
             that of a parallel plate waveguide, in which complementary
             metamaterial elements patterned into the upper plate couple
             energy from the waveguide mode to the scene. To reliably
             predict the imaging performance of such an aperture prior to
             fabrication and experiments, it is necessary to have an
             accurate forward model that predicts radiation from the
             aperture, a model for scattering from an arbitrary target in
             the scene, and a set of image reconstruction approaches that
             allow scene estimation from an arbitrary set of
             measurements. Here, we introduce a forward model in which
             the metamaterial elements are approximated as polarizable
             magnetic dipoles, excited by the fields propagating within
             the waveguide. The dipoles used in the model can have
             arbitrarily assigned polarizability characteristics.
             Alternatively, fields measured from actual metamaterial
             samples can be decomposed into a set of effective dipole
             radiators, allowing the performance of actual samples to be
             quantitatively modeled and compared with simulated
             apertures. To confirm the validity of our model, we simulate
             measurements and scene reconstructions with a virtual
             multiaperture imaging system operating in the K-band
             spectrum (18-26.5 GHz) and compare its performance with an
             experimental system.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ao.54.009343},
   Key = {fds315573}
}

@article{fds335067,
   Author = {Ren, Y and Wang, WX and LeBlanc, BP and Guttenfelder, W and Kaye, SM and Ethier, S and Mazzucato, E and Lee, KC and Domier, CW and Bell, R and Smith, DR and Yuh, H},
   Title = {Fast response of electron-scale turbulence to auxiliary
             heating cessation in National Spherical Torus
             Experiment},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {22},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {110701-110701},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4935113},
   Abstract = {In this letter, we report the first observation of the fast
             response of electron-scale turbulence to auxiliary heating
             cessation in National Spherical Torus eXperiment [Ono et
             al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 557 (2000)]. The observation was made
             in a set of RF-heated L-mode plasmas with toroidal magnetic
             field of 0.55 T and plasma current of 300 kA. It is observed
             that electron-scale turbulence spectral power (measured with
             a high-k collective microwave scattering system) decreases
             significantly following fast cessation of RF heating that
             occurs in less than 200 μs. The large drop in the
             turbulence spectral power has a short time delay of about
             1-2 ms relative to the RF cessation and happens on a time
             scale of 0.5-1 ms, much smaller than the energy confinement
             time of about 10 ms. Power balance analysis shows a factor
             of about 2 decrease in electron thermal diffusivity after
             the sudden drop of turbulence spectral power. Measured small
             changes in equilibrium profiles across the RF cessation are
             unlikely able to explain this sudden reduction in the
             measured turbulence and decrease in electron thermal
             transport, supported by local linear stability analysis and
             both local and global nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations. The
             observations imply that nonlocal flux-driven mechanism may
             be important for the observed turbulence and electron
             thermal transport.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4935113},
   Key = {fds335067}
}

@article{fds330574,
   Author = {Argyropoulos, C and Akselrod, GM and Ciraci, C and Hoang, TB and Fang,
             C and Huang, J and Smith, DR and Mikkelsen, MH},
   Title = {Directional plasmonic nanoantennas to enhance the purcell
             effect},
   Journal = {2015 USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S
             Symposium), USNC-URSI 2015 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {65},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781479978175},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI.2015.7303349},
   Abstract = {We will present plasmonic nanoantennas, composed of silver
             nanocubes strongly coupled to gold films, which are the
             optical and infrared (IR) frequency counterparts to the
             well-established patch antennas used in microwave
             frequencies for mobile communications. These nanoantennas
             are ideal platforms to boost several photodynamic processes,
             such as spontaneous emission. Interestingly, they can be
             built based on bottom-up chemical synthesis approaches and
             their radiation spectrum can be easily controlled.},
   Doi = {10.1109/USNC-URSI.2015.7303349},
   Key = {fds330574}
}

@article{fds330955,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gollub, J and Odabasi, H and Imani, MF and Lipworth,
             G and Rose, A and Trofetter, P and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Probe configuration study for the metamaterial aperture
             imager},
   Journal = {2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,
             EuCAP 2015},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   ISBN = {9788890701856},
   Abstract = {We investigate a metamaterial imager (metaimager) consisting
             of one transmitting metamaterial panel and a collection of
             broadband receiving probes. Image reconstruction is
             performed by interrogating a scene with a set of radiative
             measurement modes encoded in the frequency response of the
             metamaterial panel. The image quality is a function of the
             ability of the receiving probes to capture the reflected
             energy. Here, the number and configuration of the receiving
             probe antennas is investigated. It is demonstrated that
             increasing the number of probe antennas and distributing
             their placement in space increases the effective receiver
             aperture size and the number of measurement modes, enhancing
             the image reconstruction for the metamaterial imager. The
             imaging of a smiley face target is performed using one-probe
             and five-probe metaimager configurations and successfully
             reconstructed images are demonstrated.},
   Key = {fds330955}
}

@article{fds330956,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Gollub, J and Odabasi, H and Imani, MF and Lipworth,
             G and Rose, A and Trofetter, P and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Comparison of different reconstruction algorithms for image
             reconstruction in metamaterial aperture based imaging
             system},
   Journal = {2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,
             EuCAP 2015},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   ISBN = {9788890701856},
   Abstract = {We investigate the performance of various image
             reconstruction algorithms for the design of a metamaterial
             aperture-based imaging system. The metamaterial imaging
             system consists of a transmitting metamaterial aperture
             panel and a receiving low-gain probe antenna. Imaging of a 3
             cm resolution target is performed using a number of
             reconstruction algorithms, including pseudo-inverse, matched
             filter, conjugate gradient squares (CGS), and two-step
             iterative shrinkage/thresholding (TwIST) methods. The
             differing quality of the resulting reconstructed images is
             shown as a function of these reconstruction
             techniques.},
   Key = {fds330956}
}

@article{fds330958,
   Author = {Baron, A and Hoang, TB and Fang, C and Mikkelsen, MH and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Large and ultrafast nonlinear absorption of an air/gold
             plasmonic waveguide},
   Journal = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical
             Digest},
   Volume = {2015-August},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   ISBN = {9781557529688},
   Abstract = {We investigate theoretically and experimentally the
             nonlinear propagation of surface plasmons on an air/gold
             interface which reveals large and ultrafast (∼100 fs)
             self-induced absorption. The experiment enables a direct
             measurement of the third-order nonlinear
             susceptibility.},
   Key = {fds330958}
}

@article{fds330959,
   Author = {Baron, A and Larouche, S and Gauthier, DJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Scaling of the nonlinear response of metal/dielectric
             plasmonic waveguides},
   Journal = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical
             Digest},
   Volume = {2015-August},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   ISBN = {9781557529688},
   Abstract = {The scaling of the nonlinear response of a single-interface
             plasmonic waveguide is studied, where both the metal and
             dielectric display nonlinearity. We introduce a
             figure-of-merit that guides metal/dielectric nanophotonic
             device design for specific applications.},
   Key = {fds330959}
}

@article{fds330960,
   Author = {Bowen, PT and Baron, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Analytic modeling of metmaterial absorbers},
   Journal = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical
             Digest},
   Volume = {2015-August},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   ISBN = {9781557529688},
   Abstract = {We present a fully analytical model that describes ideal
             absorbing metasurfaces composed of film-coupled optical
             nanoantennas. The model predicts the spectrum and the
             angular dependence of the absorption and is compared to
             full-wave numerical simulations.},
   Key = {fds330960}
}

@article{fds330961,
   Author = {Chandrasekar, R and Emani, NK and Lagutchev, A and Shalaev, VM and Ciraci, C and Smith, DR and Kildishev, AV},
   Title = {Studying the interplay of electric and magnetic
             resonance-enhanced second harmonic generation: Theory and
             experiments},
   Journal = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical
             Digest},
   Volume = {2015-August},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   ISBN = {9781557529688},
   Abstract = {We present an experimental study of a metasurface, which
             exhibits electric and magnetic resonances, in order to
             understand their independent contributions to
             second-harmonic generation. A hydrodynamic model framework
             is used to match experimental results.},
   Key = {fds330961}
}

@article{fds330957,
   Author = {Akselrod, GM and Argyropoulos, C and Hoang, TB and Ciraci, C and Fang,
             C and Huang, J and Smith, DR and Mikkelsen, MH},
   Title = {Plasmonic nanopatch antennas for large purcell
             enhancement},
   Journal = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical
             Digest},
   Volume = {2015-August},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   ISBN = {9781557529688},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate Purcell enhancements of-1000 from fluorescent
             molecules embedded in a plasmonic antenna with sub-10 nm gap
             between metals. Simulations and experiments reveal the high
             radiative efficiency and directionality of the
             antenna.},
   Key = {fds330957}
}

@article{fds269549,
   Author = {Benedicto, J and Pollès, R and Ciracì, C and Centeno, E and Smith, DR and Moreau, A},
   Title = {Numerical tool to take nonlocal effects into account in
             metallo-dielectric multilayers.},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image
             science, and vision},
   Volume = {32},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1581-1588},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1084-7529},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.32.001581},
   Abstract = {We provide a numerical tool to quantitatively study the
             impact of nonlocality arising from free electrons in metals
             on the optical properties of metallo-dielectric multilayers.
             We found that scattering matrices are particularly well
             suited to take into account the electron response through
             the application of the hydrodynamic model. Though effects
             due to nonlocality are, in general, quite small, they,
             nevertheless, can be important for very thin (typically
             below 10 nm) metallic layers, as in those used in
             structures characterized by exotic dispersion curves. Such
             structures include those with a negative refractive index,
             hyperbolic metamaterials, and near-zero index materials.
             Higher wave vectors mean larger nonlocal effects, so that it
             is not surprising that subwavelength imaging capabilities of
             hyperbolic metamaterials are found to be sensitive to
             nonlocal effects. We find in all cases that the inclusion of
             nonlocal effects leads to at least a 5% higher transmission
             through the considered structure.},
   Doi = {10.1364/josaa.32.001581},
   Key = {fds269549}
}

@article{fds269551,
   Author = {Lipworth, G and Ensworth, J and Seetharam, K and Lee, JS and Schmalenberg, P and Nomura, T and Reynolds, MS and Smith, DR and Urzhumov, Y},
   Title = {Quasi-Static Magnetic Field Shielding Using Longitudinal
             Mu-Near-Zero Metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Scientific reports},
   Volume = {5},
   Pages = {12764},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep12764},
   Abstract = {The control of quasi-static magnetic fields is of
             considerable interest in applications including the
             reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI), wireless
             power transfer (WPT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
             The shielding of static or quasi-static magnetic fields is
             typically accomplished through the use of inherently
             magnetic materials with large magnetic permeability, such as
             ferrites, used sometimes in combination with metallic sheets
             and/or active field cancellation. Ferrite materials,
             however, can be expensive, heavy and brittle. Inspired by
             recent demonstrations of epsilon-, mu- and index-near-zero
             metamaterials, here we show how a longitudinal mu-near-zero
             (LMNZ) layer can serve as a strong frequency-selective
             reflector of magnetic fields when operating in the
             near-field region of dipole-like sources. Experimental
             measurements with a fabricated LMNZ sheet constructed from
             an artificial magnetic conductor - formed from non-magnetic,
             conducting, metamaterial elements - confirm that the
             artificial structure provides significantly improved
             shielding as compared with a commercially available ferrite
             of the same size. Furthermore, we design a structure to
             shield simultaneously at the fundamental and first harmonic
             frequencies. Such frequency-selective behavior can be
             potentially useful for shielding electromagnetic sources
             that may also generate higher order harmonics, while leaving
             the transmission of other frequencies unaffected.},
   Doi = {10.1038/srep12764},
   Key = {fds269551}
}

@article{fds269550,
   Author = {Hoang, TB and Akselrod, GM and Argyropoulos, C and Huang, J and Smith,
             DR and Mikkelsen, MH},
   Title = {Ultrafast spontaneous emission source using plasmonic
             nanoantennas.},
   Journal = {Nature communications},
   Volume = {6},
   Pages = {7788},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8788},
   Abstract = {Typical emitters such as molecules, quantum dots and
             semiconductor quantum wells have slow spontaneous emission
             with lifetimes of 1-10 ns, creating a mismatch with
             high-speed nanoscale optoelectronic devices such as
             light-emitting diodes, single-photon sources and lasers.
             Here we experimentally demonstrate an ultrafast (<11 ps)
             yet efficient source of spontaneous emission, corresponding
             to an emission rate exceeding 90 GHz, using a hybrid
             structure of single plasmonic nanopatch antennas coupled to
             colloidal quantum dots. The antennas consist of silver
             nanocubes coupled to a gold film separated by a thin polymer
             spacer layer and colloidal core-shell quantum dots, a stable
             and technologically relevant emitter. We show an increase in
             the spontaneous emission rate of a factor of 880 and
             simultaneously a 2,300-fold enhancement in the total
             fluorescence intensity, which indicates a high radiative
             quantum efficiency of ∼50%. The nanopatch antenna geometry
             can be tuned from the visible to the near infrared,
             providing a promising approach for nanophotonics based on
             ultrafast spontaneous emission.},
   Doi = {10.1038/ncomms8788},
   Key = {fds269550}
}

@article{fds305681,
   Author = {Liu, X and Larouche, S and Bowen, P and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Clarifying the origin of third-harmonic generation from
             film-coupled nanostripes.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {19565-19574},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.019565},
   Abstract = {The resonance associated with plasmonic nanostructures
             strongly enhances local optical fields, and can thus
             dramatically enhance the nonlinear response of the composite
             structure. However, the origin of the nonlinear signal
             generated from hybrid nanostructures consisting of both
             metallic and dielectric components can be ambiguous when all
             constituents possess nonlinearities. In this paper, we
             introduce a method for specifically identifying the third
             harmonic generation (THG) originating from different
             nonlinear sources in a film-coupled nanostripe. The
             nanostripe consists of a metallic patch separated from a
             metallic film by a dielectric spacer. By considering the THG
             from each nonlinear source separately, we show that the
             near- and far-field behaviors of the THG generated within
             the various constituents of the nanostripe are
             distinguishable due to fundamental differences in the THG
             radiation properties. The THG signal from the metal is shown
             to be suppressed by the structure itself, while the THG
             signal from the spacer is enhanced by the gap plasmon modes
             supported by the structure. The total THG signal is found to
             be the sum of all nonlinear sources, with the far-field
             radiation pattern determined by the ratio between the
             third-order susceptibilities of the dielectric and the
             metal.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.23.019565},
   Key = {fds305681}
}

@article{fds330963,
   Author = {Thornton, J and Smith, D and Foti, SJ and Jiang, YY},
   Title = {Reduced height Luneburg lens antennas for satellite
             communications-on-the-move},
   Journal = {Proceedings of 14th Conference on Microwave Techniques,
             COMITE 2015},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {June},
   ISBN = {9781479981212},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMITE.2015.7120325},
   Abstract = {The hemispherical (or half-Luneburg) lens antenna is a
             candidate type for satellite communications-on-the-move,
             either singly or as an element in a small array. It offers
             good aperture efficiency in a reduced height and excellent
             scanning performance. This work describes the development of
             half Luneburg lens antennas together with feeding
             arrangements to provide highly directive antennas with good
             scanning properties. The effects of the primary feed pattern
             and other loss mechanisms are investigated and reported.
             Measured gain for a 432mm diameter polymer lens at 30 GHz is
             38.7 dBi.},
   Doi = {10.1109/COMITE.2015.7120325},
   Key = {fds330963}
}

@article{fds269553,
   Author = {Fromenteze, T and Yurduseven, O and Imani, MF and Gollub, J and Decroze,
             C and Carsenat, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Computational imaging using a mode-mixing cavity at
             microwave frequencies},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {106},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {194104-194104},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4921081},
   Abstract = {We present a 3D computational imaging system based on a
             mode-mixing cavity at microwave frequencies. The core
             component of this system is an electrically large
             rectangular cavity with one corner re-shaped to catalyze
             mode mixing, often called a Sinai Billiard. The front side
             of the cavity is perforated with a grid of periodic
             apertures that sample the cavity modes and project them into
             the imaging scene. The radiated fields are scattered by the
             scene and are measured by low gain probe antennas. The
             complex radiation patterns generated by the cavity thus
             encode the scene information onto a set of frequency modes.
             Assuming the first Born approximation for scattering
             dynamics, the received signal is processed using
             computational methods to reconstruct a 3D image of the scene
             with resolution determined by the diffraction limit. The
             proposed mode-mixing cavity is simple to fabricate, exhibits
             low losses, and can generate highly diverse measurement
             modes. The imaging system demonstrated in this letter can
             find application in security screening and medical
             diagnostic imaging.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4921081},
   Key = {fds269553}
}

@article{fds269554,
   Author = {Baron, A and Hoang, TB and Fang, C and Mikkelsen, MH and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Ultrafast self-action of surface-plasmon polaritons at an
             air/metal interface},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {91},
   Number = {19},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.195412},
   Abstract = {We investigate both theoretically and experimentally the
             nonlinear propagation of surface-plasmon polaritons (SPP) on
             a single air/metal interface. Inspired by nonlinear
             dielectric waveguide theory, we analytically derive a model
             that describes the nonlinear propagation of SPPs, thus
             bridging the description of plasmonic and dielectric
             waveguides. The model, the numerical simulations, and the
             experiments, which are carried out in the 100 fs regime,
             reveal that the SPP undergoes strong ultrafast self-action
             which manifests itself through self-induced absorption. Our
             observations are consistent with a large, bulk, third-order
             nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) of gold and provide a
             self-consistent theory of self-action of SPPs at an
             air/metal interface. Experimentally, we find
             Im{χ-(3)}∼3×10-16m2/V2. These findings have important
             implications in the nonlinear physics of plasmonics and
             metamaterials as they provide evidence that nonlinear
             absorption has a significant effect on the propagation of
             SPPs excited by intense optical pulses. This self-action is
             also expected to affect the anomalous absorption of light
             near subwavelength structures as well as the strength of
             desirable nonlinear processes such as third-harmonic
             generation and four-wave mixing, which will inevitably
             compete with nonlinear absorption.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.91.195412},
   Key = {fds269554}
}

@article{fds269555,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Scalora, M and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Third-harmonic generation in the presence of classical
             nonlocal effects in gap-plasmon nanostructures},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {91},
   Number = {20},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.205403},
   Abstract = {Classical nonlocality in conducting nanostructures has been
             shown to dramatically alter the linear optical response by
             placing a fundamental limit on the maximum field enhancement
             that can be achieved. This limit directly extends to all
             nonlinear processes, which depend on field amplitudes. A
             numerical study of third-harmonic generation in metal
             film-coupled nanowires reveals that for subnanometer vacuum
             gaps, the nonlocality may boost the effective nonlinearity
             by 5 orders of magnitude as the field penetrates deeper
             inside the metal than that predicted assuming a purely local
             electronic response. We also study the impact of a nonlinear
             dielectric placed in the gap region. In this case the effect
             of nonlocality could be masked by the third-harmonic signal
             generated by the spacer. By etching the dielectric
             underneath the nanowire, however, it is possible to muffle
             such contributions. Calculations are performed for both
             silver and gold nanowire.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.91.205403},
   Key = {fds269555}
}

@article{fds269544,
   Author = {Baron, A and Hoang, TB and Fang, C and Mikkelsen, MH and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Large and ultrafast nonlinear absorption of an air/gold
             plasmonic waveguide},
   Journal = {CLEO: QELS - Fundamental Science, CLEO_QELS
             2015},
   Pages = {1551p},
   Publisher = {OSA},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9781557529688},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2015.FM3E.4},
   Abstract = {We investigate theoretically and experimentally the
             nonlinear propagation of surface plasmons on an air/gold
             interface which reveals large and ultrafast (~100 fs)
             self-induced absorption. The experiment enables a direct
             measurement of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility. ©
             OSA 2015.},
   Doi = {10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2015.FM3E.4},
   Key = {fds269544}
}

@article{fds269545,
   Author = {Chandrasekar, R and Emani, NK and Lagutchev, A and Shalaev, VM and Ciraci, C and Smith, DR and Kildishev, AV},
   Title = {Studying the interplay of electric and magnetic resonance-
             enhanced second harmonic generation: Theory and
             experiments},
   Journal = {CLEO: QELS - Fundamental Science, CLEO_QELS
             2015},
   Pages = {1551p},
   Publisher = {OSA},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9781557529688},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2015.FW3D.2},
   Abstract = {We present an experimental study of a metasurface, which
             exhibits electric and magnetic resonances, in order to
             understand their independent contributions to
             second-harmonic generation. A hydrodynamic model framework
             is used to match experimental results. © OSA
             2015.},
   Doi = {10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2015.FW3D.2},
   Key = {fds269545}
}

@article{fds269546,
   Author = {Bowen, PT and Baron, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Analytic modeling of metmaterial absorbers},
   Journal = {CLEO: QELS - Fundamental Science, CLEO_QELS
             2015},
   Pages = {1551p},
   Publisher = {OSA},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9781557529688},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2015.FW4C.5},
   Abstract = {We present a fully analytical model that describes ideal
             absorbing metasurfaces composed of film-coupled optical
             nanoantennas. The model predicts the spectrum and the
             angular dependence of the absorption and is compared to
             full-wave numerical simulations. © 2014 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2015.FW4C.5},
   Key = {fds269546}
}

@article{fds269547,
   Author = {Akselrod, GM and Argyropoulos, C and Hoang, TB and Ciracì, C and Fang,
             C and Huang, J and Smith, DR and Mikkelsen, MH},
   Title = {Plasmonic nanopatch antennas for large purcell
             enhancement},
   Journal = {CLEO: QELS - Fundamental Science, CLEO_QELS
             2015},
   Pages = {1551p},
   Publisher = {OSA},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9781557529688},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2015.FW1E.2},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate Purcell enhancements of ~1000 from
             fluorescent molecules embedded in a plasmonic antenna with
             sub-10 nm gap between metals. Simulations and experiments
             reveal the high radiative efficiency and directionality of
             the antenna. © OSA 2015.},
   Doi = {10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2015.FW1E.2},
   Key = {fds269547}
}

@article{fds269552,
   Author = {Baron, A and Larouche, S and Gauthier, DJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Scaling of the nonlinear response of metal/dielectric
             plasmonic waveguides},
   Journal = {CLEO: QELS - Fundamental Science, CLEO_QELS
             2015},
   Pages = {1551p},
   Publisher = {OSA},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9781557529688},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2015.FM3E.7},
   Abstract = {The scaling of the nonlinear response of a single-interface
             plasmonic waveguide is studied, where both the metal and
             dielectric display nonlinearity. We introduce a
             figure-of-merit that guides metal/dielectric nanophotonic
             device design for specific applications. © OSA
             2015.},
   Doi = {10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2015.FM3E.7},
   Key = {fds269552}
}

@article{fds335069,
   Author = {Diallo, A and Groebner, RJ and Rhodes, TL and Battaglia, DJ and Smith,
             DR and Osborne, TH and Canik, JM and Guttenfelder, W and Snyder,
             PB},
   Title = {Correlations between quasi-coherent fluctuations and the
             pedestal evolution during the inter-edge localized modes
             phase on DIII-D},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {22},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {056111-056111},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4921148},
   Abstract = {Direct measurements of the pedestal recovery during an
             edge-localized mode cycle provide evidence that
             quasi-coherent fluctuations (QCFs) play a role in the
             inter-ELM pedestal dynamics. Using fast Thomson scattering
             measurements, the pedestal density and temperature
             evolutions are probed on sub-millisecond time scales to show
             a fast recovery of the density gradient compared to the
             temperature gradient. The temperature gradient appears to
             provide a drive for the onset of quasi-coherent fluctuations
             (as measured with the magnetic probe and the density
             diagnostics) localized in the pedestal. The amplitude
             evolution of these QCFs tracks the temperature gradient
             evolution including its saturation. Such correlation
             suggests that these QCFs play a key role in limiting the
             pedestal temperature gradient. The saturation of the QCFs
             coincides with the pressure gradient reaching the
             kinetic-ballooning mode (KBM) critical gradient as predicted
             by EPED1. Furthermore, linear microinstability analysis
             using GS2 indicates that the steep gradient is near the KBM
             threshold. Thus, the modeling and the observations together
             suggest that QCFs are consistent with dominant KBMs,
             although microtearing cannot be excluded as
             subdominant.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4921148},
   Key = {fds335069}
}

@article{fds269556,
   Author = {Akselrod, GM and Ming, T and Argyropoulos, C and Hoang, TB and Lin, Y and Ling, X and Smith, DR and Kong, J and Mikkelsen, MH},
   Title = {Leveraging Nanocavity Harmonics for Control of Optical
             Processes in 2D Semiconductors.},
   Journal = {Nano letters},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {3578-3584},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1530-6984},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01062},
   Abstract = {Optical cavities with multiple tunable resonances have the
             potential to provide unique electromagnetic environments at
             two or more distinct wavelengths--critical for control of
             optical processes such as nonlinear generation, entangled
             photon generation, or photoluminescence (PL) enhancement.
             Here, we show a plasmonic nanocavity based on a nanopatch
             antenna design that has two tunable resonant modes in the
             visible spectrum separated by 350 nm and with line widths of
             ∼60 nm. The importance of utilizing two resonances
             simultaneously is demonstrated by integrating monolayer
             MoS2, a two-dimensional semiconductor, into the colloidally
             synthesized nanocavities. We observe a 2000-fold enhancement
             in the PL intensity of MoS2--which has intrinsically low
             absorption and small quantum yield--at room temperature,
             enabled by the combination of tailored absorption
             enhancement at the first harmonic and PL quantum-yield
             enhancement at the fundamental resonance.},
   Doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01062},
   Key = {fds269556}
}

@article{fds335070,
   Author = {Sechrest, Y and Smith, D and Stotler, DP and Munsat, T and Zweben,
             SJ},
   Title = {Comparison of beam emission spectroscopy and gas puff
             imaging edge fluctuation measurements in National Spherical
             Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {22},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {052310-052310},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4921215},
   Abstract = {In this study, the close physical proximity of the Gas Puff
             Imaging (GPI) and Beam Emission Spectroscopy (BES)
             diagnostics on the National Spherical torus Experiment
             (NSTX) is leveraged to directly compare fluctuation
             measurements, and to study the local effects of the GPI
             neutral deuterium puff during H-mode plasmas without large
             Edge Localized Modes. The GPI and BES views on NSTX provide
             partially overlapping coverage of the edge and scrape-off
             layer (SOL) regions above the outboard midplane. The
             separation in the toroidal direction is 16 °, and field
             lines passing through diagnostic views are separated by ∼
             20 cm in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field.
             Strong cross-correlation is observed, and strong
             cross-coherence is seen for frequencies between 5 and 15
             kHz. Also, probability distribution functions of
             fluctuations measured ∼ 3 cm inside the separatrix exhibit
             only minor deviations from a normal distribution for both
             diagnostics, and good agreement between correlation length
             estimates, decorrelation times, and structure velocities is
             found at the ±40% level. While the two instruments agree
             closely in many respects, some discrepancies are observed.
             Most notably, GPI normalized fluctuation levels exceed BES
             fluctuations by a factor of ∼ 9. BES mean intensity is
             found to be sensitive to the GPI neutral gas puff, and BES
             normalized fluctuation levels for frequencies between 1 and
             10 kHz are observed to increase during the GPI
             puff.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4921215},
   Key = {fds335070}
}

@article{fds330964,
   Author = {Zheng, H and Smith, D and Elsdon, M and Livingstone, B and Ng, WP and Yurduseven, O},
   Title = {Microwave inverse scattering using scalar indirect
             holographic techniques},
   Journal = {Mediterranean Microwave Symposium},
   Volume = {2015-April},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {April},
   ISBN = {9781479973910},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MMS.2014.7088948},
   Abstract = {This paper describes the use of indirect microwave
             holographic together with inverse scattering techniques for
             the reconstruction of the dielectric properties of unknown
             objects. The use of indirect microwave holography enables
             the complex field scattered from the object under imaging to
             be recovered from intensity-only scalar microwave
             measurements and therefore removes the requirement of using
             expensive vector measurement equipment. This significantly
             reduces the cost of the imaging system and simplifies the
             hardware implementation. Following the successful
             implementation of indirect holography method for shape and
             position reconstruction, we have explored an algorithm which
             combines indirect holography method and CSI method to solve
             the phaseless data reconstruction problem. Results presented
             here indicate that the material properties of composite
             dielectric objects can be accurately reconstructed using
             scalar measurements from indirect holography.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MMS.2014.7088948},
   Key = {fds330964}
}

@article{fds335068,
   Author = {Kaye, SM and Abrams, T and Ahn, JW and Allain, JP and Andre, R and Andruczyk, D and Barchfeld, R and Battaglia, D and Bhattacharjee, A and Bedoya, F and Bell, RE and Belova, E and Berkery, J and Berry, L and Bertelli, N and Beiersdorfer, P and Bialek, J and Bilato, R and Boedo,
             J and Bonoli, P and Boozer, A and Bortolon, A and Boyer, MD and Boyle, D and Brennan, D and Breslau, J and Brooks, J and Buttery, R and Capece, A and Canik, J and Chang, CS and Crocker, N and Darrow, D and Davis, W and Delgado-Aparicio, L and Diallo, A and D'Ippolito, D and Domier, C and Ebrahimi, F and Ethier, S and Evans, T and Ferraro, N and Ferron, J and Finkenthal, M and Fonck, R and Fredrickson, E and Fu, GY and Gates, D and Gerhardt, S and Glasser, A and Gorelenkov, N and Gorelenkova, M and Goumiri, I and Gray, T and Green, D and Guttenfelder, W and Harvey, R and Hassanein, A and Heidbrink, W and Hirooka, Y and Hooper, EB and Hosea,
             J and Humphreys, D and Jaeger, EF and Jarboe, T and Jardin, S and Jaworski,
             MA and Kaita, R and Kessel, C and Kim, K and Koel, B and Kolemen, E and Kramer, G and Ku, S and Kubota, S and Lahaye, RJ and Lao, L and Leblanc,
             BP and Levinton, F and Liu, D and Lore, J and Lucia, M and Jr, NL and Maingi,
             R and Majeski, R and Mansfield, D and Maqueda, R and McKee, G and Medley,
             S and Meier, E and Menard, J and Mueller, D and Munsat, T and Muscatello,
             C and Myra, J and Nelson, B and Nichols, J and Ono, M and Osborne, T and Park,
             JK},
   Title = {An overview of recent physics results from
             NSTX},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {55},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {104002-104002},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/10/104002},
   Abstract = {The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is currently
             being upgraded to operate at twice the toroidal field and
             plasma current (up to 1T and 2MA), with a second, more
             tangentially aimed neutral beam (NB) for current and
             rotation control, allowing for pulse lengths up to 5s.
             Recent NSTX physics analyses have addressed topics that will
             allow NSTX-Upgrade to achieve the research goals critical to
             a Fusion Nuclear Science Facility. These include producing
             stable, 100% non-inductive operation in high-performance
             plasmas, assessing plasma-material interface (PMI) solutions
             to handle the high heat loads expected in the next-step
             devices and exploring the unique spherical torus (ST)
             parameter regimes to advance predictive capability.
             Non-inductive operation and current profile control in
             NSTX-U will be facilitated by co-axial helicity injection
             (CHI) as well as radio frequency (RF) and NB heating. CHI
             studies using NIMROD indicate that the reconnection process
             is consistent with the 2D Sweet-Parker theory. Full-wave
             AORSA simulations show that RF power losses in the
             scrape-off layer (SOL) increase significantly for both NSTX
             and NSTX-U when the launched waves propagate in the SOL.
             Toroidal Alfvén eigenmode avalanches and higher frequency
             Alfvén eigenmodes can affect NB-driven current through
             energy loss and redistribution of fast ions. The inclusion
             of rotation and kinetic resonances, which depend on
             collisionality, is necessary for predicting experimental
             stability thresholds of fast growing ideal wall and
             resistive wall modes. Neutral beams and neoclassical
             toroidal viscosity generated from applied 3D fields can be
             used as actuators to produce rotation profiles optimized for
             global stability. DEGAS-2 has been used to study the
             dependence of gas penetration on SOL temperatures and
             densities for the MGI system being implemented on the
             Upgrade for disruption mitigation. PMI studies have focused
             on the effect of ELMs and 3D fields on plasma detachment and
             heat flux handling. Simulations indicate that snowflake and
             impurity seeded radiative divertors are candidates for heat
             flux mitigation in NSTX-U. Studies of lithium evaporation on
             graphite surfaces indicate that lithium increases oxygen
             surface concentrations on graphite, and deuterium-oxygen
             affinity, which increases deuterium pumping and reduces
             recycling. In situ and test-stand experiments of lithiated
             graphite and molybdenum indicate temperature-enhanced
             sputtering, although that test-stand studies also show the
             potential for heat flux reduction through lithium vapour
             shielding. Non-linear gyro kinetic simulations have
             indicated that ion transport can be enhanced by a shear-flow
             instability, and that non-local effects are necessary to
             explain the observed rapid changes in plasma turbulence.
             Predictive simulations have shown agreement between a
             microtearing-based reduced transport model and the measured
             electron temperatures in a microtearing unstable regime. Two
             Alfvén eigenmode-driven fast ion transport models have been
             developed and successfully benchmarked against NSTX data.
             Upgrade construction is moving on schedule with initial
             physics research operation of NSTX-U planned for
             mid-2015.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/55/10/104002},
   Key = {fds335068}
}

@article{fds330962,
   Author = {Smith, D and Livingstone, B and Elsdon, M and Zheng, H and Schejbal, V and Yurduseven, O},
   Title = {The development of indirect microwave holography for
             measurement and imaging applications},
   Journal = {Mediterranean Microwave Symposium},
   Volume = {2015-January},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781467376020},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MMS.2015.7375501},
   Abstract = {This work describes the development of indirect holographic
             techniques for microwave measurements and imaging. It
             outlines the basic theory of indirect holography and how it
             relates to optical holographic techniques. It starts with a
             description of the initial work using a single receiving
             antenna for the determination of antenna radiation patterns
             and the reconstruction of antenna aperture fields. This is
             followed by a description of how these techniques can be
             adapted for the imaging of passive objects. It also outlines
             the techniques for the imaging of objects using indirect
             holography. These techniques include simple back propagation
             for the reconstruction of objects in free space and inverse
             scattering techniques for objects in inhomogeneous
             media.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MMS.2015.7375501},
   Key = {fds330962}
}

@article{fds269539,
   Author = {Baron, A and Hoang, TB and Fang, C and Larouche, S and Gauthier, DJ and Mikkelsen, MH and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Nonlinear Metal/Dielectric Plasmonic Interfaces},
   Journal = {Nonlinear Optics, NLO 2015},
   Publisher = {OSA},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781557520012},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/NLO.2015.NTu2B.2},
   Abstract = {We investigate theoretically and experimentally the optical
             nonlinearity of metal/dielectric interfaces, which provides
             a metric that predicts the scaling of self-action as well as
             a means to measure χ(3)of gold using surface plasmon
             polaritons.},
   Doi = {10.1364/NLO.2015.NTu2B.2},
   Key = {fds269539}
}

@article{fds335065,
   Author = {Magnoni, L and Suthakar, U and Cordeiro, C and Georgiou, M and Andreeva,
             J and Khan, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Monitoring WLCG with lambda-architecture: A new scalable
             data store and analytics platform for monitoring at petabyte
             scale.},
   Journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
   Volume = {664},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {052023-052023},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/664/5/052023},
   Abstract = {Monitoring the WLCG infrastructure requires the gathering
             and analysis of a high volume of heterogeneous data (e.g.
             data transfers, job monitoring, site tests) coming from
             different services and experiment-specific frameworks to
             provide a uniform and flexible interface for scientists and
             sites. The current architecture, where relational database
             systems are used to store, to process and to serve
             monitoring data, has limitations in coping with the foreseen
             increase in the volume (e.g. higher LHC luminosity) and the
             variety (e.g. new data-transfer protocols and new
             resource-types, as cloud-computing) of WLCG monitoring
             events. This paper presents a new scalable data store and
             analytics platform designed by the Support for Distributed
             Computing (SDC) group, at the CERN IT department, which uses
             a variety of technologies each one targeting specific
             aspects of big-scale distributed data-processing (commonly
             referred as lambda-architecture approach). Results of data
             processing on Hadoop for WLCG data activities monitoring are
             presented, showing how the new architecture can easily
             analyze hundreds of millions of transfer logs in a few
             minutes. Moreover, a comparison of data partitioning,
             compression and file format (e.g. CSV, Avro) is presented,
             with particular attention given to how the file structure
             impacts the overall MapReduce performance. In conclusion,
             the evolution of the current implementation, which focuses
             on data storage and batch processing, towards a complete
             lambda-architecture is discussed, with consideration of
             candidate technology for the serving layer (e.g.
             Elasticsearch) and a description of a proof of concept
             implementation, based on Apache Spark and Esper, for the
             real-time part which compensates for batch-processing
             latency and automates problem detection and
             failures.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/664/5/052023},
   Key = {fds335065}
}

@article{fds335072,
   Author = {Diallo, A and Groebner, RJ and Hughes, JW and Rhodes, TL and Baek, SG and LaBombard, B and Terry, JL and Cziegler, I and Walk, J and Hubbard, AE and Smith, D and Osborne, TH and Canik, JM and Guttenfelder, W and Snyder,
             PB},
   Title = {Inter-ELM pedestal evolution and the role of edge
             fluctuations in the C-Mod and DIII-D tokamaks},
   Journal = {42nd European Physical Society Conference on Plasma Physics,
             EPS 2015},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds335072}
}

@article{fds335071,
   Author = {Ruiz, JR and Ren, Y and Guttenfelder, W and White, AE and Kaye, SM and Leblanc, BP and Mazzucato, E and Lee, KC and Domier, CW and Smith, DR and Yuh, H},
   Title = {Stabilization of electron-scale turbulence by electron
             density gradient in NSTX},
   Journal = {42nd European Physical Society Conference on Plasma Physics,
             EPS 2015},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds335071}
}

@article{fds315571,
   Author = {Marks, DL and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterial resonators for dynamic spatial millimeter-wave
             modulators},
   Journal = {Proceedings of Frontiers in Optics 2015, FIO
             2015},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781943580033},
   Abstract = {© OSA 2015. Many phase spatial modulators exist at optical
             frequencies such as liquid crystal cells. We present an
             alternative for millimeter-waves based on metamaterial
             resonators that produces strong phase modulation from a
             small tuning range.},
   Key = {fds315571}
}

@article{fds269558,
   Author = {Baron, A and Larouche, S and Gauthier, DJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Scaling of the nonlinear response of the surface plasmon
             polariton at a metal/dielectric interface},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {32},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {9-14},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0740-3224},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.32.000009},
   Abstract = {Plasmonic systems involve interfaces containing metal and
             dielectric materials. In an effort to investigate the
             scaling of the nonlinear response of the surface plasmon
             polariton at a metal/dielectric interface, where the metal
             and dielectric present optical nonlinearity, we introduce a
             figure-of-merit that quantifies the contribution of the
             metal and the dielectric to the nonlinear response in this
             specific situation. In the case of self-action of the
             surface plasmon polariton for the gold/dielectric interface,
             we predict that the dielectric nonlinear response is
             dominant for strongly nonlinear dielectrics such as
             polydiacetylenes, chalcogenide glasses, or even
             semiconductors. The gold nonlinear response is dominant only
             in cases involving weakly nonlinear dielectrics such as
             silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide. We verify the relevance
             of the metric by investigating the process of optical
             switching via the third-order nonlinear response and discuss
             which gold/dielectric combinations have better switching
             behaviors.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.32.000009},
   Key = {fds269558}
}

@article{fds269559,
   Author = {Larouche, S and Rose, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {A constitutive description of nonlinear metamaterials
             through electric, magnetic, and magnetoelectric
             nonlinearities},
   Journal = {Springer Series in Materials Science},
   Volume = {200},
   Pages = {1-19},
   Publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0933-033X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08386-5_1},
   Abstract = {Nonlinear metamaterials provide a host of interesting
             phenomena which, like for their linear counterpart, can be
             described using homogenized, effective properties. Following
             the convention used in nonlinear optics, the response of
             nonlinear metamaterials can be expressed as a power series
             of the incident fields. However, contrarily to most
             materials used in nonlinear optics that only possess an
             electric nonlinear response, nonlinear metamaterials often
             showelectric, magnetic, and magnetoelectric nonlinear
             responses within a single unit cell. In this chapter, we
             present two complementary approaches to determine all the
             effective nonlinear susceptibilities of nonlinear
             metamaterials. First we present a coupled-mode theory that
             provides insight into the origin of the various nonlinear
             susceptibilities that arise in nonlinear metamaterials
             according to the symmetry of the unit cell. This approach
             also leads to a description of the effect of the finite size
             of the unit cells, often called spatial dispersion. Second,
             we present a retrieval approach based on transfer matrices
             that can be used to determine the effective nonlinear
             susceptibilities from either simulated or experimental
             results. We finally demonstrate how to use this approach by
             applying it to the case of dual-gap varactor-loaded split
             ring resonators.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-08386-5_1},
   Key = {fds269559}
}

@article{fds269560,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Imani, MF and Odabasi, H and Gollub, J and Lipworth,
             G and Rose, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Resolution of the frequency diverse metamaterial aperture
             imager},
   Journal = {Progress in Electromagnetics Research},
   Volume = {150},
   Pages = {97-107},
   Publisher = {EMW Publishing},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIER14113002},
   Abstract = {The resolution of a frequency diverse compressive
             metamaterial aperture imager is investigated. The aperture
             consists of a parallel plate waveguide, in which an array of
             complementary, resonant metamaterial elements is patterned
             into one of the plates. Microwaves injected into the
             waveguide leak out through the resonant metamaterial
             elements, forming a spatially diverse waveform at the scene.
             As the frequency is scanned, the waveforms change, such that
             scene information can be encoded onto a set of frequency
             measurements. The compressive nature of the metamaterial
             imager enables image reconstruction from a significantly
             reduced number of measurements. We characterize the
             resolution of this complex aperture by studying the
             simulated point spread function (PSF) computed using
             different image reconstruction techniques. We compare the
             imaging performance of the system with that expected from
             synthetic aperture radar (SAR) limits.},
   Doi = {10.2528/PIER14113002},
   Key = {fds269560}
}

@article{fds269561,
   Author = {Chen, X and Ciracì, C and Smith, DR and Oh, S-H},
   Title = {Nanogap-enhanced infrared spectroscopy with
             template-stripped wafer-scale arrays of buried plasmonic
             cavities.},
   Journal = {Nano letters},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {107-113},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1530-6984},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl503126s},
   Abstract = {We have combined atomic layer lithography and template
             stripping to produce a new class of substrates for
             surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy.
             Our structure consists of a buried and U-shaped
             metal-insulator-metal waveguide whose folded vertical arms
             efficiently couple normally incident light. The insulator is
             formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 and
             precisely defines the gap size. The buried nanocavities are
             protected from contamination by a silicon template until
             ready for use and exposed by template stripping on demand.
             The exposed nanocavity generates strong infrared resonances,
             tightly confines infrared radiation into a gap that is as
             small as 3 nm (λ/3300), and creates a dense array of
             millimeter-long hotspots. After partial removal of the
             insulators, the gaps are backfilled with benzenethiol
             molecules, generating distinct Fano resonances due to strong
             coupling with gap plasmons, and a SEIRA enhancement factor
             of 10(5) is observed for a 3 nm gap. Because of the
             wafer-scale manufacturability, single-digit-nanometer
             control of the gap size via ALD, and long-term storage
             enabled by template stripping, our buried plasmonic
             nanocavity substrates will benefit broad applications in
             sensing and spectroscopy.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nl503126s},
   Key = {fds269561}
}

@article{fds293134,
   Author = {Chandrasekar, R and Emani, NK and Lagutchev, A and Shalaev, VM and Ciracì, C and Smith, DR and Kildishev, AV},
   Title = {Second harmonic generation with plasmonic metasurfaces:
             Direct comparison of electric and magnetic
             resonances},
   Journal = {Optical Materials Express},
   Volume = {5},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {2682-2691},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OME.5.002682},
   Abstract = {Plasmonic resonances in metallic nanostructures have been
             shown to drastically enhance local electromagnetic fields,
             and thereby increase the efficiency of nonlinear optical
             phenomena, such as second harmonic generation (SHG). While
             it has been experimentally observed that enhanced fields can
             significantly boost SHG, to date it proved difficult to
             probe electrical and magnetic resonance in one and the same
             nanostructure. This however is necessary to directly compare
             relative contributions of electrical and magnetic components
             of SHG enhancement. In this paper we report an experimental
             study of a metasurface capable of providing electrical and
             magnetic resonant SHG enhancement for TM polarization. Our
             metasurface could be engineered such that the peak
             frequencies of electrical and magnetic resonances could be
             adjusted independently. We used this feature to distinguish
             their relative contributions. Experimentally it was observed
             that the magnetic resonance provides only 50% as much
             enhancement to SHG as compared to the electric resonance. In
             addition aligning both resonances in frequency results in
             conversion efficiency of 1.32 x 10-10.},
   Doi = {10.1364/OME.5.002682},
   Key = {fds293134}
}

@article{fds269557,
   Author = {Lassiter, JB and Chen, X and Liu, X and Ciracì, C and Hoang, TB and Larouche, S and Oh, SH and Mikkelsen, MH and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Third-Harmonic Generation Enhancement by Film-Coupled
             Plasmonic Stripe Resonators},
   Journal = {ACS Photonics},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {1212-1217},
   Publisher = {American Chemical Society (ACS)},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {2330-4022},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ph500276v},
   Abstract = {Because of their ability to strongly localize and enhance
             optical fields, plasmonic nanostructures have the potential
             to dramatically amplify the inherent nonlinear response of
             materials. We illustrate the impact of this plasmonic
             interaction by investigating the third-harmonic generation
             (THG) from a system of film-coupled nanostripes operating at
             1500 nm. Both the film and the stripes are gold, separated
             by a nanoscale layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) grown using
             atomic layer deposition. This nanoscale junction, with an
             ultrasmooth interface, forms a waveguide cavity resonator
             with a large and controllable electric field enhancement,
             whose plasmon resonance can be tuned independently by
             changing the stripe width. We study experimentally the
             dependence of THG on the field enhancement by varying the
             gap size between the stripe and the metal film while
             simultaneously maintaining a fixed plasmon resonance. The
             experiments are supported with numerical simulations in
             which nonlinear contributions of the dielectric spacer layer
             and the metal are considered. Enhancements of the THG of
             nearly 5 orders of magnitude with respect to a bare metal
             film are measured experimentally for the smallest gap sizes,
             with a trend similar to that found in the numerical
             simulations. (Chemical Equation Presented).},
   Doi = {10.1021/ph500276v},
   Key = {fds269557}
}

@article{fds269568,
   Author = {Akselrod, GM and Argyropoulos, C and Hoang, TB and Ciracì, C and Fang,
             C and Huang, J and Smith, DR and Mikkelsen, MH},
   Title = {Probing the mechanisms of large Purcell enhancement in
             plasmonic nanoantennas},
   Journal = {Nature Photonics},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {835-840},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1749-4885},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.228},
   Abstract = {To move nanophotonic devices such as lasers and
             single-photon sources into the practical realm, a
             challenging list of requirements must be met, including
             directional emission, room-temperature and broadband
             operation, high radiative quantum efficiency and a large
             spontaneous emission rate. To achieve these features
             simultaneously, a platform is needed for which the various
             decay channels of embedded emitters can be fully understood
             and controlled. Here, we show that all these device
             requirements can be satisfied by a film-coupled metal
             nanocube system with emitters embedded in the dielectric gap
             region. Fluorescence lifetime measurements on ensembles of
             emitters reveal spontaneous emission rate enhancements
             exceeding 1,000 while maintaining high quantum efficiency
             (>0.5) and directional emission (84% collection efficiency).
             Using angle-resolved fluorescence measurements, we
             independently determine the orientations of emission dipoles
             in the nanoscale gap. Incorporating this information with
             the three-dimensional spatial distribution of dipoles into
             full-wave simulations predicts time-resolved emission in
             excellent agreement with experiments.},
   Doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2014.228},
   Key = {fds269568}
}

@article{fds269565,
   Author = {Bowen, PT and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Coupled-mode theory for film-coupled plasmonic
             nanocubes},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {90},
   Number = {19},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.90.195402},
   Abstract = {Planar metallic nanoparticles separated by nanoscale
             distances from a metal film support unique plasmonic
             resonances useful for controlling a wide range of
             photodynamic processes. The fundamental resonance of a
             film-coupled planar nanoparticle arises from a
             transmission-line mode localized between nanoparticle and
             film, whose properties can be roughly approximated by closed
             form expressions similar to those used in patch antenna
             theory. The insight provided by the analytical expressions,
             and the potential of achieving similar closed-form
             expressions for a range of plasmonic phenomenon such as
             spasing, fluorescence enhancement, and perfect absorbers,
             motivates a more detailed study of the film-coupled patch.
             Here, we present an expanded analytical analysis of the
             plasmonic patch geometry, applying an eigenmode expansion
             method to arrive at a more accurate description of the field
             distribution underneath a film-coupled plasmonic nanocube.
             The fields corresponding to the inhomogeneous Maxwell's
             equations are expanded in a set of lossless waveguide
             eigenmodes. Radiation damping and Ohmic losses are then
             perturbatively taken into account by considering an
             equivalent surface impedance. We find that radiative loss
             couples the lossless eigenmodes, leading to discernible
             features in the scattering spectra of the nanocubes. The
             method presented can be further applied to the case of point
             source excitations, in which accounting for all potential
             eigenmodes becomes essential.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.90.195402},
   Key = {fds269565}
}

@article{fds269564,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Rose, A and Argyropoulos, C and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Numerical studies of the modification of photodynamic
             processes by film-coupled plasmonic nanoparticles},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {31},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {2601-2607},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0740-3224},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.31.002601},
   Abstract = {The local plasmon resonances of metallic nanostructures are
             commonly associated with massive local field enhancements,
             capable of increasing the photoexcitation of nearby quantum
             emitters by orders of magnitude. However, these same
             plasmonic structures support high densities of bound and
             dissipative states, often quenching the nearby emitter or at
             least offering competitive nonradiative channels. Thus,
             finding a plasmonic platform that supports massive field
             enhancements and a high proportion of radiating to
             nonradiating states remains an active and promising area of
             research. In this paper, we outline a simple method for
             numerically studying plasmonic enhancements in fluorescence
             and apply it to several variants of the film-coupled
             nanoparticle platform. Filmcoupled nanoparticles make
             excellent candidates for these investigations since the gap
             dimension between nanoparticle and film-key to the
             enhancement mechanism-can be precisely controlled in
             experimental realizations. By correlating the properties of
             embedded fluorophores with the resonances of the
             film-coupled nanoparticles, we show quantum yield
             engineering that is nearly independent of the fluorophore's
             intrinsic quantum yield, yielding overall fluorescence
             enhancements of over four orders of magnitude.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.31.002601},
   Key = {fds269564}
}

@article{fds269562,
   Author = {Chandrasekar, R and Emani, NK and Lagutchev, A and Shalaev, VM and Kildishev, AV and Ciraci, C and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Second harmonic generation by metamagnetics: Interplay of
             electric and magnetic resonances},
   Journal = {Frontiers in Optics, FiO 2014},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {1557522863},
   Abstract = {© OSA 2014. We present the first experimental study of the
             interplay of electric and magnetic resonances in a
             metamaterial to measure their independent contributions to
             second-harmonic generation. Experiments indicate evident
             contribution to SHG from fundamental magnetic
             field.},
   Key = {fds269562}
}

@article{fds269563,
   Author = {Mikkelsen, MH and Rose, A and Hoang, TB and McGuire, F and Mock, JJ and Ciracì, C and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Giant fluorescence enhancement of molecules coupled to
             plasmonic nanoscale patch antennas},
   Journal = {Frontiers in Optics, FiO 2014},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {1557522863},
   Abstract = {© OSA 2014. We demonstrate a colloidally synthesized and
             tunable plasmonic platform for giant fluorescence
             enhancement and increased spontaneous emission rate of
             embedded fluorophores. A transition between fluorescence
             enhancement and quenching is revealed depending on the
             plasmonic resonance.},
   Key = {fds269563}
}

@article{fds330966,
   Author = {Abadi, MM and Ghassemlooy, Z and Smith, D and Ng, WP and Khalighi, MA and Zvanovec, S},
   Title = {Comparison of different combining methods for
             space-diversity FSO systems},
   Journal = {2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems,
             Networks and Digital Signal Processing, CSNDSP
             2014},
   Pages = {1023-1028},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9781479925810},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CSNDSP.2014.6923979},
   Abstract = {This paper gives an overview of different signal combining
             schemes for free space optical (FSO) communication systems
             employing spatial diversity (SD) for the case of lognormal
             weak turbulence atmospheric channels. The receiver
             configurations are explained and categorized into two
             domains, namely optical and electrical. Moreover, a new
             combining scheme in the electrical domain, called 'logical'
             domain combining, is introduced. We present closed-form
             expressions of bit-error-rate for the combining schemes,
             considering the typical case of a single-input
             multiple-output (SIMO) system. Through some numerical
             analyses, we show that depending on the number of receivers
             and the turbulence strength, the proposed logical combining
             method outperforms the other ones.},
   Doi = {10.1109/CSNDSP.2014.6923979},
   Key = {fds330966}
}

@article{fds269593,
   Author = {Argyropoulos, C and Ciracì, C and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Enhanced optical bistability with film-coupled plasmonic
             nanocubes},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {104},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {063108-063108},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4866048},
   Abstract = {Colloidally synthesized nanocubes strongly coupled to
             conducting films hold great promise for enhancing different
             nonlinear optical processes. They exhibit a robust and
             sensitive scattering response that can be easily controlled
             by their geometrical and material parameters. Strong local
             field enhancement is generated at the gap regions between
             the nanocubes and the metallic film. We show that strong
             optical bistability and all-optical switching behavior can
             be obtained by loading these nanogaps with Kerr nonlinear
             materials. Relatively low input intensities are required to
             obtain these nonlinear effects. The proposed design can lead
             to efficient, low-power, and ultrafast all-optical memories
             and scattering nanoswitches.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4866048},
   Key = {fds269593}
}

@article{fds269567,
   Author = {Hill, RT and Kozek, KM and Hucknall, A and Smith, DR and Chilkoti,
             A},
   Title = {Nanoparticle-Film Plasmon Ruler Interrogated with
             Transmission Visible Spectroscopy.},
   Journal = {ACS photonics},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {974-984},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ph500190q},
   Abstract = {The widespread use of plasmonic nanorulers (PNRs) in sensing
             platforms has been plagued by technical challenges
             associated with the development of methods to fabricate
             precisely controlled nanostructures with high yield and
             characterize them with high throughput. We have previously
             shown that creating PNRs in a nanoparticle-film (NP-film)
             format enables the fabrication of an extremely large
             population of uniform PNRs with 100% yield using a
             self-assembly approach, which facilitates high-throughput
             PNR characterization using ensemble spectroscopic
             measurements and eliminates the need for expensive
             microscopy systems required by many other PNR platforms. We
             expand upon this prior work herein, showing that the NP-film
             PNR can be made compatible with aqueous sensing studies by
             adapting it for use in a transmission localized surface
             plasmon resonance spectroscopy format, where the coupled
             NP-film resonance responsible for the PNR signal is directly
             probed using an extinction measurement from a standard
             spectrophotometer. We designed slide holders that fit inside
             standard spectrophotometer cuvettes and position NP-film
             samples so that the coupled NP-film resonance can be
             detected in a collinear optical configuration. Once the
             NP-film PNR samples are cuvette-compatible, it is
             straightforward to calibrate the PNR in aqueous solution and
             use it to characterize dynamic, angstrom-scale distance
             changes resulting from pH-induced swelling of
             polyelectrolyte (PE) spacer layers as thin as 1 PE layer and
             also of a self-assembled monolayer of an amine-terminated
             alkanethiol. This development is an important step toward
             making PNR sensors more user-friendly and encouraging their
             widespread use in various sensing schemes.},
   Doi = {10.1021/ph500190q},
   Key = {fds269567}
}

@article{fds269569,
   Author = {Hunt, J and Gollub, J and Driscoll, T and Lipworth, G and Mrozack, A and Reynolds, MS and Brady, DJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterial microwave holographic imaging
             system.},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image
             science, and vision},
   Volume = {31},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {2109-2119},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {1084-7529},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.31.002109},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a microwave imaging system that combines
             advances in metamaterial aperture design with emerging
             computational imaging techniques. The flexibility inherent
             to guided-wave, complementary metamaterials enables the
             design of a planar antenna that illuminates a scene with
             dramatically varying radiation patterns as a function of
             frequency. As frequency is swept over the K-band
             (17.5-26.5 GHz), a sequence of pseudorandom radiation
             patterns interrogates a scene. Measurements of the return
             signal versus frequency are then acquired and the scene is
             reconstructed using computational imaging methods. The
             low-cost, frequency-diverse static aperture allows
             three-dimensional images to be formed without mechanical
             scanning or dynamic beam-forming elements. The metamaterial
             aperture is complementary to a variety of computational
             imaging schemes, and can be used in conjunction with other
             sensors to form a multifunctional imaging platform. We
             illustrate the potential of multisensor fusion by
             integrating an infrared structured-light and optical image
             sensor to accelerate the microwave scene reconstruction and
             to provide a simultaneous visualization of the
             scene.},
   Doi = {10.1364/josaa.31.002109},
   Key = {fds269569}
}

@article{fds269566,
   Author = {Ebadi, S and Landy, N and Perque, M and Driscoll, T and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {Wideband coaxial to substrate-integrated waveguide
             transition in a multilayer reconfigurable antenna
             configuration},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Pages = {454-455},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1522-3965},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2014.6904558},
   Abstract = {A low-profile, wideband transition between a coaxial
             waveguide and a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is
             presented in this paper. The transition is designed for a
             reconfigurable metamaterial antenna realized in multilayer
             Printed Circuit Board at X-band. The transition achieves S11
             below -15dB across a bandwidth of 19%, making it attractive
             for many practical applications. Full wave simulation
             results will be presented along with subtle details of the
             fabrication such as effects of prepreg layers.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2014.6904558},
   Key = {fds269566}
}

@article{fds335073,
   Author = {Zweben, SJ and Stotler, DP and Bell, RE and Davis, WM and Kaye, SM and Leblanc, BP and Maqueda, RJ and Meier, ET and Munsat, T and Ren, Y and Sabbagh, SA and Sechrest, Y and Smith, DR and Soukhanovskii,
             V},
   Title = {Effect of a deuterium gas puff on the edge plasma in
             NSTX},
   Journal = {Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion},
   Volume = {56},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {095010-095010},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/56/9/095010},
   Abstract = {This paper describes a detailed examination of the effects
             of a relatively small pulsed deuterium gas puff on the edge
             plasma and edge turbulence in NSTX. This gas puff caused
             little or no change in the line-averaged plasma density or
             total stored energy, or in the edge density and electron
             temperature up to the time of the peak of the gas puff. The
             radial profile of the Dα light emission and the edge
             turbulence within this gas puff did not vary significantly
             over its rise and fall, implying that these gas puffs did
             not significantly perturb the local edge plasma or edge
             turbulence. These measurements are compared with modeling by
             DEGAS 2, UEDGE, and with simplified estimates for the
             expected effects of this gas puff. © 2014 IOP Publishing
             Ltd.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0741-3335/56/9/095010},
   Key = {fds335073}
}

@article{fds269579,
   Author = {Rose, A and Hoang, TB and McGuire, F and Mock, JJ and Ciracì, C and Smith,
             DR and Mikkelsen, MH},
   Title = {Control of radiative processes using tunable plasmonic
             nanopatch antennas.},
   Journal = {Nano letters},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {4797-4802},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1530-6984},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/9254 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {The radiative processes associated with fluorophores and
             other radiating systems can be profoundly modified by their
             interaction with nanoplasmonic structures. Extreme
             electromagnetic environments can be created in plasmonic
             nanostructures or nanocavities, such as within the nanoscale
             gap region between two plasmonic nanoparticles, where the
             illuminating optical fields and the density of radiating
             modes are dramatically enhanced relative to vacuum.
             Unraveling the various mechanisms present in such coupled
             systems, and their impact on spontaneous emission and other
             radiative phenomena, however, requires a suitably reliable
             and precise means of tuning the plasmon resonance of the
             nanostructure while simultaneously preserving the
             electromagnetic characteristics of the enhancement region.
             Here, we achieve this control using a plasmonic platform
             consisting of colloidally synthesized nanocubes
             electromagnetically coupled to a metallic film. Each
             nanocube resembles a nanoscale patch antenna (or nanopatch)
             whose plasmon resonance can be changed independent of its
             local field enhancement. By varying the size of the
             nanopatch, we tune the plasmonic resonance by ∼ 200 nm,
             encompassing the excitation, absorption, and emission
             spectra corresponding to Cy5 fluorophores embedded within
             the gap region between nanopatch and film. By sweeping the
             plasmon resonance but keeping the field enhancements roughly
             fixed, we demonstrate fluorescence enhancements exceeding a
             factor of 30,000 with detector-limited enhancements of the
             spontaneous emission rate by a factor of 74. The experiments
             are supported by finite-element simulations that reveal
             design rules for optimized fluorescence enhancement or large
             Purcell factors.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nl501976f},
   Key = {fds269579}
}

@article{fds335074,
   Author = {Gerhardt, SP and Canik, JM and Maingi, R and Battaglia, D and Bell, RE and Guttenfelder, W and Leblanc, BP and Smith, DR and Yuh, H and Sabbagh,
             S},
   Title = {Progress in understanding the enhanced pedestal H-mode in
             NSTX},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {54},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {083021-083021},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/54/8/083021},
   Abstract = {This paper describes the enhanced pedestal (EP) H-mode
             observed in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX).
             The defining characteristics of EP H-mode are given, namely
             (i) transition after the L- to H-mode transition, (ii)
             region of very steep ion temperature gradient, and (iii)
             associated region of strong rotational shear. A newly
             observed long-pulse EP H-mode example shows quiescent
             behaviour for as long as the heating and current drive
             sources are maintained. Cases are shown where the region of
             steep ion temperature gradient is located at the very edge,
             and cases where it is shifted up to 10cm inward from the
             plasma edge; these cases are united by a common dependence
             of the ion temperature gradient on the toroidal rotation
             frequency shear. EP H-mode examples have been observed
             across a wide range of q95 and pedestal collisionality. No
             strong changes in the fluctuation amplitudes have been
             observed following the EP H-mode transition, and transport
             analysis indicates that the ion thermal transport is
             comparable to or less than anticipated from a simple
             neoclassical transport model. Cases are shown where EP
             H-modes were reliably generated, though these low-q95
             examples were difficult to sustain. A case where an
             externally triggered edge localized mode (ELM) precipitates
             the transition to EP H-mode is also shown, though an initial
             experiment designed to trigger EP H-modes in this fashion
             was unsuccessful. © 2014 IAEA, Vienna.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/54/8/083021},
   Key = {fds335074}
}

@article{fds269571,
   Author = {Landy, N and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Two-dimensional metamaterial device design in the discrete
             dipole approximation},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {116},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {044906-044906},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0021-8979},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4891295},
   Abstract = {We extend the discrete dipole method to enable the analysis
             and design of two-dimensional magnetoelectric metamaterial
             devices based on transformation optics. Key to this method
             is the evaluation of the dipole moments of the metamaterial
             elements, which can be accomplished within the framework of
             a rigorous Bloch wave model based on lattice sums.
             Corrections to the polarizabilities for spatial dispersion
             and magnetoelectric coupling are included in the formulation
             of a generalized Clausius-Mossotti relationship. We
             demonstrate the utility of the extended approach by
             designing a cloaking structure that shows considerably
             improved performance over that designed by assuming the
             standard Clausius-Mossotti relationship between constitutive
             parameter and polarizability. © 2014 AIP Publishing
             LLC.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4891295},
   Key = {fds269571}
}

@article{fds269573,
   Author = {Goldflam, MD and Liu, MK and Chapler, BC and Stinson, HT and Sternbach,
             AJ and McLeod, AS and Zhang, JD and Geng, K and Royal, M and Kim, BJ and Averitt, RD and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR and Kim, HT and Basov,
             DN},
   Title = {Voltage switching of a VO2 memory metasurface
             using ionic gel},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {105},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {041117-041117},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4891765},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate an electrolyte-based voltage tunable vanadium
             dioxide (VO2) memory metasurface. Large spatial scale, low
             voltage, non-volatile switching of terahertz (THz)
             metasurface resonances is achieved through voltage
             application using an ionic gel to drive the
             insulator-to-metal transition in an underlying VO2 layer.
             Positive and negative voltage application can selectively
             tune the metasurface resonance into the "off" or "on" state
             by pushing the VO2 into a more conductive or insulating
             regime respectively. Compared to graphene based control
             devices, the relatively long saturation time of resonance
             modification in VO2 based devices suggests that this
             voltage-induced switching originates primarily from
             electrochemical effects related to oxygen migration across
             the electrolyte-VO2 interface. © 2014 AIP Publishing
             LLC.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4891765},
   Key = {fds269573}
}

@article{fds326629,
   Author = {Baron, A and Hoang, TB and Fang, C and Mikkelsen, MH and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Ultrafast self-action in an air/gold plasmonic
             waveguide},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISBN = {9781467374750},
   Key = {fds326629}
}

@article{fds326630,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Scalora, M and Smith, D},
   Title = {Impact of nonlocal free-electron optical response on
             third-harmonic generation in plasmonic nanostructures},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISBN = {9781467374750},
   Key = {fds326630}
}

@article{fds326631,
   Author = {Bowen, PT and Baron, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Analysis and modeling of metamaterial absorbers},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISBN = {9781467374750},
   Key = {fds326631}
}

@article{fds326243,
   Author = {Baron, A and Hoang, TB and Fang, C and Mikkelsen, MH and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Ultrafast self-action in an air/gold plasmonic
             waveguide},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Volume = {Part F3-EQEC 2015},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISBN = {9781467374750},
   Key = {fds326243}
}

@article{fds326244,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Scalora, M and Smith, D},
   Title = {Impact of nonlocal free-electron optical response on
             third-harmonic generation in plasmonic nanostructures},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Volume = {Part F4-CLEO 2015},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISBN = {9781467374750},
   Key = {fds326244}
}

@article{fds326245,
   Author = {Bowen, PT and Baron, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Analysis and modeling of metamaterial absorbers},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Volume = {Part F3-EQEC 2015},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISBN = {9781467374750},
   Key = {fds326245}
}

@article{fds269548,
   Author = {Landy, N and Urzhumov, Y and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Quasi-conformal approaches for two and three-dimensional
             transformation optical media},
   Volume = {9781447149965},
   Pages = {1-32},
   Booktitle = {Transformation Electromagnetics and Metamaterials:
             Fundamental Principles and Applications},
   Publisher = {Springer London},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISBN = {9781447149958},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4996-5_1},
   Abstract = {Transformation optical design is generally complicated by
             the requirement for highly anisotropic and inhomogeneous
             constituent materials. Quasi-conformal mappings have
             appeared as an attractive subset of the general
             transformation optics method because they only require
             isotropic, dielectric-only materials. In this chapter, we
             examine the quasi-conformal method as it applies to
             transformation optics and show that while it does
             significantly ease the burden of material design and
             fabrication, it may also create severely aberrant behavior
             unless caution is taken. We also show how to extend the
             method to three dimensions, and examine the performance of
             an optic designed with the quasi-conformal
             method.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4471-4996-5_1},
   Key = {fds269548}
}

@article{fds269577,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterials. A cloaking coating for murky
             media.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {345},
   Number = {6195},
   Pages = {384-385},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0036-8075},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1256753},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1256753},
   Key = {fds269577}
}

@article{fds335075,
   Author = {Pozo, SD and Ribton, CN and Smith, DR},
   Title = {A Novel RF Excited Plasma Cathode Electron Beam Gun
             Design},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices},
   Volume = {61},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1890-1894},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TED.2014.2299339},
   Abstract = {© 2015 IEEE. This paper presents a new radio frequency (RF)
             excited plasma cathode electron beam (EB) gun design and
             experimental results at a frequency of 84 MHz. The design
             offers the following benefits over thermionic cathode triode
             EB guns: much longer cathode lifetime and as a result
             improved reliability and reduced maintenance costs; no
             requirement for a grid electrode, avoiding beam aberration,
             and rapid beam pulsing. The construction of the diode gun
             was completed and the results of this paper demonstrate that
             the EB can be switched on in 200 ns and off within 800 ns.
             Electrons were extracted from a plasma chamber and then
             accelerated by an electric field applied in a vacuum chamber
             at a pressure of 10-5 to 10-6 mbar, producing a collimated
             EB. The ionized gas used was air at some 0.5 mbar pressure.
             The EB gun has been operated at-60 kV accelerating potential
             and has produced beams of up to 3.2 kW power continuous
             wave. Modulation of the RF signal was used to control the
             beam power. Details of the design features of the plasma
             device are given and evidence of the advantages over
             conventional EB guns is provided through empirical
             results.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TED.2014.2299339},
   Key = {fds335075}
}

@article{fds269582,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {One-way glass for microwaves using nonreciprocal
             metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {89},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {053203},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.89.053203},
   Abstract = {We introduce a class of nonreciprocal metamaterials based on
             composite assemblies of metallic and biased ferrimagnetic
             elements. We show that such structures act as ultrathin
             one-way glasses due to the competition between two modes at
             the surface of the ferrimagnetic elements--a low-loss
             surface wave that transmits the signal on the other side of
             the structure and a surface spin-wave resonance that
             produces strong isolation levels. These findings can be
             adapted to existing metamaterial geometries, offering a
             blueprint to achieve unidirectional propagation in a variety
             of artificial media at radio, microwave, and millimeter wave
             frequencies.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.89.053203},
   Key = {fds269582}
}

@article{fds335076,
   Author = {Adey, D and Agarwalla, SK and Ankenbrandt, CM and Asfandiyarov, R and Back, JJ and Barker, G and Baussan, E and Bayes, R and Bhadra, S and Blackmore, V and Blondel, A and Bogacz, SA and Booth, C and Boyd, SB and Bramsiepe, SG and Bravar, A and Brice, SJ and Bross, AD and Cadoux, F and Cease, H and Cervera, A and Cobb, J and Colling, D and Coloma, P and Coney,
             L and Dobbs, A and Dobson, J and Donini, A and Dornan, P and Dracos, M and Dufour, F and Edgecock, R and Geelhoed, M and Uchida, MA and Ghosh, T and Gómez-Cadenas, JJ and De Gouvêa and A and Haesler, A and Hanson, G and Harrison, PF and Hartz, M and Hernández, P and Hernando Morata and JA and Hodgson, P and Huber, P and Izmaylov, A and Karadzhov, Y and Kobilarcik,
             T and Kopp, J and Kormos, L and Korzenev, A and Kuno, Y and Kurup, A and Kyberd, P and Lagrange, JB and Laing, A and Liu, A and Link, JM and Long,
             K and Mahn, K and Mariani, C and Martin, C and Martin, J and McCauley, N and McDonald, KT and Mena, O and Mishra, SR and Mokhov, N and Morfín, J and Mori, Y and Murray, W and Neuffer, D and Nichol, R and Noah, E and Palmer,
             MA and Parke, S and Pascoli, S and Pasternak, J and Plunkett, R and Popovic, M and Ratoff, P and Ravonel, M and Rayner, M and Ricciardi, S and Rogers, C and Rubinov, P and Santos, E and Sato, A and Sen, T and Scantamburlo, E and Sedgbeer, JK and Smith, DR and Smith, PJ and Sobczyk, JT and Søby, L and Soler, FJP and Sorel, M and Snopok, P and Stamoulis, P and Stanco, L},
   Title = {Light sterile neutrino sensitivity at the nuSTORM
             facility},
   Journal = {Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and
             Cosmology},
   Volume = {89},
   Number = {7},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.89.071301},
   Abstract = {A facility that can deliver beams of electron and muon
             neutrinos from the decay of a stored muon beam has the
             potential to unambiguously resolve the issue of the evidence
             for light sterile neutrinos that arises in short-baseline
             neutrino oscillation experiments and from estimates of the
             effective number of neutrino flavors from fits to
             cosmological data. In this paper, we show that the nuSTORM
             facility, with stored muons of 3.8GeV/c±10%, will be able
             to carry out a conclusive muon neutrino appearance search
             for sterile neutrinos and test the LSND and MiniBooNE
             experimental signals with 10σ sensitivity, even assuming
             conservative estimates for the systematic uncertainties.
             This experiment would add greatly to our knowledge of the
             contribution of light sterile neutrinos to the number of
             effective neutrino flavors from the abundance of primordial
             helium production and from constraints on neutrino energy
             density from the cosmic microwave background. The appearance
             search is complemented by a simultaneous muon neutrino
             disappearance analysis that will facilitate tests of various
             sterile neutrino models. © 2014 American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.89.071301},
   Key = {fds335076}
}

@article{fds269618,
   Author = {Shin, D and Urzhumov, Y and Lim, D and Kim, K and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {A versatile smart transformation optics device with auxetic
             elasto-electromagnetic metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Scientific reports},
   Volume = {4},
   Pages = {4084},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep04084},
   Abstract = {Synergistic integration of electromagnetic (EM) and
             mechanical properties of metamaterials, a concept known as
             smart metamaterials, promises new applications across the
             spectrum, from flexible waveguides to shape-conforming
             cloaks. These applications became possible thanks to smart
             transformation optics (STO), a design methodology that
             utilizes coordinate transformations to control both EM wave
             propagation and mechanical deformation of the device. Here,
             we demonstrate several STO devices based on extremely
             auxetic (Poisson ratio -1) elasto-electromagnetic
             metamaterials, both of which exhibit enormous flexibility
             and sustain efficient operation upon a wide range of
             deformations. Spatial maps of microwave electric fields
             across these devices confirm our ability to deform carpet
             cloaks, bent waveguides, and potentially other
             quasi-conformal TO-based devices operating at 7 ~ 8 GHz.
             These devices are each fabricated from a single sheet of
             initially uniform (double-periodic) square-lattice
             metamaterial, which acquires the necessary distribution of
             effective permittivity entirely from the mechanical
             deformation of its boundary. By integrating transformation
             optics and continuum mechanics theory, we provide analytical
             derivations for the design of STO devices. Additionally, we
             clarify an important point relating to two-dimensional STO
             devices: the difference between plane stress and plane
             strain assumptions, which lead to elastic metamaterials with
             Poisson ratio -1 and -∞, respectively.},
   Doi = {10.1038/srep04084},
   Key = {fds269618}
}

@article{fds269616,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Chen, X and Mock, JJ and McGuire, F and Liu, X and Oh, SH and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Film-coupled nanoparticles by atomic layer deposition:
             Comparison with organic spacing layers},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {104},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {023109-023109},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4861849},
   Abstract = {Film-coupled nanoparticle systems have proven a reliable
             platform for exploring the field enhancement associated with
             sub-nanometer sized gaps between plasmonic nanostructures.
             In this Letter, we present a side-by-side comparison of the
             spectral properties of film-coupled plasmon-resonant, gold
             nanoparticles, with dielectric spacer layers fabricated
             either using atomic layer deposition or using organic layers
             (polyelectrolytes or self-assembled monolayers of
             molecules). In either case, large area, uniform spacer
             layers with sub-nanometer thicknesses can be accurately
             deposited, allowing extreme coupling regimes to be probed.
             The observed spectral shifts of the nanoparticles as a
             function of spacer layer thickness are similar for the
             organic and inorganic films and are consistent with
             numerical calculations taking into account the nonlocal
             response of the metal. © 2014 AIP Publishing
             LLC.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4861849},
   Key = {fds269616}
}

@article{fds269543,
   Author = {Mikkelsen, MH and Rose, A and Hoang, TB and McGuire, F and Mock, JJ and Ciracì, C and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Tunable plasmonic platform for giant fluorescence
             enhancement},
   Journal = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical
             Digest},
   Volume = {2014-January},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781557529992},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a colloidally synthesized plasmonic platform
             for giant fluorescence enhancement and increased spontaneous
             emission rate of embedded fluorophores. A transition between
             fluorescence enhancement and quenching is revealed depending
             on the plasmonic resonance.},
   Key = {fds269543}
}

@article{fds330967,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Elsdon, M},
   Title = {A transparent meshed solar monopole antenna for UWB
             applications},
   Journal = {8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP
             2014},
   Pages = {2145-2149},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9788890701849},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EuCAP.2014.6902233},
   Abstract = {This paper demonstrates the integration of a transparent
             meshed circular monopole antenna with a polycrystalline
             silicon (poly-Si) solar cell operating as an RF ground plane
             in addition to its photovoltaic function. While the meshed
             circular monopole with the feed line printed on a clear
             acrylic substrate placed upon the poly-Si solar cell offers
             an optical transparency of 91%, it is demonstrated that the
             meshed transparent monopole proposes similar radiation
             characteristics in comparison with its conventional solid
             counterpart and operates across a measured frequency band of
             2.33-10.8 GHz covering UWB applications with an average
             broadband gain of 4.1 dBi. The proposed meshed solar
             monopole antenna generates a DC power output of 65.5 mW and
             operates with a measured adequate solar efficiency of
             13.1%.},
   Doi = {10.1109/EuCAP.2014.6902233},
   Key = {fds330967}
}

@article{fds330968,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Elsdon, M},
   Title = {A dual-polarized solar cell stacked microstrip patch antenna
             with a λ/4 DC/RF isolation circuit for 5.8 GHz band WiMAX
             networks},
   Journal = {8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP
             2014},
   Pages = {1382-1385},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9788890701849},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EuCAP.2014.6902036},
   Abstract = {In this paper, photovoltaic integration of a dual-polarized
             microstrip patch antenna is demonstrated for 5.8 GHz band
             WiMAX networks. The proposed antenna consists of a dual-fed
             ±45° dual-polarized square microstrip patch stacked with a
             polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) solar cell operating as an
             RF parasitic patch element in addition to its photovoltaic
             function. A DC/RF isolation circuit consisting of
             quarter-wavelength microstrip transmission lines providing
             RF open-circuit and DC short-circuit impedances at the DC
             terminals of the stacked solar cell is used in order to
             minimize the effect of solar operation on the RF response of
             the antenna. It is demonstrated that the proposed solar
             patch antenna operates across a measured frequency band of
             5.66-5.91 GHz with a gain of 7.6 dBi at the resonance
             frequency of 5.8 GHz.},
   Doi = {10.1109/EuCAP.2014.6902036},
   Key = {fds330968}
}

@article{fds330969,
   Author = {Smith, D and Yurduseven, O and Livingstone, B and Zheng,
             H},
   Title = {An outline of indirect holographic methods for antenna
             measurements and microwave imaging},
   Journal = {2014 24th International Conference Radioelektronika,
             RADIOELEKTRONIKA 2014 - Proceedings},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781479937158},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/Radioelek.2014.6828403},
   Abstract = {Indirect microwave holographic techniques offer a simple,
             low cost technique for a range of microwave measurements
             including the determination of antenna characteristics and
             the ability to provide good quality images of passive
             objects. This work provides a brief outline of the basic
             theory of indirect microwave holography and how it can be
             used for the reconstruction of scattered complex fields at
             the measurement plane and how these results can be back
             propagated to provide the scattered fields at any
             preselected observation plane. It provides an outline of the
             different techniques required for antenna measurement and
             the imaging of passive objects. It demonstrates how indirect
             holography can be used to determine the far field radiation
             pattern of a high gain antenna and reconstruct the complex
             antenna aperture fields. This work also demonstrates the use
             of indirect holography for the imaging of passive objects.
             The techniques described have been validated by experimental
             results on a range of objects including buried objects. ©
             2014 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/Radioelek.2014.6828403},
   Key = {fds330969}
}

@article{fds335077,
   Author = {Del Pozo and S and Ribton, C and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Characterisation of an RF excited argon plasma cathode
             electron beam gun},
   Journal = {2014 10th International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference,
             IVESC 2014 and 2nd International Conference on Emission
             Electronics, ICEE 2014 - Proceedings},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781479957729},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IVESC.2014.6892062},
   Abstract = {This work describes the experimental set up used for
             carrying out spectroscopic measurements in a plasma cathode
             electron beam (EB) gun. Advantages of plasma cathode guns
             over thermionic guns are described. The factors affecting
             electron beam power such as plasma pressure, excitation
             power and plasma chamber geometry are discussed. The maximum
             beam current extracted was 53 mA from a 0.5 mm diameter
             aperture in the plasma chamber. In this work, the electron
             source is an argon plasma excited at 84 MHz. The pressure in
             the plasma chamber was measured to be within 0.9 to 1.2 mbar
             and was controlled by varying gas flow rates. The vacuum
             chamber was at a pressure of 10-5 mbar.},
   Doi = {10.1109/IVESC.2014.6892062},
   Key = {fds335077}
}

@article{fds335078,
   Author = {Del Pozo and S and Ribton, CN and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Spectroscopic characterization of a novel RF excited plasma
             cathode electron beam gun design},
   Journal = {IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference, IVEC
             2014},
   Pages = {169-170},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781467301879},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IVEC.2014.6857544},
   Abstract = {This work presents a radio frequency (RF) excited electron
             beam (EB) gun design and experimental results obtained at a
             frequency of 84 MHz. Details of the design features of the
             plasma device are given and advantages over thermionic
             cathode triode EB guns are demonstrated empirically.
             Advantages include: longer cathode lifetime and reduced
             maintenance costs; no requirement for a grid electrode,
             avoiding beam aberration; and rapid beam pulsing. The EB gun
             has been operated at -60 kV in a vacuum chamber at 10-5 to
             10-6 mbar and an electron beam of a 3.2 kW power has been
             extracted. This work gives details on the experimental setup
             for carrying out emission spectroscopy measurements of the
             plasma used as electron source and preliminary results on an
             argon plasma cathode. © 2014 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/IVEC.2014.6857544},
   Key = {fds335078}
}

@article{fds376580,
   Author = {Mikkelsen, MH and Rose, A and Hoang B. and TB and McGuire, F and Mock J.,
             JJ and Cristian Ciracì, and Smith R. and DR},
   Title = {Tunable plasmonic platform for giant fluorescence
             enhancement},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781557529992},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a colloidally synthesized plasmonic platform
             for giant fluorescence enhancement and increased spontaneous
             emission rate of embedded fluorophores. A transition between
             fluorescence enhancement and quenching is revealed depending
             on the plasmonic resonance. © 2014 OSA.},
   Key = {fds376580}
}

@article{fds269570,
   Author = {Machado, M and Ebadi, S and Driscoll, T and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {Experimental improvement of birefringence and response time
             in Liquid Crystals using surface preparation of polyimide at
             20GHz},
   Journal = {IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium
             Digest},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0149-645X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM.2014.6848609},
   Abstract = {This paper presents an experimental study analyzing the
             effects of surface treated Polyimide (PI) on dielectric
             anisotropy and response time of Liquid Crystal (LC) in an
             In-Plane Switching (IPS) cell design. A Co-Planar Waveguide
             (CPW) transmission line is used as an in-plane interrogation
             architecture, with a layer of LC enclosed on top of the CPW.
             By applying different surface preparations of PI, we are
             able to derive an optimum condition to maximize
             birefringence and minimize response times at 20GHz. Measured
             phase change is increased from 28 deg to 72 deg for the same
             length of the CPW line. At the same time, measurement
             results show that fall time is decreased from 9.32s down to
             4.1s. These improvements will facilitate realization of LC
             in microwave devices in need of fast and tunable materials.
             © 2014 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MWSYM.2014.6848609},
   Key = {fds269570}
}

@article{fds269572,
   Author = {Watts, CM and Shrekenhamer, D and Montoya, J and Lipworth, G and Hunt,
             J and Sleasman, T and Krishna, S and Smith, DR and Padilla,
             WJ},
   Title = {Terahertz compressive imaging with metamaterial spatial
             light modulators},
   Journal = {Nature Photonics},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {605-609},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1749-4885},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.139},
   Abstract = {Imaging at long wavelengths, for example at terahertz and
             millimetre-wave frequencies, is a highly sought-after goal
             of researchers because of the great potential for
             applications ranging from security screening and skin cancer
             detection to all-weather navigation and biodetection. Here,
             we design, fabricate and demonstrate active metamaterials
             that function as real-time tunable, spectrally sensitive
             spatial masks for terahertz imaging with only a single-pixel
             detector. A modulation technique permits imaging with
             negative mask values, which is typically difficult to
             achieve with intensity-based components. We demonstrate
             compressive techniques allowing the acquisition of
             high-frame-rate, high-fidelity images. Our system is all
             solid-state with no moving parts, yields improved
             signal-to-noise ratios over standard raster-scanning
             techniques, and uses a source orders of magnitude lower in
             power than conventional set-ups. The demonstrated imaging
             system establishes a new path for terahertz imaging that is
             distinct from existing focal-plane-array-based cameras. ©
             2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights
             reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2014.139},
   Key = {fds269572}
}

@article{fds269581,
   Author = {Watts, CM and Shrekenhamer, D and Montoya, J and Lipworth, G and Hunt,
             J and Sleasman, T and Krishna, S and Smith, DR and Padilla,
             WJ},
   Title = {Coded and compressive THz imaging with metamaterials},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {8985},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0277-786X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2058082},
   Abstract = {Imaging in long wavelength regimes holds huge potential in
             many fields, from security to skin cancer detection.
             However, it is often difficult to image at these frequencies
             - the so called 'THz gap1' is no exception. Current
             techniques generally involve mechanically raster scanning a
             single detector to gain spatial information2, or utilization
             of a THz focal plane array (FPA)3. However, raster scanning
             results in slow image acquisition times and FPAs are
             relatively insensitive to THz radiation, requiring the use
             of high powered sources. In a different approach, a single
             pixel detector can be used in which radiation from an object
             is spatially modulated with a coded aperture to gain spatial
             information. This multiplexing technique has not fully taken
             off in the THz regime due to the lack of efficient coded
             apertures, or spatial light modulators (SLMs), that operate
             in this regime. Here we present the implementation of a
             single pixel THz camera using an active SLM. We use
             metamaterials to create an electronically controllable SLM,
             permitting the acquisition of high-fidelity THz images. We
             gain a signal-to-noise advantage over raster scanning
             schemes through a multiplexing technique4. We also use a
             source that is orders of magnitude lower in power than most
             THz FPA implementations3,5. We are able to utilize
             compressive sensing algorithms to reduce the number of
             measurements needed to reconstruct an image, and hence
             increase our frame rate to 1 Hz. This first generation
             device represents a significant step towards the realization
             of a single pixel THz camera.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.2058082},
   Key = {fds269581}
}

@article{fds269619,
   Author = {Lipworth, G and Ensworth, J and Seetharam, K and Huang, D and Lee, JS and Schmalenberg, P and Nomura, T and Reynolds, MS and Smith, DR and Urzhumov, Y},
   Title = {Magnetic metamaterial superlens for increased range wireless
             power transfer.},
   Journal = {Scientific reports},
   Volume = {4},
   Pages = {3642},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24407490},
   Abstract = {The ability to wirelessly power electrical devices is
             becoming of greater urgency as a component of energy
             conservation and sustainability efforts. Due to health and
             safety concerns, most wireless power transfer (WPT) schemes
             utilize very low frequency, quasi-static, magnetic fields;
             power transfer occurs via magneto-inductive (MI) coupling
             between conducting loops serving as transmitter and
             receiver. At the "long range" regime - referring to
             distances larger than the diameter of the largest loop - WPT
             efficiency in free space falls off as (1/d)(6); power loss
             quickly approaches 100% and limits practical implementations
             of WPT to relatively tight distances between power source
             and device. A "superlens", however, can concentrate the
             magnetic near fields of a source. Here, we demonstrate the
             impact of a magnetic metamaterial (MM) superlens on
             long-range near-field WPT, quantitatively confirming in
             simulation and measurement at 13-16 MHz the conditions under
             which the superlens can enhance power transfer efficiency
             compared to the lens-less free-space system.},
   Doi = {10.1038/srep03642},
   Key = {fds269619}
}

@article{fds330965,
   Author = {Smith, D and Yurduseven, O and Livingstone, B and Schejbal,
             V},
   Title = {Microwave imaging using indirect holographic
             techniques},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine},
   Volume = {56},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {104-117},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MAP.2014.6821762},
   Abstract = {This work describes how indirect holographic techniques,
             previously applied to the determination of antenna radiation
             patterns, can be adapted for the imaging of passive objects.
             It provides details of how complex scattered field values
             can be obtained in a simple and inexpensive manner from
             sampled scalar intensity measurements taken over a single
             scanning aperture. This work provides a brief outline of the
             basic theory of indirect microwave holography, and how the
             transformation of the holographic intensity pattern into the
             Fourier domain enables the isolation of the terms required
             for complex field reconstruction to be isolated from the
             remaining terms. The work is supported by a range of
             experimental results, illustrating the reconstructed complex
             fields for a number of simple test objects. Back-propagation
             techniques have also been included to reconstruct complex
             fields at the position of the scattering objects. ©
             1990-2011 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MAP.2014.6821762},
   Key = {fds330965}
}

@article{fds269580,
   Author = {Watts, CM and Shrekenhamer, D and Montoya, J and Lipworth, G and Hunt,
             J and Sleasman, T and Krishna, S and Smith, DR and Padilla,
             WJ},
   Title = {Terahertz compressive imaging with metamaterial spatial
             light modulators},
   Journal = {Nature Photonics},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {605-609},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {2014},
   ISSN = {1749-4885},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.139},
   Doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2014.139},
   Key = {fds269580}
}

@article{fds269617,
   Author = {Lipworth, G and Hunt, J and Mrozack, A and Brady, D and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Simulations of 2D metamaterial apertures for coherent
             computational imaging},
   Journal = {2013 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves,
             Communications, Antennas and Electronic Systems, COMCAS
             2013},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781467357562},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMCAS.2013.6685286},
   Abstract = {A metamaterial aperture operating as a leaky waveguide with
             resonating metamaterial irises can sweep its operation
             frequency to modify its complex field pattern with no moving
             parts. By randomly distributing the metamaterials' resonance
             frequencies, we show the aperture can generate random
             illumination patterns well suited for compressive sensing.
             In this way the aperture utilizes the physical layer to
             avoid redundant measurements in the image reconstruction
             process. © 2013 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/COMCAS.2013.6685286},
   Key = {fds269617}
}

@article{fds269590,
   Author = {Rose, A and Huang, D and Larouche, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Effective nonlinearities in metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Pages = {cp},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {Clever structuring of dielectric and metallic composites can
             lead to effective electric, magnetic and anisotropic
             responses. When hybridized with nonlinear components, such
             'metamaterials' can support a wide range of nonlinear
             properties characterized by effective nonlinear
             susceptibilities. © 2013 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Key = {fds269590}
}

@article{fds269592,
   Author = {Ebadi, S and Driscoll, T and Smith, D},
   Title = {Visual illustrations of microwave holographic beamforming
             using a modulated surface-impedance metamaterial},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Pages = {2343-2344},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1522-3965},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2013.6711830},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate the use of a metamaterial to transition
             between a guided surface mode and a designed radiative
             aperture distribution. Plots of the field distribution at
             incremental distances removed from the aperture plane
             illustrate the transformation from the reference mode to the
             designed radiative aperture field - in this case a localized
             plane-wave mode which produces a pencil beam at one angle.
             © 2013 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2013.6711830},
   Key = {fds269592}
}

@article{fds269610,
   Author = {Shin, D and Urzhumov, Y and Jung, Y and Kim, K and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Adjustable metamaterial cloaking using an elastic
             crystal},
   Journal = {Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings,
             APMC},
   Pages = {331-332},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APMC.2013.6695136},
   Abstract = {We introduce a microwave cloak composed of smart
             metamaterials whose electromagnetic properties can be
             effectively changed by mechanical deformation. Against
             mechanical deformations, our smart metamaterials self-adjust
             own flexible elasto-electromagnetic crystal structure for
             obeying transformation optics rules. With this idea, we
             built microwave cloak made of flexible silicone rubber tube
             array and experimentally demonstrated self-adjustable carpet
             cloak in broadband ranges (8-12GHz) with variable
             deformations. © 2013 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APMC.2013.6695136},
   Key = {fds269610}
}

@article{fds269615,
   Author = {Mrozack, A and Krishnamurthy, K and Lipworth, G and Smith, DR and Brady,
             DJ},
   Title = {Imaging of diffuse objects with dispersive
             imagers},
   Journal = {International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and
             Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {2162-2027},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IRMMW-THz.2013.6665888},
   Abstract = {Dispersive imagers measure multiple speckle realizations of
             the object to be estimated. This poses a challenge for
             coherent imaging as classically objects are backpropagated
             and then despeckled. We present initial findings on an
             intensity based method for estimating the scattering
             density. © 2013 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/IRMMW-THz.2013.6665888},
   Key = {fds269615}
}

@article{fds269621,
   Author = {Poutrina, E and Rose, A and Brown, D and Urbas, A and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Forward and backward unidirectional scattering from
             plasmonic coupled wires.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {21},
   Number = {25},
   Pages = {31138-31154},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.031138},
   Abstract = {We analyze the resonant electromagnetic response of
             sub-wavelength plasmonic dimers formed by two silver strips
             separated by a thin dielectric spacer and embedded in a
             uniform dielectric media. We demonstrate that the
             off-resonant electric and resonant, geometric
             shape-leveraged, magnetic polarizabilities of the dimer
             element can be designed to have close absolute values in a
             certain spectral range, resulting in a predominantly
             unidirectional scattering of the incident field due to
             pronounced magneto-electric interference. Switching between
             forward and backward directionality can be achieved with a
             single element by changing the excitation wavelength, with
             the scattering direction defined by the relative phases of
             the polarizabilities. We extend the analysis to some
             periodic configurations, including the specific case of a
             perforated metal film, and discuss the differences between
             the observed unidirectional scattering and the extraordinary
             transmission effect. The unidirectional response can be
             preserved and enhanced with periodic arrays of dimers and
             can find applications in nanoantenna devices, integrated
             optic circuits, sensors with nanoparticles, photovoltaic
             systems, or perfect absorbers; while the option of switching
             between forward and backward unidirectional scattering may
             create interesting possibilities for manipulating optical
             pressure forces.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.21.031138},
   Key = {fds269621}
}

@article{fds269622,
   Author = {Rose, A and Powell, DA and Shadrivov, IV and Smith, DR and Kivshar,
             YS},
   Title = {Circular dichroism of four-wave mixing in nonlinear
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {88},
   Number = {19},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.88.195148},
   Abstract = {Metamaterial engineering offers a route to combine unusual
             and interesting optical phenomena in ways that are rare or
             nonexistent in nature. As an exploration of this wide
             parameter space, we experimentally demonstrate strong
             cross-phase modulation and four-wave mixing in a chiral
             metamaterial, highlighting the interplay of nonlinearity and
             circular dichroism. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude
             of the nonlinear parametric interaction follows certain
             selection rules regarding the circular polarizations of the
             various interacting waves. Using a coupled-mode analysis and
             finite element simulations, we relate these selection rules
             to the metamaterial's internal symmetries as well as its
             circular dichroism in the linear regime. © 2013 American
             Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.88.195148},
   Key = {fds269622}
}

@article{fds269624,
   Author = {Tsai, YJ and Tyler, T and Larouche, S and Llopis, A and Royal, M and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterial polarization multiplexed gratings},
   Journal = {CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science, CLEO:QELS FS
             2013},
   Pages = {QM4A.1},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a metamaterial grating that has two
             diffraction periods for two orthogonal linear polarization
             states of illuminations. The proposed method will be useful
             in free space optical communications and novel optical
             imaging systems. © OSA 2013.},
   Key = {fds269624}
}

@article{fds330972,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D},
   Title = {Solar cell stacked dual-polarised patch antenna for 5.8 GHz
             band WiMAX network},
   Journal = {Electronics Letters},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {24},
   Pages = {1514-1515},
   Publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology
             (IET)},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.2451},
   Abstract = {A novel combination of a two-port slant ± 45°
             dual-polarised microstrip patch antenna with a
             polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) solar cell operating as an
             RF stacked parasitic patch element is presented and
             discussed for 5.8 GHz band polarisation diverse
             multifunctional WiMAX systems. To minimise the effect of the
             solar operation on the RF antenna performance, an effective
             DC/RF isolation circuit consisting of quarter-wavelength
             microstrip transmission lines is demonstrated. The proposed
             solar patch provides identical E-plane and H-plane far-field
             radiation patterns for +45° and -45° polarisations with a
             gain of 7.8 dBi and operates at the frequency band of
             5.66-5.91 GHz. © The Institution of Engineering and
             Technology 2013.},
   Doi = {10.1049/el.2013.2451},
   Key = {fds330972}
}

@article{fds269620,
   Author = {Landy, N and Hunt, J and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Homogenization analysis of complementary waveguide
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and
             Applications},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {453-467},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1569-4410},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2013.07.004},
   Abstract = {We analyze the properties of complementary metamaterials as
             effective inclusions patterned into the conducting walls of
             metal waveguide structures. We show that guided wave
             metamaterials can be homogenized using the same retrieval
             techniques used for volumetric metamaterials, leading to a
             description in which a given complementary element is
             conceptually replaced by a block of material within the
             waveguide whose effective permittivity and permeability
             result in equivalent scattering characteristics. The use of
             effective constitutive parameters for waveguide materials
             provides an alternative point-of-view for the design of
             waveguide and microstrip based components, including planar
             lenses and filters, as well as devices with derived from a
             bulk material response. In addition to imparting effective
             constitutive properties to the waveguide, complementary
             metamaterials also couple energy from waveguide modes into
             radiation. Thus, complementary waveguide metamaterials can
             be used to modify and optimize a variety of antenna
             structures. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.photonics.2013.07.004},
   Key = {fds269620}
}

@article{fds269623,
   Author = {Tsai, Y-J and Larouche, S and Tyler, T and Llopis, A and Royal, M and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Arbitrary birefringent metamaterials for holographic optics
             at λ = 1.55 μm.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {21},
   Number = {22},
   Pages = {26620-26630},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216883},
   Abstract = {This paper presents an optical element capable of
             multiplexing two diffraction patterns for two orthogonal
             linear polarizations, based on the use of non-resonant
             metamaterial cross elements. The metamaterial cross elements
             provide unique building blocks for engineering arbitrary
             birefringence. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we
             present the design and experimental characterization of a
             polarization multiplexed blazed diffraction grating and a
             polarization multiplexed computer-generated hologram, for
             the telecommunication wavelength of λ = 1.55 μm. A
             quantitative study of the polarization multiplexed grating
             reveals that this approach yields a very large polarization
             contrast ratio. The results show that metamaterials can form
             the basis for a versatile and compact platform useful in the
             design of multi-functional photonic devices.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.21.026620},
   Key = {fds269623}
}

@article{fds269626,
   Author = {Liu, X and Rose, A and Poutrina, E and Ciracì, C and Larouche, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Surfaces, films, and multilayers for compact nonlinear
             plasmonics},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {30},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {2999-3010},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0740-3224},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000326580500031&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {We present a step-by-step analysis of four-wave mixing (FWM)
             in one-dimensional stacks of metallo-dielectric structures,
             pointing out various channels of plasmonic and Fabry-Perot
             enhancement. We start from the derivation of oblique
             incidence FWM at a single interface and then extend these
             expressions into a transfer-matrix-based formalism to
             quantitatively study films and multilayer geometries.
             Throughout our analysis, we consider typical examples, such
             as a single silver interface, a thin silver film, and
             Fabry-Perot multilayers. In this way, we offer an intuitive
             view of the surprisingly rich dynamics supported by even the
             simplest of nonlinear plasmonic systems. © 2013 Optical
             Society of America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.30.002999},
   Key = {fds269626}
}

@article{fds335079,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Parker, SE and Wan, W and Chen, Y and Diallo, A and Dudson,
             BD and Fonck, RJ and Guttenfelder, W and McKee, GR and Kaye, SM and Thompson, DS and Bell, RE and Leblanc, BP and Podesta,
             M},
   Title = {Measurements and simulations of low-wavenumber pedestal
             turbulence in the National Spherical Torus
             Experiment},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {113029-113029},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/11/113029},
   Abstract = {Previous pedestal turbulence measurements in the National
             Spherical Torus Experiment assessed the spatial and temporal
             properties of turbulence in the steep gradient region of
             H-mode pedestals during edge localized mode (ELM)-free,
             MHD-quiescent periods. Here, we extend the analysis to
             fluctuation amplitudes and compare observations to pedestal
             turbulence simulations. Measurements indicate normalized
             fluctuation amplitudes are about 1-5% in the steep gradient
             region. Regression analysis indicates fluctuation amplitudes
             scale positively with electron density gradient,
             collisionality, and poloidal beta, and scale negatively with
             magnetic shear, electron density, ion temperature gradient
             (ITG), toroidal flow and radial electric field. The scalings
             are most consistent with trapped electron mode, kinetic
             ballooning mode, or microtearing instabilities, but,
             notably, least consistent with ITG turbulence. Gyrokinetic
             simulations of pedestal turbulence with realistic pedestal
             profiles show collisional instabilities with growth rates
             that increase at higher density gradient and decrease at
             higher ITG, in qualitative agreement with observed scalings.
             Finally, Braginskii fluid simulations of pedestal turbulence
             do not reproduce scalings from measurements and gyrokinetic
             simulations, and suggest electron dynamics can be a critical
             factor for accurate pedestal turbulence simulations. © 2013
             IAEA, Vienna.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/53/11/113029},
   Key = {fds335079}
}

@article{fds269625,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Britt Lassiter and J and Moreau, A and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Quasi-analytic study of scattering from optical plasmonic
             patch antennas},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {114},
   Number = {16},
   Pages = {163108-163108},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0021-8979},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000326639200008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {We present an analytical treatment of the optical scattering
             from film-coupled nanocubes. Film-coupled nanoparticles are
             a convenient platform for the demonstration of a variety of
             fundamental plasmonic phenomena, including nonlocality and
             field enhancement, and can also serve as the basis for
             controlled reflectance surfaces. The nanocube geometry is
             particularly amenable to analysis, since the cubes behave in
             large part as plasmon resonant patch antennas, allowing the
             well-known patch antenna equations to be applied with some
             modifications. In particular, we make use of the plasmon
             dispersion relation to avoid direct calculation of the
             effective inductance per unit length - which would include
             kinetic inductance contributions - instead calculating the
             effective waveguide mode index to incorporate plasmonic
             contributions. We compare the analytically derived field
             enhancement and spectral characteristics of the film-coupled
             nanoparticles with those obtained from full-wave
             finite-element simulations. © 2013 AIP Publishing
             LLC.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4827185},
   Key = {fds269625}
}

@article{fds269629,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Urzhumov, Y and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Effects of classical nonlocality on the optical response of
             three-dimensional plasmonic nanodimers},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {30},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {2731-2736},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0740-3224},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.30.002731},
   Abstract = {We examine the optical scattering from a variety of axially
             symmetric plasmonic nanoparticle dimers separated by
             nanoscale gaps, quantifying the role of classical
             nonlocality on their optical properties. Due to the
             rotational symmetry of the analyzed structures, a high
             degree of accuracy is achieved using a computational
             approach termed 2.5D modeling, in which a small number of
             simulations on a two-dimensional domain can replace a
             memory- and time-intensive simulation on a three-dimensional
             domain. We find that scattered light from dimers consisting
             of nanoparticles with flat surfaces, such as nanodisks,
             exhibits pronounced spectral shifts due to the nonlocality
             of the electron fluid; these significant shifts persist even
             at relatively large (>1 nm) gap dimensions, where quantum
             tunneling effects are believed to be negligible. The 2.5D
             modeling technique accurately incorporates all responses due
             to any nonaxially symmetric eigenmodes of the system, such
             as dipolar and quadrupolar modes, thereby providing a
             complete characterization of the system for any excitation.
             © 2013 Optical Society of America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.30.002731},
   Key = {fds269629}
}

@article{fds335080,
   Author = {Sabbagh, SA and Ahn, JW and Allain, J and Andre, R and Balbaky, A and Bastasz, R and Battaglia, D and Bell, M and Bell, R and Beiersdorfer, P and Belova, E and Berkery, J and Betti, R and Bialek, J and Bigelow, T and Bitter, M and Boedo, J and Bonoli, P and Boozer, A and Bortolon, A and Boyle, D and Brennan, D and Breslau, J and Buttery, R and Canik, J and Caravelli, G and Chang, C and Crocker, N and Darrow, D and Davis, B and Delgado-Aparicio, L and Diallo, A and Ding, S and D'Ippolito, D and Domier, C and Dorland, W and Ethier, S and Evans, T and Ferron, J and Finkenthal, M and Foley, J and Fonck, R and Frazin, R and Fredrickson,
             E and Fu, G and Gates, D and Gerhardt, S and Glasser, A and Gorelenkov, N and Gray, T and Guo, Y and Guttenfelder, W and Hahm, T and Harvey, R and Hassanein, A and Heidbrink, W and Hill, K and Hirooka, Y and Hooper, EB and Hosea, J and Humphreys, D and Indireshkumar, K and Jaeger, F and Jarboe,
             T and Jardin, S and Jaworski, M and Kaita, R and Kallman, J and Katsuro-Hopkins, O and Kaye, S and Kessel, C and Kim, J and Kolemen, E and Kramer, G and Krasheninnikov, S and Kubota, S and Kugel, H and La Haye,
             RJ and Lao, L and Leblanc, B and Lee, W and Lee, K and Leuer, J and Levinton,
             F and Liang, Y and Liu, D and Lore, J and Luhmann, N and Maingi, R and Majeski, R and Manickam, J and Mansfield, D and Maqueda, R and Mazzucato, E and McLean, A and McCune, D and McGeehan, B and McKee, G and Medley, S and Meier, E},
   Title = {Overview of physics results from the conclusive operation of
             the National Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {104007-104007},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104007},
   Abstract = {Research on the National Spherical Torus Experiment, NSTX,
             targets physics understanding needed for extrapolation to a
             steady-state ST Fusion Nuclear Science Facility, pilot
             plant, or DEMO. The unique ST operational space is leveraged
             to test physics theories for next-step tokamak operation,
             including ITER. Present research also examines implications
             for the coming device upgrade, NSTX-U. An energy confinement
             time, τE, scaling unified for varied wall conditions
             exhibits a strong improvement of BTτE with decreased
             electron collisionality, accentuated by lithium (Li) wall
             conditioning. This result is consistent with nonlinear
             microtearing simulations that match the experimental
             electron diffusivity quantitatively and predict reduced
             electron heat transport at lower collisionality.
             Beam-emission spectroscopy measurements in the steep
             gradient region of the pedestal indicate the poloidal
             correlation length of turbulence of about ten ion gyroradii
             increases at higher electron density gradient and lower Ti
             gradient, consistent with turbulence caused by trapped
             electron instabilities. Density fluctuations in the pedestal
             top region indicate ion-scale microturbulence compatible
             with ion temperature gradient and/or kinetic ballooning mode
             instabilities. Plasma characteristics change nearly
             continuously with increasing Li evaporation and edge
             localized modes (ELMs) stabilize due to edge density
             gradient alteration. Global mode stability studies show
             stabilizing resonant kinetic effects are enhanced at lower
             collisionality, but in stark contrast have almost no
             dependence on collisionality when the plasma is
             off-resonance. Combined resistive wall mode radial and
             poloidal field sensor feedback was used to control n = 1
             perturbations and improve stability. The disruption
             probability due to unstable resistive wall modes (RWMs) was
             surprisingly reduced at very high βN/li > 10 consistent
             with low frequency magnetohydrodynamic spectroscopy
             measurements of mode stability. Greater instability seen at
             intermediate βN is consistent with decreased kinetic RWM
             stabilization. A model-based RWM state-space controller
             produced long-pulse discharges exceeding βN = 6.4 and
             βN/li = 13. Precursor analysis shows 96.3% of disruptions
             can be predicted with 10 ms warning and a false positive
             rate of only 2.8%. Disruption halo currents rotate
             toroidally and can have significant toroidal asymmetry.
             Global kinks cause measured fast ion redistribution, with
             full-orbit calculations showing redistribution from the core
             outward and towards V∥/V = 1 where destabilizing
             compressional Alfvén eigenmode resonances are expected.
             Applied 3D fields altered global Alfvén eigenmode
             characteristics. High-harmonic fast-wave (HHFW) power
             couples to field lines across the entire width of the
             scrape-off layer, showing the importance of the inclusion of
             this phenomenon in designing future RF systems. The
             snowflake divertor configuration enhanced by radiative
             detachment showed large reductions in both steady-state and
             ELM heat fluxes (ELMing peak values down from 19 MW m-2 to
             less than 1.5 MW m-2). Toroidal asymmetry of heat deposition
             was observed during ELMs or by 3D fields. The heating power
             required for accessing H-mode decreased by 30% as the
             triangularity was decreased by moving the X-point to larger
             radius, consistent with calculations of the dependence of E
             × B shear in the edge region on ion heat flux and X-point
             radius. Co-axial helicity injection reduced the inductive
             start-up flux, with plasmas ramped to 1 MA requiring 35%
             less inductive flux. Non-inductive current fraction (NICF)
             up to 65% is reached experimentally with neutral beam
             injection at plasma current Ip = 0.7 MA and between 70-100%
             with HHFW application at Ip = 0.3 MA. NSTX-U scenario
             development calculations project 100% NICF for a large range
             of 0.6 < Ip (MA) < 1.35. © 2013 IAEA, Vienna.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104007},
   Key = {fds335080}
}

@article{fds269630,
   Author = {Grajower, M and Lerman, GM and Goykhman, I and Desiatov, B and Yanai, A and Smith, DR and Levy, U},
   Title = {Subwavelength plasmonics for graded-index optics on a
             chip.},
   Journal = {Optics letters},
   Volume = {38},
   Number = {18},
   Pages = {3492-3495},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0146-9592},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.003492},
   Abstract = {Planar plasmonic devices are becoming attractive for myriad
             applications, owing to their potential compatibility with
             standard microelectronics technology and the capability for
             densely integrating a large variety of plasmonic devices on
             a chip. Mitigating the challenges of using plasmonics in
             on-chip configurations requires precise control over the
             properties of plasmonic modes, in particular their shape and
             size. Here we achieve this goal by demonstrating a planar
             plasmonic graded-index lens focusing surface plasmons
             propagating along the device. The plasmonic mode is
             manipulated by carving subwavelength features into a
             dielectric layer positioned on top of a uniform metal film,
             allowing the local effective index of the plasmonic mode to
             be controlled using a single binary lithographic step.
             Focusing and divergence of surface plasmons is demonstrated
             experimentally. The demonstrated approach can be used for
             manipulating the propagation of surface plasmons, e.g., for
             beam steering, splitting, cloaking, mode matching, and beam
             shaping applications.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ol.38.003492},
   Key = {fds269630}
}

@article{fds335081,
   Author = {Diallo, A and Canik, J and Göerler, T and Ku, SH and Kramer, GJ and Osborne, T and Snyder, P and Smith, DR and Guttenfelder, W and Bell, RE and Boyle, DP and Chang, CS and Leblanc, BP and Maingi, R and Podestà, M and Sabbagh, S},
   Title = {Progress in characterization of the pedestal stability and
             turbulence during the edge-localized-mode cycle on National
             Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {093026-093026},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/9/093026},
   Abstract = {Progress in characterizing the edge stability and properties
             of the microinstabilities responsible for enhanced transport
             in the pedestal region is reported. The stability of the
             pedestal is characterized in high performance discharges on
             National Spherical Torus Experiment. These high performance
             plasmas are found to be ideal kink-peeling and ideal
             infinite-n ballooning unstable prior to the onset of
             edge-localized modes (ELM). The spatial structure of
             turbulence present during an ELM cycle in the pedestal
             region indicates poloidal spatial scales propagating in the
             ion diamagnetic drift direction at the pedestal top, and
             radial spatial scales . These propagating spatial scales are
             found to be poloidally elongated and consistent with
             ion-scale microturbulence. Both global and local gyrokinetic
             simulations have been performed to identify the
             microturbulence structure. The local gyrokinetic analysis
             indicates the presence of a linearly unstable hybrid kinetic
             ballooning mode and trapped electron mode with spatial scale
             and propagation direction consistent with experimental
             observations. In the global gyrokinetic analysis, the
             nonlinearly saturated potential fluctuations show radial and
             poloidal correlation lengths in agreement with experimental
             density fluctuation correlation length measurements. © 2013
             IAEA, Vienna.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/53/9/093026},
   Key = {fds335081}
}

@article{fds330974,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Pearsall, N},
   Title = {Solar cell stacked modified Z-double L-slot quad-band
             PIFA},
   Journal = {2013 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,
             EuCAP 2013},
   Pages = {3721-3725},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {August},
   ISBN = {9788890701832},
   Abstract = {This paper proposes a novel low-profile quad-band
             multifunctional solar PIFA consisting of a polycrystalline
             silicon (poly-Si) solar cell stacked suspended modified
             radiating element with Z and double L-slots. The measured
             return loss (S11) and E-plane/H-plane far-field radiation
             patterns demonstrate that the fabricated solar PIFA has
             quad-band radiation characteristics operating at the
             frequency bands of 1.75-1.82 GHz, 2.38-2.61 GHz, 3.26-3.53
             GHz and 4.66-4.83 GHz with measured impedance bandwidths of
             3.91%, 9.38%, 7.94% and 3.58% and gains of 2.1, 6.4, 7.6 and
             5.5 dBi, respectively. The proposed solar PIFA operates with
             a measured solar efficiency of 13.9%, generating a DC power
             output of 34 mW as a result of the photovoltaic effect. ©
             2013 EurAAP.},
   Key = {fds330974}
}

@article{fds330975,
   Author = {Smith, D and Yurduseven, O and Livingstone, B},
   Title = {The use of indirect holographic techniques for microwave
             imaging},
   Journal = {Proceedings of 13th Conference on Microwave Techniques,
             COMITE 2013 - MAREW 2013: Microwave and Radio Electronics
             Week 2013},
   Pages = {16-21},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {August},
   ISBN = {9781467355124},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMITE.2013.6545036},
   Abstract = {The use of indirect holographic techniques for antenna
             testing has been shown to offer a simple, low cost scalar
             technique for the reconstruction of complex antenna aperture
             fields. This work extends the use of indirect holography to
             the imaging of objects. This work provides a brief outline
             of the basic theory of indirect microwave holography and how
             it can be used for the reconstruction of scattered complex
             fields at the measurement plane and how these results can be
             back propagated to provide images of the scattered fields at
             the position of the original object. The techniques
             described have been validated by experimental results on a
             range of objects including buried objects. © 2013
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/COMITE.2013.6545036},
   Key = {fds330975}
}

@article{fds330976,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Elsdon, M},
   Title = {Cross-coax fed wideband solar patch antenna},
   Journal = {Proceedings of 13th Conference on Microwave Techniques,
             COMITE 2013 - MAREW 2013: Microwave and Radio Electronics
             Week 2013},
   Pages = {25-30},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {August},
   ISBN = {9781467355124},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMITE.2013.6545037},
   Abstract = {In this paper, a cross-coax fed low-profile short-circuited
             suspended patch antenna combined with a polycrystalline
             silicon (poly-Si) solar cell operating as a radiating patch
             element is proposed for self-powered 2.4 GHz band WLAN and
             2.3/2.5 GHz band WiMAX networks. The fabricated
             multifunctional solar patch antenna has a measured wide
             impedance bandwidth of 840 MHz, 35%, and offers a broadband
             gain of 7.71 dBi. It operates with a measured solar
             efficiency of 13.9%, generating a DC power output of 225 mW.
             © 2013 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/COMITE.2013.6545037},
   Key = {fds330976}
}

@article{fds269632,
   Author = {Lipworth, G and Mrozack, A and Hunt, J and Marks, DL and Driscoll, T and Brady, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterial apertures for coherent computational imaging on
             the physical layer.},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image
             science, and vision},
   Volume = {30},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1603-1612},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1084-7529},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000322591800017&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {We introduce the concept of a metamaterial aperture, in
             which an underlying reference mode interacts with a designed
             metamaterial surface to produce a series of complex field
             patterns. The resonant frequencies of the metamaterial
             elements are randomly distributed over a large bandwidth
             (18-26 GHz), such that the aperture produces a rapidly
             varying sequence of field patterns as a function of the
             input frequency. As the frequency of operation is scanned,
             different subsets of metamaterial elements become active, in
             turn varying the field patterns at the scene. Scene
             information can thus be indexed by frequency, with the
             overall effectiveness of the imaging scheme tied to the
             diversity of the generated field patterns. As the quality
             (Q-) factor of the metamaterial resonators increases, the
             number of distinct field patterns that can be generated
             increases-improving scene estimation. In this work we
             provide the foundation for computational imaging with
             metamaterial apertures based on frequency diversity, and
             establish that for resonators with physically relevant
             Q-factors, there are potentially enough distinct
             measurements of a typical scene within a reasonable
             bandwidth to achieve diffraction-limited reconstructions of
             physical scenes.},
   Doi = {10.1364/josaa.30.001603},
   Key = {fds269632}
}

@article{fds335082,
   Author = {Ren, Y and Guttenfelder, W and Kaye, SM and Mazzucato, E and Bell, RE and Diallo, A and Domier, CW and Leblanc, BP and Lee, KC and Podesta, M and Smith, DR and Yuh, H},
   Title = {Electron-scale turbulence spectra and plasma thermal
             transport responding to continuous e × B shear ramp-up in a
             spherical tokamak},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {083007-083007},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/8/083007},
   Abstract = {Microturbulence is considered to be a major candidate in
             driving anomalous transport in fusion plasmas, and the
             equilibrium E × B shear generated by externally driven flow
             can be a powerful tool to control microturbulence in future
             fusion devices such as FNSF and ITER. Here we present the
             first observation of the change in electron-scale turbulence
             wavenumber spectrum (measured by a high-k scattering system)
             and thermal transport responding to continuous E × B shear
             ramp-up in an NSTX centre-stack limited and neutral beam
             injection-heated L-mode plasma. It is found that while
             linear stability analysis shows that the maximum electron
             temperature gradient mode linear growth rate far exceeds the
             observed E × B shearing rate in the measurement region of
             the high-k scattering system, the unstable ion temperature
             gradient (ITG) modes are susceptible to E × B shear
             stabilization. We observed that as the E × B shearing rate
             is continuously ramped up in the high-k measurement region,
             the ratio between the E × B shearing rate and maximum ITG
             mode growth rate continuously increases (from about 0.2 to
             0.7) and the maximum power of the measured electron-scale
             turbulence wavenumber spectra decreases. Meanwhile, electron
             and ion thermal transport is also reduced in the outer half
             of the plasmas as long as magnetohydrodynamic activities are
             not important and the L-mode plasmas eventually reach
             H-mode-like confinement. Linear and nonlinear gyrokinetic
             simulations are presented to address the experimental
             observations. © 2013 IAEA, Vienna.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/53/8/083007},
   Key = {fds335082}
}

@article{fds269631,
   Author = {Rose, A and Latterman, R and Smith, DR and Sullivan,
             P},
   Title = {Lower poling thresholds and enhanced Pockels coefficients in
             nanoparticle-polymer composites},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {103},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {031102-031102},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000322146300002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {We investigate computationally the electromagnetic response
             of composite media made from high-aspect ratio nanoparticle
             arrays. The shape and local ordering of the nanoparticles
             can be used to both confine and enhance the local electric
             fields induced in response to static and propagating fields.
             When such nanoparticle arrays are hybridized with
             electrooptic polymers and subjected to a poling field, we
             show that the nanoparticles can enable variant tensor
             orientations and lower poling thresholds. From an effective
             medium perspective, we find that the Pockels coefficients of
             the nanoparticle-polymer composites can be enhanced by more
             than an order of magnitude. © 2013 AIP Publishing
             LLC.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4813751},
   Key = {fds269631}
}

@article{fds330977,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Livingstone, B and Schejbal, V and You,
             Z},
   Title = {Investigations of resolution limits for indirect microwave
             holographic imaging},
   Journal = {International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided
             Engineering},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {410-416},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmce.20727},
   Abstract = {This work describes how indirect holography which has
             previously been applied to the determination of antenna
             radiation patterns can be adapted for the imaging of passive
             objects. It provides details of how complex scattered field
             values can be obtained in a simple and inexpensive manner
             from sampled scalar intensity measurements taken over a
             single scanning aperture. This work uses indirect
             holographic techniques to image a number of simple objects
             including a rectangular metallic plate, a small metal plate
             covered by a dielectric sheet and a small metallic circular
             annulus. This work demonstrates that good quality images can
             be reconstructed from simple scalar intensity patterns. It
             demonstrates that clear outlines can be obtained in
             particular from reconstructed phase patterns and that good
             images can be obtained from objects with dimensions of the
             order of a half wavelength. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
             Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2013. Copyright © 2013 Wiley
             Periodicals, Inc.},
   Doi = {10.1002/mmce.20727},
   Key = {fds330977}
}

@article{fds269634,
   Author = {Urzhumov, YA and Ciraci, C and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Nanophotonics: Optical time reversal with
             graphene},
   Journal = {Nature Physics},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {393-394},
   Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group / Macmillan Publishers
             Ltd.},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {1745-2473},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000321113200009&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {Would you ever guess that a microscopic flake of graphite
             could reverse the diffraction of light? An experiment that
             demonstrates just such an effect highlights the exciting
             optical applications of graphene — an atomic layer of
             carbon with a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice.},
   Doi = {10.1038/nphys2644},
   Key = {fds269634}
}

@article{fds269635,
   Author = {Goldflam, MD and Driscoll, T and Barnas, D and Khatib, O and Royal, M and Marie Jokerst and N and Smith, DR and Kim, BJ and Seo, G and Kim, HT and Basov, DN},
   Title = {Two-dimensional reconfigurable gradient index memory
             metasurface},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {102},
   Number = {22},
   Pages = {224103-224103},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4809534},
   Abstract = {Creation and control of spatial gradients in electromagnetic
             properties is a central theme underlying optical device
             design. In this work, we demonstrate that through
             modification of the spatial and temporal distribution of
             current, we can obtain increased control over the shape of
             these gradients. We are able to write spatially sharp
             gradients with ∼50% change in the index of refraction over
             length scales of only a few wavelengths as observed through
             diffraction limited terahertz spectroscopy. Furthermore, we
             assess the potentials for such gradients for beam-steering
             applications. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4809534},
   Key = {fds269635}
}

@article{fds269636,
   Author = {Urzhumov, Y and Landy, N and Driscoll, T and Basov, D and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Thin low-loss dielectric coatings for free-space
             cloaking.},
   Journal = {Optics letters},
   Volume = {38},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1606-1608},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0146-9592},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.001606},
   Abstract = {We report stereolithographic polymer-based fabrication and
             experimental operation of a microwave X-band cloaking
             device. The device is a relatively thin (about one
             wavelength thick) shell of an air-dielectric composite, in
             which the dielectric component has negligible loss and
             dispersion. In a finite band (9.7-10.1 GHz), the shell
             eliminates the shadow and strongly suppresses scattering
             from a conducting cylinder of six-wavelength diameter for
             TE-polarized free-space plane waves. The device does not
             require an immersion liquid or conducting ground planes for
             its operation. The dielectric constant of the polymer is low
             enough (ε=2.45) to suggest that this cloaking technique
             would be suitable for higher frequency radiation, including
             visible light.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ol.38.001606},
   Key = {fds269636}
}

@article{fds335084,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Fonck, RJ and McKee, GR and Thompson, DS and Bell, RE and Diallo, A and Guttenfelder, W and Kaye, SM and Leblanc, BP and Podesta,
             M},
   Title = {Characterization and parametric dependencies of low
             wavenumber pedestal turbulence in the National Spherical
             Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {20},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {055903-055903},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4803913},
   Abstract = {The spherical torus edge region is among the most
             challenging regimes for plasma turbulence simulations. Here,
             we measure the spatial and temporal properties of ion-scale
             turbulence in the steep gradient region of H-mode pedestals
             during edge localized mode-free, MHD quiescent periods in
             the National Spherical Torus Experiment. Poloidal
             correlation lengths are about 10 ρ i, and decorrelation
             times are about 5 a / c s. Next, we introduce a model
             aggregation technique to identify parametric dependencies
             among turbulence quantities and transport-relevant plasma
             parameters. The parametric dependencies show the most
             agreement with transport driven by trapped-electron mode,
             kinetic ballooning mode, and microtearing mode turbulence,
             and the least agreement with ion temperature gradient
             turbulence. In addition, the parametric dependencies are
             consistent with turbulence regulation by flow shear and the
             empirical relationship between wider pedestals and larger
             turbulent structures. © 2013 AIP Publishing
             LLC.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4803913},
   Key = {fds335084}
}

@article{fds330978,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D},
   Title = {A solar cell stacked multi-slot quad-band PIFA for GSM, WLAN
             and WiMAX networks},
   Journal = {IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {285-287},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2013.2258006},
   Abstract = {This letter presents a novel low-profile quad-bandsolar PIFA
             which has the potential to be employed in self-powered
             low-power GSM 1800, 2.4 GHz band WLAN and 2.3/3.3/5.8 GHz
             band WiMAX networks. The multi-slot loaded radiating PIFA
             element consisting of W-L shaped slots stacked with a
             polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) solar cell operating as a
             parasitic patch element enables the proposed solar PIFA to
             operate at the center frequency bands of 1.8, 2.4, 3.4, and
             5.8 GHz with measured impedance bandwidths of 16.7%, 9.16%,
             7.65%, and 3.45%, respectively. By incorporating a stacked
             poly-Si solar cell as a parasitic patch element an adequate
             solar efficiency of 14.5% can be achieved, generating a dc
             power output of 44 mW. © 2001-2012 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LMWC.2013.2258006},
   Key = {fds330978}
}

@article{fds330979,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Elsdon, M},
   Title = {UWB meshed solar monopole antenna},
   Journal = {Electronics Letters},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {582-584},
   Publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology
             (IET)},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.0478},
   Abstract = {A novel combination of a parametrically optimised UWB meshed
             circular disc monopole antenna with a polycrystalline
             silicon (poly-Si) solar cell is presented and discussed. The
             results indicate that the fabricated meshed solar monopole
             antenna operates across the frequency band 2.33-10.8 GHz
             with an average broadband gain of 4.1 dBi. It is
             demonstrated that by meshing the monopole pattern an
             adequate solar efficiency of 13.1% can be achieved. © The
             Institution of Engineering and Technology
             2013.},
   Doi = {10.1049/el.2013.0478},
   Key = {fds330979}
}

@article{fds269647,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Urzhumov, Y and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Far-field analysis of axially symmetric three-dimensional
             directional cloaks.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {21},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {9397-9406},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000318151600021&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {Axisymmetric radiating and scattering structures whose
             rotational invariance is broken by non-axisymmetric
             excitations present an important class of problems in
             electromagnetics. For such problems, a cylindrical wave
             decomposition formalism can be used to efficiently obtain
             numerical solutions to the full-wave frequency-domain
             problem. Often, the far-field, or Fraunhofer region is of
             particular interest in scattering cross-section and
             radiation pattern calculations; yet, it is usually
             impractical to compute full-wave solutions for this region.
             Here, we propose a generalization of the Stratton-Chu
             far-field integral adapted for 2.5D formalism. The
             integration over a closed, axially symmetric surface is
             analytically reduced to a line integral on a meridional
             plane. We benchmark this computational technique by
             comparing it with analytical Mie solutions for a plasmonic
             nanoparticle, and apply it to the design of a
             three-dimensional polarization-insensitive
             cloak.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.21.009397},
   Key = {fds269647}
}

@article{fds269649,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Pendry, JB and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Hydrodynamic model for plasmonics: a macroscopic approach to
             a microscopic problem.},
   Journal = {Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and
             physical chemistry},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1109-1116},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512885},
   Abstract = {In this concept, we present the basic assumptions and
             techniques underlying the hydrodynamic model of electron
             response in metals and demonstrate that the model can be
             easily incorporated into computational models. We discuss
             the role of the additional boundary conditions that arise
             due to nonlocal terms in the modified equation of motion and
             the ultimate impact on nanoplasmonic systems. The
             hydrodynamic model captures much of the microscopic dynamics
             relating to the fundamental quantum mechanical nature of the
             electrons and reveals intrinsic limitations to the
             confinement and enhancement of light around nanoscale
             features. The presence of such limits is investigated
             numerically for different configurations of plasmonic
             nanostructures.},
   Doi = {10.1002/cphc.201200992},
   Key = {fds269649}
}

@article{fds335083,
   Author = {Quinn, H and Graham, P and Morgan, K and Baker, Z and Caffrey, M and Smith,
             D and Wirthlin, M and Bell, R},
   Title = {Flight experience of the xilinx virtex-4},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
   Volume = {60},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {2682-2690},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2013.2246581},
   Abstract = {This paper provides information regarding the use of the
             Xilinx Virtex-4 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) in a
             spacecraft deployed to low-earth orbit. The results are
             compared to pre-deployment accelerated single-event effects
             (SEEs) and fault-injection testing. © 2013
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TNS.2013.2246581},
   Key = {fds335083}
}

@article{fds269650,
   Author = {Rose, A and Huang, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Nonlinear interference and unidirectional wave mixing in
             metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {110},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {063901},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432242},
   Abstract = {When both electric and magnetic mechanisms contribute to a
             particular nonlinear optical process, there exists the
             possibility for nonlinear interference, often characterized
             by constructive or destructive interference in the radiation
             pattern of harmonics and mix waves. However, observation of
             a significant effect from nonlinear interference requires
             careful balancing of the various contributions. For this
             purpose, we propose an artificial metamaterial, using the
             formalism of nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling to
             simultaneously engineer the nonlinear polarization and
             magnetization. We confirm our predictions of nonlinear
             interference with both simulations and experiment,
             demonstrating unidirectional wave mixing in two microwave
             metamaterials. Our results point toward an ever wider range
             of nonlinear properties, in which nonlinear interference is
             just one of many potential applications.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.110.063901},
   Key = {fds269650}
}

@article{fds269651,
   Author = {Moreau, A and Ciracì, C and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Impact of nonlocal response on metallodielectric multilayers
             and optical patch antennas},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {4},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000312999800008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {We analyze the impact of nonlocality on the waveguide modes
             of metallodielectric multilayers and optical patch antennas,
             the latter formed from metal strips closely spaced above a
             metallic plane. We model both the nonlocal effects
             associated with the conduction electrons of the metal and
             the previously overlooked response of bound electrons. We
             show that the fundamental mode of a metal-dielectric-metal
             waveguide, sometimes called the gap plasmon, is very
             sensitive to nonlocality when the insulating, dielectric
             layers are thinner than 5 nm. We suggest that optical patch
             antennas, which can easily be fabricated with controlled
             dielectric spacer layers and can be interrogated using
             far-field scattering, can enable the measurement of
             nonlocality in metals with good accuracy. © 2013 American
             Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.87.045401},
   Key = {fds269651}
}

@article{fds330980,
   Author = {Abadi, MM and Ghassemlooy, Z and Smith, D and Ng,
             WP},
   Title = {A report on H-FSO/RF antenna measurement for outdoor
             applications},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the 2013 2nd International Workshop on
             Optical Wireless Communications, IWOW 2013},
   Pages = {118-122},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IWOW.2013.6777790},
   Abstract = {This paper presents a report on experimental set up and
             results for a hybrid free space optics (FSO)/radio frequency
             (RF) dual purpose antenna for outdoor applications. The
             basic design of the antenna is discussed and we present two
             sets of early experimental results for the signal to noise
             ratio (SNR) and the Q-factor for the RF and FSO simplex link
             at the far-field distance of RF antenna, respectively. Over
             a link span of 15 m the measured SNR and the Q-factor are
             45.68 dB and 15.69, respectively, demonstrating the
             functioning transmission capability of the hybrid FSO/RF
             link employing the proposed antenna. © 2013
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/IWOW.2013.6777790},
   Key = {fds330980}
}

@article{fds269578,
   Author = {Tsai, YJ and Tyler, T and Larouche, S and Llopis, A and Royal, M and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterial polarization multiplexed gratings},
   Journal = {2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO
             2013},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2013.qm4a.1},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a metamaterial grating that has two
             diffraction periods for two orthogonal linear polarization
             states of illuminations. The proposed method will be useful
             in free space optical communications and novel optical
             imaging systems. © 2013 The Optical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1364/cleo_qels.2013.qm4a.1},
   Key = {fds269578}
}

@article{fds269583,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Urzhumov, Y and Landy, N and Basov, D and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Dielectric metamaterials and composites in the age of 3D
             printing, and directional cloaking},
   Journal = {2013 7th International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic
             Materials in Microwaves and Optics, METAMATERIALS
             2013},
   Pages = {361-363},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MetaMaterials.2013.6809053},
   Abstract = {The rapid evolution of additive manufacturing techniques has
             the potential to revolutionize a wide range of
             fabrication-limited fields. In this article, we apply
             plastic additive manufacturing to the creation of
             radio-frequency electromagnetic devices, demonstrating a
             metamaterial-like unidirectional cloak. Enabling this
             all-dielectric cloak is a computational boundary-optimization
             design approach significantly different from traditional
             metamaterial design techniques. For a subset of
             applications, the new all-dielectric cloak proves to work as
             well as well as previous metal-inclusive designs. © 2013
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MetaMaterials.2013.6809053},
   Key = {fds269583}
}

@article{fds269627,
   Author = {Lassiter, JB and McGuire, F and Mock, JJ and Ciracì, C and Hill, RT and Wiley, BJ and Chilkoti, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Plasmonic waveguide modes of film-coupled metallic
             nanocubes.},
   Journal = {Nano letters},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {5866-5872},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24199752},
   Abstract = {A metallic nanoparticle positioned over a metal film offers
             great advantages as a highly controllable system relevant
             for probing field-enhancement and other plasmonic effects.
             Because the size and shape of the gap between the
             nanoparticle and film can be controlled to subnanometer
             precision using relatively simple, bottom-up fabrication
             approaches, the film-coupled nanoparticle geometry has
             recently been applied to enhancing optical fields, accessing
             the quantum regime of plasmonics, and the design of surfaces
             with controlled reflectance. In the present work, we examine
             the plasmon modes associated with a silver nanocube
             positioned above a silver or gold film, separated by an
             organic, dielectric spacer layer. The film-coupled nanocube
             is of particular interest due to the formation of waveguide
             cavity-like modes between the nanocube and film. These modes
             impart distinctive scattering characteristics to the system
             that can be used in the creation of controlled reflectance
             surfaces and other applications. We perform both
             experimental spectroscopy and numerical simulations of
             individual nanocubes positioned over a metal film, finding
             excellent agreement between experiment and simulation. The
             waveguide mode description serves as a starting point to
             explain the optical properties observed.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nl402660s},
   Key = {fds269627}
}

@article{fds269652,
   Author = {Hunt, J and Driscoll, T and Mrozack, A and Lipworth, G and Reynolds, M and Brady, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterial apertures for computational
             imaging.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {339},
   Number = {6117},
   Pages = {310-313},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329043},
   Abstract = {By leveraging metamaterials and compressive imaging, a
             low-profile aperture capable of microwave imaging without
             lenses, moving parts, or phase shifters is demonstrated.
             This designer aperture allows image compression to be
             performed on the physical hardware layer rather than in the
             postprocessing stage, thus averting the detector, storage,
             and transmission costs associated with full
             diffraction-limited sampling of a scene. A guided-wave
             metamaterial aperture is used to perform compressive image
             reconstruction at 10 frames per second of two-dimensional
             (range and angle) sparse still and video scenes at K-band
             (18 to 26 gigahertz) frequencies, using frequency diversity
             to avoid mechanical scanning. Image acquisition is
             accomplished with a 40:1 compression ratio.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1230054},
   Key = {fds269652}
}

@article{fds269774,
   Author = {Landy, N and Smith, DR},
   Title = {A full-parameter unidirectional metamaterial cloak for
             microwaves.},
   Journal = {Nature materials},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {25-28},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1476-1122},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23142840},
   Abstract = {Invisibility is a notion that has long captivated the
             popular imagination. However, in 2006, invisibility became a
             practical matter for the scientific community as well, with
             the suggestion that artificially structured metamaterials
             could enable a new electromagnetic design paradigm, now
             termed transformation optics. Since the advent of
             transformation optics and subsequent initial demonstration
             of the microwave cloak, the field has grown rapidly.
             However, the complexity of the transformation optics
             material prescription has continually forced researchers to
             make simplifying approximations to achieve even a subset of
             the desired functionality. These approximations place
             profound limitations on the performance of transformation
             optics devices in general, and cloaks especially. Here, we
             design and experimentally characterize a two-dimensional,
             unidirectional cloak that makes no approximations to the
             underlying transformation optics formulation, yet is capable
             of reducing the scattering of an object ten wavelengths in
             size. We demonstrate that this approximation-free design
             regains the performance characteristics promised by
             transformation optics.},
   Doi = {10.1038/nmat3476},
   Key = {fds269774}
}

@article{fds335085,
   Author = {Diallo, A and Kramer, GJ and Smith, DR and Maingi, R and Bell, RE and Guttenfelder, W and Leblanc, BP and Podestà, M and McKee, GJ and Fonck,
             R},
   Title = {Observation of ion scale fluctuations in the pedestal region
             during the edge-localized-mode cycle on the National
             Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {20},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {012505-012505},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773402},
   Abstract = {Characterization of the spatial structure of turbulence
             fluctuations during the edge localized mode cycle in the
             pedestal region is reported. Using the beam emission
             spectroscopy and the correlation reflectometry systems,
             measurements show spatial structure - k⊥ρiped - ranging
             from 0.2 to 0.7 propagating in the ion diamagnetic drift
             direction at the pedestal top. These propagating spatial
             scales are found to be anisotropic and consistent with
             ion-scale microturbulence of the type ion temperature
             gradient and/or kinetic ballooning modes. © 2013 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4773402},
   Key = {fds335085}
}

@article{fds330971,
   Author = {Elsdon, M and Yurduseven, O and Smith, D},
   Title = {Early stage breast cancer detection using indirect microwave
             holography},
   Journal = {Progress in Electromagnetics Research},
   Volume = {143},
   Pages = {405-419},
   Publisher = {EMW Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIER13091703},
   Abstract = {A novel microwave imaging approach for early stage breast
             cancer detection is described. The proposed technique
             involves the use of an Indirect Microwave Holographic
             technique employing a patented synthetic reference wave.
             This approach offers benefits in terms of simplicity,
             expense, comfort and safety when compared to current
             mammography techniques. Experimental results using a
             simulated breast phantom are included to demonstrate the
             validity of this technique to obtain 2D images. The
             technique is then extended to demonstrate the possibility of
             obtaining 3D images by using indirect stereoscopic
             holographic imaging.},
   Doi = {10.2528/PIER13091703},
   Key = {fds330971}
}

@article{fds330973,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Pearsall, N and Forbes,
             I},
   Title = {A solar cell stacked slot-loaded suspended microstrip patch
             antenna with multiband resonance characteristics for wlan
             and WiMAX systems},
   Journal = {Progress in Electromagnetics Research},
   Volume = {142},
   Pages = {321-332},
   Publisher = {EMW Publishing},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIER13081502},
   Abstract = {In this paper, a novel self-complementary shaped multiple- L
             slot loaded suspended microstrip patch antenna stacked with
             a polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) solar cell is presented
             for 2.4/5.2GHz band WLAN and 2.5/3.3/5.8 GHz band WiMAX
             networks. While the proposed self-complementary shaped
             multiple-L slot loaded suspended patch enables the
             propagation of multiple TMmn modes to be present, the
             poly-Si solar cell works as an RF parasitic patch element in
             addition to its photovoltaic function. The proposed stacked
             solar antenna combination topology enables the radiating
             patch to be easily modified by slot-loading to achieve
             multiband resonance characteristics and the poly-Si solar
             cell to operate without being shaded by any RF components of
             the antenna ensuring an optimum solar operation
             performance.},
   Doi = {10.2528/PIER13081502},
   Key = {fds330973}
}

@article{fds330981,
   Author = {Liu, L and Ghassemlooy, Z and Sambell, A and Danaher, S and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {Investigation of transformer turns ratio between feed and
             slot of aperture coupled slot antenna by using
             S11 parameter},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation},
   Volume = {61},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {5785-5787},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2013.2275745},
   Abstract = {This communication presents a simplified design approach to
             obtain the turns ratio Nf which models the coupling between
             the microstrip feed and slot line of an aperture coupled
             slot antenna by using the S11 parameter. Equations are
             derived using S11 parameter to determine Nf and simulations
             are carried out at 2 GHz using substrates of PCB FR4, Duroid
             5870, and Duroid 6010. Results indicate Nf is proportional
             to the slot length from 0 to 20 mm increasing rapidly with
             length. Over 20 mm slot length, the trend reduces and the
             value of Nf tends towards 1. In addition, Nf varies with the
             height of substrate but is little affected by dielectric
             constant of substrate which could therefore be ignored to
             simplify the design procedure. Measured results show good
             agreement with the theoretical model. © 1963-2012
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TAP.2013.2275745},
   Key = {fds330981}
}

@article{fds330970,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Elsdon, M},
   Title = {Printed slot loaded bow-tie antenna with super wideband
             radiation characteristics for imaging applications},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation},
   Volume = {61},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {6206-6210},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2013.2281353},
   Abstract = {A super wideband printed modified bow-tie antenna loaded
             with rounded-T shaped slots fed through amicrostrip balun is
             proposed for microwave and millimeter-wave band imaging
             applications. The modified slot-loaded bow-tie pattern
             increases the electrical length of the bow-tie antenna
             reducing the lower band to 3.1GHz. In addition, over the
             investigated frequency band up to 40 GHz, the proposed
             modified bow-tie pattern considerably flattens the input
             impedance response of the bow-tie resulting in a smooth
             impedance matching performance enhancing the reflection
             coefficient (S11) characteristics. The introduction of the
             modified ground plane printed underneath the bow-tie, on the
             other hand, yields to directional far-field radiation
             patterns with considerably enhanced gain performance. The S
             11 and E-plane/H-plane far-field radiation pattern
             measurements have been carried out and it is demonstrated
             that the fabricated bow-tie antenna operates across a
             measured frequency band of 3.1-40 GHz with an average
             broadband gain of 7.1 dBi. © 2013 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TAP.2013.2281353},
   Key = {fds330970}
}

@article{fds269633,
   Author = {Landy, N and Hunt, J and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Homogenization analysis of complementary waveguide
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and
             Applications},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {453-467},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2013},
   ISSN = {1569-4410},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2013.07.004},
   Abstract = {We analyze the properties of complementary metamaterials as
             effective inclusions patterned into the conducting walls of
             metal waveguide structures. We show that guided wave
             metamaterials can be homogenized using the same retrieval
             techniques used for volumetric metamaterials, leading to a
             description in which a given complementary element is
             conceptually replaced by a block of material within the
             waveguide whose effective permittivity and permeability
             result in equivalent scattering characteristics. The use of
             effective constitutive parameters for waveguide materials
             provides an alternative point-of-view for the design of
             waveguide and microstrip based components, including planar
             lenses and filters, as well as devices with derived from a
             bulk material response. In addition to imparting effective
             constitutive properties to the waveguide, complementary
             metamaterials also couple energy from waveguide modes into
             radiation. Thus, complementary waveguide metamaterials can
             be used to modify and optimize a variety of antenna
             structures. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights
             reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.photonics.2013.07.004},
   Key = {fds269633}
}

@article{fds335086,
   Author = {Quinn, H and Graham, P and Morgan, K and Baker, Z and Caffrey, M and Smith,
             D and Bell, R},
   Title = {On-orbit results for the xilinx virtex-4
             FPGA},
   Journal = {IEEE Radiation Effects Data Workshop},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781467327312},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/REDW.2012.6353715},
   Abstract = {This paper provides information regarding the use of the
             Xilinx Virtex-4 field-programmable gate array in a
             spacecraft deployed to low-earth orbit. The results are
             compared to pre-deployment accelerated and fault-injection
             testing. Copyright © 2012 by the Institute of Electrical
             and Electronic Engineers, Inc.},
   Doi = {10.1109/REDW.2012.6353715},
   Key = {fds335086}
}

@article{fds330982,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Pearsall, N and Forbes,
             I},
   Title = {Design of a highly efficient wideband suspended solar array
             antenna},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781467304627},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2012.6348555},
   Abstract = {This paper presents the design of a wideband suspended solar
             patch array antenna for WLAN and ISM band applications. The
             suspended silicon solar cells, which have been replaced with
             traditional microstrip patches and work as antennas within
             the design, are able to receive and transmit the EM signals
             while producing a DC current as a result of the photovoltaic
             effect. A unique and effective quarter-wave DC/AC decoupling
             circuit, which enables the produced current to be withdrawn
             from the system without affecting the RF performance of the
             antenna, has been designed based on microwave circuit
             topology. Experimental and full-wave simulation results of
             the presented solar antenna operating within the frequency
             band of 2.3-2.75 GHz, confirm the suitability of the
             proposed design for wideband communication systems with a
             wide impedance bandwidth of 18.36%, 450 MHz, and a high gain
             of 12.2 dB. © 2012 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2012.6348555},
   Key = {fds330982}
}

@article{fds269756,
   Author = {Grajower, M and Lerman, G and Goykhman, I and Desiatov, B and Yanai, A and Smith, DR and Levy, U},
   Title = {Plasmonic graded-index planar lens based on subwavelength
             features in the effective index regime},
   Journal = {2012 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO
             2012},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {We experimentally demonstrate the planar focusing of Surface
             Plasmon Polaritons using space variant PMMA subwavelength
             features on top of a metallic film. Focusing is obtained by
             creating an effective graded refractive index profile. ©
             2012 OSA.},
   Key = {fds269756}
}

@article{fds269757,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {Defining new optics with metamaterials},
   Journal = {2012 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO
             2012},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials provide resources for the development of
             unconventional optical devices and the improvement of
             conventional ones. We review the methods of analyzing,
             constructing and characterizing metamaterials, and discuss
             their extension to infrared and visible wavelengths. © 2012
             OSA.},
   Key = {fds269757}
}

@article{fds330983,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Pearsall, N and Forbes,
             I},
   Title = {A triband short-circuited suspended solar patch
             antenna},
   Journal = {2012 10th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation
             and EM Theory, ISAPE 2012},
   Pages = {294-297},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781467317993},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISAPE.2012.6408767},
   Abstract = {In this paper, a triband low-profile short-circuited
             suspended patch antenna combined with a polycrystalline
             silicon solar cell working as a radiating patch element is
             proposed for 2.3/2.5/2.8/3.3/3.5 GHz band WiMAX and 2.4 GHz
             band WLAN networks. The fabricated multifunctional solar
             antenna offers measured impedance bandwidths of 230, 130 and
             280 MHz at the resonance frequencies of 2.4, 2.8 and 3.45
             GHz with measured gains of 7.4, 7.8 and 7.6 dBi
             respectively. The proposed solar antenna generates a
             measured open circuit voltage of 0.595 V with a short
             circuit current of 602 mA as a result of the photovoltaic
             effect, operating with a calculated solar efficiency of
             13.22% and providing a DC power output of 0.238 W. © 2012
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ISAPE.2012.6408767},
   Key = {fds330983}
}

@article{fds330984,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D},
   Title = {Symmetric/asymmetric H-plane horn fed offset parabolic
             reflector antenna with switchable pencil/fan-beam radiation
             characteristics},
   Journal = {2012 10th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation
             and EM Theory, ISAPE 2012},
   Pages = {82-85},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781467317993},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISAPE.2012.6408713},
   Abstract = {This paper presents a modified offset parabolic reflector
             antenna design with easily switchable pencil/fan-beam
             radiation patterns for X-band tracking, scanning and
             surveillance microwave radar systems. The modified offset
             parabolic reflector antenna, combined with an array of flat
             aluminum plates at the bottom, is fed through
             symmetric/asymmetric H-plane feed horn antennas. An
             effective measured pencil-beam/fan-beam switching
             performance has been achieved as a result of setting the
             flares of the H-plane feed horn antenna symmetrically and
             asymmetrically, without making any changes in the geometry
             of the offset parabolic reflector antenna. © 2012
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ISAPE.2012.6408713},
   Key = {fds330984}
}

@article{fds330985,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Pearsall, N and Forbes, I and Johnston,
             D},
   Title = {A meshed multiband solar patch array antenna},
   Journal = {LAPC 2012 - 2012 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation
             Conference},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781467322195},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAPC.2012.6403083},
   Abstract = {In this paper, a meshed multiband solar patch array antenna,
             consisting of a polycrystalline silicon solar panel working
             as a ground plane whilst generating a DC power output of
             1.48 W as a result of the photovoltaic effect with a
             measured solar efficiency of 14.95%, is proposed for GSM
             900/1800/1900, UMTS 1900, 3.5 GHz band WiMAX and C-band
             applications. The proposed solar patch array antenna
             introduces a further potential of solar cells to be
             effectively used as embedded elements within communication
             systems, raising the awareness of solar energy and offering
             a practical solution to the requirement for the
             incorporation of solar cells/panels with microwave antennas
             within solar powered autonomous communication systems
             suffering from increasing dimensions due to the separate
             involvement of solar panels and microwave antennas. © 2012
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAPC.2012.6403083},
   Key = {fds330985}
}

@article{fds335087,
   Author = {Baharin, R and Hobson, PR and Leslie, DE and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Effect of gamma radiation on potential ionising radiation
             detectors and dosimeters based on quantum
             dots},
   Journal = {IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference
             Record},
   Pages = {3228-3231},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781467320306},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551737},
   Abstract = {In this work, we report measured effects on the fluorescent
             emission spectra of commercially produced core-shell
             (CdSe/ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) of 2.5 nm, 3.3 nm and 6.3 nm
             size in toluene, following exposure to 1 MeV gamma
             irradiation in the range 0.1-110 Gy. We show that damage
             depends on the size of the QDs, an effect seen in solutions
             of a single type of QD as well as in a mixture, and that
             increasing the concentration of QDs in the toluene decreases
             the effect. Measurements have recently been made to
             investigate and shift in peak wavelength following
             irradiation and these are reported here. Recent work on the
             production of a prototype 2D imaging dosimeter, by absorbing
             a solution of green emitting QD in toluene into a sample of
             porous 'Vycor' glass, has shown that QDs absorbed in the
             Vycor fluoresce under several hours of continual
             illumination and that the system continues to show
             fluorescence for several days after the initial preparation.
             Initial results of experiments to dynamically image the
             Vycor during electron irradiation are presented as is
             progress on the development of a second prototype device for
             2D radiation dosimetry. © 2012 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551737},
   Key = {fds335087}
}

@article{fds335088,
   Author = {Walker, TE and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Development of a laboratory based XRF facility for measuring
             elemental abundance ratios in planetary analogue powder
             samples},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {8453},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9780819491541},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.926978},
   Abstract = {This paper describes the use of a swept-charge device (SCD)
             silicon X-ray detector in a laboratory based X-ray
             fluorescence (XRF) facility for calculating elemental
             abundance ratios from planetary analogue powder samples. The
             facility was developed to support the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray
             Spectrometer (C1XS) detector development and calibration
             activities prior to the flight of the instrument onboard the
             Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Chandrayaan-1
             mission to the Moon in 2008. The test facility has
             subsequently been used to carry out XRF analysis of
             homogenous samples made from mixtures of MgO, Al2O 3 and
             SiO2 powders, all of grain size <44 μm, across a range of
             mixture ratios and at a high level of X-ray flux data in
             order to develop an algorithm which will allow the
             calculation of elemental abundance ratios. This paper also
             presents an analysis of XRF data collected from lunar
             regolith simulant JSC-1A and an Etna Basalt powder sample to
             enable calibration of various model parameters. The
             operation of the SCD, the XRF test facility, the sample
             preparation methodology and the process of obtaining
             elemental abundance ratios from planetary analogue samples
             using the test facility are discussed in this paper. © 2012
             SPIE.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.926978},
   Key = {fds335088}
}

@article{fds335089,
   Author = {Walker, TE and Smith, DR},
   Title = {The effects of radiation damage on the spectral resolution
             of the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer over the full
             mission duration},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {8453},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9780819491541},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.926983},
   Abstract = {The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) was launched
             onboard the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
             Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission in October 2008. The instrument
             consisted of 24 swept-charge device silicon X-ray detectors
             providing a total collecting area of ∼24 cm2,
             corresponding to a 14° field of view (FWHM), with the
             ability to measure X-rays from 0.8 - 10 keV. During the 10
             months the spacecraft was located in orbit around the Moon a
             number of solar flare X-ray events were detected, along with
             calibration data from X-ray sources housed inside the
             movable door of the instrument. This paper presents a
             further study of the degradation in spectral resolution of
             the measured X-ray calibration lines, adding a final
             calibration point towards the end of mission lifetime to the
             known results from the midpoint of the mission, giving a
             more detailed analysis of the extent of the radiation
             damage. The radiation environment the detectors were
             subjected to is discussed in light of the actual radiation
             damage effects on the spectral resolution observed in
             flight. © 2012 SPIE.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.926983},
   Key = {fds335089}
}

@article{fds269608,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {Defining new optics with metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials provide resources for the development of
             unconventional optical devices and the improvement of
             conventional ones. We review the methods of analyzing,
             constructing and characterizing metamaterials, and discuss
             their extension to infrared and visible wavelengths. © OSA
             2012.},
   Key = {fds269608}
}

@article{fds269609,
   Author = {Grajower, M and Lerman, G and Goykhman, I and Desiatov, B and Yanai, A and Smith, DR and Levy, U},
   Title = {Plasmonic graded-index planar lens based on subwavelength
             features in the effective index regime},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {We experimentally demonstrate the planar focusing of Surface
             Plasmon Polaritons using space variant PMMA subwavelength
             features on top of a metallic film. Focusing is obtained by
             creating an effective graded refractive index profile. ©
             OSA 2012.},
   Key = {fds269609}
}

@article{fds269614,
   Author = {Larouche, S and Tsai, YJ and Tyler, T and Jokerst, NM and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Infrared metamaterial hologram},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {We designed, fabricated, and characterized an infrared
             metamaterial hologram. The hologram correctly reproduces the
             design image. This work demonstrates that metamate-rials can
             be used to fabricate devices with arbitrary 2D refractive
             index profiles. © 2011 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Key = {fds269614}
}

@article{fds269808,
   Author = {Moreau, A and Ciracì, C and Mock, JJ and Hill, RT and Wang, Q and Wiley,
             BJ and Chilkoti, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Controlled-reflectance surfaces with film-coupled colloidal
             nanoantennas.},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {492},
   Number = {7427},
   Pages = {86-89},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23222613},
   Abstract = {Efficient and tunable absorption is essential for a variety
             of applications, such as designing controlled-emissivity
             surfaces for thermophotovoltaic devices, tailoring an
             infrared spectrum for controlled thermal dissipation and
             producing detector elements for imaging. Metamaterials based
             on metallic elements are particularly efficient as absorbing
             media, because both the electrical and the magnetic
             properties of a metamaterial can be tuned by structured
             design. So far, metamaterial absorbers in the infrared or
             visible range have been fabricated using lithographically
             patterned metallic structures, making them inherently
             difficult to produce over large areas and hence reducing
             their applicability. Here we demonstrate a simple method to
             create a metamaterial absorber by randomly adsorbing
             chemically synthesized silver nanocubes onto a
             nanoscale-thick polymer spacer layer on a gold film, making
             no effort to control the spatial arrangement of the cubes on
             the film. We show that the film-coupled nanocubes provide a
             reflectance spectrum that can be tailored by varying the
             geometry (the size of the cubes and/or the thickness of the
             spacer). Each nanocube is the optical analogue of a grounded
             patch antenna, with a nearly identical local field structure
             that is modified by the plasmonic response of the metal's
             dielectric function, and with an anomalously large
             absorption efficiency that can be partly attributed to an
             interferometric effect. The absorptivity of large surface
             areas can be controlled using this method, at scales out of
             reach of lithographic approaches (such as electron-beam
             lithography) that are otherwise required to manipulate
             matter on the nanoscale.},
   Doi = {10.1038/nature11615},
   Key = {fds269808}
}

@article{fds335090,
   Author = {Baharin, R and Hobson, PR and Leslie, DE and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Development of an ionising radiation detector based on
             quantum dots absorbed in porous glass},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {November},
   ISBN = {9781467321983},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NANO.2012.6322009},
   Abstract = {In this work, we report measured effects on the fluorescent
             emission spectra of commercially produced core-shell
             (CdSe/ZnS) quantum dots (QDs). We report the effects on the
             fluorescent emission spectra of commercially produced
             CdSe/ZnS QDs of 2.5 nm, 3.3 nm and 6.3 nm size in toluene,
             following exposure to 1 MeV gamma irradiation in the range
             0.1-110 Gy. We show that damage depends on the size of the
             QDs and that increasing the concentration of QDs in the
             toluene decreases the effect. Recent work on the production
             of a prototype 2D imaging dosimeter, by absorbing a solution
             of green emitting QD in toluene into a sample of porous
             Vycor glass, has shown that QDs absorbed in the Vycor
             fluoresce under several hours of continual illumination and
             that the system continues to show fluorescence for several
             days after the initial preparation. Initial results of
             experiments to dynamically image the Vycor during electron
             irradiation are presented as is progress on the development
             of a second prototype device for 2D radiation dosimetry. ©
             2012 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/NANO.2012.6322009},
   Key = {fds335090}
}

@article{fds330986,
   Author = {Bobor-Oyibo, F and Foti, SJ and Smith, D and Yurduseven,
             O},
   Title = {Modelling and analysis of a smart antenna system with
             sub-sector dynamic capacity enhancement for mobile
             telecommunication networks},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the 2012 8th International Symposium on
             Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal
             Processing, CSNDSP 2012},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {November},
   ISBN = {9781457714733},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CSNDSP.2012.6292742},
   Abstract = {This paper describes the modelling and analysis of a new
             smart antenna concept. The paper outlines the rational for
             the development of a dynamically reconfigurable smart
             antenna system without greatly increasing the complexity of
             the system. The subject smart antenna system is developed to
             offer good coverage and capacity using multiple beams
             throughout a cell sector and to be able to reconfigure the
             beam to provide enhanced coverage and maintain capacity in
             certain areas at reduced, but acceptable coverage throughout
             the rest of the cell sector of a mobile telecommunication
             network. The motivation behind the architecture and the
             methodology used is discussed and then modelling and
             analysis of the antenna system is presented. © 2012
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/CSNDSP.2012.6292742},
   Key = {fds330986}
}

@article{fds330987,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Pearsall, N and Forbes, I and Bobor-Oyibo, F},
   Title = {A solar parabolic reflector antenna design for digital
             satellite communication systems},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the 2012 8th International Symposium on
             Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal
             Processing, CSNDSP 2012},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {November},
   ISBN = {9781457714733},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CSNDSP.2012.6292741},
   Abstract = {This paper introduces a compact solar parabolic reflector
             antenna design, with an effective DC solar performance and
             high gain / pencil beam antenna radiation characteristics,
             as an alternative to the standalone use of home-based
             autonomous solar panels and digital satellite antennas. The
             proposed solar reflector antenna consists of 2 parabolic
             shaped silicon solar panels with a diameter of 60 cm, each
             constructed by connecting individual silicon solar cells
             electrically in appropriate angles in order to create an
             approximate parabolic surface. The solar panels within the
             design have been connected in parallel in order to increase
             the total DC output level for medium and high current
             appliances. The bottom DC contact layer of the first silicon
             solar panel, which collects the DC current generated by the
             electrically connected solar cells within the panel as a
             result of the photovoltaic effect, also works as a parabolic
             reflector antenna with an average gain of 32.8 dB at the
             digital satellite downlink frequency band of 10.70 - 12.75
             GHz, allocated by the ITU to the Region 1, including Europe.
             © 2012 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/CSNDSP.2012.6292741},
   Key = {fds330987}
}

@article{fds269770,
   Author = {Larouche, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Optics: Nanotube holograms.},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {491},
   Number = {7422},
   Pages = {47-48},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0028-0836},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/491047a},
   Doi = {10.1038/491047a},
   Key = {fds269770}
}

@article{fds269771,
   Author = {Nguyen, V and Larouche, S and Landy, N and Lee, JS and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Quantitative comparison of gradient index and refractive
             lenses.},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image
             science, and vision},
   Volume = {29},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {2479-2497},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201812},
   Abstract = {We analyze the Seidel wavefront aberrations and spot sizes
             of gradient index (GRIN) singlet lenses with Δn≈1. We
             consider and compare curved and planar GRIN lenses with
             F-numbers of 5 and 1 against equivalent refractive lenses.
             We find that the planar GRIN lenses generally have larger
             spot sizes compared to their refractive lens equivalents at
             wide angles. This appears to be due to an inability to
             correct for coma by adjusting the refractive index gradient
             alone. We can correct for the coma by bending the GRIN lens.
             This results in a singlet lens with performance close to but
             not exceeding that of the equivalent refractive lens. We
             also examine the impact of anisotropy on the planar GRIN
             lenses. We find that fabricating the planar GRIN lenses from
             a uniaxial medium has the potential to improve the
             performance of the lenses.},
   Doi = {10.1364/josaa.29.002479},
   Key = {fds269771}
}

@article{fds269772,
   Author = {Urzhumov, Y and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Low-loss directional cloaks without superluminal velocity or
             magnetic response.},
   Journal = {Optics letters},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {21},
   Pages = {4471-4473},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23114333},
   Abstract = {The possibility of making an optically large (many
             wavelengths in diameter) object appear invisible has been a
             subject of many recent studies. Exact invisibility scenarios
             for large (relative to the wavelength) objects involve
             (meta)materials with superluminal phase velocity [refractive
             index (RI) less than unity] and/or magnetic response. We
             introduce a new approximation applicable to certain device
             geometries in the eikonal limit: piecewise-uniform scaling
             of the RI. This transformation preserves the ray
             trajectories but leads to a uniform phase delay. We show how
             to take advantage of phase delays to achieve a limited
             (directional and wavelength-dependent) form of invisibility
             that does not require loss-ridden (meta)materials with
             superluminal phase velocities.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ol.37.004471},
   Key = {fds269772}
}

@article{fds269773,
   Author = {Urzhumov, YA and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Flow stabilization with active hydrodynamic
             cloaks.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {5 Pt 2},
   Pages = {056313},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/7574 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate that fluid flow cloaking solutions, based on
             active hydrodynamic metamaterials, exist for two-dimensional
             flows past a cylinder in a wide range of Reynolds numbers
             (Re's), up to approximately 200. Within the framework of the
             classical Brinkman equation for homogenized porous flow, we
             demonstrate using two different methods that such cloaked
             flows can be dynamically stable for Re's in the range of
             5-119. The first highly efficient method is based on a
             linearization of the Brinkman-Navier-Stokes equation and
             finding the eigenfrequencies of the least stable
             eigenperturbations; the second method is a direct numerical
             integration in the time domain. We show that, by suppressing
             the von Kármán vortex street in the weakly turbulent wake,
             porous flow cloaks can raise the critical Reynolds number up
             to about 120 or five times greater than for a bare uncloaked
             cylinder.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.86.056313},
   Key = {fds269773}
}

@article{fds335091,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Fonck, RJ and McKee, GR and Thompson,
             DS},
   Title = {Diagnostic performance of the beam emission spectroscopy
             system on the National Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
   Volume = {83},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {10D502-10D502},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4728094},
   Abstract = {The beam emission spectroscopy system on the National
             Spherical Torus Experiment measures localized density
             fluctuations on the ion gyroscale. Optical sightlines
             provide core to edge radial coverage, and the sightlines are
             aligned to typical pitch angles to maximize cross-field
             spatial resolution. Sightline images are 2-3 cm, and point
             spread function calculations indicate image distortion from
             pitch angle misalignment and atomic state finite lifetimes
             is minor with a 15% increase in the image size. New
             generation photodetectors achieve photon noise limited
             measurements at frequencies up to 400 kHz with refrigerant
             cooling at -20 °C. Measurements near the pedestal show
             broadband turbulence up to 100 kHz, and poloidal correlation
             lengths are about 10 cm. Plasma turbulence signals can be
             2-3 orders of magnitude above photon noise and amplifier
             thermal noise. © 2012 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4728094},
   Key = {fds335091}
}

@article{fds269807,
   Author = {Hill, RT and Mock, JJ and Hucknall, A and Wolter, SD and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR and Chilkoti, A},
   Title = {Plasmon ruler with angstrom length resolution.},
   Journal = {ACS nano},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {9237-9246},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22966857},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a plasmon nanoruler using a coupled film
             nanoparticle (film-NP) format that is well-suited for
             investigating the sensitivity extremes of plasmonic
             coupling. Because it is relatively straightforward to
             functionalize bulk surface plasmon supporting films, such as
             gold, we are able to precisely control plasmonic gap
             dimensions by creating ultrathin molecular spacer layers on
             the gold films, on top of which we immobilize plasmon
             resonant nanoparticles (NPs). Each immobilized NP becomes
             coupled to the underlying film and functions as a plasmon
             nanoruler, exhibiting a distance-dependent resonance red
             shift in its peak plasmon wavelength as it approaches the
             film. Due to the uniformity of response from the film-NPs to
             separation distance, we are able to use extinction and
             scattering measurements from ensembles of film-NPs to
             characterize the coupling effect over a series of very short
             separation distances-ranging from 5 to 20 Å-and combine
             these measurements with similar data from larger separation
             distances extending out to 27 nm. We find that the film-NP
             plasmon nanoruler is extremely sensitive at very short
             film-NP separation distances, yielding spectral shifts as
             large as 5 nm for every 1 Å change in separation distance.
             The film-NP coupling at extremely small spacings is so
             uniform and reliable that we are able to usefully probe gap
             dimensions where the classical Drude model of the conducting
             electrons in the metals is no longer descriptive; for gap
             sizes smaller than a few nanometers, either quantum or
             semiclassical models of the carrier response must be
             employed to predict the observed wavelength shifts. We find
             that, despite the limitations, large field enhancements and
             extreme sensitivity persist down to even the smallest gap
             sizes.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nn3035809},
   Key = {fds269807}
}

@article{fds269837,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Poutrina, E and Scalora, M and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Second-harmonic generation in metallic nanoparticles:
             Clarification of the role of the surface},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {11},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.115451},
   Abstract = {We present a numerical investigation of the second-order
             nonlinear optical properties of metal-based metamaterial
             nanoresonators. The nonlinear optical response of the metal
             is described by a hydrodynamic model, with the effects of
             electron pressure in the electron gas also taken into
             account. We show that as the pressure term tends to zero the
             amount of converted second-harmonic field tends to an
             asymptotic value. In this limit it becomes possible to
             rewrite the nonlinear surface contributions as functions of
             the value of the polarization vector inside the bulk region.
             Nonlocality thus can be incorporated into numerical
             simulations without actually utilizing the nonlocal equation
             of motion or solving for the rapidly varying fields that
             occur near the metal surface. We use our model to
             investigate the second-harmonic generation process with
             three-dimensional gold nanoparticle arrays and show that
             nanocrescents can easily attain conversion efficiencies of
             ∼6.0×10 -8 for pumping peak intensities of a few tens of
             MW/cm2. ©2012 American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.86.115451},
   Key = {fds269837}
}

@article{fds269769,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Quinn, J and Di Ventra and M and Basov, DN and Seo, G and Lee,
             YW and Kim, HT and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Current oscillations in vanadium dioxide: Evidence for
             electrically triggered percolation avalanches},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {9},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.094203},
   Abstract = {In this work, we experimentally and theoretically explore
             voltage-controlled oscillations occurring in microbeams of
             vanadium dioxide. These oscillations are a result of the
             reversible insulator-to-metal phase transition in vanadium
             dioxide. By examining the structure of the observed
             oscillations in detail, we propose a modified
             percolative-avalanche model which allows for voltage
             triggering. This model captures the periodicity and
             waveshape of the oscillations as well as several other key
             features. Importantly, our modeling shows that while
             temperature plays a critical role in the vanadium dioxide
             phase transition, electrically induced heating can not act
             as the primary instigator of the oscillations in this
             configuration. This realization leads us to identify the
             electric field as the most likely candidate for driving the
             phase transition. © 2012 American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.86.094203},
   Key = {fds269769}
}

@article{fds269768,
   Author = {Rose, A and Larouche, S and Poutrina, E and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Nonlinear magnetoelectric metamaterials: Analysis and
             homogenization via a microscopic coupled-mode
             theory},
   Journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {3},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1050-2947},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.86.033816},
   Abstract = {Artificially structured metamaterials hybridized with
             elements that respond nonlinearly to incident
             electromagnetic fields can, from a macroscopic perspective,
             support nonlinear responses that cannot be described by
             purely electric or magnetic interactions. To investigate the
             mechanisms and behaviors of such interactions, termed
             nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling, we develop a set of
             coupled-mode equations for describing three-wave mixing in a
             metamaterial, using Bloch modes as the basis. By equating
             these coupled-mode equations to those of a homogenized
             system, we derive closed-form expressions for the
             macroscopic nonlinear susceptibilities. From these
             expressions, a great deal can be inferred about the nature
             and construction of magnetoelectric nonlinearities in
             metamaterials. As an example, we apply this method in the
             analysis of a prototypical nonlinear magnetoelectric
             metamaterial. In particular, we show that independent
             control of the eight second-order susceptibility tensors
             encompasses a massive parameter space from which new realms
             of nonlinear interference and wave manipulation can be
             accessed. © 2012 American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.86.033816},
   Key = {fds269768}
}

@article{fds269789,
   Author = {Urzhumov, Y and Lee, JS and Tyler, T and Dhar, S and Nguyen, V and Jokerst,
             NM and Schmalenberg, P and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Electronically reconfigurable metal-on-silicon
             metamaterial},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {7},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/7573 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {Reconfigurable metamaterial-based apertures can play a
             unique role in both imaging and in beam-forming
             applications, where current technology relies mostly on the
             fabrication and integration of large detector or antenna
             arrays. Here, we report the experimental demonstration of a
             voltage-controlled, silicon-based electromagnetic
             metamaterial operating in the W-band (75-110 GHz). In this
             composite semiconductor metamaterial, patterned gold
             metamaterial elements serve both to manage electromagnetic
             wave propagation while simultaneously acting as electrical
             Schottky contacts that control the local conductivity of the
             semiconductor substrate. The active device layers consist of
             a patterned metal on a 2-μm-thick n-doped silicon layer,
             adhesively bonded to a transparent Pyrex wafer. The
             transmittance of the composite metamaterial can be modulated
             over a given frequency band as a function of bias voltage.
             We demonstrate a quantitative understanding of the composite
             device through the application of numerical approaches that
             simultaneously treat the semiconductor junction physics as
             well as wave propagation. © 2012 American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.86.075112},
   Key = {fds269789}
}

@article{fds269806,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Hill, RT and Mock, JJ and Urzhumov, Y and Fernández-Domínguez, AI and Maier, SA and Pendry, JB and Chilkoti,
             A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Probing the ultimate limits of plasmonic
             enhancement.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {337},
   Number = {6098},
   Pages = {1072-1074},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936772},
   Abstract = {Metals support surface plasmons at optical wavelengths and
             have the ability to localize light to subwavelength regions.
             The field enhancements that occur in these regions set the
             ultimate limitations on a wide range of nonlinear and
             quantum optical phenomena. We found that the dominant
             limiting factor is not the resistive loss of the metal, but
             rather the intrinsic nonlocality of its dielectric response.
             A semiclassical model of the electronic response of a metal
             places strict bounds on the ultimate field enhancement. To
             demonstrate the accuracy of this model, we studied optical
             scattering from gold nanoparticles spaced a few angstroms
             from a gold film. The bounds derived from the models and
             experiments impose limitations on all nanophotonic
             systems.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1224823},
   Key = {fds269806}
}

@article{fds269836,
   Author = {Pendry, JB and Aubry, A and Smith, DR and Maier, SA},
   Title = {Transformation optics and subwavelength control of
             light.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {337},
   Number = {6094},
   Pages = {549-552},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0036-8075},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1220600},
   Abstract = {Our intuitive understanding of light has its foundation in
             the ray approximation and is intimately connected with our
             vision. As far as our eyes are concerned, light behaves like
             a stream of particles. We look inside the wavelength and
             study the properties of plasmonic structures with dimensions
             of just a few nanometers, where at a tenth or even a
             hundredth of the wavelength of visible light the ray picture
             fails. We review the concept of transformation optics that
             manipulates electric and magnetic field lines, rather than
             rays; can provide an equally intuitive understanding of
             subwavelength phenomena; and at the same time can be an
             exact description at the level of Maxwell's
             equations.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1220600},
   Key = {fds269836}
}

@article{fds269767,
   Author = {Rose, A and Huang, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Demonstration of nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling in
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {101},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {051103-051103},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4738774},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling in a
             varactor-loaded metamaterial at microwave frequencies. The
             nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling takes the form of
             second-harmonic generation in which incident magnetic fields
             at frequency ω drive an electric polarization at frequency
             2ω. The magnitudes and phases of the generated signals from
             two nonlinear metamaterials are measured, verifying the
             dominant nonlinear process in each sample. We expect the
             metamaterial design employed in this letter to form the
             prototype for future investigations into nonlinear
             magnetoelectric coupling. © 2012 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4738774},
   Key = {fds269767}
}

@article{fds269754,
   Author = {Holloway, CL and Kuester, EF and Gordon, JA and O'Hara, J and Booth, J and Smith, DR},
   Title = {An overview of the theory and applications of metasurfaces:
             The two-dimensional equivalents of metamaterials},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine},
   Volume = {54},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {10-35},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {1045-9243},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MAP.2012.6230714},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials are typically engineered by arranging a set of
             small scatterers or apertures in a regular array throughout
             a region of space, thus obtaining some desirable bulk
             electromagnetic behavior. The desired property is often one
             that is not normally found naturally (negative refractive
             index, near-zero index, etc.). Over the past ten years,
             metamaterials have moved from being simply a theoretical
             concept to a field with developed and marketed applications.
             Three-dimensional metamaterials can be extended by arranging
             electrically small scatterers or holes into a
             two-dimensional pattern at a surface or interface. This
             surface version of a metamaterial has been given the name
             metasurface (the term metafilm has also been employed for
             certain structures). For many applications, metasurfaces can
             be used in place of metamaterials. Metasurfaces have the
             advantage of taking up less physical space than do full
             three-dimensional metamaterial structures; consequently,
             metasurfaces offer the possibility of less-lossy structures.
             In this overview paper, we discuss the theoretical basis by
             which metasurfaces should be characterized, and discuss
             their various applications. We will see how metasurfaces are
             distinguished from conventional frequency-selective
             surfaces. Metasurfaces have a wide range of potential
             applications in electromagnetics (ranging from low microwave
             to optical frequencies), including: (1) controllable smart
             surfaces, (2) miniaturized cavity resonators, (3) novel
             wave-guiding structures, (4) angular-independent surfaces,
             (5) absorbers, (6) biomedical devices, (7) terahertz
             switches, and (8) fluid-tunable frequency-agile materials,
             to name only a few. In this review, we will see that the
             development in recent years of such materials and/or
             surfaces is bringing us closer to realizing the exciting
             speculations made over one hundred years ago by the work of
             Lamb, Schuster, and Pocklington, and later by Mandel'shtam
             and Veselago. © 2012 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MAP.2012.6230714},
   Key = {fds269754}
}

@article{fds335093,
   Author = {Gow, JPD and Holland, AD and Pool, PJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {The effect of protons on the performance of second
             generation Swept Charge Devices},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {680},
   Pages = {86-89},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.04.013},
   Abstract = {The e2v technologies Swept Charge Device (SCD) was developed
             as a large area detector for X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
             analysis, achieving near Fano-limited spectroscopy at -15
             °C. The SCD was flown in the XRF instruments onboard the
             European Space Agency's SMART-1 and the Indian Space
             Research Organisation's Chandrayaan-1 lunar missions. The
             second generation SCD, proposed for use in the soft X-ray
             Spectrometer on the Chandrayaan-2 lunar orbiter and the soft
             X-ray imager on China's HXMT mission, was developed, in
             part, using the findings of the radiation damage studies
             performed for the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer. This
             paper discusses the factor of two improvements in radiation
             tolerance achieved in the second generation SCD, the
             different SCD sizes produced and their advantages for future
             XRF instruments, for example through reduced shielding mass
             or higher operating temperatures. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All
             rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2012.04.013},
   Key = {fds335093}
}

@article{fds330988,
   Author = {Smith, D and Schejbal, V and Prouza, L},
   Title = {A modified holographic technique for cylindrical near-field
             antenna measurements},
   Journal = {Proceedings of 6th European Conference on Antennas and
             Propagation, EuCAP 2012},
   Pages = {2528-2532},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {July},
   ISBN = {9781457709180},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EuCAP.2012.6205933},
   Abstract = {A modification of the synthetic-cylindrical-wave-based
             holographic technique for determining radiation patterns and
             aperture fields of antennas is proposed. The modification is
             based on using both the sum and difference of the near field
             and reference signals to form the hologram via simple
             low-cost amplitude-only near field measurements. This
             approach when compared to the previous version, where only
             the sum signal is used, allows increased sample spacing, and
             also provides an improvement in quality of the final
             results. That is validated by several numerical simulations.
             Moreover, it allows cylindrical near-field antenna
             measurements and probe corrections. © 2012
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/EuCAP.2012.6205933},
   Key = {fds330988}
}

@article{fds335092,
   Author = {Walker, TE and Smith, DR},
   Title = {The use of swept-charge devices in planetary analogue X-ray
             fluorescence studies},
   Journal = {Journal of Instrumentation},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {C07004-C07004},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/07/C07004},
   Abstract = {The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) was launched
             onboard the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
             Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission in October 2008. The instrument
             consisted of 24 swept-charge device (SCD) silicon X-ray
             detectors providing a total collecting area of ∼ 24 cm2,
             corresponding to a 14° field of view (FWHM), with the
             ability to measure X-rays from 0.8-10 keV. One algorithm
             used to analyse the C1XS flight data was developed at
             Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) to convert the raw
             X-ray flux data into elemental ratios and abundances to make
             geological interpretations about the lunar surface.
             Laboratory X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data were used to
             validate the RAL algorithm, with previous studies
             investigating how the measured XRF flux varies with target
             surface characteristics including grain size and roughness.
             Evidence for a grain-size effect was observed in the data,
             the XRF line intensity generally decreasing with increasing
             sample grain size, dependent on the relative abundance of
             elemental components. This paper presents a subsequent study
             using more homogeneous samples made from mixtures of MgO,
             Al2O3 and SiO2 powders, all of grain size < 44μm, across a
             broader range of mixture ratios and at a higher level of
             X-ray flux data in order to further validate the RAL
             algorithm. For the majority of the C1XS flight data analysed
             so far with the RAL algorithm, the corresponding lunar
             ground tracks have been generally basaltic, laboratory
             verification of the algorithm having been primarily
             conducted using basaltic lunar regolith simulant (JSC-1A)
             XRF data. This paper also presents results from tests on a
             terrestrial anorthosite sample, more relevant to the
             anorthositic lunar highlands, from where the remaining C1XS
             lunar dataset derives. The operation of the SCD, the XRF
             test facility, sample preparation and collected XRF spectra
             are discussed in this paper. © 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd and
             Sissa Medialab srl.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/7/07/C07004},
   Key = {fds335092}
}

@article{fds269766,
   Author = {Paul, O and Urzhumov, Y and Elsen, C and Smith, D and Rahm,
             M},
   Title = {Construction of invisibility cloaks of arbitrary shape and
             size using planar layers of metamaterials},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {111},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {123106-123106},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0021-8979},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/7570 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {Transformation optics (TO) is a powerful tool for the design
             of electromagnetic and optical devices with novel
             functionality derived from the unusual properties of the
             transformation media. In general, the fabrication of TO
             media is challenging, requiring spatially varying material
             properties with both anisotropic electric and magnetic
             responses. Though metamaterials have been proposed as a path
             for achieving such complex media, the required properties
             arising from the most general transformations remain
             elusive, and cannot implemented by state-of-the-art
             fabrication techniques. Here, we propose faceted
             approximations of TO media of arbitrary shape in which the
             volume of the TO device is divided into flat metamaterial
             layers. These layers can be readily implemented by standard
             fabrication and stacking techniques. We illustrate our
             approximation approach for the specific example of a
             two-dimensional, omnidirectional "invisibility cloak", and
             quantify its performance using the total scattering cross
             section as a practical figure of merit. © 2012 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4729012},
   Key = {fds269766}
}

@article{fds269764,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Lipworth, G and Hunt, J and Landy, N and Kundtz, N and Basov, DN and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Performance of a three dimensional transformation-optical-flattened
             Lüneburg lens.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {20},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {13262-13273},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22714354},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate both the beam-forming and imaging
             capabilities of an X-band (8-12 GHz) operational Lüneburg
             lens, one side of which has been flattened via a coordinate
             transformation optimized using quasi-conformal
             transformation optics (QCTO) procedures. Our experimental
             investigation includes benchmark performance comparisons
             between the QCTO Lüneburg lens and a commensurate
             conventional Lüneburg lens. The QCTO Lüneburg lens is made
             from a metamaterial comprised of inexpensive plastic and
             fiberglass, and manufactured using fast and versatile
             numerically controlled water-jet machining. Looking forward
             towards the future and advanced TO designs, we discuss
             inevitable design trade-offs between affordable scalable
             manufacturing and rigorous adherence to the full TO
             solution, as well as possible paths to mitigate performance
             degradation in realizable designs.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.20.013262},
   Key = {fds269764}
}

@article{fds269765,
   Author = {Larouche, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Reconciliation of generalized refraction with diffraction
             theory.},
   Journal = {Optics letters},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {2391-2393},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22739918},
   Abstract = {When an electromagnetic wave is obliquely incident on the
             interface between two homogeneous media with different
             refractive indices, the requirement of phase continuity
             across the interface generally leads to a shift in the
             trajectory of the wave. When a linearly position-dependent
             phase shift is imposed at the interface, the resulting
             refraction may be described using a generalized version of
             Snell's law. In this Letter, we establish a formal
             equivalence between generalized refraction and blazed
             diffraction gratings, further discussing the relative merits
             of the two approaches.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ol.37.002391},
   Key = {fds269765}
}

@article{fds269763,
   Author = {Ciracì, C and Poutrina, E and Scalora, M and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Origin of second-harmonic generation enhancement in optical
             split-ring resonators},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {85},
   Number = {20},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.201403},
   Abstract = {We present a study of the second-order nonlinear optical
             properties of metal-based metamaterials. A hydrodynamic
             model for electronic response is used, in which nonlinear
             surface contributions are expressed in terms of the bulk
             polarization. The model is in good agreement with published
             experimental results, and clarifies the mechanisms
             contributing to the nonlinear response. In particular, we
             show that the reported enhancement of the second harmonic in
             split-ring resonator based media is driven by the electric
             rather than the magnetic properties of the structure. ©
             2012 American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.85.201403},
   Key = {fds269763}
}

@article{fds330989,
   Author = {Yurduseven, O and Smith, D and Bobor-Oyibo, F and Foti,
             SJ},
   Title = {Design of a highly efficient beam scanning asymmetric
             H-plane horn antenna},
   Journal = {2012 IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, iWAT
             2012},
   Pages = {108-111},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9781467300360},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IWAT.2012.6178410},
   Abstract = {This paper presents the design and results of a novel
             asymmetric H-plane horn antenna with an easily scanable,
             highly efficient asymmetric radiation pattern. This design
             offers a cost-effective and practical alternative to the
             current beam scanning horn antennas used in surveillance
             radars in which bulky and expensive switching and phase
             shifting circuits and time consuming rotation mechanisms are
             used for these antennas to feed the parabolic reflectors
             asymmetrically to improve the air and coastal scanning
             performance. In order to achieve that, the flares of the
             proposed asymmetric H-plane horn antenna, which is
             constructed from aluminum, are adjusted in a different way
             from the traditional horn antennas so that it is possible to
             shift the main lobe in a desired direction by setting the
             flare angle s differently. The near and far-field
             measurement results, which are in a good agreement with the
             simulation results, demonstrate the beam scanning
             performance of the proposed antenna through the use of
             adjustable asymmetric flares throughout the paper. © 2012
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/IWAT.2012.6178410},
   Key = {fds330989}
}

@article{fds330990,
   Author = {Bobor-Oyibo, F and Foti, SJ and Smith, D and Yurduseven,
             O},
   Title = {A smart antenna system with sub-sector dynamic capacity
             enhancement for mobile telecommunication
             networks},
   Journal = {2012 IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, iWAT
             2012},
   Pages = {100-103},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9781467300360},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IWAT.2012.6178408},
   Abstract = {Dynamic concentration of the users within a part of a cell
             sector has placed pressure on network operators to find ways
             to dynamically optimise the sector to increase capacity and
             quality of service while maintaining coverage. Smart antenna
             systems have been identified as being capable of dynamically
             optimising the network. Network operators need to estimate
             the actual performance gain that can be achieved with this
             smart antenna system and a comprehensive knowledge of radio
             propagation effects is an important factor for the
             development and performance evaluation of mobile
             telecommunication systems. This paper presents a performance
             evaluation of this smart antenna concept within a realistic
             radio environment. © 2012 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/IWAT.2012.6178408},
   Key = {fds330990}
}

@article{fds269753,
   Author = {Chen, SY and Urzhumov, Y and Smith, DR and Lazarides,
             AA},
   Title = {Characterization of high order modes of plasmonic antenna
             formed by nanoparticle/thin film hybrid structures},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {8269},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0277-786X},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5725 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {The plasmonic modes of a nano-antenna formed by a
             nanoparticle/thin film hybrid system are investigated.
             Plasmonic nano-antennas are well-known for their
             capabilities to concentrate electromagnetic wave into
             extreme small region and couple the emission from active
             materials in proximity to the antennas into far-field
             region. Previously, we have shown through direct measurement
             of emission profile images that the nano-antennas not only
             enhance Raman emission but also systematically direct
             inelastic emission to the far-field through the dipole mode.
             We also showed that high order modes of the hybrid structure
             can be detected. Here, the higher order plasmonic modes are
             characterized through imaging, variable angle linearly
             polarized excitation, and simulation. Through spectral
             simulation with improved resolution, two distinct modes are
             found to contribute to the broad band high order mode. One
             has dipole-like behavior and the other has quadrupole-like
             behavior. The modes are characterized both through
             near-field distribution and farfield scattering profiles.
             The quadrupole-like mode can be excited by both p- and
             s-polarized light whereas the dipolelike mode is only
             excited by p-polarized light. These high order modes are not
             as bright as the dipole mode in the farfield spectrum but
             have substantial near field enhancement which can be
             utilized for surface-enhancing spectroscopy and sensing. In
             addition, characterization of high order modes may serve to
             clarify the interaction between nano-antenna and active
             materials and will lead to design rules for applications of
             active plasmonic structures in integrated optical circuits.
             © 2012 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
             Engineers (SPIE).},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.907700},
   Key = {fds269753}
}

@article{fds269790,
   Author = {Poutrina, E and Ciracì, C and Gauthier, DJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Enhancing four-wave-mixing processes by nanowire arrays
             coupled to a gold film.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {20},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {11005-11013},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22565723},
   Abstract = {We consider the process of four-wave mixing in an array of
             gold nanowires strongly coupled to a gold film. Using
             full-wave simulations, we perform a quantitative comparison
             of the four-wave mixing efficiency associated with a bare
             film and films with nanowire arrays. We find that the
             strongly localized surface plasmon resonances of the coupled
             nanowires provide an additional local field enhancement
             that, along with the delocalized surface plasmon of the
             film, produces an overall four-wave mixing efficiency
             enhancement of up to six orders of magnitude over that of
             the bare film. The enhancement occurs over a wide range of
             excitation angles. The film-coupled nanowire array is easily
             amenable to nanofabrication, and could find application as
             an ultra-compact component for integrated photonic and
             quantum optic systems.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.20.011005},
   Key = {fds269790}
}

@article{fds335094,
   Author = {Ren, Y and Guttenfelder, W and Kaye, SM and Mazzucato, E and Bell, RE and Diallo, A and Domier, CW and Leblanc, BP and Lee, KC and Smith, DR and Yuh,
             H},
   Title = {Experimental study of parametric dependence of
             electron-scale turbulence in a spherical
             tokamak},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {19},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {056125-056125},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4719689},
   Abstract = {Electron-scale turbulence is predicted to drive anomalous
             electron thermal transport. However, experimental study of
             its relation with transport is still in its early stage. On
             the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment (NSTX),
             electron-scale density fluctuations are studied with a novel
             tangential microwave scattering system with high radial
             resolution of ±2 cm. Here, we report a study of parametric
             dependence of electron-scale turbulence in NSTX H-mode
             plasmas. The dependence on density gradient is studied
             through the observation of a large density gradient
             variation in the core induced by an edge localized mode
             (ELM) event, where we found the first clear experimental
             evidence of density gradient stabilization of electron-gyro
             scale turbulence in a fusion plasma. This observation,
             coupled with linear gyro-kinetic calculations, leads to the
             identification of the observed instability as toroidal
             electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes. It is observed
             that longer wavelength ETG modes, k ⊥ ρs ≲ 10 (ρs is
             the ion gyroradius at electron temperature and k is the
             wavenumber perpendicular to local equilibrium magnetic
             field), are most stabilized by density gradient, and the
             stabilization is accompanied by about a factor of two
             decrease in electron thermal diffusivity. Comparisons with
             nonlinear ETG gyrokinetic simulations show ETG turbulence
             may be able to explain the experimental electron heat flux
             observed before the ELM event. The collisionality dependence
             of electron-scale turbulence is also studied by
             systematically varying plasma current and toroidal field, so
             that electron gyroradius (ρe), electron beta (β e), and
             safety factor (q95) are kept approximately constant. More
             than a factor of two change in electron collisionality,
             νe*, was achieved, and we found that the spectral power of
             electron-scale turbulence appears to increase as νe* is
             decreased in this collisonality scan. However, both linear
             and nonlinear simulations show no or weak dependence with
             the electron-ion collision frequency, νe/i. Instead, other
             equilibrium parameters (safety factor, electron density
             gradient, for example) affect ETG linear growth rate and
             electron thermal transport more than νe/i does.
             Furthermore, electron heat flux predicted by the simulations
             is found to have an order-of-magnitude spatial variation in
             the experimental measurement region and is also found to be
             much smaller than experimental levels except at one radial
             location we evaluated. The predicted electron heat flux is
             shown to be strongly anti-correlated with density gradient,
             which varies for a factor of three in the measurement
             region, which is in agreement with the density gradient
             dependence study reported in this paper. © 2012 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4719689},
   Key = {fds335094}
}

@article{fds335095,
   Author = {Peterson, JL and Bell, R and Candy, J and Guttenfelder, W and Hammett,
             GW and Kaye, SM and Leblanc, B and Mikkelsen, DR and Smith, DR and Yuh,
             HY},
   Title = {Suppressing electron turbulence and triggering internal
             transport barriers with reversed magnetic shear in the
             National Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {19},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {056120-056120},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4718456},
   Abstract = {The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) [M. Ono,
             Nucl. Fusion 40, 557 (2000)] can achieve high electron
             plasma confinement regimes that are super-critically
             unstable to the electron temperature gradient driven (ETG)
             instability. These plasmas, dubbed electron internal
             transport barriers (e-ITBs), occur when the magnetic shear
             becomes strongly negative. Using the gyrokinetic code GYRO
             [J. Candy and R. E. Waltz, J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545
             (2003)], the first nonlinear ETG simulations of NSTX e-ITB
             plasmas reinforce this observation. Local simulations
             identify a strongly upshifted nonlinear critical gradient
             for thermal transport that depends on magnetic shear. Global
             simulations show e-ITB formation can occur when the magnetic
             shear becomes strongly negative. While the ETG-driven
             thermal flux at the outer edge of the barrier is large
             enough to be experimentally relevant, the turbulence cannot
             propagate past the barrier into the plasma interior. © 2012
             American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.4718456},
   Key = {fds335095}
}

@article{fds269805,
   Author = {Mock, JJ and Hill, RT and Tsai, Y-J and Chilkoti, A and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Probing dynamically tunable localized surface plasmon
             resonances of film-coupled nanoparticles by evanescent wave
             excitation.},
   Journal = {Nano letters},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1757-1764},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22429053},
   Abstract = {The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectrum
             associated with a gold nanoparticle (NP) coupled to a gold
             film exhibits extreme sensitivity to the nanogap region
             where the fields are tightly localized. The LSPR of an
             ensemble of film-coupled NPs can be observed using an
             illumination scheme similar to that used to excite the
             surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of a thin metallic film;
             however, in the present system, the light is used to probe
             the highly sensitive distance-dependent LSPR of the gaps
             between NPs and film rather than the delocalized SPR of the
             film. We show that the SPR and LSPR spectral contributions
             can be readily distinguished, and we compare the
             sensitivities of both modes to displacements in the average
             gap between a collection of NPs and the gold film. The
             distance by which the NPs are suspended in solution above
             the gold film is fixed via a thin molecular spacer layer and
             can be further modulated by subjecting the NPs to a
             quasistatic electric field. The observed LSPR spectral
             shifts triggered by the applied voltage can be correlated
             with angstrom scale displacements of the NPs, suggesting the
             potential for chip-scale or flow-cell plasmonic nanoruler
             devices with extreme sensitivity.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nl204596h},
   Key = {fds269805}
}

@article{fds269762,
   Author = {Huang, D and Urzhumov, Y and Smith, DR and Hoo Teo and K and Zhang,
             J},
   Title = {Magnetic superlens-enhanced inductive coupling for wireless
             power transfer},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {111},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {064902-064902},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0021-8979},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5722 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {We investigate numerically the use of a negative-permeability
             perfect lens for enhancing wireless power transfer between
             two current carrying coils. The negative permeability slab
             serves to focus the flux generated in the source coil to the
             receiver coil, thereby increasing the mutual inductive
             coupling between the coils. The numerical model is compared
             with an analytical theory that treats the coils as point
             dipoles separated by an infinite planar layer of magnetic
             material Urzhumov, Phys. Rev. B 19, 8312 (2011). In the
             limit of vanishingly small radius of the coils, and large
             width of the metamaterial slab, the numerical simulations
             are in excellent agreement with the analytical model. Both
             the idealized analytical and realistic numerical models
             predict similar trends with respect to metamaterial loss and
             anisotropy. Applying the numerical models, we further
             analyze the impact of finite coil size and finite width of
             the slab. We find that, even for these less idealized
             geometries, the presence of the magnetic slab greatly
             enhances the coupling between the two coils, including cases
             where significant loss is present in the slab. We therefore
             conclude that the integration of a metamaterial slab into a
             wireless power transfer system holds promise for increasing
             the overall system performance. © 2012 American Institute
             of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3692757},
   Key = {fds269762}
}

@article{fds269759,
   Author = {Bowen, PT and Driscoll, T and Kundtz, NB and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Using a discrete dipole approximation to predict complete
             scattering of complicated metamaterials},
   Journal = {New Journal of Physics},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {033038-033038},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1367-2630},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/14/3/033038},
   Abstract = {We develop a numerical technique for simulating metamaterial
             electromagnetic response based on an adaptation of the
             discrete dipole approximation (DDA). Our approach reduces
             each constituent metamaterial element within the composite
             to a point dipole with electric and magnetic
             polarizabilities, rather than assuming a homogenized
             effective material. We first validate the approach by
             computing the scattering cross-section for a collection of
             densely spaced isotropic dipole moments arranged within a
             cylindrical area, and compare with the known result from Mie
             theory. The discrete dipole approach has considerable
             advantages for the design of gradient and transformation
             optical media based on metamaterials, since the absence of
             local periodicity in other common design approaches leaves
             them with questionable validity. Several variants of iconic
             cloaking structures are investigated to illustrate the
             method, in which we study the impact that different
             configurations of dipolar elements can have on cloak
             performance. The modeling of a complex medium as polarizable
             dipoles provides a much closer connection to actual
             metamaterial implementations, and can address key nonlocal
             phenomena, such as magnetoelectric coupling, not accessible
             to most current numerical metamaterial approaches. © IOP
             Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische
             Gesellschaft.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/14/3/033038},
   Key = {fds269759}
}

@article{fds269760,
   Author = {Arritt, BJ and Smith, DR and Khraishi, TA},
   Title = {Analytically describing the temperature-dependent
             constitutive parameters of an electromagnetic
             metamaterial},
   Journal = {Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and
             Structures},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {463-471},
   Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1045-389X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389X11433496},
   Abstract = {Analogous to mechanical systems, modeling the
             electromagnetic (EM) performance of large and complex
             metamaterial structures requires the use of
             effective-medium/constitutive properties. Constitutive
             properties are critical for efficiently bridging the gap
             between subwavelength geometry and performance at the
             mesoscale. In this article, the temperature-dependent
             effective medium properties for a metamaterial
             electric-inductive-capacitive (ELC) resonator are described
             analytically. ELC structures are commonly used in
             metamaterial designs to provide a tailored electric response
             to EM waves. An equivalent circuit model, coupled with
             analytic expressions for the capacitances, inductance, and
             resistance of the ELC resonator, is utilized to describe how
             thermally induced mechanical strain and changes in material
             properties manifest as temperature-dependent permittivity
             and permeability curves for the metamaterial. The resulting
             analytic expressions account for the effects of spatial
             dispersion and losses. This article also details how the
             process may be expanded to similarly describe the
             temperature-dependent constitutive properties of
             metamaterial magnetic resonators. © The Author(s)
             2011.},
   Doi = {10.1177/1045389X11433496},
   Key = {fds269760}
}

@article{fds269761,
   Author = {Urzhumov, Y and Landy, N and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Isotropic-medium three-dimensional cloaks for acoustic and
             electromagnetic waves},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {111},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {053105-053105},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0021-8979},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5721 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {We propose a generalization of the two-dimensional
             eikonal-limit cloak derived from a conformal transformation
             to three dimensions. The proposed cloak is a spherical shell
             composed of only isotropic media; it operates in the
             transmission mode and requires no mirror or ground plane.
             Unlike the well-known omnidirectional spherical cloaks, it
             may reduce visibility of an arbitrary object only for a very
             limited range of observation angles. In the short-wavelength
             limit, this cloaking structure restores not only the
             trajectories of incident rays, but also their phase, which
             is a necessary ingredient to complete invisibility. Both
             scalar-wave (acoustic) and transverse vector-wave
             (electromagnetic) versions are presented. © 2012 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3691242},
   Key = {fds269761}
}

@article{fds269788,
   Author = {Larouche, S and Tsai, Y-J and Tyler, T and Jokerst, NM and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Infrared metamaterial phase holograms.},
   Journal = {Nature materials},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {450-454},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1476-1122},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426458},
   Abstract = {As a result of advances in nanotechnology and the burgeoning
             capabilities for fabricating materials with controlled
             nanoscale geometries, the traditional notion of what
             constitutes an optical device continues to evolve. The
             fusion of maturing low-cost lithographic techniques with
             newer optical design strategies has enabled the introduction
             of artificially structured metamaterials in place of
             conventional materials for improving optical components as
             well as realizing new optical functionality. Here we
             demonstrate multilayer, lithographically patterned,
             subwavelength, metal elements, whose distribution forms a
             computer-generated phase hologram in the infrared region
             (10.6 μm). Metal inclusions exhibit extremely large
             scattering and can be implemented in metamaterials that
             exhibit a wide range of effective medium response, including
             anomalously large or negative refractive index; optical
             magnetism; and controlled anisotropy. This large palette of
             metamaterial responses can be leveraged to achieve greater
             control over the propagation of light, leading to more
             compact, efficient and versatile optical
             components.},
   Doi = {10.1038/nmat3278},
   Key = {fds269788}
}

@article{fds269758,
   Author = {Urzhumov, Y and Chen, W and Bingham, C and Padilla, W and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Magnetic levitation of metamaterial bodies enhanced with
             magnetostatic surface resonances},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {85},
   Number = {5},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5723 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {We propose that macroscopic objects built from
             negative-permeability metamaterials may experience
             resonantly enhanced magnetic force in low-frequency magnetic
             fields. Resonant enhancement of the time-averaged force
             originates from magnetostatic surface resonances (MSRs),
             which are analogous to the electrostatic resonances of
             negative-permittivity particles, well known as surface
             plasmon resonances in optics. We generalize the classical
             problem of the MSR of a homogeneous object to include
             anisotropic metamaterials and consider the most extreme case
             of anisotropy, where the permeability is negative in one
             direction but positive in the others. It is shown that
             deeply subwavelength objects made of such indefinite
             (hyperbolic) media exhibit a pronounced magnetic dipole
             resonance that couples strongly to uniform or weakly
             inhomogeneous magnetic field and provides strong enhancement
             of the magnetic force, enabling applications such as
             enhanced magnetic levitation. © 2012 American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.85.054430},
   Key = {fds269758}
}

@article{fds335097,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {Measuring plasma turbulence using low coherence microwave
             radiation},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {084107-084107},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3690922},
   Abstract = {Low coherence backscattering (LCBS) is a proposed diagnostic
             technique for measuring plasma turbulence and fluctuations.
             LCBS is an adaptation of optical coherence tomography, a
             biomedical imaging technique. Calculations and simulations
             show LCBS measurements can achieve centimeter-scale spatial
             resolution using low coherence microwave radiation. LCBS
             measurements exhibit several advantages over standard plasma
             turbulence measurement techniques including immunity to
             spurious reflections and measurement access in hollow
             density profiles. Also, LCBS is scalable for 1-D profile
             measurements and 2-D turbulence imaging. © 2012 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3690922},
   Key = {fds335097}
}

@article{fds335099,
   Author = {Weider, SZ and Kellett, BJ and Swinyard, BM and Crawford, IA and Joy,
             KH and Grande, M and Howe, CJ and Huovelin, J and Narendranath, S and Alha,
             L and Anand, M and Athiray, PS and Bhandari, N and Carter, JA and Cook, AC and Duston, LC and Fernandes, VA and Gasnault, O and Goswami, JN and Gow,
             JPD and Holland, AD and Koschny, D and Lawrence, DJ and Maddison, BJ and Maurice, S and McKay, DJ and Okada, T and Pieters, C and Rothery, DA and Russell, SS and Shrivastava, A and Smith, DR and Wieczorek,
             M},
   Title = {The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer: First
             results},
   Journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
   Volume = {60},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {217-228},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.08.014},
   Abstract = {We present X-ray fluorescence observations of the lunar
             surface, made by the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer during
             two solar flare events early in the mission (12th December
             2008 and 10th January 2009). Modelling of the X-ray spectra
             with an abundance algorithm allows quantitative estimates of
             the MgO/SiO 2 and Al 2O 3/SiO 2 ratios to be made for the
             two regions, which are in mainly basaltic areas of the lunar
             nearside. One of these ground tracks includes the Apollo 14
             landing site on the Fra Mauro Formation. Within the 1σ
             errors provided, the results are inside the range of
             basaltic samples from the Apollo and Luna collections. The
             Apollo 14 soil composition is in agreement with the results
             from the January flare at the 1σ uncertainty level.
             Discrepancies are observed between our results and
             compositions derived for the same areas by the Lunar
             Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer; some possible reasons for
             this are discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
             reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2011.08.014},
   Key = {fds335099}
}

@article{fds269755,
   Author = {Shin, D and Urzhumov, Y and Jung, Y and Kang, G and Baek, S and Choi, M and Park, H and Kim, K and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Broadband electromagnetic cloaking with smart
             metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Nature communications},
   Volume = {3},
   Pages = {1213},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {2041-1723},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/7571 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {The ability to render objects invisible with a cloak that
             fits all objects and sizes is a long-standing goal for
             optical devices. Invisibility devices demonstrated so far
             typically comprise a rigid structure wrapped around an
             object to which it is fitted. Here we demonstrate smart
             metamaterial cloaking, wherein the metamaterial device not
             only transforms electromagnetic fields to make an object
             invisible, but also acquires its properties automatically
             from its own elastic deformation. The demonstrated device is
             a ground-plane microwave cloak composed of an elastic
             metamaterial with a broad operational band (10-12 GHz) and
             nearly lossless electromagnetic properties. The metamaterial
             is uniform, or perfectly periodic, in its undeformed state
             and acquires the necessary gradient-index profile, mimicking
             a quasi-conformal transformation, naturally from a boundary
             load. This easy-to-fabricate hybrid elasto-electromagnetic
             metamaterial opens the door to implementations of a variety
             of transformation optics devices based on quasi-conformal
             maps.},
   Doi = {10.1038/ncomms2219},
   Key = {fds269755}
}

@article{fds269787,
   Author = {Hunt, J and Tyler, T and Dhar, S and Tsai, Y-J and Bowen, P and Larouche,
             S and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Planar, flattened Luneburg lens at infrared
             wavelengths.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {20},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {1706-1713},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22274513},
   Abstract = {Employing artificially structured metamaterials provides a
             means of circumventing the limits of conventional optical
             materials. Here, we use transformation optics (TO) combined
             with nanolithography to produce a planar Luneburg lens with
             a flat focal surface that operates at telecommunication
             wavelengths. Whereas previous infrared TO devices have been
             transformations of free-space, here we implement a
             transformation of an existing optical element to create a
             new device with the same optical characteristics but a
             user-defined geometry.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.20.001706},
   Key = {fds269787}
}

@article{fds335098,
   Author = {Medley, SS and Kolesnichenko, YI and Yakovenko, YV and Bell, RE and Bortolon, A and Crocker, NA and Darrow, DS and Diallo, A and Domier, CW and Fonck, RJ and Fredrickson, ED and Gerhardt, SP and Gorelenkov, NN and Kramer, GJ and Kubota, S and Leblanc, BP and Lee, KC and Mazzucato, E and McKee, GR and Podestà, M and Ren, Y and Roquemore, AL and Smith, DR and Stutman, D and Tritz, K and White, RB},
   Title = {Investigation of a transient energetic charge exchange flux
             enhancement ('spike-on-tail') observed in
             neutral-beam-heated H-mode discharges in the National
             Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {52},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {013014-013014},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/52/1/013014},
   Abstract = {In the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX), a large
             increase in the charge exchange neutral flux localized
             around the neutral beam (NB) injection full energy is
             measured using a neutral particle analyser. Termed the
             high-energy feature (HEF), it appears on the NB-injected
             energetic-ion spectrum only in discharges where tearing or
             kink-type modes (f < 50 kHz) are absent, toroidal Alfvén
             eigenmode activity (f ∼ 50-150 kHz) is weak and global
             Alfvén eigenmode (GAE) activity (f ∼ 400-1000 kHz) is
             robust. Compressional Alfvén eigenmode activity (f > 1000
             kHz) is usually sporadic or absent during the HEF event. The
             HEF exhibits growth times of Δt ∼ 20-80 ms, durations
             spanning 100-600 ms and peak-to-base flux ratios up to H = F
             max/F min ∼ 10. In infrequent cases, a slowing-down
             distribution below the HEF energy can develop that continues
             to evolve over periods of order 100 ms, a time scale long
             compared with the typical fast-ion equilibration times. HEFs
             are observed only in H-mode (not L-mode) discharges with
             injected power P b ≥ 4 MW and in the pitch range χ ≡ v
             ||/v ∼ 0.7-0.9; i.e. only for passing particles. Increases
             of order 10-30% in the measured neutron yield and total
             stored energy that are observed to coincide with the feature
             appear to be driven by concomitant broadening of measured T
             e(r), T i(r) and n e(r) profiles and not the HEF itself.
             While the HEF has minimal impact on plasma performance, it
             nevertheless poses a challenging wave-particle interaction
             phenomenon to understand. Candidate mechanisms for HEF
             formation are developed based on quasilinear (QL) theory of
             wave-particle interaction. The only mechanism found to lead
             to the large NPA flux ratios, H = F max/F min, observed in
             NSTX is the QL evolution of the energetic-ion distribution,
             F b(E, χ, r), in phase space. A concomitant loss of some
             particles is observed due to interaction through cyclotron
             resonance of the particles with destabilized modes having
             sufficiently high frequencies, f ∼ 700-1000 kHz, in the
             plasma frame that are tentatively identified as GAEs. ©
             2012 IAEA, Vienna.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/52/1/013014},
   Key = {fds335098}
}

@article{fds269602,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Poutrina, E and Huang, D and Rose, A and Larouche,
             S},
   Title = {Controlling nonlinearity with structured
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {Artificially structured media can exhibit a wider range of
             both linear and nonlinear electromagnetic properties than
             are supported in conventional media. We discuss the design
             techniques and impact of these new emerging nonlinear
             metamaterials. © 2011 OSA.},
   Key = {fds269602}
}

@article{fds269603,
   Author = {Rose, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Quasi-phase matching in nonlinear metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {We employ nonlinear metamaterials to demonstrate alternative
             quasi-phase matching (QPM) methods not feasible in natural
             materials. Additionally, we propose a method for dynamic QPM
             via resonance tuning, allowing for a tunable frequency of
             operation. © OSA/CLEO 2011.},
   Key = {fds269603}
}

@article{fds269604,
   Author = {Huang, D and Poutrina, E and Rose, A and Larouche, S and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Three-wave mixing in microwave nonlinear
             metamaterial},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {We present a quantitative analysis of a three-wave mixing
             process in a microwave nonlinear metamaterial showing a good
             agreement between the analytical predictions and the
             experiment. Strong resonant nonlinear response is observed.
             © 2010 Optical Society of America.},
   Key = {fds269604}
}

@article{fds269605,
   Author = {Rose, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Quasi-phase matching in nonlinear metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {We employ nonlinear metamaterials to demonstrate alternative
             quasi-phase matching (QPM) methods not feasible in natural
             materials. Additionally, we propose a method for dynamic QPM
             via resonance tuning, allowing for a tunable frequency of
             operation. © OSA/CLEO 2011.},
   Key = {fds269605}
}

@article{fds269606,
   Author = {Poutrina, E and Ciraci, C and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Plasmonic nanocomposits for enhanced four-wave mixing
             generation},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {Third-order nonlinear response and strong field enhancement
             in gold nanocomposites are utilized to analyze the enhanced
             effective nonlinear susceptibility, subwavelength field
             confinement and reduced bend radii in the evanescent and
             propagating regimes of the generated four-wave-mixed light.
             © 2008 Optical Society of America.},
   Key = {fds269606}
}

@article{fds269607,
   Author = {Rose, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Quasi-phase matching in nonlinear metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {We employ nonlinear metamaterials to demonstrate alternative
             quasi-phase matching (QPM) methods not feasible in natural
             materials. Additionally, we propose a method for dynamic QPM
             via resonance tuning, allowing for a tunable frequency of
             operation. © OSA/CLEO 2011.},
   Key = {fds269607}
}

@article{fds269612,
   Author = {Chen, SY and Mock, JJ and Hill, RT and Chilkoti, A and Smith, DR and Lazarides, AA},
   Title = {Raman antenna formed by molecule/plasmonic nanostructure
             hybrid system},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {A nano-antenna composed of a particle and a polarizable
             surface provides control of the spatial distribution and
             high enhancement of Raman scattering. This structure may
             serve as a stable platform for single molecule detection. ©
             2010 Optical Society of America.},
   Key = {fds269612}
}

@article{fds269613,
   Author = {Tsai, YJ and Larouche, S and Tyler, T and Lipworth, G and Mock, J and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterial blazed gratings},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {We design, fabricate, and test a graded index diffractive
             structure based on non-resonant I-beam metamaterials. The
             measured diffraction spectrum is in good agreement with
             simulation, and suggests a path toward metamaterial based
             diffractive optics. © OSA/CLEO 2011.},
   Key = {fds269613}
}

@article{fds269735,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Tsai, YJ and Larouche, S},
   Title = {Analysis of a gradient index metamaterial blazed diffraction
             grating},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters},
   Volume = {10},
   Pages = {1605-1608},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1536-1225},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2011.2179632},
   Abstract = {The equivalent of a blazed diffraction grating can be formed
             from an array of metamaterial elements arranged so as to
             produce a linear gradient in the effective refractive index.
             By spreading the gradient over a multiwavelength distance,
             and repeating the pattern many times, a gradient index
             (GRIN) diffraction grating is formed. Using lithographically
             patterned, metallic metamaterial elements, dozens of
             distinguishable phase levels can be implemented by slightly
             modifying the design of each successive metamaterial
             element. We analyze here a multilayer metamaterial
             diffraction grating designed for operation at 10.6 μm,
             exploring the impact of material losses and impedance
             mismatch on the diffraction efficiency. © 2006
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAWP.2011.2179632},
   Key = {fds269735}
}

@article{fds269834,
   Author = {Schurig, D and Eleftheriades, GV and Smith, DR and Tretyakov,
             SA},
   Title = {Guest editorial: Special cluster on metamaterials},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters},
   Volume = {10},
   Pages = {1476-1479},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1536-1225},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2012.2183989},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAWP.2012.2183989},
   Key = {fds269834}
}

@article{fds269835,
   Author = {Chen, WC and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR and Akalin, DR and Padilla,
             WJ},
   Title = {Controlling Gigahertz and Terahertz Surface
             ElectromagneticWaves with Metamaterial Resonators},
   Journal = {Physical Review X},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {2},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {2160-3308},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.1.021016},
   Abstract = {We computationally and experimentally investigate the use of
             metamaterial resonators as bandpass filters and other
             components that enable control of guided surface
             electromagnetic waves. The guided surface electromagnetic
             wave propagates on a planar Goubau line, launched via a
             coplanar waveguide coupler with 50ω impedance. Experimental
             samples targeted for either microwave or terahertz
             frequencies are measured and shown to be in excellent
             agreement with simulations. Metamaterial elements are
             designed to absorb energy only of the planar Goubau line and
             yield narrow-band resonances with relatively high quality
             factors. Two independent configurations of coupled
             metamaterial elements are demonstrated that modify the
             otherwise flat transmission spectrum of the planar Goubau
             line. By physically shunting the capacitive gaps of the
             coupled metamaterial elements, we demonstrate the potential
             for a large dynamic range in transmissivity, suggesting the
             use of this configuration for highbandwidth terahertz
             communications.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevX.1.021016},
   Key = {fds269835}
}

@article{fds269750,
   Author = {Rose, A and Larouche, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Quantitative study of the enhancement of bulk nonlinearities
             in metamaterials},
   Journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {5},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1050-2947},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.84.053805},
   Abstract = {Artificially structured metamaterials offer a means to
             enhance the weak optical nonlinearities of natural
             materials. The enhancement results from the inhomogeneous
             nature of the metamaterial unit cell, over which the local
             field distribution can likewise be strongly inhomogeneous,
             with highly localized and concentrated field regions. We
             investigate the nonlinear enhancement effect in
             metamaterials through a numerical study of four nonlinear
             metamaterial designs comprising arrays of metallic
             structures embedded in nonlinear dielectrics and operating
             around 10 THz. Through full-wave simulations and by
             employing an extended version of the transfer-matrix-based
             nonlinear parameter retrieval method, we confirm and
             quantify the enhanced nonlinearities, showing bulk quadratic
             nonlinear properties that are up to two orders of magnitude
             larger, and cubic nonlinear properties that are up to four
             orders of magnitude larger than the bulk nonlinear
             dielectric alone. Furthermore, the proposed nonlinear
             metamaterials support a variety of configurable nonlinear
             properties and regimes, including electric, magnetic,
             broadband, and low loss, depending on the particular
             geometry chosen. Finally, we use the retrieved parameters in
             a coupled-mode theory to predict the optimal crystal lengths
             and conversion efficiencies of these structures, displaying
             the possibility of efficient and subwavelength nonlinear
             devices based on metamaterials. © 2011 American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.84.053805},
   Key = {fds269750}
}

@article{fds269751,
   Author = {Rose, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Overcoming phase mismatch in nonlinear metamaterials
             [Invited]},
   Journal = {Optical Materials Express},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {1232-1243},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {2159-3930},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OME.1.001232},
   Abstract = {Nonlinear metamaterials have potentially interesting
             applications in highly efficient wave-mixing and parametric
             processes, owing to their ability to combine enhanced
             nonlinearities with exotic and configurable linear
             properties. However, the strong dispersion and
             unconventional configurations typically associated with
             metamaterials place strong demands on phase matching in such
             structures. In this paper, we present an overview of
             potential phase matching solutions for wave-mixing processes
             in nonlinear metamaterials. Broadly speaking, we divide the
             phase matching solutions into conventional techniques
             (anomalous dispersion, birefringence, and quasi-phase
             matching) and metamaterial-inspired techniques
             (negative-index and index-near-zero phase matching),
             offering numerical and experimental examples where possible.
             We find that not only is phase matching feasible in
             metamaterials, but metamaterials can support a wide range of
             phase matching configurations that are otherwise impossible
             in natural materials. These configurations have their most
             compelling applications in those devices where at least one
             of the interacting waves is counter-propagating, such as the
             mirror-less optical parametric oscillator and the nonlinear
             optical mirror. © 2011 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/OME.1.001232},
   Key = {fds269751}
}

@article{fds269785,
   Author = {Tsai, Y-J and Larouche, S and Tyler, T and Lipworth, G and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Design and fabrication of a metamaterial gradient index
             diffraction grating at infrared wavelengths.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {19},
   Number = {24},
   Pages = {24411-24423},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22109468},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate the design, fabrication and characterization
             of an artificially structured, gradient index metamaterial
             with a linear index variation of Δn ~ 3.0. The linear
             gradient profile is repeated periodically to form the
             equivalent of a blazed grating, with the gradient occurring
             across a spatial distance of 61 μm. The grating, which
             operates at a wavelength of 10.6 μm, is composed of
             non-resonant, progressively modified "I-beam" metamaterial
             elements and approximates a linear phase shift gradient
             using 61 distinguishable phase levels. The grating structure
             consists of four layers of lithographically patterned
             metallic I-beam elements separated by dielectric layers of
             SiO(2). The index gradient is confirmed by comparing the
             measured magnitudes of the -1, 0 and +1 diffracted orders to
             those obtained from full wave simulations incorporating all
             material properties of the metals and dielectrics of the
             structures. The large index gradient has the potential to
             enable compact infrared diffractive and gradient index
             optics, as well as more exotic transformation optical
             media.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.19.024411},
   Key = {fds269785}
}

@article{fds269749,
   Author = {Urzhumov, YA and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Erratum: Fluid flow control with transformation media
             (Physical Review Letters (2011) 107 (074501))},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {18},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0031-9007},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.189902},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.189902},
   Key = {fds269749}
}

@article{fds335100,
   Author = {Weider, SZ and Swinyard, BM and Kellett, BJ and Howe, CJ and Joy, KH and Crawford, IA and Gow, J and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Planetary X-ray fluorescence analogue laboratory experiments
             and an elemental abundance algorithm for
             C1XS},
   Journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {13},
   Pages = {1393-1407},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.05.005},
   Abstract = {We have conducted laboratory experiments as an analogue to
             planetary XRF (X-ray fluorescence) missions in order to
             investigate the role of changing incidence (and phase) angle
             geometry and sample grain-size on the intensity of XRF from
             regolith-like samples. Our data provide evidence of a
             grain-size effect, where XRF line intensity decreases with
             increasing sample grain-size, as well as an almost
             ubiquitous increase in XRF line intensity above incidence
             angles of ∼60°. Data from a lunar regolith simulant are
             also used to test the accuracy of an XRF abundance algorithm
             developed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), which
             is used to estimate the major element abundance of the lunar
             surface from Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) XRF
             data. In ideal situations (i.e.; when the input spectrum is
             well defined and the XRF spectrum has a sufficient signal to
             noise ratio) the algorithm can recover a known rock
             composition to within 1.0 elemental wt% (1σ). © 2011
             Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2011.05.005},
   Key = {fds335100}
}

@article{fds269732,
   Author = {Huang, D and Poutrina, E and Rose, A and Larouche, S and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Three-wave mixing in microwave nonlinear
             metamaterial},
   Journal = {2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Laser Science
             to Photonic Applications, CLEO 2011},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {September},
   Abstract = {We present a quantitative analysis of a three-wave mixing
             process in a microwave nonlinear metamaterial showing a good
             agreement between the analytical predictions and the
             experiment. Strong resonant nonlinear response is observed.
             © 2011 OSA.},
   Key = {fds269732}
}

@article{fds269733,
   Author = {Rose, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Quasi-phase matching in nonlinear metamaterials},
   Journal = {2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Laser Science
             to Photonic Applications, CLEO 2011},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {September},
   Abstract = {We employ nonlinear metamaterials to demonstrate alternative
             quasi-phase matching (QPM) methods not feasible in natural
             materials. Additionally, we propose a method for dynamic QPM
             via resonance tuning, allowing for a tunable frequency of
             operation. © 2011 OSA.},
   Key = {fds269733}
}

@article{fds269747,
   Author = {Dellagiacoma, C and Lasser, T and Martin, OJF and Degiron, A and Mock,
             JJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Simulation of complex plasmonic circuits including
             bends.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {19},
   Number = {20},
   Pages = {18979-18988},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.018979},
   Abstract = {Using a finite-element, full-wave modeling approach, we
             present a flexible method of analyzing and simulating
             dielectric and plasmonic waveguide structures as well as
             their mode coupling. This method is applied to an integrated
             plasmonic circuit where a straight dielectric waveguide
             couples through a straight hybrid long-range plasmon
             waveguide to a uniformly bent hybrid one. The hybrid
             waveguide comprises a thin metal core embedded in a
             two-dimensional dielectric waveguide. The performance of
             such plasmonic circuits in terms of insertion losses is
             discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.19.018979},
   Key = {fds269747}
}

@article{fds269783,
   Author = {Tsai, YJ and Larouche, S and Tyler, T and Lipworth, G and Mock, J and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterial blazed gratings},
   Journal = {2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Laser Science
             to Photonic Applications, CLEO 2011},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {September},
   Abstract = {We design, fabricate, and test a graded index diffractive
             structure based on non-resonant I-beam metamaterials. The
             measured diffraction spectrum is in good agreement with
             simulation, and suggests a path toward metamaterial based
             diffractive optics. © 2011 OSA.},
   Key = {fds269783}
}

@article{fds269804,
   Author = {Chen, SY and Mock, JJ and Hill, RT and Chilkoti, A and Smith, DR and Lazarides, AA},
   Title = {Raman antenna formed by molecule/plasmonic nanostructure
             hybrid system},
   Journal = {2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Laser Science
             to Photonic Applications, CLEO 2011},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {September},
   Abstract = {A nano-antenna composed of a particle and a polarizable
             surface provides control of the spatial distribution and
             high enhancement of Raman scattering. This structure may
             serve as a stable platform for single molecule detection. ©
             2011 OSA.},
   Key = {fds269804}
}

@article{fds335101,
   Author = {Raman, R and Ahn, JW and Allain, JP and Andre, R and Bastasz, R and Battaglia, D and Beiersdorfer, P and Bell, M and Bell, R and Belova, E and Berkery, J and Betti, R and Bialek, J and Bigelow, T and Bitter, M and Boedo, J and Bonoli, P and Boozer, A and Bortolon, A and Brennan, D and Breslau, J and Buttery, R and Canik, J and Caravelli, G and Chang, C and Crocker, NA and Darrow, D and Davis, W and Delgado-Aparicio, L and Diallo, A and Ding, S and D'Ippolito, D and Domier, C and Dorland, W and Ethier, S and Evans, T and Ferron, J and Finkenthal, M and Foley, J and Fonck, R and Frazin, R and Fredrickson, E and Fu, G and Gates, D and Gerhardt, S and Glasser, A and Gorelenkov, N and Gray, T and Guo, Y and Guttenfelder, W and Hahm, T and Harvey, R and Hassanein, A and Heidbrink, W and Hill, K and Hirooka, Y and Hooper, EB and Hosea, J and Hu,
             B and Humphreys, D and Indireshkumar, K and Jaeger, F and Jarboe, T and Jardin, S and Jaworski, M and Kaita, R and Kallman, J and Katsuro-Hopkins, O and Kaye, S and Kessel, C and Kim, J and Kolemen, E and Krasheninnikov, S and Kubota, S and Kugel, H and La Haye and R and Lao, L and Leblanc, B and Lee, W and Lee, K and Leuer, J and Levinton, F and Liang, Y and Liu, D and Luhmann, N and Maingi, R and Majeski, R and Manickam, J and Mansfield, D and Maqueda, R and Mazzucato, E and McLean, A and McCune,
             D and McGeehan, B and McKee, G and Medley, S and Menard, J and Menon, M and Meyer, H and Mikkelsen, D},
   Title = {Overview of physics results from NSTX},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {51},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {094011-094011},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/51/9/094011},
   Abstract = {In the last two experimental campaigns, the low aspect ratio
             NSTX has explored physics issues critical to both toroidal
             confinement physics and ITER. Experiments have made
             extensive use of lithium coatings for wall conditioning,
             correction of non-axisymmetric field errors and control of n
             = 1 resistive wall modes (RWMs) to produce high-performance
             neutral-beam heated discharges extending to 1.7 s in
             duration with non-inductive current fractions up to 0.7. The
             RWM control coils have been used to trigger repetitive ELMs
             with high reliability, and they have also contributed to an
             improved understanding of both neoclassical tearing mode and
             RWM stabilization physics, including the interplay between
             rotation and kinetic effects on stability. High harmonic
             fast wave (HHFW) heating has produced plasmas with central
             electron temperatures exceeding 6 keV. The HHFW heating was
             used to show that there was a 20-40% higher power threshold
             for the L-H transition for helium than for deuterium
             plasmas. A new diagnostic showed a depletion of the fast-ion
             density profile over a broad spatial region as a result of
             toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) and
             energetic-particle modes (EPMs) bursts. In addition, it was
             observed that other modes (e.g. global Alfvén eigenmodes)
             can trigger TAE and EPM bursts, suggesting that fast ions
             are redistributed by high-frequency AEs. The momentum pinch
             velocity determined by a perturbative technique decreased as
             the collisionality was reduced, although the pinch to
             diffusion ratio, Vpinch/χ, remained approximately constant.
             The mechanisms of deuterium retention by graphite and
             lithium-coated graphite plasma-facing components have been
             investigated. To reduce divertor heat flux, a novel divertor
             configuration, the 'snowflake' divertor, was tested in NSTX
             and many beneficial aspects were found. A reduction in the
             required central solenoid flux has been realized in NSTX
             when discharges initiated by coaxial helicity injection were
             ramped in current using induction. The resulting plasmas
             have characteristics needed to meet the objectives of the
             non-inductive start-up and ramp-up program of NSTX. © 2011
             IAEA, Vienna.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/51/9/094011},
   Key = {fds335101}
}

@article{fds335102,
   Author = {Heidbrink, WW and McKee, GR and Smith, DR and Bortolon,
             A},
   Title = {"Beam-emission spectroscopy" diagnostics also measure edge
             fast-ion light},
   Journal = {Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {085007-085007},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/53/8/085007},
   Abstract = {Beam-emission spectroscopy (BES) diagnostics normally detect
             fluctuations in the light emitted by an injected neutral
             beam. Under some circumstances, however, light from fast
             ions that charge exchange in the high neutral-density region
             at the edge of the plasma make appreciable contributions to
             the BES signals. This 'passive' fast-ion Dα (FIDA) light
             appears in BES signals from both the DIII-D tokamak and the
             National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). One type of
             passive FIDA light is associated with classical orbits that
             traverse the edge. Another type is caused by instabilities
             that expel fast ions from the core; this light can
             complicate measurement of the instability eigenfunction. ©
             2011 IOP Publishing Ltd.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0741-3335/53/8/085007},
   Key = {fds335102}
}

@article{fds269745,
   Author = {Rose, A and Huang, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Controlling the second harmonic in a phase-matched
             negative-index metamaterial.},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {063902},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902325},
   Abstract = {Nonlinear metamaterials have been predicted to support new
             and exciting domains in the manipulation of light, including
             novel phase-matching schemes for wave mixing. Most notable
             is the so-called nonlinear-optical mirror, in which a
             nonlinear negative-index medium emits the generated
             frequency towards the source of the pump. In this Letter, we
             experimentally demonstrate the nonlinear-optical mirror
             effect in a bulk negative-index nonlinear metamaterial,
             along with two other novel phase-matching configurations,
             utilizing periodic poling to switch between the three
             phase-matching domains.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.107.063902},
   Key = {fds269745}
}

@article{fds269746,
   Author = {Urzhumov, YA and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Fluid flow control with transformation media.},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {074501},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902398},
   Abstract = {We introduce a new concept for the manipulation of fluid
             flow around three-dimensional bodies. Inspired by
             transformation optics, the concept is based on a
             mathematical idea of coordinate transformations and
             physically implemented with anisotropic porous media
             permeable to the flow of fluids. In two situations-for an
             impermeable object placed either in a free-flowing fluid or
             in a fluid-filled porous medium-we show that the object can
             be coated with an inhomogeneous, anisotropic permeable
             medium, such as to preserve the flow that would have existed
             in the absence of the object. The proposed fluid flow cloak
             eliminates downstream wake and compensates viscous drag,
             hinting at the possibility of novel propulsion
             techniques.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.107.074501},
   Key = {fds269746}
}

@article{fds269784,
   Author = {Goldflam, MD and Driscoll, T and Chapler, B and Khatib, O and Marie
             Jokerst, N and Palit, S and Smith, DR and Kim, BJ and Seo, G and Kim, HT and Ventra, MD and Basov, DN},
   Title = {Reconfigurable gradient index using VO2 memory
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {044103-044103},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3615804},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate tuning of a metamaterial device that
             incorporates a form of spatial gradient control. Electrical
             tuning of the metamaterial is achieved through a vanadium
             dioxide layer which interacts with an array of split ring
             resonators. We achieved a spatial gradient in the magnitude
             of permittivity, writeable using a single transient
             electrical pulse. This induced gradient in our device is
             observed on spatial scales on the order of one wavelength at
             1 THz. Thus, we show the viability of elements for use in
             future devices with potential applications in beamforming
             and communications. © 2011 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3615804},
   Key = {fds269784}
}

@article{fds269743,
   Author = {Rose, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Broadly tunable quasi-phase-matching in nonlinear
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {1},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {1050-2947},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.84.013823},
   Abstract = {The ability to tune the quasi-phase-matching (QPM) frequency
             is a highly desirable though lacking feature of many
             nonlinear devices. To this end, we consider QPM in a special
             class of active nonlinear metamaterials (MMs), whose
             properties can be controlled postfabrication. By application
             of a tunable, periodic perturbation in the linear
             susceptibility (magnetic or electric) of a MM, a single
             nonlinear device can be constructed to operate over an
             exceedingly broad bandwidth. We propose a nonlinear MM for
             QPM second-order harmonic generation at terahertz
             frequencies, predicted to have a tunable bandwidth of over
             100%. © 2011 American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.84.013823},
   Key = {fds269743}
}

@article{fds269731,
   Author = {Hunt, J and Kundtz, N and Sun, B and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Transformation optics compressed rotman lens implemented
             with complementary metamaterials},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {8021},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0277-786X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.884319},
   Abstract = {The solutions to the Rotman lens design equations constrain
             the minimum size of the device. Here we use Transformation
             Optics to compress a transmission line based Rotman lens by
             27 percent along the optical axis while maintaining the beam
             steering range, gain and side lobe amplitudes over the full
             frequency range of the original lens. The transformation
             applied requires an anisotropic magnetic response, which is
             achieved in the transmission line context using
             complementary electric dipole structures patterned into the
             top conductor of the lens. The non-resonant complementary
             metamaterial elements provide an anisotropic, effective
             magnetic permeability with values that can be varied across
             a spatial region by varying the geometry of each element. ©
             2010 SPIE.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.884319},
   Key = {fds269731}
}

@article{fds269741,
   Author = {Allen, JW and Steyskal, H and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Impedance and complex power of radiating elements under
             electromagnetic source transformation},
   Journal = {Microwave and Optical Technology Letters},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {1524-1527},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0895-2477},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.26077},
   Abstract = {Transformation optics is a methodology that has proven
             useful in the design of complex media used to alter and
             control electromagnetic waves in either passive space or
             regions that contain source distributions. Recently it has
             been shown that the application of source transformations
             can reshape field radiation patterns corresponding to
             arbitrarily shaped sources. In the accompanying numerical
             confirmations, the effect of source transformations on
             fundamental quantities that are critical to the design and
             evaluation of antenna based systems - such as complex power
             and impedance, remain unexplored. In this paper, we present
             results of theoretical analysis as well as full wave finite
             element simulations, proving that the complex power and
             impedance associated with an electromagnetic source are not
             changed by source transformation methods. These results open
             the door to the application of source transformations for
             the design of practical antenna based systems, such as
             conformal and phased array antenna design. Copyright © 2011
             Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
   Doi = {10.1002/mop.26077},
   Key = {fds269741}
}

@article{fds269742,
   Author = {Urzhumov, Y and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterial-enhanced coupling between magnetic dipoles for
             efficient wireless power transfer},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {83},
   Number = {20},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5076 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {Nonradiative coupling between conductive coils is a
             candidate mechanism for wireless energy transfer
             applications. In this paper we propose a power relay system
             based on a near-field metamaterial superlens and present a
             thorough theoretical analysis of this system. We use
             time-harmonic circuit formalism to describe all interactions
             between two coils attached to external circuits and a slab
             of anisotropic medium with homogeneous permittivity and
             permeability. The fields of the coils are found in the
             point-dipole approximation using Sommerfeld integrals which
             are reduced to standard special functions in the
             long-wavelength limit. We show that, even with a realistic
             magnetic loss tangent of order 0.1, the power transfer
             efficiency with the slab can be an order of magnitude
             greater than free-space efficiency when the load resistance
             exceeds a certain threshold value. We also find that the
             volume occupied by the metamaterial between the coils can be
             greatly compressed by employing magnetic permeability with a
             large anisotropy ratio. © 2011 American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.83.205114},
   Key = {fds269742}
}

@article{fds269740,
   Author = {Huang, D and Rose, A and Poutrina, E and Larouche, S and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Wave mixing in nonlinear magnetic metacrystal},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {98},
   Number = {20},
   Pages = {204102-204102},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3592574},
   Abstract = {We present experimental measurements of three- and four-wave
             mixing phenomena in an artificially structured nonlinear
             magnetic metacrystal at microwave frequencies. The sum
             frequency generation signal for the varactor-loaded
             split-ring resonator (VLSRR) metamaterial agrees
             quantitatively with that predicted using an analytical
             effective medium model describing the VLSRR medium. A
             resonant enhancement of the nonlinear response is observed
             near the metamaterial resonance. © 2011 American Institute
             of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3592574},
   Key = {fds269740}
}

@article{fds335103,
   Author = {Ren, Y and Kaye, SM and Mazzucato, E and Guttenfelder, W and Bell, RE and Domier, CW and Leblanc, BP and Lee, KC and Luhmann, NC and Smith, DR and Yuh, H},
   Title = {Density gradient stabilization of electron temperature
             gradient driven turbulence in a spherical
             tokamak},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {106},
   Number = {16},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.165005},
   Abstract = {In this Letter we report the first clear experimental
             observation of density gradient stabilization of electron
             temperature gradient driven turbulence in a fusion plasma.
             It is observed that longer wavelength modes, kρs10, are
             most stabilized by density gradient, and the stabilization
             is accompanied by about a factor of 2 decrease in the plasma
             effective thermal diffusivity. © 2011 American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.165005},
   Key = {fds335103}
}

@article{fds269738,
   Author = {Arritt, BJ and Smith, DR and Khraishi, T},
   Title = {Equivalent circuit analysis of metamaterial strain-dependent
             effective medium parameters},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {109},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {073512-073512},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0021-8979},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3569742},
   Abstract = {In this paper, we analytically describe the strain-dependent
             effective medium properties for a metamaterial electric-LC
             (ELC) resonator, commonly used in metamaterial designs to
             provide a tailored electric response to electromagnetic
             waves. Combining an equivalent circuit model of the ELC
             resonator with existing analytic expressions for the
             capacitive and inductive regions comprising the structure,
             we obtain strain-dependent permittivity and permeability
             curves for the metamaterial. The derived expressions account
             for the effects of spatial dispersion and losses. © 2011
             American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3569742},
   Key = {fds269738}
}

@article{fds269739,
   Author = {Poutrina, E and Huang, D and Urzhumov, Y and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Nonlinear oscillator metamaterial model: numerical and
             experimental verification.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {19},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {8312-8319},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643082},
   Abstract = {We verify numerically and experimentally the accuracy of an
             analytical model used to derive the effective nonlinear
             susceptibilities of a varactor-loaded split ring resonator
             (VLSRR) magnetic medium. For the numerical validation, a
             nonlinear oscillator model for the effective magnetization
             of the metamaterial is applied in conjunction with Maxwell
             equations and the two sets of equations solved numerically
             in the time-domain. The computed second harmonic generation
             (SHG) from a slab of a nonlinear material is then compared
             with the analytical model. The computed SHG is in excellent
             agreement with that predicted by the analytical model, both
             in terms of magnitude and spectral characteristics.
             Moreover, experimental measurements of the power transmitted
             through a fabricated VLSRR metamaterial at several power
             levels are also in agreement with the model, illustrating
             that the effective medium techniques associated with
             metamaterials can accurately be transitioned to nonlinear
             systems.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.19.008312},
   Key = {fds269739}
}

@article{fds269737,
   Author = {Mock, JJ and Norton, SM and Chen, SY and Lazarides, AA and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Electromagnetic Enhancement Effect Caused by Aggregation on
             SERS-Active Gold Nanoparticles},
   Journal = {Plasmonics},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {113-124},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1557-1955},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11468-010-9176-1},
   Abstract = {We report a morphology-correlated surface-enhanced Raman
             scattering (SERS) from molecules on the surface of
             individual clusters of gold nanoparticles of two types and
             compare the signal from clusters of two, three, four, and
             five nanoparticles with the signal from single particles.
             Cluster geometry and particle morphology are determined from
             transmission electron microscopy for both clusters of 78- to
             133-nm nanospheres and clusters of ~250-nm-etched
             cylindrical particles with crevices and sharp edges, formed
             in templates. Scattering from molecules on etched cylinders,
             but not spheres, is sufficiently strong to allow spectra to
             be collected from single particles illuminated at 632.8 nm.
             SERS intensities from clusters of cylinders are found to
             scale linearly with particle number, whereas, for
             nanospheres, the scaling is non-linear. The linear scaling
             of SERS from cylinders is a reflection of the high
             enhancement provided by the sharp features of the individual
             particles; whereas, the non-linear scaling of SERS from
             clusters of spheres is found to be consistent with the
             near-field enhancement from inter-particle coupling
             simulated for clusters of spheres arranged in
             representative-observed geometries. © 2010 Springer
             Science+Business Media, LLC.},
   Doi = {10.1007/s11468-010-9176-1},
   Key = {fds269737}
}

@article{fds335104,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Guttenfelder, W and Leblanc, BP and Mikkelsen,
             DR},
   Title = {Identification of microtearing modes below the ion gyroscale
             in the National Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {035013-035013},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/53/3/035013},
   Abstract = {Gyrokinetic calculations indicate microtearing modes below
             the ion gyroscale are linearly unstable in a National
             Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) plasma. The modes are
             robustly unstable with respect to simulation parameters,
             radial location and discharge time. The modes exist at
             higher wavenumbers and exhibit narrower electric potential
             mode structures than conventional microtearing modes, but
             both modes extend to similar normalized radial wavenumbers.
             Mode growth rates increase with higher electron temperature
             gradients and higher collisionality. Finally, microtearing
             modes below the ion gyroscale are the most unstable modes
             near the magnetic axis, but electron temperature gradient
             modes are the most unstable modes in the outer plasma
             region. © 2011 IOP Publishing Ltd.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0741-3335/53/3/035013},
   Key = {fds335104}
}

@article{fds335105,
   Author = {Yuh, HY and Kaye, SM and Levinton, FM and Mazzucato, E and Mikkelsen,
             DR and Smith, DR and Bell, RE and Hosea, JC and Leblanc, BP and Peterson,
             JL and Park, HK and Lee, W},
   Title = {Suppression of electron temperature gradient turbulence via
             negative magnetic shear in NSTX},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {106},
   Number = {5},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.055003},
   Abstract = {Negative magnetic shear is found to suppress electron
             turbulence and improve electron thermal transport for
             plasmas in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX).
             Sufficiently negative magnetic shear results in a transition
             out of a stiff profile regime. Density fluctuation
             measurements from high-k microwave scattering are verified
             to be the electron temperature gradient (ETG) mode by
             matching measured rest frequency and linear growth rate to
             gyrokinetic calculations. Fluctuation suppression under
             negligible E×B shear conditions confirm that negative
             magnetic shear alone is sufficient for ETG suppression.
             Measured electron temperature gradients can significantly
             exceed ETG critical gradients with ETG mode activity reduced
             to intermittent bursts, while electron thermal diffusivity
             improves to below 0.1 electron gyro-Bohms. © 2011 American
             Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.055003},
   Key = {fds335105}
}

@article{fds335096,
   Author = {Hobson, PR and Leslie, DE and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Effect of gamma radiation on potential ionising radiation
             detectors and dosimeters based on quantum
             dots},
   Journal = {IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference
             Record},
   Pages = {3015-3017},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781467301183},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6152542},
   Abstract = {The fluorescent quantum yield of core-shell (CdSe/ZnS)
             quantum dots (QDs) in hexane has recently been shown to
             decrease with increasing gamma irradiation dose. Here we
             report the effects on the fluorescent emission spectra of
             commercially produced CdSe/ZnS QDs of 2.5 nm, 3.3 nm and 6.3
             nm size in toluene, following exposure to 1 MeV gamma
             irradiation in the range 0.1-110 Gy. We show that damage
             depends on the size of the QDs and that increasing the
             concentration of QDs in the toluene decreases the effect.
             Recovery of fluorescence quantum yield one day after
             irradiation has been seen, with full recovery noted for the
             6.3 nm QDs. © 2011 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6152542},
   Key = {fds335096}
}

@article{fds269734,
   Author = {Hunt, J and Kundtz, N and Landy, N and Nguyen, V and Perram, T and Starr,
             A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Broadband wide angle lens implemented with dielectric
             metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {7982-7991},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22164056},
   Abstract = {The Luneburg lens is a powerful imaging device, exhibiting
             aberration free focusing for parallel rays incident from any
             direction. However, its advantages are offset by a focal
             surface that is spherical and thus difficult to integrate
             with standard planar detector and emitter arrays. Using the
             recently developed technique of transformation optics, it is
             possible to transform the curved focal surface to a flat
             plane while maintaining the perfect focusing behavior of the
             Luneburg over a wide field of view. Here we apply these
             techniques to a lesser-known refractive Luneburg lens and
             implement the design with a metamaterial composed of a
             semi-crystalline distribution of holes drilled in a
             dielectric. In addition, we investigate the aberrations
             introduced by various approximations made in the
             implementation of the lens. The resulting design approach
             has improved mechanical strength with small aberrations and
             is ideally suited to implementation at infrared and visible
             wavelengths.},
   Doi = {10.3390/s110807982},
   Key = {fds269734}
}

@article{fds269736,
   Author = {Urzhumov, YA and Kundtz, NB and Smith, DR and Pendry,
             JB},
   Title = {Cross-section comparisons of cloaks designed by
             transformation optical and optical conformal mapping
             approaches},
   Journal = {Journal of Optics},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {024002-024002},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {2040-8978},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5724 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {We review several approaches to optical invisibility
             designed using transformation optics (TO) and optical
             conformal mapping (CM) techniques. TO is a general framework
             for solving inverse scattering problems based on mimicking
             spatial coordinate transformations with distributions of
             material properties. There are two essential steps in the
             design of TO media: first, a coordinate transformation that
             achieves some desired functionality, resulting in a
             continuous spatial distribution of constitutive parameters
             that are generally anisotropic; and, second, the reduction
             of the derived continuous constitutive parameters to a
             metamaterial that serves as a stepwise approximation. We
             focus here on the first step, discussing the merits of
             various TO strategies proposed for the long-sought
             'invisibility cloak'-a structure that renders opaque objects
             invisible. We also evaluate the cloaking capabilities of
             structures designed by the related CM approach, which makes
             use of conformal mapping to achieve index-only material
             distributions. The performance of the various cloaks is
             evaluated and compared using a universal measure-the total
             (all-angle) scattering cross section. © 2011 IOP Publishing
             Ltd.},
   Doi = {10.1088/2040-8978/13/2/024002},
   Key = {fds269736}
}

@article{fds269744,
   Author = {Hunt, J and Jang, G and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Perfect relay lens at microwave frequencies based on
             flattening a Maxwell lens},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {2025-2029},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0740-3224},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.28.002025},
   Abstract = {We consider the design and implementation of a
             two-dimensional metamaterial relay lens, conceptually formed
             by flattening a Maxwell fisheye lens-a perfect imaging
             device-through the use of a coordinate transformation.
             Because Maxwell's equations are form-invariant under
             coordinate transformations, the specifications for the
             constitutive parameters of the device are obtained
             immediately in a procedure that has now become known as
             transformation optics. To obtain a more favorable
             implementation of the lens, we seek a quasi-conformal
             transformation optics transformation that minimizes the
             required anisotropy, such that the resulting lens can be
             formed using isotropic, dielectric-only media. We
             demonstrate a flattened Maxwell lens at microwave
             frequencies using a nonresonant metamaterial and confirm its
             focusing and broad bandwidth behavior. Such planar,
             dielectric-only structures can be readily implemented in
             infrared and optical waveguides. © 2011 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.28.002025},
   Key = {fds269744}
}

@article{fds269748,
   Author = {Kundtz, NB and Smith, DR and Pendry, JB},
   Title = {Electromagnetic design with transformation
             optics},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1622-1633},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0018-9219},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2010.2089664},
   Abstract = {Transformation optics is an emerging technique for the
             design of advanced electromagnetic media. Transformation
             optical devices exploit the form invariance of Maxwell's
             equations, allowing geometry to play the dominant role in
             the design process rather than traditional wave or ray
             optics. The use of coordinate transformations vastly eases
             the burden of design for a large class of devices, though at
             the expense of increasing the complexity of the underlying
             materials used. Although the required constitutive
             parameters of a transformation optical structure can be
             challenginginherently anisotropic and spatially varying,
             with both magnetic and electric responsenevertheless the
             parameter requirements can often be met or approximated
             through the use of artificially structured metamaterials.
             Here, we review the basic concepts associated with
             transformation optics and provide several examples to
             illustrate its application. © 2011 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/JPROC.2010.2089664},
   Key = {fds269748}
}

@article{fds269752,
   Author = {Huang, D and Poutrina, E and Zheng, H and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Design and experimental characterization of nonlinear
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {2925-2930},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0740-3224},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.28.002925},
   Abstract = {We apply an analytic theory [New J. Phys. 12, 093010 (2010)]
             toward the design of varactor-loaded split-ring resonator
             metacrystals, having nonlinear electromagnetic properties on
             demand. The design methodology here is shown to be efficient
             and is validated by the excellent agreement between the
             analytically predicted and experimentally measured harmonic
             generation. The analytic formulas enable a path toward
             optimization of nonlinear properties, which we demonstrate
             by varying the spacing of the metamaterial elements to
             maximize the second-order nonlinear susceptibility of the
             system. © 2011 Optical Society of America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.28.002925},
   Key = {fds269752}
}

@article{fds330991,
   Author = {Smith, D and Elsdon, M and Leach, MP and Fernando, M and Foti,
             SJ},
   Title = {The use of indirect holographic techniques for microwave
             imaging},
   Journal = {2010 10th Mediterranean Microwave Symposium, MMS
             2010},
   Pages = {192-195},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781424472437},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MMW.2010.5605192},
   Abstract = {This work provides a brief outline of the basic theory of
             indirect microwave holography. This is supported by
             experimental work which illustrates how this technique can
             be used successfully in a number of areas including antenna
             measurements, concealed weapons detection and medical
             imaging. © 2010 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MMW.2010.5605192},
   Key = {fds330991}
}

@article{fds269594,
   Author = {Cui, TJ and Smith, DR and Liu, R},
   Title = {Preface},
   Pages = {vii-ix},
   Publisher = {Springer US},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781441905727},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4},
   Key = {fds269594}
}

@article{fds269589,
   Author = {Poutrina, E and Huang, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Analysis of nonlinear electromagnetic metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {We derive the expressions for the effective nonlinear
             susceptibilities of a metacrystal formed from resonant
             elements that couple strongly to the magnetic field. We
             experimentally illus-trate the accuracy and validity of our
             theoretical framework. © 2008 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Key = {fds269589}
}

@article{fds269595,
   Author = {Chin, JY and Liu, R and Cui, TJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Rapid design for metamaterials},
   Pages = {61-85},
   Publisher = {Springer US},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_4},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials are generally composed of sub-wavelength
             structures with designable geometries. The macroscopic
             properties of metamaterials are harnessed by engineering the
             geometric dimensions of the particles. During the past few
             years, designing metamaterials has become increasingly
             time-consuming due to the growing complexity of their
             electromagnetic properties and the complexity has been
             spurred by the arising interest in generating inhomogeneous
             and anisotropic metamaterials. Motivated by accelerating the
             design process for metamaterials with excellent accuracy,
             rapid design for metamaterials is introduced in this
             chapter. This method is based on full-wave simulation,
             S-parameter retrieval technique, and the effective medium
             theory for metamaterials. The rapid design algorithm for
             metamaterials is widely applicable to all particles with or
             without resonances from microwave to optical regime. Its
             efficiency is validated and demonstrated by a few examples.
             © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_4},
   Key = {fds269595}
}

@article{fds269596,
   Author = {Cui, TJ and Liu, R and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Introduction to metamaterials},
   Pages = {1-19},
   Publisher = {Springer US},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_1},
   Abstract = {There have been increasing interests in metamaterials in the
             past 10 years in the scientific communities. However,
             metamaterials are sometimes regarded as left-handed
             materials or negative refractive index materials by a lot of
             people including researchers. In fact, the rapid development
             in this exciting area has shown that metamaterials are far
             beyond left-handed materials. In this chapter, we will
             clarify what metamaterial is and report the recent progress
             on metamaterials. We also summarize the important issues for
             the development and future of metamaterials, including the
             optical transformation, effective medium theory for periodic
             structures, broadband and low-loss metamaterials, rapid
             design of metamaterials, and potential applications. The
             impact of computational electromagnetics on metamaterials is
             briefly discussed. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
             2010.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_1},
   Key = {fds269596}
}

@article{fds269597,
   Author = {Liu, R and Chin, JY and Ji, C and Cui, TJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Experiment on cloaking devices},
   Pages = {99-114},
   Publisher = {Springer US},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_6},
   Abstract = {In this chapter, we will discuss the approach of utilizing
             transformation optic approach and metamaterial technology to
             construct various cloaking devices in experiment. We take
             the advantage of rapid design approach to demonstrate the
             reduced cloaking device in free space. Then we discuss the
             next-generation cloaking device of broadband and low-loss
             feature. The experiment at microwave verifies the broadband
             complex cloaking design. © Springer Science+Business Media,
             LLC 2010.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_6},
   Key = {fds269597}
}

@article{fds269598,
   Author = {Cui, TJ and Smith, DR and Liu, R},
   Title = {Metamaterials: Theory, design, and applications},
   Journal = {Metamaterials: Theory, Design, and Applications},
   Pages = {1-367},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials: Theory, Design and Applications focuses on
             the most recent research activity in metamaterials, taking a
             reader beyond previously covered areas like left-handed
             materials (LHM) and negative index materials (LIM). Some new
             developments covered in the book include a rapid design
             method for inhomogeneous metamaterials, microwave and RF
             applications of metamaterials and dynamic metamaterial
             systems. Editors Tie Jun Cui, David R. Smith and Ruopeng Liu
             bring together the leading international minds focused on
             metamaterials to provide an all-encompassing look at a
             rapidly-developing field. This book stands alone as a
             must-read for any engineer or researcher working with
             metamaterials. Drawing on their years of experience in the
             field, editors Tie Jun Cui, David R. Smith and Ruopeng Liu
             present a breadth of research in metamaterials, covering
             areas like: Optical transformation theory, including
             invisible cloaks, concentrators, beam splitters and
             antennas. Photonic metamaterials and the magnetic Plasmon
             effect. Experimental verification techniques for invisible
             cloaks. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010. All
             rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4},
   Key = {fds269598}
}

@article{fds269599,
   Author = {Liu, R and Cui, TJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {General theory on artificial metamaterials},
   Pages = {49-59},
   Publisher = {Springer US},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_3},
   Abstract = {In this chapter, we present a general theory of effective
             media to establish the relationship between the local field
             responses on metamaterial structure and the macroscopical
             behaviors for artificial metamaterials composed of periodic
             resonant structures. By treating the unit cell of the
             periodic structure as a particle, we average the local field
             to define the local average permittivity and permeability
             for different unit structures and derive a general form of
             discrete Maxwell's equations in macroscale. We obtain
             different wave modes in metamaterials including propagation
             mode, pure plasma mode, and resonant crystal bandgap mode.
             The distortion in the electromagnetic parameters has been
             well explained by the derived spatial dispersion model.
             Thus, the unfamiliar behaviors of metamaterials from the
             numerical S-parameter retrieval approach is further verified
             and described. The excellent agreements between the
             theoretical predictions and the numerical retrieval results
             indicate that the new defined model and method of analysis
             fit better to the physical structures and is thereafter a
             more advanced form of fitting formula for the effective
             electromagnetic parameters of metamaterials. © Springer
             Science+Business Media, LLC 2010.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_3},
   Key = {fds269599}
}

@article{fds269600,
   Author = {Cheng, Q and Yang, XM and Ma, HF and Chin, JY and Cui, TJ and Liu, R and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Experiments and applications of metamaterials in microwave
             regime},
   Pages = {321-355},
   Publisher = {Springer US},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_14},
   Abstract = {In this chapter some experiments and applications of
             metamaterials in the microwave regime have been presented.
             Although metamaterials are composed of structures with
             finite periodicity, they can still be regarded as effective
             medium when the periodicity is far smaller than the
             wavelength. We discuss some interesting experiments such as
             the tunneling structure and the partial focusing phenomenon
             and investigate several applications like gradient index
             circuit and the Luneberg lens antenna. The simulation and
             experimental results show that metamaterials may have great
             potentials in the design of microwave devices and antennas.
             © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_14},
   Key = {fds269600}
}

@article{fds269601,
   Author = {Liu, R and Cheng, Q and Cui, TJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Broadband and low-loss non-resonant metamaterials},
   Pages = {87-97},
   Publisher = {Springer US},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_5},
   Abstract = {Loss and bandwidth have been major problems that limit the
             potential applications on metamaterials for a long time. To
             bring the ultimate opportunity to metamaterials, we analyze
             and discuss, in this chapter, another type of metamaterials
             that perform at low loss and broad bandwidth. Although the
             range of structures is limited to those having only electric
             response, with an electric permittivity always equal to or
             greater than unity, there are still numerous metamaterial
             design possibilities enabled by leveraging the non-resonant
             elements. For example, a gradient, impedance matching layer
             can be added that drastically reduces the return loss of the
             optical elements, making them essentially reflectionless and
             lossless. In microwave experiments, we demonstrate the
             broadband design concepts with a gradient-index lens and a
             beam-steering element, both of which are confirmed to
             operate over the entire X-band (roughly 8-12∈GHz)
             frequency spectrum. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
             2010.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_5},
   Key = {fds269601}
}

@article{fds269696,
   Author = {Pryor, AD and Pappas, TN and Branch, MS},
   Title = {Preface},
   Journal = {Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis
             and Management},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-2},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1569-4410},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1693-8},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-1693-8},
   Key = {fds269696}
}

@article{fds269713,
   Author = {Ghezzo, F and Starr, AF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Integration of networks of sensors and electronics for
             structural health monitoring of composite
             materials},
   Journal = {Advances in Civil Engineering},
   Volume = {2010},
   Pages = {1-13},
   Publisher = {Hindawi Limited},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1687-8086},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/598458},
   Abstract = {The low-cost, widespread availability and robust nature of
             current electronic devices suggest the feasibility of
             creating a composite structure with integrated networked
             sensors to monitor in real time the life of civil and
             aerospace structures while in service conditions. For
             structures that need to survive to high number of life
             cycles under varying load-environmental conditions, it is of
             crucial importance that the strength, stiffness, endurance,
             and general load-bearing capabilities of the composite not
             to be severely degraded by the integrated networked
             components. Therefore, design tools must be developed to
             achieve optimized, safe, and reliable structures. High
             values of stress concentrations due to the presence of a
             rigid device within a highly anisotropic material can
             trigger the initiation of microcracks in the resin matrix.
             To quantify these effects, the acoustic emission technique
             is used to characterize the initiation of microfailures
             within laminated composites with integrated electronics. ©
             2010 Fabrizia Ghezzo et al.},
   Doi = {10.1155/2010/598458},
   Key = {fds269713}
}

@article{fds269730,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Smith, DR and Basov, DN},
   Title = {Spectroscopic investigation of metamaterials across the
             effective medium threshold},
   Journal = {Metamaterials},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {175-180},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1873-1988},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metmat.2010.06.002},
   Abstract = {We spectroscopically investigate the scaling properties of a
             metamaterial consisting of a square array of gold
             cylindrical dots. The electromagnetic response of the
             gold-dot array is found to scale in relation to the ratio of
             the incident wavelength over the array spacing, in agreement
             with general predictions of metamaterial theory. The
             appropriateness of an effective medium description of the
             array is analyzed in terms of the resonant polarizability of
             the array components, and the onset of van der Hulst
             backscattering at higher frequencies. © 2010 Elsevier
             B.V.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.metmat.2010.06.002},
   Key = {fds269730}
}

@article{fds269712,
   Author = {Nguyen, VN and Yönak, SH and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Multilayer W-band artificial dielectric on liquid crystal
             polymer},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters},
   Volume = {9},
   Pages = {974-977},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1536-1225},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2010.2088104},
   Abstract = {We present an artificial dielectric material designed to
             operate at W-band millimeter-wave frequencies. The
             artificial dielectric exhibits a wide range of variation in
             its effective refractive index, making it suitable for use
             in planar gradient index (GRIN) microwave lenses and other
             quasi-optical devices. These devices include those designed
             using recently developed transformation optics techniques.
             Because the artificial materials are designed to be
             nonresonant, their effective refractive indices display very
             low dispersion with frequency; simulation and measurement
             results for a number of test samples are presented that
             confirm the expected broad bandwidth properties. A
             comparison between the expected and experimentally
             determined indices-of-refraction for these samples further
             reveals close, quantitative agreement. © 2010
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAWP.2010.2088104},
   Key = {fds269712}
}

@article{fds330994,
   Author = {Jiang, Y and Foti, SJ and Sambell, A and Smith, D},
   Title = {A low profile radiating element with nearly hemispheric
             coverage for satellite communications on-the-move hybrid
             array antenna},
   Journal = {2010 7th International Symposium on Communication Systems,
             Networks and Digital Signal Processing, CSNDSP
             2010},
   Pages = {123-127},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {November},
   ISBN = {9781861353696},
   Abstract = {A novel design solution of a dual-linearly-polarised Ku-band
             low-profile radiating element for low elevation angle
             coverage (down to 10° above horizon) is presented. Such an
             element is suitable for full-duplex Satellite Communications
             On-The-Move (SCOTM) hybrid scanned phased array antenna
             applications. Standard-designed radiating elements for array
             applications with low profile physical structure suffer poor
             low elevation angle coverage as the element pattern reduces
             by sine of the elevation angle. The element design
             demonstrated in this paper features unique louvered array
             element geometry incorporating a spatial "ray bending" lens
             facilitates the shaping of the element pattern to increase
             gain at low elevation angles. Preliminary modelling results
             using ray-tracing analysis shows that the desired low angle
             coverage can be achieved. Currently in progress full 3D
             electromagnetic simulations which include the interaction
             between the basic radiator and the spatial lens indicates
             that using an ideal tilted element with novel louvered
             reflector in addition with proposed lens, low angular
             coverage can potentially be realised in a low profile
             structure. © 2010 IEEE.},
   Key = {fds330994}
}

@article{fds269646,
   Author = {Arritt, B and Adomanis, B and Khraishi, T and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {Parametric analysis of the strain-dependent behavior of a
             metamaterial electric resonator},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {97},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {191907-191907},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3507892},
   Abstract = {In this paper, we describe the strain-dependent behavior of
             an electric-LC (ELC) resonator unit cell, commonly used in
             metamaterial designs. We leverage analytic expression to
             understand the way strain manifests itself in a change in
             electromagnetic (EM) response. We verify the simplified
             physical models using full-wave simulations and generalize
             the trends to accommodate the strain profile for any
             arbitrary plane-stress loading scenario. © 2010 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3507892},
   Key = {fds269646}
}

@article{fds269729,
   Author = {Landy, NI and Kundtz, N and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Designing three-dimensional transformation optical media
             using quasiconformal coordinate transformations.},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {105},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {193902},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21231170},
   Abstract = {We introduce an approach to the design of three-dimensional
             transformation optical (TO) media based on a generalized
             quasiconformal mapping approach. The generalized
             quasiconformal TO (QCTO) approach enables the design of
             media that can, in principle, be broadband and low loss,
             while controlling the propagation of waves with arbitrary
             angles of incidence and polarization. We illustrate the
             method in the design of a three-dimensional carpet ground
             plane cloak and of a flattened Luneburg lens. Ray-trace
             studies provide a confirmation of the performance of the
             QCTO media, while also revealing the limited performance of
             index-only versions of these devices.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.105.193902},
   Key = {fds269729}
}

@article{fds269803,
   Author = {Chen, S-Y and Mock, JJ and Hill, RT and Chilkoti, A and Smith, DR and Lazarides, AA},
   Title = {Gold nanoparticles on polarizable surfaces as Raman
             scattering antennas.},
   Journal = {ACS nano},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {6535-6546},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21038892},
   Abstract = {Surface plasmons supported by metal nanoparticles are
             perturbed by coupling to a surface that is polarizable.
             Coupling results in enhancement of near fields and may
             increase the scattering efficiency of radiative modes. In
             this study, we investigate the Rayleigh and Raman scattering
             properties of gold nanoparticles functionalized with cyanine
             deposited on silicon and quartz wafers and on gold thin
             films. Dark-field scattering images display red shifting of
             the gold nanoparticle plasmon resonance and doughnut-shaped
             scattering patterns when particles are deposited on silicon
             or on a gold film. The imaged radiation patterns and
             individual particle spectra reveal that the polarizable
             substrates control both the orientation and brightness of
             the radiative modes. Comparison with simulation indicates
             that, in a particle-surface system with a fixed junction
             width, plasmon band shifts are controlled quantitatively by
             the permittivity of the wafer or the film. Surface-enhanced
             resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectra and images are
             collected from cyanine on particles on gold films. SERRS
             images of the particles on gold films are doughnut-shaped as
             are their Rayleigh images, indicating that the SERRS is
             controlled by the polarization of plasmons in the antenna
             nanostructures. Near-field enhancement and radiative
             efficiency of the antenna are sufficient to enable Raman
             scattering cyanines to function as gap field probes. Through
             collective interpretation of individual particle Rayleigh
             spectra and spectral simulations, the geometric basis for
             small observed variations in the wavelength and intensity of
             plasmon resonant scattering from individual antenna on the
             three surfaces is explained.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nn101644s},
   Key = {fds269803}
}

@article{fds335106,
   Author = {Poli, FM and Ethier, S and Wang, W and Hahm, TS and Mazzucato, E and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {A synthetic diagnostic for validation of electron gyroradius
             scale turbulence simulations against coherent scattering
             measurements},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {112514-112514},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3492715},
   Abstract = {Comparison between spectra of short-scale density
             fluctuations measured with coherent electromagnetic
             scattering experiments and those extracted from
             space-resolved numerical simulations is affected by a number
             of systematic errors. These include the locality of
             scattering measurements, the different domain covered
             (space-resolved simulations versus wavenumber resolved
             measurements), and the stationarity of simulated nonlinear
             spectra. To bridge the gap between theory-simulations and
             experiments, a synthetic diagnostic for high- k scattering
             measurements has been developed. This synthetic scattering
             predicts the propagation of the beam in an anisotropic,
             inhomogeneous plasma and accounts for the spatial variation
             of the instrumental transfer function. The latter, in
             particular, is proven to provide an important calibration
             factor not only for the simulated spectra, but also for the
             measured ones, allowing the use of the synthetic diagnostic
             in predictive mode. Results from a case study for National
             Spherical Torus Experiment plasmas using high- k tangential
             scattering system [Smith, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 3840
             (2004)] and the gyrokinetic tokamak simulation code [Wang,
             Phys. Plasmas 13, 092505 (2006)] are presented. © 2010
             American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3492715},
   Key = {fds335106}
}

@article{fds335108,
   Author = {Schoenbeck, NL and Ellington, SD and Fonck, RJ and Jaehnig, K and McKee,
             GR and Smith, D and Uzun-Kaymak, IU and Winz, G},
   Title = {Low-noise, high-speed detector development for optical
             turbulence fluctuation measurements for NSTX},
   Journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
   Volume = {81},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {10D718-10D718},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3483196},
   Abstract = {A new beam emission spectroscopy (BES) diagnostic is under
             development. Photon-noise limited measurements of neutral
             beam emissions are achieved using photoconductive
             photodiodes with a novel frequency-compensated broadband
             preamplifier. The new BES system includes a next-generation
             preamplifier and upgraded optical coupling system. Notable
             features of the design are surface-mount components,
             minimized stray capacitance, a wide angular acceptance
             photodiode, a differential output line driver, reduced input
             capacitance, doubling of the frequency range, net reduced
             electronic noise, and elimination of the need for a
             cryogenic cooling system. The irreducible photon noise
             dominates the noise up to 800 kHz for a typical input power
             of 60 nW. This new assembly is being integrated into an
             upgraded multichannel optical detector assembly for a new
             BES system on the NSTX experiment. © 2010 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3483196},
   Key = {fds335108}
}

@article{fds335109,
   Author = {Uzun-Kaymak, IU and Fonck, RJ and McKee, GR and Schoenbeck, N and Smith,
             D and Winz, G and Yan, Z},
   Title = {Ultrafast spectroscopy diagnostic to measure localized ion
             temperature and toroidal velocity fluctuations},
   Journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
   Volume = {81},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {10D714-10D714},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3479114},
   Abstract = {A dual-channel high-efficiency, high-throughput custom
             spectroscopic system has been designed and implemented at
             DIII-D to measure localized ion thermal fluctuations
             associated with drift wave turbulence. A large-area
             prism-coupled transmission grating and high-throughput
             collection optics are employed to observe C VI emission
             centered near λ=529 nm. The diagnostic achieves 0.25 nm
             resolution over a 2.0 nm spectral band via eight discrete
             spectral channels. A turbulence-relevant time resolution of
             1 μs is achieved using cooled high-speed avalanche
             photodiodes and ultralow-noise preamplifiers. The system
             sensitivity is designed to provide measurements of
             normalized ion temperature fluctuations on the order of δ
             Ti/Ti 1%. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3479114},
   Key = {fds335109}
}

@article{fds335107,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Feder, H and Feder, R and Fonck, RJ and Labik, G and McKee,
             GR and Schoenbeck, N and Stratton, BC and Uzun-Kaymak, I and Winz,
             G},
   Title = {Overview of the beam emission spectroscopy diagnostic system
             on the National Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
   Volume = {81},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {10D717-10D717},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3478660},
   Abstract = {A beam emission spectroscopy (BES) system has been installed
             on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) to study
             ion gyroscale fluctuations. The BES system measures Dα
             emission from a deuterium neutral heating beam. The system
             includes two optical views centered at r/a≈0.45 and 0.85
             and aligned to magnetic field pitch angles at the neutral
             beam. f/1.5 collection optics produce 2-3 cm spot sizes at
             the neutral beam. The initial channel layout includes radial
             arrays, poloidal arrays, and two-dimensional grids. Radial
             arrays provide coverage from r/a≈0.1 to beyond the
             last-closed flux surface. Photodetectors and digital filters
             provide high-sensitivity, low-noise measurements at
             frequencies of up to 1 MHz. The BES system will be a
             valuable tool for investigating ion gyroscale turbulence and
             Alfv́n/energetic particle modes on NSTX. © 2010 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3478660},
   Key = {fds335107}
}

@article{fds269727,
   Author = {Ghezzo, F and Smith, DR and Starr, TN and Perram, T and Starr, AF and Darlington, TK and Baldwin, RK and Oldenburg, SJ},
   Title = {Erratum: Development and characterization of healable carbon
             fiber composites with a reversibly cross linked polymer
             (Journal of Composite Materials 44:13 (1587-1603))},
   Journal = {Journal of Composite Materials},
   Volume = {44},
   Number = {22},
   Pages = {2619},
   Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0021-9983},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998310387033},
   Doi = {10.1177/0021998310387033},
   Key = {fds269727}
}

@article{fds269728,
   Author = {Urzhumov, YA and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Transformation optics with photonic band gap
             media.},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {105},
   Number = {16},
   Pages = {163901},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21230972},
   Abstract = {We introduce a class of optical media based on adiabatically
             modulated, dielectric-only, and potentially extremely
             low-loss, photonic crystals (PC). The media we describe
             represent a generalization of the eikonal limit of
             transformation optics (TO). The basis of the concept is the
             possibility to fit some equal frequency surfaces of certain
             PCs with elliptic surfaces, allowing them to mimic the
             dispersion relation of light in anisotropic effective media.
             PC cloaks and other TO devices operating at visible
             wavelengths can be constructed from optically transparent
             substances such as glasses, whose attenuation coefficient
             can be as small as 10 dB/km, suggesting the TO design
             methodology can be applied to the development of optical
             devices not limited by the losses inherent to metal-based,
             passive metamaterials.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.105.163901},
   Key = {fds269728}
}

@article{fds269802,
   Author = {Hill, RT and Mock, JJ and Urzhumov, Y and Sebba, DS and Oldenburg, SJ and Chen, S-Y and Lazarides, AA and Chilkoti, A and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Leveraging nanoscale plasmonic modes to achieve reproducible
             enhancement of light.},
   Journal = {Nano letters},
   Volume = {10},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {4150-4154},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20804206},
   Abstract = {The strongly enhanced and localized optical fields that
             occur within the gaps between metallic nanostructures can be
             leveraged for a wide range of functionality in nanophotonic
             and optical metamaterial applications. Here, we introduce a
             means of precise control over these nanoscale gaps through
             the application of a molecular spacer layer that is
             self-assembled onto a gold film, upon which gold
             nanoparticles (NPs) are deposited electrostatically.
             Simulations using a three-dimensional finite element model
             and measurements from single NPs confirm that the gaps
             formed by this process, between the NP and the gold film,
             are highly reproducible transducers of surface-enhanced
             resonant Raman scattering. With a spacer layer of roughly
             1.6 nm, all NPs exhibit a strong Raman signal that decays
             rapidly as the spacer layer is increased.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nl102443p},
   Key = {fds269802}
}

@article{fds269725,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Nonlinear long-range plasmonic waveguides},
   Journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {82},
   Number = {3},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1050-2947},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3309 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {We report on plasmonic waveguides made of a thin metal
             stripe surrounded on one or both sides by a Kerr nonlinear
             medium. Using an iterative numerical method, we investigate
             the stationary long-range plasmons that exist for
             self-focusing and self-defocusing Kerr-type nonlinearities.
             The solutions are similar to the well-known case of
             infinitely wide nonlinear waveguides-they are strongly
             power-dependent and can experience symmetry-breaking
             bifurcations under appropriate conditions. © 2010 The
             American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.82.033812},
   Key = {fds269725}
}

@article{fds335110,
   Author = {Walker, TE and Smith, DR and Howe, CJ and Kellett, BJ and Sreekumar, P and Grande, M},
   Title = {The effects of radiation damage on the spectral resolution
             of the Chandrayaan-1 x-ray spectrometer},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {7742},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {September},
   ISBN = {9780819482327},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.858648},
   Abstract = {The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) was launched
             onboard the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
             Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission in October 2008. The instrument
             consisted of 24 swept-charge device silicon X-ray detectors
             providing a total collecting area of ~24 cm2, corresponding
             to a 14° field of view (FWHM), with the ability to measure
             X-rays from 0.8 - 10 keV. During the 10 months the
             spacecraft was located in orbit around the Moon a number of
             solar flare X-ray events were detected, along with
             calibration data from X-ray sources housed inside the
             movable door of the instrument. This paper presents a study
             of the degradation in spectral resolution of the measured
             X-ray calibration lines, comparing those recorded mid way
             through the mission lifetime with ground based calibration
             data collected prior to the launch of the instrument. The
             radiation environment the detectors were subjected to is
             discussed in light of the actual radiation damage effects on
             the spectral resolution observed in flight. © 2010
             SPIE.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.858648},
   Key = {fds335110}
}

@article{fds269723,
   Author = {Poutrina, E and Huang, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Analysis of nonlinear electromagnetic metamaterials},
   Journal = {New Journal of Physics},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {093010-093010},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1367-2630},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/9/093010},
   Abstract = {We analyze the properties of a nonlinear metamaterial formed
             by integrating nonlinear components or materials into the
             capacitive regions of metamaterial elements. A
             straightforward homogenization procedure leads to general
             expressions for the nonlinear susceptibilities of the
             composite metamaterial medium. The expressions are
             convenient, as they enable an inhomogeneous system of
             scattering elements to be described as a continuous medium
             using the standard notation of nonlinear optics. We
             illustrate the validity and accuracy of our theoretical
             framework by performing measurements on a fabricated
             metamaterial sample composed of an array of split ring
             resonators (SRRs) with packaged varactors embedded in the
             capacitive gaps, in a manner similar to that of Wang et al
             (2008 Opt. Express 16 16058). Because the SRRs exhibit a
             predominantly magnetic response to electromagnetic fields,
             the varactor-loaded SRR composite can be described as a
             magnetic material with nonlinear terms in its effective
             magnetic susceptibility. Treating the composite as a
             nonlinear effective medium, we can quantitatively assess the
             performance of the medium to enhance and facilitate
             nonlinear processes, including second harmonic generation,
             three-and four-wave mixing, selffocusing and other
             well-known nonlinear phenomena. We illustrate the accuracy
             of our approach by predicting the intensity-dependent
             resonance frequency shift in the effective permeability of
             the varactor-loaded SRR medium and comparing with
             experimental measurements. © IOP Publishing Ltd and
             Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/12/9/093010},
   Key = {fds269723}
}

@article{fds269724,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Urzhumov, Y and Kundtz, NB and Landy,
             NI},
   Title = {Enhancing imaging systems using transformation
             optics.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {20},
   Pages = {21238-21251},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20941020},
   Abstract = {We apply the transformation optical technique to modify or
             improve conventional refractive and gradient index optical
             imaging devices. In particular, when it is known that a
             detector will terminate the paths of rays over some surface,
             more freedom is available in the transformation approach,
             since the wave behavior over a large portion of the domain
             becomes unimportant. For the analyzed configurations,
             quasi-conformal and conformal coordinate transformations can
             be used, leading to simplified constitutive parameter
             distributions that, in some cases, can be realized with
             isotropic index; index-only media can be low-loss and have
             broad bandwidth. We apply a coordinate transformation to
             flatten a Maxwell fish-eye lens, forming a near-perfect
             relay lens; and also flatten the focal surface associated
             with a conventional refractive lens, such that the system
             exhibits an ultra-wide field-of-view with reduced
             aberration.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.18.021238},
   Key = {fds269724}
}

@article{fds269726,
   Author = {Rose, A and Larouche, S and Huang, D and Poutrina, E and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Nonlinear parameter retrieval from three- and four-wave
             mixing in metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {82},
   Number = {3 Pt 2},
   Pages = {036608},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/4289 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {We present a generalized nonlinear susceptibility retrieval
             method for metamaterials based on transfer matrices and
             valid in the nondepleted pump approximation. We construct a
             general formalism to describe the transfer matrix method for
             nonlinear media and apply it to the processes of three- and
             four-wave mixing. The accuracy of this approach is verified
             via finite element simulations. The method is then reversed
             to give a set of equations for retrieving the nonlinear
             susceptibility. Finally, we apply the proposed retrieval
             operation to a three-wave mixing transmission experiment
             performed on a varactor loaded split ring resonator
             metamaterial sample and find quantitative agreement with an
             analytical effective medium theory model.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.82.036608},
   Key = {fds269726}
}

@article{fds269801,
   Author = {Sajuyigbe, S and Ross, M and Geren, P and Cummer, SA and Tanielian, MH and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Wide angle impedance matching metamaterials for
             waveguide-fed phased-array antennas},
   Journal = {IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1063-1072},
   Publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology
             (IET)},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1751-8725},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2009.0543},
   Abstract = {This work investigates the gains realisable through the use
             of artificially structured materials, otherwise known as
             metamaterials, in the wide angle impedance matching (WAIM)
             of waveguide-fed phased-array antennas. The authors propose
             that the anisotropic properties of a metamaterial layer,
             when designed appropriately, can be employed to achieve
             impedance matching at a wide contiguous range of
             phased-array antenna transmission angles. Simulation and
             numerical results show that an optimised impedance match
             over a broad angular range can be readily achieved using a
             doubly uniaxial (magnetic and electric) anisotropic layer,
             an outcome not found accomplishable when an optimised
             isotropic dielectric layer is used. The authors propose the
             possibility of using metamaterials to achieve anisotropic
             WAIM layer configurations, and the authors show, using two
             simple uniaxial designs, that a metamaterial layer over the
             phased-array gives performance characteristics similar to
             its homogeneous anisotropic effective medium counterpart. ©
             2010 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.},
   Doi = {10.1049/iet-map.2009.0543},
   Key = {fds269801}
}

@article{fds269721,
   Author = {Hunt, J and Kundtz, N and Landy, N and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Relaxation approach for the generation of inhomogeneous
             distributions of uniformly sized particles},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {97},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {024104-024104},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3238 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {For many applications in gradient index devices and photonic
             crystals, it is necessary to be able to design
             semicrystalline distributions of particles where the lattice
             constant of the distribution is an arbitrary function of
             position. We propose a method to generate such distributions
             which is physically motivated by a system of interacting
             particles, and apply it to the design and implementation of
             a microwave gradient index lens. While the demonstration was
             preformed at microwave wavelengths, this technique would
             also be particularly useful for designing devices for
             operation at IR and visible wavelengths where the
             fabrication of distributions of uniformly sized holes or
             columns is very easy. © 2010 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3460914},
   Key = {fds269721}
}

@article{fds269722,
   Author = {Urzhumov, Y and Ghezzo, F and Hunt, J and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Acoustic cloaking transformations from attainable material
             properties},
   Journal = {New Journal of Physics},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {073014-073014},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {1367-2630},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5078 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {We propose a general methodology and a set of practical
             recipes for the construction of ultra-broadband acoustic
             cloaks-structures that can render themselves and a concealed
             object undetectable by means of acoustic scattering. The
             acoustic cloaks presented here are designed and function
             analogously to electromagnetic cloaks. However, acoustic
             cloaks in a fluid medium do not suffer the bandwidth
             limitations imposed on their electromagnetic counterparts by
             the finite speed of light in vacuum. In the absence of
             specific metamaterials having arbitrary combinations of
             quasi-static speed of sound and mass density, we explore the
             flexibility of continuum transformations that produce
             approximate cloaking solutions. We show that an imperfect,
             eikonal acoustic cloak (that is, one which is not impedance
             matched but is valid in the geometrical optics regime) with
             negligible dispersion can be designed using a simple layered
             geometry. Since a practical cloaking device will probably be
             composed of combinations of solid materials rather than
             fluids, it is necessary to consider the full elastic
             properties of such media, which support shear waves in
             addition to the compression waves associated with the
             acoustic regime. We perform a systematic theoretical and
             numerical investigation of the role of shear waves in
             elastic cloaking devices. We find that for elastic
             metamaterials with Poisson's ratio v > 0.49, shear waves do
             not alter the cloaking effect. Such metamaterials can be
             built from nearly incompressible rubbers (with v ≈ 0.499)
             and fluids. We expect this finding to have applications in
             other acoustic devices based on the form-invariance of the
             scalar acoustic wave equation. © IOP Publishing Ltd and
             Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/12/7/073014},
   Key = {fds269722}
}

@article{fds269718,
   Author = {Larouche, S and Rose, A and Poutrina, E and Huang, D and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Experimental determination of the quadratic nonlinear
             magnetic susceptibility of a varactor-loaded split ring
             resonator metamaterial},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {97},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {011109-011109},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3338 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {This letter presents a quantitative measurement of the
             second harmonic generated by a slab of varactor loaded split
             ring resonator metamaterial and the retrieval of the
             effective quadratic nonlinear magnetic susceptibility
             χ(2)musing an approach based on transfer matrices. The
             retrieved value of χ(2)m is in excellent agreement with
             that predicted by an analytical effective medium theory
             model. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3460919},
   Key = {fds269718}
}

@article{fds269719,
   Author = {Ghezzo, F and Smith, DR and Starr, TN and Perram, T and Starr, AF and Darlington, TK and Baldwin, RK and Oldenburg, SJ},
   Title = {Development and characterization of healable carbon fiber
             composites with a reversibly cross linked
             polymer},
   Journal = {Journal of Composite Materials},
   Volume = {44},
   Number = {13},
   Pages = {1587-1603},
   Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0021-9983},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998310363165},
   Abstract = {Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates with
             remendable cross-linked polymeric matrices were fabricated
             using a modified resin transfer mold (RTM) technique. The
             healable composite resin, bis-maleimide tetrafuran (2MEP4F),
             was synthesized by mixing two monomers, furan (4F) and
             maleimide (2MEP), at elevated temperatures. The fast kinetic
             rate of the reaction of polymer constituents requires a fast
             injection of the healable resin into the carbon fiber
             preform. The polymer viscosity as a function of time and
             temperature was experimentally quantified in order to
             optimize the fabrication of the composite material and to
             guarantee a uniform flow of the resin through the
             reinforcement. The method was validated by characterizing
             the thermo-mechanical properties of the polymerized 2MEP4F.
             Additionally, the thermo-mechanical properties of the
             remendable CFRP material were studied. © 2010 The
             Author(s).},
   Doi = {10.1177/0021998310363165},
   Key = {fds269719}
}

@article{fds269782,
   Author = {Dhar, S and Degiron, A and Smith, DR and Jokerst,
             NM},
   Title = {Planar integrated optical detection of a hybrid long-range
             surface plasmon using an ingaas inverted-msm detector bonded
             to silicon},
   Journal = {IEEE Photonics Technology Letters},
   Volume = {22},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {841-843},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1041-1135},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2010.2046402},
   Abstract = {An InxGa1-x As thin-film inverted metalsemiconductormetal
             photodetector has been integrated with a gold hybrid
             long-range surface plasmon waveguide on silicon. This
             integrated structure enables planar integrated optical
             detection of a long-range surface plasmon wave at a
             wavelength of 1.55℧ m. © 2010 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LPT.2010.2046402},
   Key = {fds269782}
}

@article{fds269720,
   Author = {Kundtz, N and Gaultney, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Scattering cross-section of a transformation optics-based
             metamaterial cloak},
   Journal = {New Journal of Physics},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {043039-043039},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {1367-2630},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/4/043039},
   Abstract = {We present experimental quantitative scattering
             cross-section (SCS) measurements for a metamaterial cloak.
             The cloak is nearly identical to that reported in 2006;
             however, quantitative experimental measurements have not yet
             been reported for such a structure. This cylindrically
             symmetric cloak is designed to operate at a frequency of 10
             GHz and to reduce the SCS of a cylinder 50 mm in diameter.
             Despite being only a crude approximation of the ideal
             transformation optical design, the fabricated metamaterial
             cloak is shown to reduce the SCS of the cylinder over the
             frequency range from 9.91 to 10.14GHz, a span of 230MHz or a
             2.3% bandwidth. The maximum reduction in the SCS is 24%.
             This result provides a useful experimental, quantitative
             benchmark that can form the basis for comparison of the
             performances of future improved cloaking structures. © IOP
             Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische
             Gesellschan.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/12/4/043039},
   Key = {fds269720}
}

@article{fds269715,
   Author = {Larouche, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {A retrieval method for nonlinear metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics Communications},
   Volume = {283},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1621-1627},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0030-4018},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2009.10.107},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials are engineered periodic structures for which
             it is possible to assign effective homogenized constitutive
             properties. In recent years, metamaterials in which the
             constituent elements are integrated with inherently
             nonlinear materials or electronic components have been
             considered for their potential impact on nonlinear wave
             propagation. As is the case with their linear counterparts,
             nonlinear metamaterials can also be assigned homogenized
             effective properties. The effective constitutive parameters
             of a metamaterial can be determined by a retrieval method
             applied to full-wave numerical simulations of a single layer
             of the structure. In this work, we present a transfer matrix
             approach that extends the retrieval of metamaterial
             properties to include the effective nonlinear
             susceptibilities. Comparisons with time-domain finite
             element simulations of continuous nonlinear slabs confirm
             the validity of this approach. The proposed approach is also
             applied to determine the nonlinear susceptibility of a
             simple nonlinear metamaterial. © 2009 Elsevier
             B.V.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.optcom.2009.10.107},
   Key = {fds269715}
}

@article{fds269716,
   Author = {Poutrina, E and Larouche, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Parametric oscillator based on a single-layer resonant
             metamaterial},
   Journal = {Optics Communications},
   Volume = {283},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1640-1646},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0030-4018},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2009.11.037},
   Abstract = {We perform numerical simulations demonstrating parametric
             generation and oscillation processes in a single-layer of
             metamaterial composed of split ring resonators (SRRs). In
             general, a parametric resonance is achieved by introducing a
             time-modulation of one of the energy-storing parameters of a
             resonant system. An individual SRR is a resonant system that
             can be modeled as an RLC-circuit inductively coupled to an
             applied time-varying magnetic field. The relatively simple
             circuit model can be employed to establish the range of
             parameters providing the growth of parametric oscillations
             within the SRR medium. We relate the numerically predicted
             circuit parameters that ensure the buildup of parametric
             oscillations to those parameters expected to be available in
             a modified SRR medium, in which lumped element varactors
             integrated into the SRRs are used as modulable capacitance
             elements. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights
             reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.optcom.2009.11.037},
   Key = {fds269716}
}

@article{fds269710,
   Author = {Huang, D and Poutrina, E and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Analysis of the power dependent tuning of a varactor-loaded
             metamaterial at microwave frequencies},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {104104-104104},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3339 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {We present an analysis of the nonlinear, power-dependent
             resonance frequency shift for two metamaterial mediums
             consisting of arrays of varactor-loaded split ring
             resonators (VLSRRs). We confirm that, over a limited range
             of power, a VLSRR medium can be described by its second and
             third order nonlinear susceptibilities, making it a useful
             analog medium for the quantitative investigation of other
             nonlinear phenomena that might be achieved using inherently
             nonlinear materials integrated into metamaterials.
             Experimental measurements of the resonance frequency shift
             with power from fabricated VLSRR samples are found to be in
             excellent agreement with the analytical model. © 2010
             American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3356223},
   Key = {fds269710}
}

@article{fds269717,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {Analytic expressions for the constitutive parameters of
             magnetoelectric metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {81},
   Number = {3 Pt 2},
   Pages = {036605},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/4286 Duke open
             access},
   Abstract = {Electromagnetic metamaterials are artificially structured
             media typically composed of arrays of resonant
             electromagnetic circuits, the dimension and spacing of which
             are considerably smaller than the free-space wavelengths of
             operation. The constitutive parameters for metamaterials,
             which can be obtained using full-wave simulations in
             conjunction with numerical retrieval algorithms, exhibit
             artifacts related to the finite size of the metamaterial
             cell relative to the wavelength. Liu [R. Liu, T. J. Cui, D.
             Huang, B. Zhao, and D. R. Smith, Phys. Rev. E 76, 026606
             (2007)] showed that the complicated, frequency-dependent
             forms of the constitutive parameters can be described by a
             set of relatively simple analytical expressions. These
             expressions provide useful insight and can serve as the
             basis for more intelligent interpolation or optimization
             schemes. Here, we show that the same analytical expressions
             can be obtained using a transfer-matrix formalism applied to
             a one-dimensional periodic array of thin, resonant,
             dielectric, or magnetic sheets. The transfer-matrix
             formalism breaks down, however, when both electric and
             magnetic responses are present in the same unit cell, as it
             neglects the magnetoelectric coupling between unit cells [C.
             R. Simovski, Metamaterials 1, 62 (2007)]. We show that an
             alternative analytical approach based on the same physical
             model must be applied for such structures. Furthermore, in
             addition to the intercell coupling, electric and magnetic
             resonators within a unit cell may also exhibit
             magnetoelectric coupling. For such cells, we find an
             analytical expression for the effective index, which
             displays markedly characteristic dispersion features that
             depend on the strength of the coupling coefficient. We
             illustrate the applicability of the derived expressions by
             comparing to full-wave simulations on magnetoelectric unit
             cells. We conclude that the design of metamaterials with
             tailored simultaneous electric and magnetic response-such as
             negative index materials-will generally be complicated by
             potentially unwanted magnetoelectric coupling.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.81.036605},
   Key = {fds269717}
}

@article{fds269714,
   Author = {Kundtz, N and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Extreme-angle broadband metamaterial lens.},
   Journal = {Nature materials},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {129-132},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1476-1122},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20023631},
   Abstract = {For centuries, the conventional approach to lens design has
             been to grind the surfaces of a uniform material in such a
             manner as to sculpt the paths that rays of light follow as
             they transit through the interfaces. Refractive lenses
             formed by this procedure of bending the surfaces can be of
             extremely high quality, but are nevertheless limited by
             geometrical and wave aberrations that are inherent to the
             manner in which light refracts at the interface between two
             materials. Conceptually, a more natural--but usually less
             convenient--approach to lens design would be to vary the
             refractive index throughout an entire volume of space. In
             this manner, far greater control can be achieved over the
             ray trajectories. Here, we demonstrate how powerful emerging
             techniques in the field of transformation optics can be used
             to harness the flexibility of gradient index materials for
             imaging applications. In particular we design and
             experimentally demonstrate a lens that is broadband (more
             than a full decade bandwidth), has a field-of-view
             approaching 180 degrees and zero f-number. Measurements on a
             metamaterial implementation of the lens illustrate the
             practicality of transformation optics to achieve a new class
             of optical devices.},
   Doi = {10.1038/nmat2610},
   Key = {fds269714}
}

@article{fds335111,
   Author = {Baharin, R and Hobson, PR and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Simulation of MeV electron energy deposition in CdS quantum
             dots absorbed in silicate glass for radiation
             dosimetry},
   Journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
   Volume = {244},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {012007-012007},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/244/1/012007},
   Abstract = {We are currently developing 2D dosimeters with optical
             readout based on CdS or CdS/CdSe core-shell quantum-dots
             using commercially available materials. In order to
             understand the limitations on the measurement of a 2D
             radiation profile the 3D deposited energy profile of MeV
             energy electrons in CdS quantum-dot-doped silica glass have
             been studied by Monte Carlo simulation using the CASINO and
             PENELOPE codes. Profiles for silica glass and CdS
             quantum-dot-doped silica glass were then compared. © 2010
             IOP Publishing Ltd.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/244/1/012007},
   Key = {fds335111}
}

@article{fds330992,
   Author = {Fernando, M and Busawon, K and Elsdon, M and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {Fundamental issues in antenna design for microwave medical
             imaging applications},
   Journal = {2010 7th International Symposium on Communication Systems,
             Networks and Digital Signal Processing, CSNDSP
             2010},
   Pages = {795-800},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781861353696},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csndsp16145.2010.5580323},
   Abstract = {This paper surveys the development of microwave medical
             imaging and the fundamental challenges associated with
             microwave antennas design for medical imaging applications.
             Different microwave antennas used in medical imaging
             applications such as monopoles, bow-tie, vivaldi and
             pyramidal horn antennas are discussed. The challenges faced
             when the latter used in medical imaging environment are
             detailed. The paper provides the possible solutions for the
             challenges at hand and also provides insight into the
             modelling work which will help the microwave engineering
             community to understand the behaviour of the microwave
             antennas in coupling media. © 2010 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/csndsp16145.2010.5580323},
   Key = {fds330992}
}

@article{fds330993,
   Author = {Bobor-Oyibo, F and Smith, D and Foti, SJ},
   Title = {The effects of a finite ground plane on the characteristics
             of printed patch antennas with and without a suspended
             patch},
   Journal = {2010 7th International Symposium on Communication Systems,
             Networks and Digital Signal Processing, CSNDSP
             2010},
   Pages = {111-114},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781861353696},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csndsp16145.2010.5580447},
   Abstract = {In most analyses of microstrip patch antennas the effects of
             a finite ground plane are neglected because it is assumed
             infinite. However, in mobile communication systems the
             ground plane of antennas must be finite. Therefore, the
             effect of the finite ground plane on the characteristics of
             printed patch antenna elements is worth investigation. In
             this paper a stacked patch antenna has been proposed and the
             effects of a finite ground plane on the total radiation
             pattern are investigated. In fact, we have shown that a
             truncated ground plane of width approximately one wavelength
             will produce a 3dB beam width for the patch of approximately
             65 degrees in contrast to the 90 degrees which occurs for an
             infinite ground plane. A physical description of the reason
             for this is included. © 2010 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/csndsp16145.2010.5580447},
   Key = {fds330993}
}

@article{fds330995,
   Author = {Fernando, MJ and Elsdon, M and Busawon, K and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {A Novel simplified mathematical model for antennas used in
             medical imaging applications},
   Journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
   Volume = {255},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {012001-012001},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/255/1/012001},
   Abstract = {In this paper a new technique is proposed to model the
             current across a monopole antenna and thereby the radiation
             fields of the antenna can be calculated. Generally, the
             Method of Moments (MOM) technique is used for this purpose
             whereby the integral equations are discretised to find the
             fields of an antenna. The proposed model requires only the
             knowledge of three parameters (Initial Current I0, Damping
             coefficient a and the radial parameter τ) and hence
             considerably reduces the computational time and space as its
             results do not depend on the number of functions involved.
             The new technique is also developed to take account of the
             conductivity property of the surrounding medium. Hence this
             technique can be used in field prediction for antennas
             employed in medical imaging applications. Initial results
             obtained from the new technique show good correlation in
             comparison with the MOM technique. © 2010 IOP Publishing
             Ltd.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/255/1/012001},
   Key = {fds330995}
}

@article{fds335112,
   Author = {Griffin, MJ and Abergel, A and Abreu, A and Ade, PAR and André, P and Augueres, JL and Babbedge, T and Bae, Y and Baillie, T and Baluteau, JP and Barlow, MJ and Bendo, G and Benielli, D and Bock, JJ and Bonhomme, P and Brisbin, D and Brockley-Blatt, C and Caldwell, M and Cara, C and Castro-Rodriguez, N and Cerulli, R and Chanial, P and Chen, S and Clark,
             E and Clements, DL and Clerc, L and Coker, J and Communal, D and Conversi,
             L and Cox, P and Crumb, D and Cunningham, C and Daly, F and Davis, GR and DeAntoni, P and Delderfield, J and Devin, N and Di Giorgio and A and Didschuns, I and Dohlen, K and Donati, M and Dowell, A and Dowell, CD and Duband, L and Dumaye, L and Emery, RJ and Ferlet, M and Ferrand, D and Fontignie, J and Fox, M and Franceschini, A and Frerking, M and Fulton,
             T and Garcia, J and Gastaud, R and K.Gear, W and Glenn, J and Goizel, A and Griffin, DK and Grundy, T and Guest, S and Guillemet, L and Hargrave,
             PC and Harwit, M and Hastings, P and Hatziminaoglou, E and Herman, M and Hinde, B and Hristov, V and Huang, M and Imhof, P and Isaak, KJ and Israelsson, U and Ivison, RJ and Jennings, D and Kiernan, B and King,
             KJ and Lange, AE and Latter, W and Laurent, G and Laurent, P and Leeks, SJ and Lellouch, E and Levenson, L and Li, B and Li, J and Lilienthal, J and Lim,
             T and Liu, SJ and Lu, N and Madden, S and Mainetti, G and Marliani, P and McKay, D and Mercier, K and Molinari, S and Morris, H and Moseley, H and Mulder, J and Mur, M},
   Title = {The Herschel -SPIRE instrument and its in-flight
             performance},
   Journal = {Astronomy and Astrophysics},
   Volume = {518},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {L3-L3},
   Publisher = {E D P SCIENCES},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014519},
   Abstract = {The Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver (SPIRE), is
             the Herschel Space Observatory's submillimetre camera and
             spectrometer. It contains a three-band imaging photometer
             operating at 250, 350 and 500 μm, and an imaging
             Fourier-transform spectrometer (FTS) which covers
             simultaneously its whole operating range of 194-671 μm
             (447-1550 GHz). The SPIRE detectors are arrays of
             feedhorn-coupled bolometers cooled to 0.3 K. The photometer
             has a field of view of 4′ × 8′, observed simultaneously
             in the three spectral bands. Its main operating mode is
             scan-mapping, whereby the field of view is scanned across
             the sky to achieve full spatial sampling and to cover large
             areas if desired. The spectrometer has an approximately
             circular field of view with a diameter of 2.6′. The
             spectral resolution can be adjusted between 1.2 and 25 GHz
             by changing the stroke length of the FTS scan mirror. Its
             main operating mode involves a fixed telescope pointing with
             multiple scans of the FTS mirror to acquire spectral data.
             For extended source measurements, multiple position offsets
             are implemented by means of an internal beam steering mirror
             to achieve the desired spatial sampling and by rastering of
             the telescope pointing to map areas larger than the field of
             view. The SPIRE instrument consists of a cold focal plane
             unit located inside the Herschel cryostat and warm
             electronics units, located on the spacecraft Service Module,
             for instrument control and data handling. Science data are
             transmitted to Earth with no on-board data compression, and
             processed by automatic pipelines to produce calibrated
             science products. The in-flight performance of the
             instrument matches or exceeds predictions based on
             pre-launch testing and modelling: the photometer sensitivity
             is comparable to or slightly better than estimated
             pre-launch, and the spectrometer sensitivity is also better
             by a factor of 1.5-2. © ESO 2010.},
   Doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201014519},
   Key = {fds335112}
}

@article{fds335113,
   Author = {Lee, W and Mazzucato, E and Smith, DR and Park, HK and Domier, CW and Luhmann, NC},
   Title = {Calibration of the collective scattering system on
             NSTX},
   Journal = {34th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and
             Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz 2009},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781424454174},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIMW.2009.5325541},
   Abstract = {A multichannel 280-GHz collective scattering system has been
             employed to investigate electron gyro-scale density
             fluctuations in National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)
             plasmas. The longitudinal scattering volume length, which is
             the spatial resolution of the scattering measurement, was
             calculated in tokamak geometry since the targeting
             wavenumber is greatly affected by the configuration of the
             magnetic field. An absolute power calibration was performed
             to determine the power response of the detection system. The
             results of the scattering length calculation and the power
             calibration were applied to estimate the density fluctuation
             levels from the scattering signals measured on NSTX plasmas.
             © 2009 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ICIMW.2009.5325541},
   Key = {fds335113}
}

@article{fds335114,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Kaye, SM and Lee, W and Mazzucato, E and Park, HK and Bell,
             RE and Domier, CW and Leblanc, BP and Levinton, FM and Luhmann, NC and Menard, JE and Yuh, H},
   Title = {Electron gyroscale fluctuation measurements in National
             Spherical Torus Experiment H-mode plasmas},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {112507},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3262530},
   Abstract = {A collective scattering system has measured electron
             gyroscale fluctuations in National Spherical Torus
             Experiment [M. Ono, Nucl. Fusion 40, 557 (2000)] H-mode
             plasmas to investigate electron temperature gradient (ETG)
             turbulence. Observations and results pertaining to
             fluctuation measurements in ETG-stable regimes, the toroidal
             field scaling of fluctuation amplitudes, the relation
             between fluctuation amplitudes and transport quantities, and
             fluctuation magnitudes and k -spectra are presented.
             Collectively, the measurements provide insight and guidance
             for understanding ETG turbulence and anomalous electron
             thermal transport. © 2009 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3262530},
   Key = {fds335114}
}

@article{fds330996,
   Author = {Jiang, Y and Foti, SJ and Sambell, A and Smith, D},
   Title = {A new low profile antenna with improved performance for
             satellite on-the-move communications},
   Journal = {Proceedings - 2009 3rd IEEE International Symposium on
             Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for
             Wireless Communications, MAPE 2009},
   Pages = {59-62},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781424440740},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MAPE.2009.5355557},
   Abstract = {A novel design solution for a low-profile full-duplex
             Satellite-On-The-Move Communications hybrid scanned phased
             array antenna for low elevation angle coverage (down to 10°
             ) is described. The antenna is operated at Ku-Band. The
             unique louvered array element geometry in combination with a
             spatial filter/ "ray bending" lens facilitates the shaping
             of the element pattern to increase gain at low elevation
             angles. Preliminary modelling results using simple
             ray-tracing and 3D E simulation indicate that the desired
             low angle coverage can be achieved. ©2009
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MAPE.2009.5355557},
   Key = {fds330996}
}

@article{fds269611,
   Author = {Dhar, S and Degiron, A and Smith, DR and Jokerst,
             NM},
   Title = {Planar integration of a long range surface plasmon waveguide
             with an inverted metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector on
             silicon},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {A long range surface plasmon polariton (LR-SPP)
             insulator-metal-insulator waveguide was integrated with a
             thin film InxGa1-xAs-based photodetector (PD) on silicon for
             planar detection of LR-SPPs, and demonstrated coupling from
             the LR-SPP to the PD. © 2009 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Key = {fds269611}
}

@article{fds269704,
   Author = {Sajuyigbe, S and Justice, BJ and Starr, AF and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Design and analysis of three-dimensionalized ELC
             metamaterial unit cell},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters},
   Volume = {8},
   Pages = {1268-1271},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1536-1225},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2009.2036572},
   Abstract = {The use of a three-dimensional electric-LC (3D-ELC)
             resonator to obtain a minimally refractive and strongly
             transmissive composite metamaterial is explored. The 3D-ELC
             repeated unit cell consists of two ELC elements that, when
             put together, may be used to generate responding electric
             dipole moments in the x̧, y̧, and z̧ directions. When
             embedded inside a host material whose permittivity is
             significantly greater than unity, the repeated 3D-ELC
             metamaterial can be used to depress the effective dielectric
             constant of the resulting composite material to a nearunity
             value in all Cartesian directions. The concept of designing
             a unity-index metamaterial-with the properties of free
             space-may prove useful in creating mechanically durable
             materials for use as radomes or other enclosures for
             radiating structures. © 2009 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LAWP.2009.2036572},
   Key = {fds269704}
}

@article{fds269705,
   Author = {Ghezzo, F and Starr, TN and Perram, T and Darlington, TK and Starr, AF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Development of self healing composite materials: Fabrication
             and micro-structural analyses},
   Journal = {ICCM International Conferences on Composite
             Materials},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {A custom resin transfer molding (RTM) method for the
             fabrication of carbon fiber composites using thermally
             reversible highly cross linked polymeric matrices was
             developed. The resulting material quality and healing
             efficiency was assessed using X-ray phase contrast
             micro-tomography. The X-ray investigations revealed that
             partial healing of extended cracks occurred in samples that
             were kept at 90°C for 2 hours.},
   Key = {fds269705}
}

@article{fds269707,
   Author = {Arritt, BJ and Starr, AF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Electromagnetic performance of mechanically loaded composite
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {ICCM International Conferences on Composite
             Materials},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {The field of metamaterials has seen tremendous advancements
             in the design, modeling, and development of structures with
             novel ElectroMagnetic (EM) properties. However, nothing had
             been done to characterize how those EM properties change
             when a metamaterial structure is transitioned into a
             relevant environment (i.e. mechanical and thermal loading).
             This research seeks to understand the linkage between the
             mechanical loading of these multi-component,
             inclusion-intensive structures, and their resultant changes
             in EM performance; thus laying the foundation for the
             eventual operational use of these novel multifunctional
             structures.},
   Key = {fds269707}
}

@article{fds269703,
   Author = {Poutrina, E and Smith, DR},
   Title = {High-frequency active metamaterials},
   Journal = {2009 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2009
             Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science
             Conference, CLEO/QELS 2009},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {November},
   Abstract = {We present a systematic numerical study of metamaterials
             integrated with gain media to achieve composite
             metamaterials at terahertz and infrared wavelength with
             reduced losses. The impact of spatial dispersion on the
             effective permeability resonance restoration is emphasized.
             © 2008 Optical Society of America.},
   Key = {fds269703}
}

@article{fds269777,
   Author = {Dhar, S and Degiron, A and Smith, DR and Jokerst,
             NM},
   Title = {Planar integration of a long range surface plasmon waveguide
             with an inverted metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector on
             silicon},
   Journal = {2009 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2009
             Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science
             Conference, CLEO/QELS 2009},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {November},
   Abstract = {A long range surface plasmon polariton (LR-SPP)
             insulator-metal-insulator waveguide was integrated with a
             thin film InxGa1-xAs-based photodetector (PD) on silicon for
             planar detection of LR-SPPs, and demonstrated coupling from
             the LR-SPP to the PD. ©2009 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Key = {fds269777}
}

@article{fds269800,
   Author = {Sajuyigbe, S and Cummer, SA and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Utilization of metamaterials for wide angle impedance
             matching (WAIM) in phased array antennas},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1522-3965},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2009.5172272},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2009.5172272},
   Key = {fds269800}
}

@article{fds269701,
   Author = {Liu, R and Cheng, Q and Chin, JY and Mock, JJ and Cui, TJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Broadband gradient index microwave quasi-optical elements
             based on non-resonant metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {23},
   Pages = {21030-21041},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19997341},
   Abstract = {Utilizing non-resonant metamaterial elements, we demonstrate
             that complex gradient index optics can be constructed
             exhibiting low material losses and large frequency
             bandwidth. Although the range of structures is limited to
             those having only electric response, with an electric
             permittivity always equal to or greater than unity, there
             are still numerous metamaterial design possibilities enabled
             by leveraging the non-resonant elements. For example, a
             gradient, impedance matching layer can be added that
             drastically reduces the return loss of the optical elements
             due to reflection. In microwave experiments, we demonstrate
             the broadband design concepts with a gradient index lens and
             a beam-steering element, both of which are confirmed to
             operate over the entire X-band (roughly 8-12 GHz) frequency
             spectrum.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.17.021030},
   Key = {fds269701}
}

@article{fds269702,
   Author = {Nguyen, VN and Yönak, SH and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Millimeter-wave artificial dielectric gradient index
             lenses},
   Journal = {European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2009,
             Proceedings},
   Pages = {1886-1890},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {October},
   Abstract = {We present an artificial dielectric gradient index lens
             designed to operate at millimeter-wave frequencies. Finite
             element simulations are used in conjunction with material
             parameter retrieval techniques to design an artificial
             dielectric unit cell with an optimum refractive index range.
             This refractive index range is then used with ray-tracing
             software to arrive at an optimized index profile. A lens
             with this index profile is realized using multilayer printed
             wiring boards (PWBs) and tested.},
   Key = {fds269702}
}

@article{fds335115,
   Author = {Delgado-Aparicio, L and Stutman, D and Tritz, K and Finkenthal, M and Kaye, S and Bell, R and Kaita, R and Leblanc, B and Levinton, F and Menard,
             J and Paul, S and Smith, D and Yuh, H},
   Title = {Impurity transport studies in NSTX neutral beam heated
             H-mode plasmas},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {085028-085028},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/49/8/085028},
   Abstract = {The first experimental assessment of low-Z impurity
             transport in a neutral beam heated, high-confinement H-mode
             plasma sustained in a low-field, low-aspect ratio spherical
             tokamak, was performed at the National Spherical Torus
             Experiment (NSTX). The injected impurities penetrate to the
             core on a hundred millisecond time scale, indicating a low
             core particle diffusivity (≲1 m2 s-1) in good agreement
             with the values predicted by neoclassical transport theory.
             In addition, a fixed q-profile magnetic field scan that
             showed reduced impurity penetration at high fields is also
             reported. This result suggests that anomalous ion particle
             transport associated with turbulent long-wavelength
             electrostatic instabilities must be largely suppressed in
             the NSTX core. © 2009 IAEA, Vienna.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/49/8/085028},
   Key = {fds335115}
}

@article{fds269711,
   Author = {Roberts, DA and Kundtz, N and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Optical lens compression via transformation
             optics.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {16535-16542},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19770868},
   Abstract = {Transformation optics is widely associated with the design
             of unconventional electromagnetic devices, such as
             electromagnetic cloaks or concentrators. However, a wide
             range of conventional optical devices with potentially
             advantageous properties can be designed by the
             transformation optical approach. For example, a coordinate
             transformation can be introduced that compresses a region of
             space, resulting in an overall decrease in the thickness of
             an optical instrument such as a lens. The optical properties
             of a transformed lens, such as Fresnel reflection or
             aberration profile, are equivalent to those of the original
             lens, while the transformed lens and the bounding
             transformation optical material are thinner than the
             original lens. This approach to flattening the profile of a
             lens represents an advantage over the use of a higher
             dielectric material because it does not introduce greater
             Fresnel reflections or require a redesign of the basic
             optic. Though transformation optical media are generally
             anisotropic, with both electric and magnetic response, it is
             possible to arrive at a dielectric-only transformation
             optical distribution for a lens interacting with
             transverse-magnetic (TM) polarized light. The
             dielectric-only distribution can be implemented using
             broad-band, low-loss metamaterials. Lens designs for both a
             full transformation and a dielectric-only implementation are
             discussed and confirmed via finite-element
             simulations.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.17.016535},
   Key = {fds269711}
}

@article{fds269778,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Kim, H-T and Chae, B-G and Kim, B-J and Lee, Y-W and Jokerst, NM and Palit, S and Smith, DR and Di Ventra and M and Basov,
             DN},
   Title = {Memory metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {325},
   Number = {5947},
   Pages = {1518-1521},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19696311},
   Abstract = {The resonant elements that grant metamaterials their
             distinct properties have the fundamental limitation of
             restricting their useable frequency bandwidth. The
             development of frequency-agile metamaterials has helped to
             alleviate these bandwidth restrictions by allowing real-time
             tuning of the metamaterial frequency response. We
             demonstrate electrically controlled persistent frequency
             tuning of a metamaterial, which allows the lasting
             modification of its response by using a transient stimulus.
             This work demonstrates a form of memory capacitance that
             interfaces metamaterials with a class of devices known
             collectively as memory devices.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1176580},
   Key = {fds269778}
}

@article{fds269781,
   Author = {Tsai, Y-J and Degiron, A and Jokerst, NM and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Plasmonic multi-mode interference couplers.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {20},
   Pages = {17471-17482},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19907531},
   Abstract = {Plasmonic multi-mode interference (MMI) couplers have been
             investigated both numerically and experimentally at the
             telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 mum. In this study, the
             couplers are implemented using thin Au stripes that support
             long-range surface plasmons. We first detail the operation
             principle of these devices with numerical simulations and
             show that useful effects can be obtained despite the high
             material losses inherent to metallic structures. A series of
             MMI couplers is subsequently fabricated and experimentally
             characterized, showing a quantitative agreement with our
             numerical predictions. We conclude by discussing some of the
             possible applications for these structures.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.17.017471},
   Key = {fds269781}
}

@article{fds335122,
   Author = {Mazzucato, E and Bell, RE and Ethier, S and Hosea, JC and Kaye, SM and Leblanc, BP and Lee, WW and Ryan, PM and Smith, DR and Wang, WX and Wilson,
             JR and Yuh, H},
   Title = {Study of turbulent fluctuations driven by the electron
             temperature gradient in the National spherical torus
             experiment},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {055001-055001},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/49/5/055001},
   Abstract = {Various theories and numerical simulations support the
             conjecture that the ubiquitous problem of anomalous electron
             transport in tokamaks may arise from a short-scale
             turbulence driven by the electron temperature gradient. To
             check whether this turbulence is present in plasmas of the
             National Spherical Torus Experiment, measurements of
             turbulent fluctuations were performed with coherent
             scattering of electromagnetic waves. Results from plasmas
             heated by high harmonic fast waves show the existence of
             density fluctuations in the range of wave numbers k⊥ρe =
             0.1-0.4, corresponding to a turbulence scale length of the
             order of the collisionless skin depth. Experimental
             observations and agreement with numerical results from the
             linear gyro-kinetic GS2 code indicate that the observed
             turbulence is driven by the electron temperature gradient.
             These turbulent fluctuations were not observed at the
             location of an internal transport barrier driven by a
             negative magnetic shear. © 2009 IAEA, Vienna.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/49/5/055001},
   Key = {fds335122}
}

@article{fds269798,
   Author = {Allen, J and Kundtz, N and Roberts, DA and Cummer, SA and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Electromagnetic source transformations using superellipse
             equations},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {94},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {194101-194101},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3130182},
   Abstract = {Transformation optics can be used to design media with
             unique properties that alter the behavior of electromagnetic
             waves in passive space and recently in space containing
             source distributions. We present source transformations
             where current from a linear radiator is spread over a
             cylindrical shell with various cross sections. The
             semianalytic transformations are based on superellipse
             equations. Finite-element full-wave simulations of
             transformations from a dipole to a cylinder, diamond-shaped
             cylinder, and flattened cylinder are presented. The
             radiation pattern of the dipole seen by an outside observer
             is replicated in all cases demonstrating the potential
             applicability of source transformations to conformal antenna
             design. © 2009 American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3130182},
   Key = {fds269798}
}

@article{fds335123,
   Author = {Yuh, HY and Levinton, FM and Bell, RE and Hosea, JC and Kaye, SM and Leblanc, BP and Mazzucato, E and Peterson, JL and Smith, DR and Candy,
             J and Waltz, RE and Domier, CW and Luhmann, NC and Lee, W and Park,
             HK},
   Title = {Internal transport barriers in the National Spherical Torus
             Experiment},
   Journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {056120-056120},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3129163},
   Abstract = {In the National Spherical Torus Experiment [M. Ono, Nucl.
             Fusion 41, 1435 (2001)], internal transport barriers (ITBs)
             are observed in reversed (negative) shear discharges where
             diffusivities for electron and ion thermal channels and
             momentum are reduced. While neutral beam heating can produce
             ITBs in both electron and ion channels, high harmonic fast
             wave heating can also produce electron ITBs (e-ITBs) under
             reversed magnetic shear conditions without momentum input.
             Interestingly, the location of the e-ITB does not
             necessarily match that of the ion ITB (i-ITB). The e-ITB
             location correlates best with the magnetic shear minima
             location determined by motional Stark effect constrained
             equilibria, whereas the i-ITB location better correlates
             with the location of maximum E×B shearing rate. Measured
             electron temperature gradients in the e-ITB can exceed
             critical gradients for the onset of electron thermal
             gradient microinstabilities calculated by linear gyrokinetic
             codes. A high- k microwave scattering diagnostic shows
             locally reduced density fluctuations at wave numbers
             characteristic of electron turbulence for discharges with
             strongly negative magnetic shear versus weakly negative or
             positive magnetic shear. Reductions in fluctuation amplitude
             are found to be correlated with the local value of magnetic
             shear. These results are consistent with nonlinear
             gyrokinetic simulations predicting a reduction in electron
             turbulence under negative magnetic shear conditions despite
             exceeding critical gradients. © 2009 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3129163},
   Key = {fds335123}
}

@article{fds335121,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Kaye, SM and Lee, W and Mazzucato, E and Park, HK and Bell,
             RE and Domier, CW and Leblanc, BP and Levinton, FM and Luhmann, NC and Menard, JE and Yuh, H},
   Title = {Observations of reduced electron gyroscale fluctuations in
             national spherical torus experiment H-mode plasmas with
             large E×B flow shear},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {102},
   Number = {22},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.225005},
   Abstract = {Electron gyroscale fluctuation measurements in National
             Spherical Torus Experiment H-mode plasmas with large
             toroidal rotation reveal fluctuations consistent with
             electron temperature gradient (ETG) turbulence. Large
             toroidal rotation in National Spherical Torus Experiment
             plasmas with neutral beam injection generates E×B flow
             shear rates comparable to ETG linear growth rates. Enhanced
             fluctuations occur when the electron temperature gradient is
             marginally stable with respect to the ETG linear critical
             gradient. Fluctuation amplitudes decrease when the E×B flow
             shear rate exceeds ETG linear growth rates. The observations
             indicate that E×B flow shear can be an effective
             suppression mechanism for ETG turbulence. © 2009 The
             American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.225005},
   Key = {fds335121}
}

@article{fds335120,
   Author = {Grande, M and Maddison, BJ and Howe, CJ and Kellett, BJ and Sreekumar,
             P and Huovelin, J and Crawford, IA and Duston, CL and Smith, D and Anand,
             M and Bhandari, N and Cook, A and Fernandes, V and Foing, B and Gasnaut, O and Goswami, JN and Holland, A and Joy, KH and Kochney, D and Lawrence, D and Maurice, S and Okada, T and Narendranath, S and Pieters, C and Rothery,
             D and Russell, SS and Shrivastava, A and Swinyard, B and Wilding, M and Wieczorek, M},
   Title = {The C1XS X-ray Spectrometer on Chandrayaan-1},
   Journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {717-724},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.01.016},
   Abstract = {The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) is a compact
             X-ray spectrometer for the Indian Space Research
             Organisation (ISRO) Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission. It exploits
             heritage from the D-CIXS instrument on ESA's SMART-1
             mission. As a result of detailed developments to all aspects
             of the design, its performance as measured in the laboratory
             greatly surpasses that of D-CIXS. In comparison with
             SMART-1, Chandrayaan-1 is a science-oriented rather than a
             technology mission, leading to far more favourable
             conditions for science measurements. C1XS is designed to
             measure absolute and relative abundances of major
             rock-forming elements (principally Mg, Al, Si, Ca and Fe) in
             the lunar crust with spatial resolution ≤25 FWHM km, and
             to achieve relative elemental abundances of better than 10%.
             © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2009.01.016},
   Key = {fds335120}
}

@article{fds335116,
   Author = {Hall, DJ and Holland, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {The use of automatic scale selection to improve the spatial
             and spectral resolution of a scintillator-coupled
             EMCCD},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {604},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {207-210},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.075},
   Abstract = {The technology behind the Electron-Multiplying Charge
             Coupled Device (EMCCD) was successfully exploited by e2v
             technologies in the late 1990s. Since then, many uses have
             been found for these low light level (L3) devices including
             surveillance and many scientific applications. The EMCCD
             increases or 'multiplies' the charge signal by the
             phenomenon of impact ionisation (or avalanche
             multiplication) allowing the detection of low signal events
             of only a few photons. When coupled with a scintillator,
             this low light capability can be used to image photon
             flashes from individual X-ray interaction events. The
             combination of depth of interaction effects in the
             scintillator, shot noise on the signal and the
             multiplication noise factor lead to large variations in the
             profile of the detected signal from a constant energy X-ray
             source. This variation leads to reduced spectral performance
             and can have adverse effects on the centering techniques
             used in photon-counting imagers. The concept of scale-space
             is similar in many ways to the Fourier or wavelet
             transforms. Automatic scale selection can be implemented
             through the scale-space transform as a method of fitting a
             known profile to the observed photon flash. The process is
             examined here in the context of the photon-counting EMCCD
             detector and the results obtained in both simulated and
             experimental data compared. Through the analysis of the
             fitting process and the results achieved, the implications
             on imaging performance and spectral resolution are
             discussed. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights
             reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.075},
   Key = {fds335116}
}

@article{fds335117,
   Author = {Murray, NJ and Holland, AD and Smith, DR and Gow, JP and Pool, PJ and Burt,
             DJ},
   Title = {The X-ray quantum efficiency measurement of high resistivity
             CCDs},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {604},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {180-182},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.052},
   Abstract = {The CCD247 is the second generation of high-resistivity
             device to be manufactured in e2v technologies plc
             development programme. Intended for infrared astronomy, the
             latest devices are fabricated on high resistivity (∼8 kΩ
             cm) bulk silicon, allowing for a greater device thickness
             whilst maintaining full depletion when 'thinned' to a
             thickness of 150 μm. In the case of the front illuminated
             variant, depletion of up to 300 μm is achievable by
             applying a gate to substrate potential of up to 120 V,
             whilst retaining adequate spectral performance. The
             increased depletion depth of high-resistivity CCDs greatly
             improves the quantum efficiency (QE) for incident X-ray
             photons of energies above 5 keV, making such a device
             beneficial in future X-ray astronomy missions and other
             applications. Here we describe the experimental setup and
             present results of X-ray QE measurements taken in the energy
             range 2-20 keV for a front illuminated CCD247, showing QE in
             excess of 80% at 10 keV. Results for the first generation
             CCD217 and swept-charge device (1500 Ω cm epitaxial
             silicon) are also presented. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All
             rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.052},
   Key = {fds335117}
}

@article{fds335118,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Gow, J},
   Title = {The effect of protons on the performance of swept-charge
             devices},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {604},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {177-179},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.051},
   Abstract = {The e2v technologies CCD54, or swept-charge device (SCD) has
             been extensively radiation tested for use in the
             Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) instrument, to be
             launched as a part of the Indian Space Research Organisation
             (ISRO) Chandrayaan-1 payload in 2008. The principle use of
             the SCD is in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) applications, the
             device providing a relatively large collecting area of 1.1
             cm2, and achieving near Fano-limited spectroscopy at -15
             °C, a temperature that is easily obtained using a
             thermoelectric cooler (TEC). This paper describes the
             structure and operation of the SCD and details the
             methodology and results obtained from two proton irradiation
             studies carried out in 2006 and 2008, respectively to
             quantify the effects of proton irradiation on the
             operational characteristics of the device. The analysis
             concentrates on the degradation of the measured FWHM of
             various elemental lines and quantifies the effects of proton
             fluence on the observed X-ray fluorescence spectra from
             mineralogical target samples. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All
             rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.051},
   Key = {fds335118}
}

@article{fds335119,
   Author = {Howe, CJ and Drummond, D and Edeson, R and Maddison, B and Parker, DJ and Parker, R and Shrivastava, A and Spencer, J and Kellett, BJ and Grande,
             M and Sreekumar, P and Huovelin, J and Smith, DR and Gow, J and Narendranath. K.C. and S and d'Uston, L},
   Title = {Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS)-Instrument design
             and technical details},
   Journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {735-743},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.01.011},
   Abstract = {The UK-built Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) is
             flying as an ESA instrument on India's Chandrayaan-1 mission
             to the Moon. The Chandrayaan-1 mission launched on the 22nd
             October 2008 and entered a 100 km polar lunar orbit on the
             12th November 2008. C1XS builds on experience gained with
             the earlier D-CIXS instrument on SMART-1, but will be a
             technically much more capable instrument. Here we describe
             the instrument design. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
             reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2009.01.011},
   Key = {fds335119}
}

@article{fds269709,
   Author = {Chin, JY and Gollub, JN and Mock, JJ and Liu, R and Harrison, C and Smith,
             DR and Cui, TJ},
   Title = {An efficient broadband metamaterial wave
             retarder.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {7640-7647},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.007640},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials with anisotropic electromagnetic properties
             have the capability to manipulate the polarization states of
             electromagnetic waves. We describe a method to design a
             broadband, low-loss wave retarder with graded constitutive
             parameter distributions based on non-resonant metamaterial
             elements. A structured metamaterial half-wave retarder that
             converts one linear polarization to its cross polarization
             is designed and its performance is characterized
             experimentally.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.17.007640},
   Key = {fds269709}
}

@article{fds269779,
   Author = {Landy, NI and Bingham, CM and Tyler, T and Jokerst, N and Smith, DR and Padilla, WJ},
   Title = {Design, theory, and measurement of a polarization-insensitive
             absorber for terahertz imaging},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {79},
   Number = {12},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.125104},
   Abstract = {We present the theory, design, and realization of a
             polarization- insensitive metamaterial absorber for
             terahertz frequencies. Effective-medium theory is used to
             describe the absorptive properties of the metamaterial in
             terms of optical constants-a description that has been thus
             far lacking. From our theoretical approach, we construct a
             device that yields over 95% absorption in simulation. Our
             fabricated design consists of a planar single unit-cell
             layer of metamaterial and reaches an absorptivity of 77% at
             1.145 THz. © 2009 The American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.79.125104},
   Key = {fds269779}
}

@article{fds335124,
   Author = {Ingley, R and Smith, DR and Holland, AD},
   Title = {Life testing of EMCCD gain characteristics},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {600},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {460-465},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.10.041},
   Abstract = {Two electron-multiplication, charge-coupled devices (e2v
             CCD97) were operated continuously for 52 days to assess
             their avalanche gain stability. This work was part of an
             evaluation study into their suitability for the radial
             velocity spectrometer (RVS) instrument on the European Space
             Agency's Gaia cornerstone mission. After one day the device
             gain was stable to within 10%, and at the end of the test
             both devices reached the required multiplication gain of 8
             with an avalanche electrode voltage of less than 36 V. ©
             2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2008.10.041},
   Key = {fds335124}
}

@article{fds269700,
   Author = {Liu, R and Yang, XM and Gollub, JG and Mock, JJ and Cui, TJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Gradient index circuit by waveguided metamaterials},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {94},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {073506-073506},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3081399},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials are artificially structured materials that
             provide considerable flexibility for control of
             electromagnetic waves. The metamaterial concept can also be
             applied to the design of planar waveguiding structures.
             Here, we illustrate this design approach with the
             development of two-dimensional (2D) planar gradient index
             (GRIN) circuits. To form the structure, we make use of a 2D
             complementary split ring resonator, which exhibits an
             electric response to guided transverse-electric waves. To
             confirm the properties of the planar GRIN structure
             predicted from numerical simulations, we present
             experimental results for a beam-steering and a focusing GRIN
             circuit. These examples illustrate the versatility of the
             metamaterial approach in the design of complex waveguiding
             structures. © 2009 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3081399},
   Key = {fds269700}
}

@article{fds269699,
   Author = {Garcia-Pomar, JL and Gollub, JN and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR and Nieto-Vesperinas, M},
   Title = {Experimental two-dimensional field mapping of total internal
             reflection lateral beam shift in a self-collimated photonic
             crystal},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {94},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {061121-061121},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3085768},
   Abstract = {A lateral beam shift is demonstrated both theoretically and
             in microwave experiments when total internal reflection
             takes place at the boundary of a self-collimating
             two-dimensional photonic crystal consisting of an array of
             high index dielectric cylinders. We further show the
             dependence of this shift on the cut of the last row of
             cylinders that defines the crystal interface. © 2009
             American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3085768},
   Key = {fds269699}
}

@article{fds269708,
   Author = {Gollub, JN and Chin, JY and Cui, TJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Hybrid resonant phenomena in a SRR/YIG metamaterial
             structure.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {2122-2131},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19219116},
   Abstract = {We consider the hybridization of the resonance of a SRR
             metamaterial with the gyromagnetic material resonance of
             yittrium iron garnet (YIG) inclusions. The combination of an
             artificial structural resonance and natural material
             resonance generates a unique hybrid resonance that can be
             harnessed to make tunable metamaterials and further extend
             the range of achievable electromagnetic materials. A
             predictive analytic model is applied that accurately
             describes the characteristics of this SRR/YIG hybridization.
             We suggest that this hybridization has been observed in
             experimental data presented by Kang et al. [Opt. Express,
             16, 8825 (2008)] and present numerical simulations to
             support this assertion. In addition, we investigate a design
             for optimizing the SRR/YIG structure that shows strong
             hybridization with a minimum amount of YIG
             material.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.17.002122},
   Key = {fds269708}
}

@article{fds335125,
   Author = {Grande, M and Maddison, BJ and Sreekumar, P and Huovelin, J and Kellett,
             BJ and Howe, CJ and Crawford, IA and Smith, DR},
   Title = {The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray spectrometer},
   Journal = {Current Science},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {517-519},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {February},
   Abstract = {The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) is a compact
             X-ray spectrometer for the Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission. It
             exploits heritage from the D-C1XS instrument on ESA's
             SMART-1 mission. C1XS is designed to measure absolute and
             relative abundances of major rock-forming elements
             (principally Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Ca and Fe) over the lunar
             surface. The baseline design consists of 24 nadir pointing
             Swept Charge Device detectors, which provide high detection
             efficiency in the 1-7 keV range, which contains the X-ray
             fluorescence lines of the above elements of interest.
             Micromachined collimators provide a 14 degree FWHM FOV,
             equivalent to 25 km from 100 km altitude. A deployable door
             protects the instrument during launch and cruise, and also
             provides a 55Fe calibration X-ray source for detector
             calibration. Additional refinements compared to D-C1XS will
             result in a significantly improved energy resolution. To
             record the incident solar X-ray flux at the Moon, C1XS
             carries an X-ray Solar Monitor (XSM). C1XS will arrive at
             the Moon in the run up to the maximum of the solar cycle 24,
             and the expected high incident X-ray flux coupled to a 100
             km circular polar orbit, will provide composition data
             accurate to better than 10% of major elemental abundances
             over the lunar surface.},
   Key = {fds335125}
}

@article{fds269780,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Cho, SY and Tyler, T and Jokerst, NM and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Directional coupling between dielectric and long-range
             plasmon waveguides},
   Journal = {New Journal of Physics},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {015002-015002},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1367-2630},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/11/1/015002},
   Abstract = {We have designed, fabricated and characterized integrated
             directional couplers capable of converting the mode of an
             optical dielectric waveguide into a long-range plasmon
             propagating along a thin metal stripe. We demonstrate that
             the coupling between the two types of waveguides is
             generally very weak unless specific conditions are met. This
             sensitivity could be potentially exploited in sensing
             applications or for developing novel active photonic
             components. © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische
             Gesellschaft.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/11/1/015002},
   Key = {fds269780}
}

@article{fds269588,
   Author = {Poutrina, E and Smith, DR},
   Title = {High-frequency active metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {We present a systematic numerical study of metamaterials
             integrated with gain media to achieve composite
             metamaterials at terahertz and infrared wavelength with
             reduced losses. The impact of spatial dispersion on the
             effective permeability resonance restoration is emphasized.
             © 2008 Optical Society of America.},
   Key = {fds269588}
}

@article{fds269706,
   Author = {Liu, R and Ji, C and Mock, JJ and Chin, JY and Cui, TJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Broadband ground-plane cloak.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {323},
   Number = {5912},
   Pages = {366-369},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19150842},
   Abstract = {The possibility of cloaking an object from detection by
             electromagnetic waves has recently become a topic of
             considerable interest. The design of a cloak uses
             transformation optics, in which a conformal coordinate
             transformation is applied to Maxwell's equations to obtain a
             spatially distributed set of constitutive parameters that
             define the cloak. Here, we present an experimental
             realization of a cloak design that conceals a perturbation
             on a flat conducting plane, under which an object can be
             hidden. To match the complex spatial distribution of the
             required constitutive parameters, we constructed a
             metamaterial consisting of thousands of elements, the
             geometry of each element determined by an automated design
             process. The ground-plane cloak can be realized with the use
             of nonresonant metamaterial elements, resulting in a
             structure having a broad operational bandwidth (covering the
             range of 13 to 16 gigahertz in our experiment) and
             exhibiting extremely low loss. Our experimental results
             indicate that this type of cloak should scale well toward
             optical wavelengths.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1166949},
   Key = {fds269706}
}

@article{fds269692,
   Author = {Leonhardt, U and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Focus on cloaking and transformation optics},
   Journal = {New Journal of Physics},
   Volume = {10},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {115019-115019},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1367-2630},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/10/11/115019},
   Doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/10/11/115019},
   Key = {fds269692}
}

@article{fds269795,
   Author = {Hand, TH and Gollub, J and Sajuyigbe, S and Smith, DR and Cummer,
             SA},
   Title = {Characterization of complementary electric field coupled
             resonant surfaces},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {21},
   Pages = {212504-212504},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3037215},
   Abstract = {We present angle-resolved free-space transmission and
             reflection measurements of a surface composed of
             complementary electric inductive-capacitive (CELC)
             resonators. By measuring the reflection and transmission
             coefficients of a CELC surface with different polarizations
             and particle orientations, we show that the CELC only
             responds to in-plane magnetic fields. This confirms the
             Babinet particle duality between the CELC and its
             complement, the electric field coupled LC resonator.
             Characterization of the CELC structure serves to expand the
             current library of resonant elements metamaterial designers
             can draw upon to make unique materials and surfaces. © 2008
             American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3037215},
   Key = {fds269795}
}

@article{fds335126,
   Author = {Gow, J and Smith, DR and Holland, AD and Maddison, B and Howe, C and Grande, M and Sreekumar, P and Huovelin, J},
   Title = {Radiation study of swept-charge devices for the
             Chandrayaan-1 X-ray spectrometer (C1XS) instrument},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {7021},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9780819472311},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.791732},
   Abstract = {The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) will be launched
             as part of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
             Chandrayaan-1 payload in September 2008, arriving at the
             Moon within 7 days to begin a two year mission in lunar
             orbit conducting mineralogical surface mapping over the
             range of 1 - 10 keV. The detector plane of the instrument
             consists of twenty four e2v technologies CCD54 swept-charge
             devices (SCDs). Such devices were first flown in the
             Demonstration of a Compact Imaging X-ray Spectrometer
             (D-CIXS) instrument onboard SMART-1 irradiation on SCD
             operational performance.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.791732},
   Key = {fds335126}
}

@article{fds335127,
   Author = {Hall, DJ and Holland, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Imaging and spectroscopy using a scintillator-coupled
             EMCCD},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {7021},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9780819472311},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.790965},
   Abstract = {The CCD97 is a low light level (L3) device from e2v
             technologies range of electron multiplying CCDs (EMCCDs).
             The device uses e2v's patented extended gain register and
             through the use of appropriately designed electrodes can be
             used to maximise the signal whilst keeping the impact of the
             noise to a minimum. The nature of this device makes it ideal
             for use with a scintillator in order to see individual
             flashes of light from single X-ray photons. Through the
             examination of individual X-ray events, it is possible to
             analyse each interaction in the scintillator to determine
             the sub-pixel position of the interaction. Using the
             modelling capabilities of the Geant4 toolkit it is possible
             to simulate X-ray events and thus examine interactions with
             known energy and point of interaction. Through bringing
             together the experimental and simulated results, the
             spectral capabilities of such a device are
             discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.790965},
   Key = {fds335127}
}

@article{fds330997,
   Author = {Smith, D and Skobelev, SP and Leach, MP},
   Title = {A modified holographic technique for antenna
             measurements},
   Journal = {ISAPE 2008 - The 8th International Symposium on Antennas,
             Propagation and EM Theory Proceedings},
   Pages = {46-49},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781424421923},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISAPE.2008.4735136},
   Abstract = {This work describes an extension to the use of indirect
             holographic techniques for antenna measurements. Previous
             versions of this work have been restricted to the
             measurement of high gain antennas without reducing sample
             spacing and increasing measurement times. This work
             describes a technique whereby using both sum and difference
             signals from the complex near field and the reference signal
             cancellation of the unwanted term in the Fourier domain is
             achieved enabling measurements to be made on medium gain
             antennas. Measured results are compared to simulation
             results for a small pyramidal horn antenna and are shown to
             provide good agreement. © 2008 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ISAPE.2008.4735136},
   Key = {fds330997}
}

@article{fds330998,
   Author = {Bobor-Oyibo, F and Foti, SJ and Smith, D},
   Title = {A multiple switched beam smart antenna with beam shaping for
             dynamic optimisation of capacity & coverage in mobile
             telecommunication networks},
   Journal = {ISAPE 2008 - The 8th International Symposium on Antennas,
             Propagation and EM Theory Proceedings},
   Pages = {356-359},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781424421923},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISAPE.2008.4735219},
   Abstract = {A four column Smart antenna array fed by a 4×4 Butler
             matrix augmented by a variable beam shaping network has been
             designed and simulated. It is demonstrated that using only
             three phase shifters within the beam shaping network
             provides dynamic beam flexibility including: four narrow
             switched beams, a right shaped beam, a left shaped beam and
             a broad broadcast channel beam. The shaped beams concentrate
             coverage at high capacity in either the right or left half
             of a sector while maintaining coverage at lower capacity
             over the reminder of the sector. The resultant antenna
             system represents an improvement in performance over a
             single multiple switched beam smart antenna without the cost
             and complexity of a fully adaptive smart antenna. Simulated
             radiation patterns over the full 3G frequency band show that
             useful dynamic coverage & capacity enhancement can be
             implemented with the proposed antenna system. © 2008
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ISAPE.2008.4735219},
   Key = {fds330998}
}

@article{fds269693,
   Author = {Liu, R and Ji, C and Mock, JJ and Tiejun, C and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Random gradient index metamaterials},
   Journal = {META08 - Proceedings of the 2008 International Workshop on
             Metamaterials},
   Pages = {248-250},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/META.2008.4723589},
   Abstract = {We report a broadband reflectionless gradient random medium
             design and experimental implementation by using metamaterial
             technology. This gradient random medium matches the
             impedance of the air and gradually change its refraction
             index randomly, creating a puzzle for wave propagation in
             front of a metal conductor. Thus, such type of coating is
             expected to diffuse the reflection waves from a conductor
             metal. The implementation of such device needs, in our
             experiment, more than 30,000 different unit cells.
             Obviously, such large scale design and fabrication mask
             generation have been out of the scope of traditional manual
             production. We propose an automatical metamaterial design
             system, which made the implementation of gradient random
             medium possible and provide the technique of large scale
             metamaterial unit-cell design. The design is verified by the
             2D near field scanning mapper measurement and the angular
             measurement. The measurement results show that the designed
             sample works well as we expected. © 2008
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/META.2008.4723589},
   Key = {fds269693}
}

@article{fds269694,
   Author = {Liu, R and Ji, C and Tiejun, C and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Progress of metamaterials at microwave frequencies},
   Journal = {META08 - Proceedings of the 2008 International Workshop on
             Metamaterials},
   Pages = {47-49},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/META.2008.4723528},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials have been rapidly explored for a few years and
             attracted tremendous attentions. This paper discussed the
             latest progress in metamaterials at microwave frequencies.
             The ability of designing and building the complex medium has
             been dramatically enlarged via the development of various
             types of metamaterial configuration, rapid design system and
             sophisticated fabrication technique. © 2008
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/META.2008.4723528},
   Key = {fds269694}
}

@article{fds269695,
   Author = {Roberts, DA and Rahm, M and Pendry, JB and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Transformation-optical design of sharp waveguide bends and
             corners},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {25},
   Pages = {251111-251111},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3055604},
   Abstract = {Transformation optics is a recently appreciated approach for
             designing complex electromagnetic media. Here, we describe
             the extension of transformation optical techniques to
             include waveguide boundary conditions. We illustrate the use
             of finite embedded coordinate transformations to design a
             medium that can be incorporated into a waveguide bend or
             corner, rendering the structure reflectionless. The expected
             behavior of the waveguide bends is confirmed with numerical
             simulations. © 2008 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3055604},
   Key = {fds269695}
}

@article{fds269799,
   Author = {Kundtz, N and Roberts, DA and Allen, J and Cummer, S and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Optical source transformations.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {26},
   Pages = {21215-21222},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19104551},
   Abstract = {Transformation optics is a recently appreciated methodology
             for the design of complex media that control the propagation
             of electromagnetic and other types of waves. The
             transformation optical technique involves the use of
             coordinate transformations applied to some region of space,
             providing a conceptual means to redirect the flow of waves.
             Successfully designed devices to date have made use of
             transformations acting on passive space only; however, the
             technique can also be applied when source distributions
             (e.g., current and charge) are included within the space
             being transformed. In this paper we present examples of
             source transformations that illustrate the potential of
             these expanded transformation optical methods. In
             particular, using finite-element full-wave simulations, we
             confirm the restoration of dipole radiation patterns from
             both a distorted 'pin-wheel' antenna and a bent dipole
             partially occluded by a cylindrical scatterer. We propose
             the technique of source transformations as a powerful
             approach for antenna design, especially in relation to
             conformal antennas.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.16.021215},
   Key = {fds269799}
}

@article{fds335128,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Mazzucato, E and Lee, W and Park, HK and Domier, CW and Luhmann, NC},
   Title = {A collective scattering system for measuring electron
             gyroscale fluctuations on the National Spherical Torus
             Experiment},
   Journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
   Volume = {79},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {123501-123501},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3039415},
   Abstract = {A collective scattering system has been installed on the
             National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) to measure
             electron gyroscale fluctuations in NSTX plasmas. The system
             measures fluctuations with k⊥ ρ e 0.6 and k⊥ 20 cm-1.
             Up to five distinct wavenumbers are measured simultaneously,
             and the large toroidal curvature of NSTX plasmas provides
             enhanced spatial localization. Steerable optics can position
             the scattering volume throughout the plasma from the
             magnetic axis to the outboard edge. Initial measurements
             indicate rich turbulent dynamics on the electron gyroscale.
             The system will be a valuable tool for investigating the
             connection between electron temperature gradient turbulence
             and electron thermal transport in NSTX plasmas. © 2008
             American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3039415},
   Key = {fds335128}
}

@article{fds269691,
   Author = {Jiang, WX and Cui, TJ and Yang, XM and Cheng, Q and Liu, R and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Invisibility cloak without singularity},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {194102-194102},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3026532},
   Abstract = {An elliptical invisible cloak is proposed using a coordinate
             transformation in the elliptical-cylindrical coordinate
             system, which crushes the cloaked object to a line segment
             instead of a point. The elliptical cloak is reduced to a
             nearly circular cloak if the elliptical focus becomes very
             small. The advantage of the proposed invisibility cloak is
             that none of the parameters is singular and the changing
             range of all parameters is relatively small. © 2008
             American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.3026532},
   Key = {fds269691}
}

@article{fds330999,
   Author = {Leach, MP and Smith, D and Skobelev, SP},
   Title = {A modified holographic technique for planar near-field
             antenna measurements},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation},
   Volume = {56},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {3342-3345},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2008.929522},
   Abstract = {A modification of the synthetic-plane-wave-based holographic
             technique for determining radiation patterns and aperture
             fields of medium-gain horn antennas is proposed. The
             modification is based on using both the sum and difference
             of the near field and reference signals to form the hologram
             via simple low-cost amplitude-only near field measurements.
             This approach when compared to the previous version, where
             only the sum signal is used, allows increased sample
             spacing, and also provides an improvement in quality of the
             final results. The effectiveness of the modified technique
             is confirmed by both calculated and measured results
             obtained for pyramidal and conical horn antennas at 10 GHz
             frequency. © 2008 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TAP.2008.929522},
   Key = {fds330999}
}

@article{fds269792,
   Author = {Hand, TH and Yu, Y and Palit, S and Bingham, C and Rahm, M and Smith, DR and Padilla, WJ and Jokerst, N and Cummer, SA},
   Title = {Dual-band planar electric THz metamaterial with resonator
             yield analysis},
   Journal = {2008 Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science
             Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics,
             CLEO/QELS},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CLEO.2008.4552339},
   Abstract = {THz radiation transmission through a dual-band electric
             metamaterial is presented, where we analyze manufacturing
             defects in the metamaterial. Removing different resonator
             percentages allows us to quantify the effects of
             manufacturing defects on the material response. ©2008
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/CLEO.2008.4552339},
   Key = {fds269792}
}

@article{fds269793,
   Author = {Hand, TH and Yuan, Y and Palit, S and Bingham, C and Rahm, M and Smith, DR and Padilla, WJ and Jokerst, N and Cummer, SA},
   Title = {Dual-band planar electric THz metamaterial with resonator
             yield analysis},
   Journal = {Conference on Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (QELS) -
             Technical Digest Series},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/QELS.2008.4552848},
   Abstract = {THz radiation transmission through a dual-band electric
             metamaterial is presented, where we analyze manufacturing
             defects in the metamaterial. Removing different resonator
             percentages allows us to quantify the effects of
             manufacturing defects on the material response. © 2008
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/QELS.2008.4552848},
   Key = {fds269793}
}

@booklet{Chen08,
   Author = {Chen, HT and Palit, S and Tyler, T and Bingham, CM and Zide, JMO and O'Hara, JF and Smith, DR and Gossard, AC and Averitt, RD and Padilla,
             WJ and Jokerst, NM and Taylor, AJ},
   Title = {Hybrid metamaterials enable fast electrical modulation of
             freely propagating terahertz waves},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {091117-091117},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2978071},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate fast electrical modulation of freely
             propagating terahertz waves at room temperature using hybrid
             metamaterial devices. The devices are planar metamaterials
             fabricated on doped semiconductor epitaxial layers, which
             form hybrid metamaterial-Schottky diode structures. With an
             applied ac voltage bias, we show modulation of terahertz
             radiation at inferred frequencies over 2 MHz. The modulation
             speed is limited by the device depletion capacitance which
             may be reduced for even faster operation. © 2008 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2978071},
   Key = {Chen08}
}

@article{fds269698,
   Author = {Cheng, Q and Liu, R and Mock, JJ and Cui, TJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Partial focusing by indefinite complementary
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {78},
   Number = {12},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.78.121102},
   Abstract = {We have experimentally realized a two-dimensional partial
             focusing within a planar waveguide using complementary
             indefinite metamaterials. When the electric fields emitted
             from the dipole are TE polarized, the focusing condition
             requires negative magnetic response in the propagation
             direction of the waveguide, which can be achieved by the
             complementary electric resonator (CELC) structures. We have
             carefully designed the experimental configurations and the
             dimensions for the CELC structures. The experimental result
             is consistent with the theoretical prediction, which
             validates the partial focusing phenomenon. © 2008 The
             American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.78.121102},
   Key = {fds269698}
}

@article{fds269690,
   Author = {Nguyen, VN and Justice, BJ and Yönak, SH and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Electrically coupled graded index metamaterial},
   Journal = {Conference Proceedings 2008 IEEE International Workshop on
             Antenna Technology: Small Antennas and Novel Metamaterials,
             IWAT 2008},
   Pages = {119-122},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IWAT.2008.4511304},
   Doi = {10.1109/IWAT.2008.4511304},
   Key = {fds269690}
}

@booklet{Mock08,
   Author = {Mock, JJ and Hill, RT and Degiron, A and Zauscher, S and Chilkoti, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Distance-dependent plasmon resonant coupling between a gold
             nanoparticle and gold film.},
   Journal = {Nano letters},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {2245-2252},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1530-6984},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18590340},
   Abstract = {We present an experimental analysis of the plasmonic
             scattering properties of gold nanoparticles controllably
             placed nanometers away from a gold metal film. We show that
             the spectral response of this system results from the
             interplay between the localized plasmon resonance of the
             nanoparticle and the surface plasmon polaritons of the gold
             film, as previously predicted by theoretical studies. In
             addition, we report that the metal film induces a
             polarization to the single nanoparticle light scattering,
             resulting in a doughnut-shaped point spread function when
             imaged in the far-field. Both the spectral response and the
             polarization effects are highly sensitive to the
             nanoparticle-film separation distance. Such a system shows
             promise in potential biometrology and diagnostic
             devices.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nl080872f},
   Key = {Mock08}
}

@article{fds335129,
   Author = {Brew, CAJ and Wilson, FF and Castelli, G and Adye, T and Roethel, W and Luppi, E and Andreotti, D and Smith, D and Khan, A and Barrett, M and Barlow, R and Bailey, D},
   Title = {Production of BABAR skimmed analysis
             datasets using the grid},
   Journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
   Volume = {119},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {062018-062018},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/119/6/062018},
   Abstract = {The BABAR Collaboration, based at Stanford Linear
             Accelerator Center (SLAC), Stanford, US, has been performing
             physics reconstruction, simulation studies and data analysis
             for 8 years using a number of compute farms around the
             world. Recent developments in Grid technologies could
             provide a way to manage the distributed resources in a
             single coherent structure. We describe enhancements to the
             BABAR experiment's distributed skimmed dataset production
             system to make use of European Grid resources and present
             the results with regard to B ABAR's latest cycle of skimmed
             dataset production. We compare the benefits of a local and
             Grid-based systems, the ease with which the system is
             managed and the challenges of integrating the Grid with
             legacy software. We compare job success rates and
             manageability issues between Grid and non-Grid production.
             © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/119/6/062018},
   Key = {fds335129}
}

@booklet{Driscoll08,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Palit, S and Qazilbash, MM and Brehm, M and Keilmann, F and Chae, BG and Yun, SJ and Kim, HT and Cho, SY and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR and Basov, DN},
   Title = {Dynamic tuning of an infrared hybrid-metamaterial resonance
             using vanadium dioxide},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {024101-024101},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2956675},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a metamaterial device whose far-infrared
             resonance frequency can be dynamically tuned. Dynamic tuning
             should alleviate many bandwidth-related roadblocks to
             metamaterial application by granting a wide matrix of
             selectable electromagnetic properties. This tuning effect is
             achieved via a hybrid-metamaterial architecture;
             intertwining split ring resonator metamaterial elements with
             vanadium dioxide (VO2)-a material whose optical properties
             can be strongly and quickly changed via external stimulus.
             This hybrid structure concept opens a fresh dimension in
             both exploring and exploiting the intriguing electromagnetic
             behavior of metamaterials. (C) 2008 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2956675},
   Key = {Driscoll08}
}

@booklet{Rahm08,
   Author = {Rahm, M and Roberts, DA and Pendry, JB and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Transformation-optical design of adaptive beam bends and
             beam expanders.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {11555-11567},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18648477},
   Abstract = {We describe the design of adaptive beam bends and beam
             splitters with arbitrary bend and split angles by use of
             finite embedded coordinate transformations. The devices do
             not exhibit reflection at the entrance or exit surfaces. It
             is shown that moderate and practically achievable values of
             the relative permittivity and permeability can be obtained
             for beam bends and splitters with both small and large bend
             radius. The devices are also discussed in the context of
             reconfigurable metamaterials, in which the bend and split
             angles can be dynamically tuned. The performance of adaptive
             beam bends and splitters is demonstrated in full wave
             simulations based on a finite-element method. Furthermore,
             the design of an adaptively adjustable transformation-optical
             beam expander/compressor is presented. It is observed that a
             pure transformation-optical design cannot result in a
             reflectionless beam expander/compressor.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.16.011555},
   Key = {Rahm08}
}

@booklet{Sebba08,
   Author = {Sebba, DS and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR and Labean, TH and Lazarides,
             AA},
   Title = {Reconfigurable core-satellite nanoassemblies as
             molecularly-driven plasmonic switches},
   Journal = {Nano Letters},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {1803-1808},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {1530-6984},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18540653},
   Abstract = {Molecular control of plasmon coupling is investigated in
             sub-100 nm assemblies composed of 13 nm gold "satellite"
             particles tethered by reconfigurable DNA nanostructures to a
             50 nm gold "core" particle. Reconfiguration of the DNA
             nanostructures from a compact to an extended state results
             in blue shifting of the assembly plasmon resonance,
             indicating reduced interparticle coupling and lengthening of
             the core-satellite tether. Scattering spectra of the
             core-satellite assemblies before and after reconfiguration
             are compared with spectra calculated using a structural
             model that incorporates the core/satellite ratio determined
             by TEM imaging and estimates of tether length based upon
             prior measurements of interparticle separation in DNA linked
             nanoparticle networks. A strong correspondence between
             measured and simulated difference spectra validates the
             structural models that link the observed plasmon modulation
             with DNA nanostructure reconfiguration.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nl080029h},
   Key = {Sebba08}
}

@booklet{Jiang08,
   Author = {Jiang, WX and Cui, TJ and Cheng, Q and Chin, JY and Yang, XM and Liu, RP and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Design of arbitrarily shaped concentrators based on
             conformally optical transformation of nonuniform rational
             B-spline surfaces},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {92},
   Number = {26},
   Pages = {264101-264101},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2951485},
   Abstract = {We study the design of arbitrarily shaped electromagnetic
             (EM) concentrators and their potential applications. To
             obtain closed-form formulas of EM parameters for an
             arbitrarily shaped concentrator, we employ nonuniform
             rational B-spline (NURBS) to represent the geometrical
             boundary. Using the conformally optical transformation of
             NURBS surfaces, we propose the analytical design of
             arbitrarily shaped concentrators, which are composed of
             anisotropic and inhomogeneous metamaterials with closed-form
             constitutive tensors. The designed concentrators are
             numerically validated by full-wave simulations, which show
             perfectly directed EM behaviors. As one of the potential
             applications, we demonstrate a way to amplify plane waves
             using a rectangular concentrator, which is much more
             efficient and easier than the existing techniques. Using
             NURBS expands the generality of the transformation optics
             and could lead toward making a very general tool that would
             interface with commercial softwares such as 3D STUDIOMAX and
             MAYA. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2951485},
   Key = {Jiang08}
}

@booklet{Yuan08,
   Author = {Yuan, Y and Bingham, C and Tyler, T and Palit, S and Hand, TH and Padilla,
             WJ and Smith, DR and Jokerst, NM and Cummer, SA},
   Title = {Dual-band planar electric metamaterial in the terahertz
             regime.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {13},
   Pages = {9746-9752},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18575543},
   Abstract = {We present the design, fabrication, and measurement of a
             dual-band planar metamaterial with two distinct electric
             resonances at 1.0 and 1.2 THz, as a step towards the
             development of frequency agile or broadband THz materials
             and devices. A method of defining the effective thickness of
             the metamaterial layer is introduced to simplify the
             material design and characterization. Good agreement between
             the simulated and measured transmission is obtained for the
             fabricated sample by treating the sample as multi-layer
             system, i. e. the effective metamaterial layer plus the rest
             of the substrate, as well as properly modeling the loss of
             the substrate. The methods introduced in this paper can be
             extended to planar metamaterial structures operating in
             infrared and optical frequency ranges.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.16.009746},
   Key = {Yuan08}
}

@booklet{Landy08,
   Author = {Landy, NI and Sajuyigbe, S and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR and Padilla,
             WJ},
   Title = {Perfect metamaterial absorber.},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {20},
   Pages = {207402},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0031-9007},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.100.207402},
   Abstract = {We present the design for an absorbing metamaterial (MM)
             with near unity absorbance A(omega). Our structure consists
             of two MM resonators that couple separately to electric and
             magnetic fields so as to absorb all incident radiation
             within a single unit cell layer. We fabricate, characterize,
             and analyze a MM absorber with a slightly lower predicted
             A(omega) of 96%. Unlike conventional absorbers, our MM
             consists solely of metallic elements. The substrate can
             therefore be optimized for other parameters of interest. We
             experimentally demonstrate a peak A(omega) greater than 88%
             at 11.5 GHz.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.100.207402},
   Key = {Landy08}
}

@article{fds269628,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Soukoulis, CM},
   Title = {Preface},
   Journal = {Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and
             Applications},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-2},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0029-5493},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2008.01.003},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.photonics.2008.01.003},
   Key = {fds269628}
}

@booklet{Rahm08a,
   Author = {Rahm, M and Schurig, D and Roberts, DA and Cummer, SA and Smith, DR and Pendry, JB},
   Title = {Design of electromagnetic cloaks and concentrators using
             form-invariant coordinate transformations of Maxwell's
             equations},
   Journal = {Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and
             Applications},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {87-95},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {1569-4410},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2007.07.013},
   Abstract = {The technique of applying form-invariant, spatial coordinate
             transformations of Maxwell's equations can facilitate the
             design of structures with unique electromagnetic or optical
             functionality. Here, we illustrate the transformation-optical
             approach in the designs of a square electromagnetic cloak
             and an omni-directional electromagnetic field concentrator.
             The transformation equations are described and the
             functionality of the devices is numerically confirmed by
             two-dimensional finite element simulations. The two devices
             presented demonstrate that the transformation optic approach
             leads to the specification of complex, anisotropic and
             inhomogeneous materials with well directed and distinct
             electromagnetic behavior. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights
             reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.photonics.2007.07.013},
   Key = {Rahm08a}
}

@booklet{Degiron08,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Cho, SY and Harrison, C and Jokerst, NM and Dellagiacoma,
             C and Martin, OJF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Experimental comparison between conventional and hybrid
             long-range surface plasmon waveguide bends},
   Journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {77},
   Number = {2},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1050-2947},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.77.021804},
   Abstract = {We report on the characterization of long-range surface
             plasmon waveguide bends at telecom wavelengths (λ=1550
             nm). The structures consist of a thin Au stripe embedded in
             a transparent polymer film. When the polymer thickness is
             larger than the lateral extension of the plasmon, the stripe
             sustains a conventional long-range mode; in the opposite
             case, the mode is hybrid because its field distribution is
             confined by total internal reflection in the dielectric
             cladding. This hybridization increases the damping by
             absorption but dramatically reduces the radiation loss that
             occurs for curved geometries, such as bends. Our results are
             supported quantitatively by full-wave finite-element
             simulations. © 2008 The American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.77.021804},
   Key = {Degiron08}
}

@article{fds304083,
   Author = {Rahm, M and Cummer, SA and Schurig, D and Pendry, JB and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Optical design of reflectionless complex media by finite
             embedded coordinate transformations.},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {063903},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.1846v2},
   Abstract = {Transformation optics offers an unconventional approach to
             the control of electromagnetic fields. The transformation
             optical structures proposed to date, such as electromagnetic
             "invisibility" cloaks and concentrators, are inherently
             reflectionless and leave the transmitted wave undisturbed.
             Here, we expand the class of transformation optical
             structures by introducing finite, embedded coordinate
             transformations, which allow the electromagnetic waves to be
             steered or focused. We apply the method to the design of
             several devices, including a parallel beam shifter and a
             beam splitter, both of which are reflectionless and exhibit
             unusual electromagnetic behavior as confirmed by 2D
             full-wave simulations.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.100.063903},
   Key = {fds304083}
}

@article{fds269586,
   Author = {Hand, TH and Yuan, Y and Palit, S and Bingham, C and Rahm, M and Smith, DR and Padilla, WJ and Jokerst, N and Cummer, SA},
   Title = {Dual-band planar electric THz metamaterial with resonator
             yield analysis},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {THz radiation transmission through a dual-band electric
             metamaterial is presented, where we analyze manufacturing
             defects in the metamaterial. Removing different resonator
             percentages allows us to quantify the effects of
             manufacturing defects on the material response. © 2008 OSA
             / CLEO/QELS 2008.},
   Key = {fds269586}
}

@article{fds269587,
   Author = {Hand, TH and Yuan, Y and Palit, S and Bingham, C and Rahm, M and Smith, DR and Padilla, WJ and Jokerst, N and Cummer, SA},
   Title = {Dual-band planar electric THz metamaterial with resonator
             yield analysis},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {THz radiation transmission through a dual-band electric
             metamaterial is presented, where we analyze manufacturing
             defects in the metamaterial. Removing different resonator
             percentages allows us to quantify the effects of
             manufacturing defects on the material response. © 2008 OSA
             / CLEO/QELS 2008.},
   Key = {fds269587}
}

@article{fds269697,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Berini, P and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Guiding light with long-range plasmons},
   Journal = {Optics and Photonics News},
   Volume = {19},
   Number = {7-8},
   Pages = {28-34},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1047-6938},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPN.19.7.000028},
   Abstract = {Long-range surface plasmons can be implemented, to develop
             integrated optical circuits and other chip-scale photonic
             applications. Long-range surface plasmons are optical modes
             propagating along metallic circuits at optical and
             near-infrared wavelengths that are characterized by specific
             electromagnetic properties. It is also a coupled mode of
             metal films, arising when its thickness is small, to allow
             it on each metal-dielectric interface to interact. These
             modes are less confined and less affected by absorption in
             the metal. The electromagnetic fields associated with these
             plasmons are evanescent in the direction transverse to their
             propagation, due to interaction between plasmons and
             electrons. A simple way to guide a long-range surface
             plasmon is, to restrict the width of the thin metal film
             along which it propagates.},
   Doi = {10.1364/OPN.19.7.000028},
   Key = {fds269697}
}

@booklet{Cummer08,
   Author = {Cummer, SA and Popa, BI and Schurig, D and Smith, DR and Pendry, J and Rahm, M and Starr, A},
   Title = {Scattering theory derivation of a 3D acoustic cloaking
             shell},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {024301},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0031-9007},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18232873},
   Abstract = {Through acoustic scattering theory we derive the mass
             density and bulk modulus of a spherical shell that can
             eliminate scattering from an arbitrary object in the
             interior of the shell-in other words, a 3D acoustic cloaking
             shell. Calculations confirm that the pressure and velocity
             fields are smoothly bent and excluded from the central
             region as for previously reported electromagnetic cloaking
             shells. The shell requires an anisotropic mass density with
             principal axes in the spherical coordinate directions and a
             radially dependent bulk modulus. The existence of this 3D
             cloaking shell indicates that such reflectionless solutions
             may also exist for other wave systems that are not
             isomorphic with electromagnetics.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.024301},
   Key = {Cummer08}
}

@booklet{Liu08,
   Author = {Liu, R and Cheng, Q and Hand, T and Mock, JJ and Cui, TJ and Cummer, SA and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Experimental demonstration of electromagnetic tunneling
             through an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at microwave
             frequencies},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {023903},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0031-9007},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18232869},
   Abstract = {Silveirinha and Engheta have recently proposed that
             electromagnetic waves can tunnel through a material with an
             electric permittivity (epsilon) near zero (ENZ). An ENZ
             material of arbitrary geometry can thus serve as a perfect
             coupler between incoming and outgoing waveguides with
             identical cross-sectional area, so long as one dimension of
             the ENZ is electrically small. In this Letter we present an
             experimental demonstration of microwave tunneling between
             two planar waveguides separated by a thin ENZ channel. The
             ENZ channel consists of a planar waveguide in which
             complementary split ring resonators are patterned on the
             lower surface. A tunneling passband is found in transmission
             measurements, while a two-dimensional spatial map of the
             electric field distribution reveals a uniform phase
             variation across the channel-both measurements in agreement
             with theory and numerical simulations.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.023903},
   Key = {Liu08}
}

@article{fds304903,
   Author = {Cummer, SA and Popa, B-I and Schurig, D and Smith, DR and Pendry, J and Rahm, M and Starr, A},
   Title = {Scattering theory derivation of a 3D acoustic cloaking
             shell.},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {024301},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0031-9007},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18232873},
   Abstract = {Through acoustic scattering theory we derive the mass
             density and bulk modulus of a spherical shell that can
             eliminate scattering from an arbitrary object in the
             interior of the shell--in other words, a 3D acoustic
             cloaking shell. Calculations confirm that the pressure and
             velocity fields are smoothly bent and excluded from the
             central region as for previously reported electromagnetic
             cloaking shells. The shell requires an anisotropic mass
             density with principal axes in the spherical coordinate
             directions and a radially dependent bulk modulus. The
             existence of this 3D cloaking shell indicates that such
             reflectionless solutions may also exist for other wave
             systems that are not isomorphic with electromagnetics.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.100.024301},
   Key = {fds304903}
}

@article{fds304904,
   Author = {Liu, R and Cheng, Q and Hand, T and Mock, JJ and Cui, TJ and Cummer, SA and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Experimental demonstration of electromagnetic tunneling
             through an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at microwave
             frequencies.},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {023903},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0031-9007},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18232869},
   Abstract = {Silveirinha and Engheta have recently proposed that
             electromagnetic waves can tunnel through a material with an
             electric permittivity (epsilon) near zero (ENZ). An ENZ
             material of arbitrary geometry can thus serve as a perfect
             coupler between incoming and outgoing waveguides with
             identical cross-sectional area, so long as one dimension of
             the ENZ is electrically small. In this Letter we present an
             experimental demonstration of microwave tunneling between
             two planar waveguides separated by a thin ENZ channel. The
             ENZ channel consists of a planar waveguide in which
             complementary split ring resonators are patterned on the
             lower surface. A tunneling passband is found in transmission
             measurements, while a two-dimensional spatial map of the
             electric field distribution reveals a uniform phase
             variation across the channel--both measurements in agreement
             with theory and numerical simulations.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.100.023903},
   Key = {fds304904}
}

@article{fds335131,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Gow, J and Holland, AD},
   Title = {Proton irradiation of swept-charge devices for the
             Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS)},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {583},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {270-277},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.09.050},
   Abstract = {This paper presents work carried out in support of
             swept-charge device (SCD) characterisation for the
             Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) instrument. A brief
             overview of the C1XS instrument is presented, followed by a
             description of SCD structure and operation. The SCD test
             facility and method of device characterisation using two
             different drive sequencers to assess leakage current and
             spectroscopy performance (FWHM and noise at Mn Kα) are then
             described. The expected end-of-life (EOL) 10 MeV equivalent
             proton fluence for the SCDs of C1XS was modelled using Monte
             Carlo simulation software and used in a subsequent proton
             irradiation study involving eight SCDs. The irradiation
             study was carried out at the Kernfysisch Versneller
             Instituut (KVI) in the Netherlands and characterised the
             impact of 50% and 100% of the expected Chandrayaan-1 EOL
             proton fluence on the SCD operational characteristics. The
             radiation environment modelling, irradiation methodology and
             post-irradiation characterisation of the devices are
             presented in this paper and recommendations about the
             planned C1XS operational temperature and shielding are
             given. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2007.09.050},
   Key = {fds335131}
}

@booklet{Cheng07,
   Author = {Cheng, Q and Liu, R and Huang, D and Cui, TJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Circuit verification of tunneling effect in zero
             permittivity medium},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {91},
   Number = {23},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2822444},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate the tunneling effect in zero permittivity
             medium using the multilayered printed circuit, where
             complementary split ring resonators have been used to
             produce the resonant electric response and achieve the
             effective zero permittivity near the plasma frequency. We
             have shown experimentally the existence of the transmission
             peak near the zero permittivity frequency. The application
             of such a structure as a circuit bend has been investigated,
             which shows the potential usage in the design of microwave
             and millimeter-wave integrated circuits in the future. ©
             2007 American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2822444},
   Key = {Cheng07}
}

@article{fds335130,
   Author = {Gow, J and Smith, DR and Holland, AD and Maddison, B and Howe, C and Sreekumar, P and Huovelin, J and Grande, M},
   Title = {Characterisation of swept-charge devices for the
             Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) instrument},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {6686},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9780819468345},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.734062},
   Abstract = {The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Chandrayaan-1
             mission is India's first lunar spacecraft, containing a
             suite of instruments to carry out high-resolution remote
             sensing of the Moon at visible, near infrared and X-ray
             wavelengths. Due for launch in early 2008, the spacecraft
             will carry out its two year mission in a polar orbit around
             the Moon at an altitude of 100 km. One of the eleven
             instruments in the spacecraft payload is the Chandrayaan-1
             X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS), a descendant of the successful
             D-CIXS instrument that flew on the European Space Agency
             SMART-1 lunar mission launched in 2003. C1XS consists of 24
             swept-charge device (SCD) silicon X-ray detectors arranged
             in 6 modules that will carry out high quality X-ray
             spectroscopic mapping of the Moon using the technique of
             X-ray fluorescence. This paper presents an overview of the
             Chandrayaan-1 mission and specifically the C1XS instrument
             and describes the development of an SCD test facility,
             proton irradiation characterisation and screening of
             candidate SCD devices for the mission.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.734062},
   Key = {fds335130}
}

@article{fds331000,
   Author = {Leach, MP and Smith, D and Skobelev, SP and Elsdont,
             M},
   Title = {An improved holographic technique for medium-gain antenna
             near field measurements},
   Journal = {IET Seminar Digest},
   Volume = {2007},
   Number = {11961},
   Publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9780863418426},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2007.1091},
   Abstract = {A modification of the holographic technique based on
             synthetic plane wave for determining radiation patterns and
             aperture fields of medium-gain horn antennas is proposed.
             The modification is based on using both the sum and
             difference of the near field and reference signals to form
             the hologram via simple low-cost amplitude-only near field
             measurements. This approach when compared to the previous
             version, where only the sum signal is used, allows increased
             sample spacing, and also provides an improvement in quality
             of the final results. The effectiveness of the modified
             technique is confirmed by both calculated and measured
             results obtained for a conical horn antenna operating at 10
             GHz frequency.},
   Doi = {10.1049/ic.2007.1091},
   Key = {fds331000}
}

@article{fds331002,
   Author = {Leach, MP and Elsdon, M and Smith, D and Skobelev,
             SP},
   Title = {Initial results on X-polar far-field radiation patterns
             prediction using indirect holographic measurements},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Pages = {585-588},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781424408771},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2007.4395561},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2007.4395561},
   Key = {fds331002}
}

@article{fds331003,
   Author = {Leach, MP and Skobelev, SP and Elsdon, M and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {A modified holographic technique for antenna
             measurements},
   Journal = {2007 International Conference on Electromagnetics in
             Advanced Applications, ICEAA'07},
   Pages = {776-779},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9781424407675},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICEAA.2007.4387418},
   Abstract = {A modification of the synthetic-plane-wave-based holographic
             technique for determining radiation patterns and aperture
             fields of medium-gain horn antennas is proposed. The
             modification is based on using both the sum and difference
             of the near field and reference signals to form the hologram
             via simple low-cost amplitude-only near field measurements.
             This approach when compared to the previous version, where
             only the sum signal is used, allows increased sample
             spacing, and also provides an improvement in quality of the
             final results. The effectiveness of the modified technique
             is confirmed by both calculated and measured results
             obtained for some horn antennas at 10 GHz frequency. © 2007
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ICEAA.2007.4387418},
   Key = {fds331003}
}

@article{fds269688,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {The role of metamaterials and plasmons for novel sensing
             applications},
   Journal = {Proceedings of IEEE Sensors},
   Pages = {1},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2007.4388317},
   Abstract = {The past ten years have seen a tremendous acceleration in
             the exploration of metals for photonic applications. This
             exploration has been common to both the metamaterials and
             the plasmonics fields, which leverage the strong resonances
             of structured metals to produce desired electromagnetic
             response. However, the unique electromagnetic properties of
             metal components and composite materials come at a price:
             while a seemingly limitless palette of electromagnetic
             behavior can be coaxed out of carefully designed metal
             structures - negative refractive index and optical magnetism
             being two striking examples - material losses and dispersion
             place heavy constraints on the ultimate usability of these
             properties. Despite their drawbacks, metamaterials based on
             metals and plasmonic structures also exhibit unique
             phenomena that are distinct from other systems and
             materials. Both structures possess the capability to
             localize electromagnetic fields to regions much smaller than
             the wavelength of light, and to strongly enhance the local
             fields. This focusing of light naturally brings about an
             extreme sensitivity to the local environment, which can be
             used to implement sensing or modulation functionality. By
             exploiting the benefits of metals - field localization,
             field enhancement and sensitivity to local environment -
             while minimizing their disadvantages, we hope to develop an
             array of unique and competitive devices across the
             electromagnetic spectrum. In this talk we describe the
             amazing electromagnetic response that can be achieved in
             engineered metamaterial composites with metal inclusions,
             including negative index materials and the recently reported
             "invisibility" cloaks. © 2007 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ICSENS.2007.4388317},
   Key = {fds269688}
}

@article{fds269689,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Optical control of metamaterial unit cells at microwave
             frequencies},
   Journal = {Conference Proceedings of the International Symposium on
             Signals, Systems and Electronics},
   Pages = {209-212},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSSE.2007.4294450},
   Abstract = {We have developed metamaterial unit cells whose properties
             can be controlled dynamically using near-infrared light. The
             structures consist of split ring resonators (SRRs) operating
             at microwave frequencies that contain a piece of low-doped
             silicon in their gap. We show that the SRR response strongly
             depends on the silicon resistivity and exploit this property
             to modulate the amplitude or tune the frequency of the SRR
             resonance by photodoping the semiconductor with an 815 nm
             laser diode. We present several designs and experimental
             demonstrations of elementary active photonic devices based
             on this approach. © 2007 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ISSSE.2007.4294450},
   Key = {fds269689}
}

@article{fds269791,
   Author = {Parazzoli, CG and Greegor, RB and Tanielian, MH and Smith, DR and Cummer, S and Schurig, D and Ziolkowski, R},
   Title = {Applications of metamaterials in the GHz frequency
             domain},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Pages = {1152-1155},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1522-3965},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2007.4395703},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2007.4395703},
   Key = {fds269791}
}

@booklet{Baena07,
   Author = {Baena, JD and Jelinek, L and Marqús, R and Mock, JJ and Gollub, J and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Isotropic frequency selective surfaces made of cubic
             resonators},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {91},
   Number = {19},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2806915},
   Abstract = {Isotropic frequency selective surface (FSS) made of cubic
             arrangements of split ring resonators (SRRs) is proposed and
             analyzed. For this purpose, a suitable isotropic
             modification of the SRR was used in the design of a cubic
             unit element invariant under the tetrahedral point symmetry
             group. It was experimentally demonstrated that the
             transmission through such a FSS is angle and polarization
             independent. For comparison, another FSS, whose unit
             elements do not satisfy necessary symmetries, was measured,
             showing clearly anisotropic behavior. We feel then that
             symmetries play an important role. Potential device
             applications are envisioned for antenna technology at
             microwave and terahertz frequencies. © 2007 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2806915},
   Key = {Baena07}
}

@booklet{Gollub07,
   Author = {Gollub, J and Hand, T and Sajuyigbe, S and Mendonca, S and Cummer, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Characterizing the effects of disorder in metamaterial
             structures},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {91},
   Number = {16},
   Pages = {162907-162907},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2801391},
   Abstract = {We investigate the effects of disorder on metamaterial
             samples composed of split ring resonators with randomly
             introduced variation in their geometrical dimensions. We
             demonstrate that disorder broadens the negative permeability
             band and introduces effective losses into the system.
             Transmission measurements on samples with varying degrees of
             disorder are found to be in excellent agreement with
             predictions based on standard homogenization theories. ©
             2007 American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2801391},
   Key = {Gollub07}
}

@booklet{Schurig07,
   Author = {Schurig, D and Pendry, JB and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Transformation-designed optical elements.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {22},
   Pages = {14772-14782},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.014772},
   Abstract = {We describe transformation design of optical elements which,
             in addition to image transfer, perform useful operations.
             For one class of operations, including translation,
             rotation, mirroring and inversion, an image can be generated
             that is ideal in the sense of the perfect lens (combining
             both near- and far-field components in a flat, unit transfer
             function, up to the limits imposed by material
             imperfection). We also describe elements that perform
             magnification, free from geometric aberrations, even while
             providing free-space working distance on both the input and
             output sides. These magnifying elements also operate in the
             near- and far-field, allowing them to transfer near field
             information into the far field, as with the hyper lens and
             other related devices, however in contrast to those devices,
             insertion loss can be much lower, due to the matching
             properties accessible with transformation design. The
             devices here described inherently require dispersive
             materials, thus chromatic aberration will be present, and
             the bandwidth limited.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.15.014772},
   Key = {Schurig07}
}

@article{fds269687,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Numerical simulations of long-range plasmonic transmission
             lines},
   Journal = {Springer Series in Optical Sciences},
   Volume = {131},
   Pages = {55-71},
   Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0342-4111},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4333-8_5},
   Abstract = {Structures that guide waves can be found in almost every
             optoelectronic or photonic device. Yet, the basic principles
             of guided waves in practical realizations have not evolved
             substantially over the past several decades. At microwave or
             radio frequencies (RF), waveguides typically comprise
             metal-enclosed volumes with or without a central conductor;
             in the latter case, the lateral dimensions of the waveguide
             dictate the frequencies of operation. At optical
             wavelengths, metals are comparatively poor conductors and
             have traditionally been excluded as optical components.
             Instead, dielectric waveguides are employed in which the
             mismatch between a higher dielectric region and free space
             or a lower dielectric cladding constrains light in a plane
             perpendicular to propagation. Because of the low losses in
             insulating dielectrics, optical waveguides (such as fiber
             optics) can support propagating modes with extraordinarily
             low absorption attenuation-often less than 1 dB per
             kilometer. © 2007 Springer.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4020-4333-8_5},
   Key = {fds269687}
}

@booklet{Yao07,
   Author = {Yao, YH and Cui, TJ and Cheng, Q and Liu, RP and Huang, D and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Realization of a super waveguide for high-power-density
             generation and transmission using right- and left-handed
             transmission-line circuits},
   Journal = {Physical Review E},
   Volume = {76},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {036602},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.76.036602},
   Abstract = {In an earlier work [Cheng and Cui, Phys. Rev. B 72, 113112
             (2005)], we have shown theoretically that extremely high
             power densities can be generated and transmitted in a super
             waveguide which is filled with homogeneous bilayers of
             right- and left-handed materials. In this paper, we realize
             such a super waveguide using right-handed transmission-line
             (RHTL) and left-handed transmission-line (LHTL) circuits.
             After a rigorous design of the RHTL-LHTL structure, we
             observe the generation and transmission of high-power
             densities in the super circuit waveguide from accurate
             simulation results. Both lossless and lossy cases have been
             studied for the LHTL circuit. From the simulation results
             and the rigorous analysis of energy speeds, we show that
             high-power flows with opposite directions are excited in the
             RHTL and LHTL parts of the super waveguide, which form the
             energy vortices in the waveguide cross section.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.76.036602},
   Key = {Yao07}
}

@booklet{Driscoll07,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Andreev, GO and Basov, DN and Palit, S and Cho, SY and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Tuned permeability in terahertz split-ring resonators for
             devices and sensors},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {91},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {062511-062511},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2768300},
   Abstract = {A process is demonstrated for tuning the magnetic resonance
             frequency of a fixed split-ring resonator array, by way of
             adding material near the split-ring elements. Applying drops
             of a silicon-nanospheres/ethanol solution to the surface of
             the sample decreases the magnetic resonance frequency of the
             split-ring array in incremental steps of 0.03 THz. This fine
             tuning is done post fabrication and is demonstrated to be
             reversible. The exhibited sensitivity of the split-ring
             resonance frequency to the presence of silicon nanospheres
             also suggests further application possibilities as a sensor
             device. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2768300},
   Key = {Driscoll07}
}

@booklet{Liu07a,
   Author = {Liu, R and Degiron, A and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Negative index material composed of electric and magnetic
             resonators},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {90},
   Number = {26},
   Pages = {263504-263504},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2752120},
   Abstract = {Negative index-of-refraction materials (NIMs) require both
             the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability of
             the material to be negative. Most reported NIMs have
             combined conducting split ring resonators (SRRs) to realize
             the magnetic response and nonresonant wires to realize the
             electric response. Here, however, the authors demonstrate an
             impedance-matched, relatively broadband NIM which makes use
             of SRRs and electric resonators, tuned such that they
             resonate at the same frequency and with nearly the same
             frequency dispersion. The NIM properties are confirmed by
             direct measurements of the phase variation and field
             distributions, obtained by field mapping. © 2007 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2752120},
   Key = {Liu07a}
}

@booklet{Liu07,
   Author = {Liu, R and Cui, TJ and Huang, D and Zhao, B and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Description and explanation of electromagnetic behaviors in
             artificial metamaterials based on effective medium
             theory.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {76},
   Number = {2 Pt 2},
   Pages = {026606},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.76.026606},
   Abstract = {We present a general theory of effective media to set up the
             relationship between the particle responses and the
             macroscopic system behaviors for artificial metamaterials
             composed of periodic resonant structures. By treating the
             unit cell of the periodic structure as a particle, we define
             the average permittivity and permeability for different unit
             structures and derive a general form of discrete Maxwell's
             equations on the macroscale, from which we obtain different
             wave modes in metamaterials including the propagation mode,
             pure plasma mode, and resonant crystal band-gap mode. We
             explain unfamiliar behaviors of metamaterials from the
             numerical S parameter retrieval approach. The excellent
             agreement between theoretical predictions and retrieval
             results indicates that the defined model and method of
             analysis fit the physical structures very well. Thereafter,
             we propose a more advanced form of the fitting formulas for
             the effective electromagnetic parameters of
             metamaterials.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.76.026606},
   Key = {Liu07}
}

@booklet{Degiron07a,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Dellagiacoma, C and McIlhargey, JG and Shvets, G and Martin, OJF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Simulations of hybrid long-range plasmon modes with
             application to 90 degree bends.},
   Journal = {Optics letters},
   Volume = {32},
   Number = {16},
   Pages = {2354-2356},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0146-9592},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17700783},
   Abstract = {We perform rigorous simulations of hybrid long-range modes
             guided by a central metal core and a two-dimensional
             dielectric slab. We show that these modes are subject to
             fewer limitations than conventional long-range plasmon modes
             in terms of field confinement and guiding performance. These
             hybrid modes may offer substantial improvements for
             integrated plasmonic components, as illustrated here by the
             consideration of 90 degrees bends.},
   Doi = {10.1364/ol.32.002354},
   Key = {Degiron07a}
}

@booklet{Degiron07,
   Author = {A. Degiron and D. R. Smith and J. J. Mock and B. J. Justice and J. Gollub},
   Title = {Negative index and indefinite media waveguide
             couplers},
   Journal = {Applied Physics A-materials Science \& Processing},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {321 -- 328},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0947-8396},
   Abstract = {We study the coupling interaction between dielectric
             waveguides and coupling elements made from
             negative-refracting media. The coupling configuration
             consists of a length of dielectric waveguide, which
             terminates either directly into or near a planar layer
             composed of the negative-refracting medium, and is followed
             by a second waveguide. Radiation output from the first
             waveguide is refocused at the position of the second
             waveguide, so that the negative-refracting layer serves as a
             coupler between the waveguides. Because both isotropic
             negative-index layers and bilayers of indefinite media can
             recover the near-field, evanescent components of a source
             field distribution, the coupling between the input and
             output waveguides can be highly efficient - in principle
             providing perfect, lossless coupling. We present simulations
             and some initial experimental results illustrating the
             coupling effect, and speculate on the potential for optical
             fiber couplers and integrated modulators.},
   Key = {Degiron07}
}

@article{071210498773,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Smith, DR and Mock, JJ and Justice, BJ and Gollub,
             J},
   Title = {Negative index and indefinite media waveguide
             couplers},
   Journal = {Applied Physics A: Materials Science and
             Processing},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {321-328},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0947-8396},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-006-3835-2},
   Keywords = {Computer simulation;Dielectric waveguides;Modulators;Planar
             waveguides;Refractive index;},
   Abstract = {We study the coupling interaction between dielectric
             waveguides and coupling elements made from
             negative-refracting media. The coupling configuration
             consists of a length of dielectric waveguide, which
             terminates either directly into or near a planar layer
             composed of the negative-refracting medium, and is followed
             by a second waveguide. Radiation output from the first
             waveguide is refocused at the position of the second
             waveguide, so that the negative-refracting layer serves as a
             coupler between the waveguides. Because both isotropic
             negative-index layers and bilayers of indefinite media can
             recover the near-field, evanescent components of a source
             field distribution, the coupling between the input and
             output waveguides can be highly efficient - in principle
             providing perfect, lossless coupling. We present simulations
             and some initial experimental results illustrating the
             coupling effect, and speculate on the potential for optical
             fiber couplers and integrated modulators. © Springer-Verlag
             2007.},
   Doi = {10.1007/s00339-006-3835-2},
   Key = {071210498773}
}

@booklet{Driscoll07a,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Basov, DN and Padilla, WJ and Mock, JJ and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Electromagnetic characterization of planar metamaterials by
             oblique angle spectroscopic measurements},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {75},
   Number = {11},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.115114},
   Abstract = {Artificially structured metamaterials with unit-cell
             dimensions on the order of 1 10th of a wavelength (λ 10)
             have been shown to be well approximated by an effective
             medium description which mimics a continuous material. In
             this paper we present data for transmission and reflection
             from a planar array of split-ring resonators (SRRs) at
             varying angles of incidence. We attempt to model the form of
             the angle-dependent response of the SRRs using the Fresnel
             equations formulated from effective medium theory-treating
             the array as a thin continuous anisotropic crystal. This
             model is then fit to experimental data taken on a planar
             array of split rings to gauge the model accuracy, and to
             produce values for the frequency-dependent permeability and
             permittivity of the experimental SRR array. Simultaneous
             fitting of the transmission and reflection at multiple
             angles helps to avoid multiple solutions for the
             permittivity and permeability. This forward fitting approach
             using multiple angles is advantageous, as it enables a
             characterization of the optical constants without the need
             for phase information, and it avoids many of the branch
             problems inherent in the numerical inversion methods used so
             far on metamaterials. The work presented here shows the
             feasibility of this method. A refined procedure will be
             particularly advantageous for experimental characterization
             of higher frequency structures (i.e., THz and above), where
             phase information is difficult or impossible to obtain. ©
             2007 The American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.75.115114},
   Key = {Driscoll07a}
}

@booklet{Liu07b,
   Author = {Liu, R and Cui, TJ and Zhao, B and Lin, XQ and Ma, HF and Huang, D and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Resonant crystal band gap metamaterials in the microwave
             regime and their exotic amplification of evanescent
             waves},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {90},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {091912-091912},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2709897},
   Abstract = {The authors realize resonant crystal band gap metamaterials
             (CBMs) using circuit structures in the microwave regime,
             which behave quite differently from the conventional
             photonic band gap structures. They show that a periodic
             array of series inductor and shunt capacitor is equivalent
             to a CBM similar to a magnetic plasma at higher frequency
             band, and a periodic array of series capacitor and shunt
             inductor behaves like a CBM similar to an electric plasma at
             lower frequency band. The equivalent medium parameters have
             been derived in both cases, which show the existence of
             conjugate loss in imaginary parts. When two such structures
             are cascaded together, the authors demonstrate that
             evanescent waves are amplified and transmitted in a very
             narrow frequency band under the antimatching condition. Such
             a feature can be used to design extremely narrow band
             filters. Theoretical predictions, circuit simulations, and
             experimental results are presented to validate their
             conclusions. © 2007 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2709897},
   Key = {Liu07b}
}

@booklet{Degiron07b,
   Author = {A. Degiron and J. J. Mock and D. R. Smith},
   Title = {Modulating and tuning the response of metamaterials at the
             unit cell level},
   Journal = {Optics Express},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {1115 -- 1127},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   Abstract = {We perform a series of simulations and experiments at
             microwave frequencies where we dynamically alter the
             magnetic resonance of one individual split ring resonator by
             photodoping a piece of low-doped semiconductor positioned
             within the gap of the resonator. We predict and
             experimentally achieve a complete suppression of the
             resonance amplitude using an 815 nm laser source and then
             briefly consider the problem of tuning the frequency of an
             SRR by the same method. We also illustrate the metamaterial
             approach to active electromagnetic devices by implementing a
             simple yet efficient optical modulator and a three channel
             dynamical filter. (c) 2007 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Key = {Degiron07b}
}

@booklet{Driscoll07b,
   Author = {T. Driscoll and G. O. Andreev and D. N. Basov and S. Palit and T. Ren and J. Mock and S. Y. Cho and N. M. Jokerst and D. R. Smith},
   Title = {Quantitative investigation of a terahertz artificial
             magnetic resonance using oblique angle spectroscopy},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {90},
   Number = {9},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   Abstract = {The authors present a spectroscopic analysis of a planar
             split-ring-resonator (SRR) medium at terahertz frequencies,
             quantitatively characterizing the associated magnetic
             resonance. Experimental quantification at terahertz and
             infrared frequencies of metamaterial optical constants has
             been primarily absent, largely due to the difficulty of
             collecting phase information at these frequencies. In this
             letter, the authors circumvent the need for phase
             information in the characterization by acquiring the power
             transmitted through the metamaterial at a series of oblique
             angles, and relating the multiangle data set to the
             effective permittivity and permeability through the Fresnel
             expressions. The resulting measurements reveal the expected
             resonant permeability of the SRR which exhibits a range of
             negative values, the minimum value being mu=-0.8 at 1.1 THz.
             (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.},
   Key = {Driscoll07b}
}

@booklet{Greegor07,
   Author = {Greegor, RB and Parazzoli, CG and Nielsen, JA and Thompson, MA and Tanielian, MH and Vier, DC and Schultz, S and Smith, DR and Schurig,
             D},
   Title = {Microwave focusing and beam collimation using negative index
             of refraction lenses},
   Journal = {IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {108-115},
   Publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology
             (IET)},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1751-8725},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map:20060071},
   Abstract = {Negative index of refraction materials (NIMs) were first
             postulated by Veselago in 1968 and have recently been
             realised using structures formed with rings and wires
             deposited on printed circuit boards. The proof of the
             existence of negative index of refraction was established
             using a Snell's law experiment with a wedge. The predicted
             and measured refraction angles were found to be consistent
             for a negative index material and in excellent agreement
             with the theoretical expectations. For microwave lenses NIMs
             have the advantage of being lighter, having better focusing
             properties and potentially lower aberrations. Simulation and
             experimental results on NIM configurations including
             gradient index of refraction and spherical 3D lenses are
             presented. Both focusing and beam collimating applications
             will be considered. These results will be compared to normal
             positive index of refraction material lenses. © 2007 The
             Institution of Engineering and Technology.},
   Doi = {10.1049/iet-map:20060071},
   Key = {Greegor07}
}

@article{070710426144,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Modulating and tuning the response of metamaterials at the
             unit cell level.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {1115-1127},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.001115},
   Keywords = {Light modulators;Light sources;Magnetic resonance;Microwaves;Natural
             frequencies;Semiconductor materials;},
   Abstract = {We perform a series of simulations and experiments at
             microwave frequencies where we dynamically alter the
             magnetic resonance of one individual split ring resonator by
             photodoping a piece of low-doped semiconductor positioned
             within the gap of the resonator. We predict and
             experimentally achieve a complete suppression of the
             resonance amplitude using an 815 nm laser source and then
             briefly consider the problem of tuning the frequency of an
             SRR by the same method. We also illustrate the metamaterial
             approach to active electromagnetic devices by implementing a
             simple yet efficient optical modulator and a three channel
             dynamical filter.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.15.001115},
   Key = {070710426144}
}

@article{fds331004,
   Author = {Smith, D and Leach, M and Elsdon, M and Foti, SJ},
   Title = {Indirect holographic techniques for determining antenna
             radiation characteristics and imaging aperture
             fields},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {54-67},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MAP.2007.370982},
   Abstract = {Indirect holographic techniques offer the potential of using
             simple and inexpensive near-field intensity-pattern
             measurements for the determination of the radiation
             characteristics of microwave antennas, and for the
             reconstruction of complex aperture fields. This work
             describes a practical method of applying indirect
             holographic techniques to microwave antennas. It describes
             how a technique originally developed at optical frequencies
             can be adapted to enable measurements to be taken on
             microwave antennas. The major difference is the replacement
             of a radiated reference signal by an electronically
             generated reference signal. This has enabled previous
             practical limitations to be overcome. Computer simulations
             and practical results are included for a large dish antenna
             at a sample spacing similar to those employed in direct
             holographic techniques. This work also describes how
             reducing the sample spacing significantly below a half
             wavelength enables the radiation characteristics of smaller
             antennas to be determined. © 2007 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MAP.2007.370982},
   Key = {fds331004}
}

@article{fds331005,
   Author = {Maniam, J and Selvanathan, N and Abu-Bakar, M and Smith, D and Elgabroun, HM and Yeong, PM and Senthil Kumar,
             S},
   Title = {Microwave holographic imaging technique for tumour
             detection},
   Journal = {IFMBE Proceedings},
   Volume = {15},
   Pages = {275-277},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9783540680161},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68017-8_71},
   Abstract = {Early, accurate and efficient screening of tumour will go a
             long way to improve the life expectancy and quality of life.
             Microwave holographic technique uses nonionising radiation
             which has the potential to screen patients for tumour at low
             cost. It offers high contrast between healthy and malignant
             tissues and assists in forming image of the location and the
             extent of the malignant tissue. This technique exploits the
             advantages of holography without requiring the direct
             measurement which uses an expensive network analyser. This
             paper will investigate the use of an alternative microwave
             imaging technique using indirect holographic method. The use
             of continuous wave signal for imaging avoids the problems
             associated with pulsed systems. The use of two stage
             holographic technique requires recording of a holographic
             interference pattern as stage one and reconstruction of
             original image of the object as stage two. As a preliminary
             study, the transmitted microwave signal is bombarded on a
             suitable phantom and the scattered signals are measured. The
             significance of this technique is that it offers real time
             imaging possibility which can be used as intra operative
             imaging tool during the surgery to remove
             tumour.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-68017-8_71},
   Key = {fds331005}
}

@article{fds331007,
   Author = {Elsdon, M and Leach, M and Skobelev, S and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {Microwave holographic imaging of breast cancer},
   Journal = {IEEE 2007 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna,
             Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless
             Communications, MAPE},
   Pages = {966-969},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781424410446},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MAPE.2007.4393791},
   Abstract = {Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in
             women. X-ray mammography is the most widely used technique
             for early detection but has limitations. In this paper, an
             alternative approach for breast cancer detection using
             microwave imaging is presented. This is based upon a
             microwave holographic approach, central to which is the use
             of a synthetic reference beam. This approach has benefits in
             terms of simplicity and expense. Experimental results using
             a breast phantom are included to demonstrate the potential
             of this approach. © 2007 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MAPE.2007.4393791},
   Key = {fds331007}
}

@article{fds269775,
   Author = {Justice, BJ and Nguyen, VN and Yönak, SH and Kim, J and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Electric-field-coupled metamaterials for microwave beam
             formation},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Pages = {2566-2569},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2007},
   ISSN = {1522-3965},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2007.4396058},
   Abstract = {Microwave propagation through an eleetrie-field-coupled
             metamaterial lens with a refractive index gradient is
             experimentally investigated. A gradient in the refractive
             index of the metamaterial is introduced by continuous tuning
             of a single parameter in the metamaterial elements.
             Experimental field maps, acquired in a planar waveguide,
             demonstrate that the planar gradient index lens can be used
             to collimate radiation from a line source, thereby forming a
             beam. © 2007 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2007.4396058},
   Key = {fds269775}
}

@article{071010476427,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Andreev, GO and Basov, DN and Palit, S and Ren, T and Mock,
             J and Cho, S-Y and Jokerst, NM and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Quantitative investigation of a terahertz artificial
             magnetic resonance using oblique angle spectroscopy},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {90},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {092508},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2007},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2679766},
   Keywords = {Magnetic permeability;Natural frequencies;Optical
             constants;Permittivity;Power transmission;Spectroscopic
             analysis;},
   Abstract = {The authors present a spectroscopic analysis of a planar
             split-ring-resonator (SRR) medium at terahertz frequencies,
             quantitatively characterizing the associated magnetic
             resonance. Experimental quantification at terahertz and
             infrared frequencies of metamaterial optical constants has
             been primarily absent, largely due to the difficulty of
             collecting phase information at these frequencies. In this
             letter, the authors circumvent the need for phase
             information in the characterization by acquiring the power
             transmitted through the metamaterial at a series of oblique
             angles, and relating the multiangle data set to the
             effective permittivity and permeability through the Fresnel
             expressions. The resulting measurements reveal the expected
             resonant permeability of the SRR which exhibits a range of
             negative values, the minimum value being &mu;=-0.8 at 1.1
             THz. &copy; 2007 American Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2679766},
   Key = {071010476427}
}

@article{fds331006,
   Author = {Smith, D and Elsdon, M and Leach, M and Fernando, M and Foti,
             SJ},
   Title = {3D Microwave imaging for medical and security
             applications},
   Journal = {2006 International RF and Microwave Conference, (RFM)
             Proceedings},
   Pages = {233-237},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9780780397446},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/RFM.2006.331076},
   Abstract = {The use of microwaves for imaging applications is currently
             of much research interest particularly in the areas of
             security imaging and medical imaging. Microwaves have been
             shown to be able to image objects concealed beneath clothing
             and recent research work has indicated that microwaves could
             offer a new low cost non-ionising technique for the
             detection and imaging of breast cancer tumours. Traditional
             intensity only measurements have only been able to provide
             2D images of objects. This work will describe how our
             indirect holographic approach can be used to reconstruct 3D
             images of objects from a single scalar 2D holographic
             intensity pattern. ©2006 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/RFM.2006.331076},
   Key = {fds331006}
}

@article{fds269683,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Park, DF},
   Title = {A novel organic fiber for fiber reinforced structural
             composites},
   Journal = {6th Annual SPE Automotive Composites Conference
             2006},
   Volume = {2},
   Pages = {830-839},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {A novel fiber technology is being developed for the fiber
             reinforced composites industry. The fiber is a form of poly
             vinyl alcohol (PVOH). When added to conventional fiber
             reinforced composite PVOH fiber gives exceptional impact
             resistance, surface finish and improved recycling properties
             to fiber reinforced composites. PVOH is highly chemical and
             UV light resistant compared to other commercially available
             reinforcing fibers. PVOH is also economical compared to many
             high performance reinforcing fibers. PVOH can be used in
             combination with existing fibers (such as fiberglass,
             polyester, Kevlar) or as a stand alone fiber in both
             thermoset and thermoplastic resins. PVOH requires distinct
             surface modification to make the fiber compatible with each
             commercial polymer resin system. PVOH is commercially
             available for polyester and epoxy resins with vinyl ester,
             phenolic, polyolefin, silicone and urethane resins in
             development. Advanced resin systems have been demonstrated
             that create a bond that is stronger between fiber and resin
             than the fiber itself, giving a moldable composite with true
             isotropic properties. PVOH fiber is being targeted toward a
             broad array of applications and markets. Applications
             include molding compounds (bulk and sheet), pre-pregs, mats
             (woven, non-woven and uni-directional), braided structures,
             and chopped fiber (including wet laid). Markets include
             aerospace, automotive, construction, consumer, electronics,
             marine and the chemical industry. PVOH has a fit wherever
             molded composites require a lightweight reinforcing fiber
             with excellent impact, chemical and environmental
             properties.},
   Key = {fds269683}
}

@booklet{Driscoll06,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Basov, DN and Rye, PM and Nemat-Nasser, S and Schurig,
             D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Free space microwave focusing by a negative-index gradient
             lens},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {6320},
   Number = {8},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0277-786X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.680752},
   Abstract = {Metamaterial structures designed to have simultaneously
             negative permittivity and permeability are known as
             left-handed materials. Their complexity and our
             understanding of their properties have advanced rapidly to
             the point where direct applications are now viable. We
             present a radial gradient-index (GRIN) lens with an
             index-of-refraction ranging from -2.67(edge) to
             -0.97(center). Experimentally, we find the lens can produce
             field intensities at the focus that are greater than that of
             the incident plane wave. These results are obtained at 10.45
             GHz and in excellent agreement with full-wave simulations.
             This lens is a demonstrate an newly pioneered advanced
             fabrication technique using conventional printed circuit
             board (PCB) technology which offers significant design,
             mechanical, and cost advantages over other microwave lens
             constructions.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.680752},
   Key = {Driscoll06}
}

@article{9187001,
   Author = {Schurig, D and Mock, JJ and Justice, BJ and Cummer, SA and Pendry, JB and Starr, AF and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave
             frequencies.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {314},
   Number = {5801},
   Pages = {977-980},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053110},
   Keywords = {copper;metamaterials;microwave propagation;},
   Abstract = {A recently published theory has suggested that a cloak of
             invisibility is in principle possible, at least over a
             narrow frequency band. We describe here the first practical
             realization of such a cloak; in our demonstration, a copper
             cylinder was "hidden" inside a cloak constructed according
             to the previous theoretical prescription. The cloak was
             constructed with the use of artificially structured
             metamaterials, designed for operation over a band of
             microwave frequencies. The cloak decreased scattering from
             the hidden object while at the same time reducing its
             shadow, so that the cloak and object combined began to
             resemble empty space.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1133628},
   Key = {9187001}
}

@article{fds335133,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Holland, AD and Martin, A and Burt, D and Eaton, T and Steward, R},
   Title = {Development and testing of a 2-D transfer
             CCD},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {2748-2754},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TED.2006.884072},
   Abstract = {This paper describes the development, operation, and
             characterization of charge-coupled devices (CCDs) that
             feature an electrode structure that allows the transfer of
             charge both horizontally and vertically through the image
             area. Such devices have been termed two-dimensional (2-D)
             transfer CCDs (2DT CCDs), as opposed to the conventional
             devices, which might be called one-dimensional transfer
             CCDs, but in other respects are the same as conventional CCD
             devices. Batches of two different 2DT CCD test devices,
             featuring different electrode structures but with identical
             clocking operation in each case, were produced and tested.
             The methodology of 2-D charge transfer in each of the device
             types is described, followed by a presentation of test
             results from the new CCDs. The ability of both 2DT CCD
             transfer electrode schemes to successfully transfer charge
             in both horizontal and vertical directions in the image
             section of the devices has been proven, opening up potential
             new applications for 2DT CCD use. © 2006
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TED.2006.884072},
   Key = {fds335133}
}

@article{fds335134,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Walton, DM and Ingley, R and Holland, AD and Cropper, M and Pool, P},
   Title = {EMCCDs for space applications},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {6276},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9780819463418},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.671368},
   Abstract = {This paper describes a qualification programme for
             Electron-Multiplication Charge Coupled Devices (EMCCDs) for
             use in space applications. While the presented results are
             generally applicable, the programme was carried out in the
             context of CCD development for the Radial Velocity
             Spectrometer (RVS) instrument on the European Space Agency's
             cornerstone Gaia mission. We discuss the issues of device
             radiation tolerance, charge transfer efficiency at low
             signal levels and life time effects on the
             electron-multiplication gain. The development of EMCCD
             technology to allow operation at longer wavelengths using
             high resistivity silicon, and the cryogenic characterisation
             of EMCCDs are also described.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.671368},
   Key = {fds335134}
}

@article{fds335135,
   Author = {Lim, T and Swinyard, B and Griffin, M and Aramburu, A and Baluteau, JP and Bock, J and Ferlet, M and Fulton, T and Griffin, D and Guest, S and Hargrave, P and King, K and Leeks, S and Naylor, D and Polehampton, E and Rizzo, D and Sawyer, E and Schulz, B and Sidher, S and Spencer, L and Smith, D and Nguen, HT and Valtchanov, I and Waskett, T and Woodcraft,
             A},
   Title = {Preliminary results from herschel-SPIRE flight instrument
             testing},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {6265 I},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9780819463302},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.672752},
   Abstract = {The Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver (SPIRE) is one
             of the three scientific instruments to fly on the European
             Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory, and contains a
             three-band imaging submillimetre photometer and an imaging
             Fourier transform spectrometer. The flight model of the
             SPIRE cold focal plane unit has been built up in stages with
             a cold test campaign associated with each stage. The first
             campaign focusing on the spectrometer took place in early
             2005 and the second campaign focusing on the photometer was
             in Autumn 2005. SPIRE is currently undergoing its third cold
             test campaign following cryogenic vibration testing. Test
             results to date show that the instrument is performing very
             well and in general meets not only its requirements but also
             most of its performance goals. We present an overview of the
             instrument tests performed to date, and the preliminary
             results.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.672752},
   Key = {fds335135}
}

@article{fds331008,
   Author = {Smith, D and Elsdon, M and Leach, M and Fdo, M and Foti,
             SJ},
   Title = {A microwave indirect holographic system for security and
             medical imaging applications},
   Journal = {European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA
             SP},
   Volume = {626 SP},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {October},
   ISBN = {9789290929376},
   Abstract = {This work details how an indirect microwave holographic
             technique originally developed for antenna measurements can
             be extended to imaging applications. It outlines how complex
             field patterns can be reconstructed from holographic
             intensity patterns. It also outlines how images of both
             metallic and non-metallic objects can be obtained from these
             patterns. Results are presented to demonstrate how this
             technique ca b be applied in the areas of concealed weapons
             detection and medical imaging.},
   Key = {fds331008}
}

@booklet{Schurig06,
   Author = {Schurig, D and Pendry, JB and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Calculation of material properties and ray tracing in
             transformation media.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {21},
   Pages = {9794-9804},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.009794},
   Abstract = {Complex and interesting electromagnetic behavior can be
             found in spaces with non-flat topology. When considering the
             properties of an electromagnetic medium under an arbitrary
             coordinate transformation an alternative interpretation
             presents itself. The transformed material property tensors
             may be interpreted as a different set of material properties
             in a flat, Cartesian space. We describe the calculation of
             these material properties for coordinate transformations
             that describe spaces with spherical or cylindrical holes in
             them. The resulting material properties can then implement
             invisibility cloaks in flat space. We also describe a method
             for performing geometric ray tracing in these materials
             which are both inhomogeneous and anisotropic in their
             electric permittivity and magnetic permeability.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.14.009794},
   Key = {Schurig06}
}

@article{fds331009,
   Author = {Leach, M and Elsdon, M and Foti, SJ and Smith, D},
   Title = {Imaging dielectric objects using a novel synthetic off-axis
             holographic technique},
   Journal = {Microwave and Optical Technology Letters},
   Volume = {48},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1957-1961},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.21826},
   Abstract = {Original results are presented for the imaging of dielectric
             objects using an indirect planar microwave imaging system
             that employs an off-axis holographic concept. The ability of
             this intensity only planar recording technique to recover
             phase information about the object under test proves to be
             significant in the imaging of dielectrics. © 2006 Wiley
             Periodicals, Inc.},
   Doi = {10.1002/mop.21826},
   Key = {fds331009}
}

@booklet{Justice06,
   Author = {B. J. Justice and J. J. Mock and L. H. Guo and A. Degiron and D. Schurig and D. R. Smith},
   Title = {Spatial mapping of the internal and external electromagnetic
             fields of negative index metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics Express},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {8694 -- 8705},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   Abstract = {We perform an experimental study of the phase and amplitude
             of microwaves interacting with and scattered by
             two-dimensional negative index metamaterials. The
             measurements are performed in a parallel plate waveguide
             apparatus at X-band frequencies (8-12 GHz), thus
             constraining the electromagnetic fields to two dimensions. A
             detection antenna is fixed to one of the plates, while a
             second plate with a fixed source antenna or waveguide is
             translated relative to the first plate. The detection
             antenna is inserted into, but not protruding below, the
             stationary plate so that fields internal to the metamaterial
             samples can be mapped. From the measured mappings of the
             electric field, the interplay between the microstructure of
             the metamaterial lattice and the macroscopic averaged
             response is revealed. For example, the mapped phase fronts
             within a metamaterial having a negative refractive index are
             consistent with a macroscopic phase-in accordance with the
             effective medium predictions-which travels in a direction
             opposite to the direction of propagation. The field maps are
             in excellent agreement with finite element numerical
             simulations performed assuming homogeneous metamaterial
             structures. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America},
   Key = {Justice06}
}

@booklet{Cummer06,
   Author = {S. A. Cummer and B. I. Popa and D. Schurig and D. R. Smith and J. Pendry},
   Title = {Full-wave simulations of electromagnetic cloaking
             structures},
   Journal = {Physical Review E},
   Volume = {74},
   Number = {3},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   Abstract = {Pendry have reported electromagnetically anisotropic and
             inhomogeneous shells that, in theory, completely shield an
             interior structure of arbitrary size from electromagnetic
             fields without perturbing the external fields. Neither the
             coordinate transformation-based analytical formulation nor
             the supporting ray-tracing simulation indicate how material
             perturbations and full-wave effects might affect the
             solution. We report fully electromagnetic simulations of the
             cylindrical version of this cloaking structure using ideal
             and nonideal (but physically realizable) electromagnetic
             parameters that show that the low-reflection and power-flow
             bending properties of the electromagnetic cloaking structure
             are not especially sensitive to modest permittivity and
             permeability variations. The cloaking performance degrades
             smoothly with increasing loss, and effective low-reflection
             shielding can be achieved with a cylindrical shell composed
             of an eight- (homogeneous) layer approximation of the ideal
             continuous medium. An imperfect but simpler version of the
             cloaking material is derived and is shown to reproduce the
             ray bending of the ideal material in a manner that may be
             easier to experimentally realize.},
   Key = {Cummer06}
}

@booklet{Smith06,
   Author = {D. R. Smith and D. Schurig and J. J. Mock},
   Title = {Characterization of a planar artificial magnetic
             metamaterial surface},
   Journal = {Physical Review E},
   Volume = {74},
   Number = {3},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   Abstract = {We explore the electromagnetic characterization of a planar
             artificial magnetic metamaterial. Because the composite
             structure is two- rather than three-dimensional, it does not
             form a medium with assignable bulk properties, such as the
             electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. However, we
             find that it is possible to characterize the expected bulk
             response of a structure composed of repeated layers of
             metamaterial planes, from a reflectance measurement of a
             single metamaterial surface made at an oblique angle. We
             present an analytical theory that relates the reflectance of
             a single plane to the expected bulk permeability and
             permeability of the composite, as well as supporting
             experiments and numerical simulations. Our results show that
             the recent use of reflectance measurements to characterize
             planar split ring resonator samples can reveal the presence
             of circulating currents in a sample-the precursor to
             artificial magnetism-but are insufficient to provide
             quantitative results unless the symmetry of the underlying
             metamaterial elements is carefully specified.},
   Key = {Smith06}
}

@article{9337862,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schurig, D and Mock, JJ},
   Title = {Characterization of a planar artificial magnetic
             metamaterial surface.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {74},
   Number = {3 Pt 2},
   Pages = {036604},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.74.036604},
   Keywords = {magnetic materials;metamaterials;permeability;permittivity;photonic
             crystals;reflectivity;},
   Abstract = {We explore the electromagnetic characterization of a planar
             artificial magnetic metamaterial. Because the composite
             structure is two- rather than three-dimensional, it does not
             form a medium with assignable bulk properties, such as the
             electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. However, we
             find that it is possible to characterize the expected bulk
             response of a structure composed of repeated layers of
             metamaterial planes, from a reflectance measurement of a
             single metamaterial surface made at an oblique angle. We
             present an analytical theory that relates the reflectance of
             a single plane to the expected bulk permeability and
             permeability of the composite, as well as supporting
             experiments and numerical simulations. Our results show that
             the recent use of reflectance measurements to characterize
             planar split ring resonator samples can reveal the presence
             of circulating currents in a sample--the precursor to
             artificial magnetism--but are insufficient to provide
             quantitative results unless the symmetry of the underlying
             metamaterial elements is carefully specified.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.74.036604},
   Key = {9337862}
}

@article{9324139,
   Author = {Justice, BJ and Mock, JJ and Guo, L and Degiron, A and Schurig, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Spatial mapping of the internal and external electromagnetic
             fields of negative index metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {8694-8705},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.008694},
   Keywords = {finite element analysis;metamaterials;microwave
             propagation;refractive index;},
   Abstract = {We perform an experimental study of the phase and amplitude
             of microwaves interacting with and scattered by
             two-dimensional negative index metamaterials. The
             measurements are performed in a parallel plate waveguide
             apparatus at X-band frequencies (8-12 GHz), thus
             constraining the electromagnetic fields to two dimensions. A
             detection antenna is fixed to one of the plates, while a
             second plate with a fixed source antenna or waveguide is
             translated relative to the first plate. The detection
             antenna is inserted into, but not protruding below, the
             stationary plate so that fields internal to the metamaterial
             samples can be mapped. From the measured mappings of the
             electric field, the interplay between the microstructure of
             the metamaterial lattice and the macroscopic averaged
             response is revealed. For example, the mapped phase fronts
             within a metamaterial having a negative refractive index are
             consistent with a macroscopic phase-in accordance with the
             effective medium predictions-which travels in a direction
             opposite to the direction of propagation. The field maps are
             in excellent agreement with finite element numerical
             simulations performed assuming homogeneous metamaterial
             structures.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.14.008694},
   Key = {9324139}
}

@article{064110158839,
   Author = {Cummer, SA and Popa, B-I and Schurig, D and Smith, DR and Pendry,
             J},
   Title = {Full-wave simulations of electromagnetic cloaking
             structures.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {74},
   Number = {3 Pt 2},
   Pages = {036621},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.74.036621},
   Keywords = {Computer simulation;Electromagnetic fields;Ray
             tracing;Perturbation techniques;Approximation
             theory;},
   Abstract = {Pendry et al. have reported electromagnetically anisotropic
             and inhomogeneous shells that, in theory, completely shield
             an interior structure of arbitrary size from electromagnetic
             fields without perturbing the external fields. Neither the
             coordinate transformation-based analytical formulation nor
             the supporting ray-tracing simulation indicate how material
             perturbations and full-wave effects might affect the
             solution. We report fully electromagnetic simulations of the
             cylindrical version of this cloaking structure using ideal
             and nonideal (but physically realizable) electromagnetic
             parameters that show that the low-reflection and power-flow
             bending properties of the electromagnetic cloaking structure
             are not especially sensitive to modest permittivity and
             permeability variations. The cloaking performance degrades
             smoothly with increasing loss, and effective low-reflection
             shielding can be achieved with a cylindrical shell composed
             of an eight- (homogeneous) layer approximation of the ideal
             continuous medium. An imperfect but simpler version of the
             cloaking material is derived and is shown to reproduce the
             ray bending of the ideal material in a manner that may be
             easier to experimentally realize.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.74.036621},
   Key = {064110158839}
}

@article{063210058628,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Gollub, J and Mock, JJ and Padilla, WJ and Schurig,
             D},
   Title = {Calculation and measurement of bianisotropy in a split ring
             resonator metamaterial},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {024507-024507},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0021-8979},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2218033},
   Keywords = {Electromagnetic waves;Magnetic moments;Magnetic field
             effects;Magnetic couplings;Polarization;Composite
             structures;},
   Abstract = {A medium that exhibits artificial magnetism can be formed by
             assembling an array of split ring resonators (SRRs) - planar
             conducting elements that exhibit a resonant response to
             electromagnetic radiation. The SRR exhibits a large magnetic
             dipole moment when excited by a magnetic field directed
             along its axis. However, the SRR also exhibits an electric
             response that can be quite large depending on the symmetry
             of the SRR and the orientation of the SRR with respect to
             the electric component of the field. So, while the SRR
             medium can be considered as having a predominantly magnetic
             response for certain orientations with respect to the
             incident wave, it is generally the case that the SRR
             exhibits magnetoelectric coupling, and hence a medium of
             SRRs arranged so as to break mirror symmetry about one of
             the axes will exhibit bianisotropy. We present here a method
             of directly calculating the magnetoelectric coupling terms
             using averages over the fields computed from full-wave
             finite-element based numerical simulations. We confirm the
             predicted bianisotropy of a fabricated SRR medium by
             measuring the cross polarization of a microwave beam
             transmitted through the sample. We also demonstrate that the
             magnetoelectric coupling that gives rise to the
             bianisotropic response is suppressed by symmetrizing the SRR
             composite structure and provide measurements comparing the
             cross polarization of the symmetric and asymmetric
             structures. © 2006 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2218033},
   Key = {063210058628}
}

@booklet{Smith06a,
   Author = {D. R. Smith and J. Gollub and J. J. Mock and W. J. Padilla and D. Schurig},
   Title = {Calculation and measurement of bianisotropy in a split ring
             resonator metamaterial},
   Journal = {Journal Of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {2},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0021-8979},
   Abstract = {A medium that exhibits artificial magnetism can be formed by
             assembling an array of split ring resonators (SRRs)-planar
             conducting elements that exhibit a resonant response to
             electromagnetic radiation. The SRR exhibits a large magnetic
             dipole moment when excited by a magnetic field directed
             along its axis. However, the SRR also exhibits an electric
             response that can be quite large depending on the symmetry
             of the SRR and the orientation of the SRR with respect to
             the electric component of the field. So, while the SRR
             medium can be considered as having a predominantly magnetic
             response for certain orientations with respect to the
             incident wave, it is generally the case that the SRR
             exhibits magnetoelectric coupling, and hence a medium of
             SRRs arranged so as to break mirror symmetry about one of
             the axes will exhibit bianisotropy. We present here a method
             of directly calculating the magnetoelectric coupling terms
             using averages over the fields computed from full-wave
             finite-element based numerical simulations. We confirm the
             predicted bianisotropy of a fabricated SRR medium by
             measuring the cross polarization of a microwave beam
             transmitted through the sample. We also demonstrate that the
             magnetoelectric coupling that gives rise to the
             bianisotropic response is suppressed by symmetrizing the SRR
             composite structure and provide measurements comparing the
             cross polarization of the symmetric and asymmetric
             structures. (c) 2006 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Key = {Smith06a}
}

@article{fds269686,
   Author = {Pendry, JB and Smith, DR},
   Title = {The quest for the superlens.},
   Journal = {Scientific American},
   Volume = {295},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {60-67},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0036-8733},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0706-60},
   Abstract = {The superlens, made from metamaterials with bizarre,
             controversial optical properties have the capacity to
             produce images that include details finer than the
             wavelength of light that is used. When an electromagnetic
             wave travels through a material, the electrons within the
             material's atoms or molecules experience a force and move in
             response to it. This motion uses up some some of the wave's
             energy which affects the properties of the wave and the way
             in which it travels. Resonance, which is the tendency to
             oscillate at a particular frequency, is the key to achieving
             a negative response and is introduced artificially in a
             metamaterial by building small circuits designed to mimic
             the magnetic or electrical response of a material. The
             demonstration of superlensing id the latest of many
             predictions for negative-index materials to be realized
             which is an indication of the rapid progress that has
             occurred in the emerging field.},
   Doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0706-60},
   Key = {fds269686}
}

@booklet{Padilla06,
   Author = {Padilla, WJ and Basov, DN and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Negative refractive index metamaterials},
   Journal = {Materials Today},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {7-8},
   Pages = {28-35},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {1369-7021},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(06)71573-5},
   Abstract = {Engineered materials composed of designed inclusions can
             exhibit exotic and unique electromagnetic properties not
             inherent in the individual constituent components. These
             artificially structured composites, known as metamaterials,
             have the potential to fill critical voids in the
             electromagnetic spectrum where material response is limited
             and enable the construction of novel devices. Recently,
             metamaterials that display negative refractive index - a
             property not found in any known naturally occurring material
             - have drawn significant scientific interest, underscoring
             the remarkable potential of metamaterials to facilitate new
             developments in electromagnetism. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All
             rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S1369-7021(06)71573-5},
   Key = {Padilla06}
}

@article{fds269685,
   Author = {Pendry, JB and Schurig, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Controlling electromagnetic fields.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {312},
   Number = {5781},
   Pages = {1780-1782},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0036-8075},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1125907},
   Abstract = {Using the freedom of design that metamaterials provide, we
             show how electromagnetic fields can be redirected at will
             and propose a design strategy. The conserved fields-electric
             displacement field D, magnetic induction field B, and
             Poynting vector B-are all displaced in a consistent manner.
             A simple illustration is given of the cloaking of a
             proscribed volume of space to exclude completely all
             electromagnetic fields. Our work has relevance to exotic
             lens design and to the cloaking of objects from
             electromagnetic fields.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1125907},
   Key = {fds269685}
}

@article{fds319565,
   Author = {Driscoll, T and Basov, DN and Starr, AF and Rye, PM and Nemat-Nasser, S and Schurig, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Free-space microwave focusing by a negative-index gradient
             lens},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {88},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {081101-081101},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2174088},
   Abstract = {Metamaterial structures designed to have simultaneously
             negative permittivity and permeability are known as
             left-handed materials. Their complexity and our
             understanding of their properties have advanced rapidly to
             the point where direct applications are now viable. We
             present a radial gradient-index lens with an index of
             refraction ranging from -2.67 (edge) to -0.97 (center).
             Experimentally, we find that the lens can produce field
             intensities at the focus that are greater than that of the
             incident plane wave. These results are obtained at 10.3 GHz
             and in excellent agreement with full-wave simulations. We
             also demonstrate an advanced fabrication technique using
             conventional printed circuit board technology which offers
             significant design, mechanical, and cost advantages over
             other microwave lens constructions. © 2006 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2174088},
   Key = {fds319565}
}

@booklet{Smith06b,
   Author = {D. R. Smith and J. B. Pendry},
   Title = {Homogenization of metamaterials by field averaging (invited
             paper)},
   Journal = {Journal Of The Optical Society Of America B-optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {391 -- 403},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0740-3224},
   Abstract = {Over the past several years, metamaterials have been
             introduced and rapidly been adopted as a means of achieving
             unique electromagnetic material response. In metamaterials,
             artificially structured-often periodically
             positioned-inclusions replace the atoms and molecules of
             conventional materials. The scale of these inclusions is
             smaller than that of the electromagnetic wavelength of
             interest, so that a homogenized description applies. We
             present a homogenization technique in which macroscopic
             fields are determined via averaging the local fields
             obtained from a full-wave electromagnetic simulation or
             analytical calculation. The field-averaging method can be
             applied to homogenize any periodic structure with unit cells
             having inclusions of arbitrary geometry and material. By
             analyzing the dispersion diagrams and retrieved parameters
             found by field averaging, we review the properties of
             several basic metamaterial structures. (c) 2006 Optical
             Society of America.},
   Key = {Smith06b}
}

@article{fds331010,
   Author = {Elsdon, M and Smith, D and Leach, M and Foti, SJ},
   Title = {Experimental investigation of breast tumor imaging using
             indirect microwave holography},
   Journal = {Microwave and Optical Technology Letters},
   Volume = {48},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {480-482},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.21384},
   Abstract = {A novel indirect holographic technique for the early
             detection of breast cancer, which offers considerable
             benefits in terms of simplicity and expense, is presented
             and discussed. It is shown how this approach, usually
             employed at optical frequencies, can be adapted to image
             breast tumors at microwave frequencies. Practical results,
             using a simulated phantom, successfully demonstrate the
             validity of this technique. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals,
             Inc.},
   Doi = {10.1002/mop.21384},
   Key = {fds331010}
}

@article{8775845,
   Author = {Schurig, D and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Electric-field-coupled resonators for negative permittivity
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {88},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1-3},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2166681},
   Keywords = {metamaterials;permittivity;resonators;},
   Abstract = {A lithographically patterned inductive-capacitive resonator
             is described that has a strong electric response. This
             resonator can be used to construct metamaterials with
             desired positive or negative permittivity. Such materials
             provide an alternative to wire media, and have the benefit
             of not requiring continuous current paths between unit
             cells. A planar medium composed of these resonators was
             simulated, fabricated, and measured in the microwave
             frequency range. © 2006 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2166681},
   Key = {8775845}
}

@booklet{Degiron06,
   Author = {A. Degiron and D. R. Smith},
   Title = {Numerical simulations of long-range plasmons},
   Journal = {Optics Express},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1611 -- 1625},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   Abstract = {We present simulations of plasmonic transmission lines
             consisting of planar metal strips embedded in isotropic
             dielectric media, with a particular emphasis on the
             long-range surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes that can be
             supported in such structures. Our computational method is
             based on analyzing the eigenfrequencies corresponding to the
             wave equation subject to a mixture of periodic, electric and
             magnetic boundary conditions. We demonstrate the accuracy of
             our approach through comparisons with previously reported
             simulations based on the semi-analytical method-of-lines. We
             apply our method to study a variety of aspects of long-range
             SPPs, including tradeoffs between mode confinement and
             propagation distance, the modeling of bent waveguides and
             the effect of disorder and periodicity on the long-ranging
             modes. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.},
   Key = {Degiron06}
}

@article{06099724955,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Smith, D},
   Title = {Numerical simulations of long-range plasmons.},
   Journal = {Optics express},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1611-1625},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.001611},
   Keywords = {Plasmas;Strip metal;Dielectric materials;Computer
             simulation;Boundary conditions;Computational
             methods;Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions;},
   Abstract = {We present simulations of plasmonic transmission lines
             consisting of planar metal strips embedded in isotropic
             dielectric media, with a particular emphasis on the
             long-range surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes that can be
             supported in such structures. Our computational method is
             based on analyzing the eigenfrequencies corresponding to the
             wave equation subject to a mixture of periodic, electric and
             magnetic boundary conditions. We demonstrate the accuracy of
             our approach through comparisons with previously reported
             simulations based on the semi-analytical method-of-lines. We
             apply our method to study a variety of aspects of long-range
             SPPs, including tradeoffs between mode confinement and
             propagation distance, the modeling of bent waveguides and
             the effect of disorder and periodicity on the long-ranging
             modes.},
   Doi = {10.1364/oe.14.001611},
   Key = {06099724955}
}

@article{fds335136,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Ingley, R and Holland, AD},
   Title = {Proton irradiation of EMCCDs},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {205-210},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TED.2005.861730},
   Abstract = {This paper describes the irradiation of 95 electron
             multiplication charge coupled devices (EMCCDs) at the Paul
             Scherrer Institut (PSI) in Switzerland, to investigate the
             effects of proton irradiation on the operational
             characteristics of CCDs featuring electron multiplication
             technology for space use. This work was carried out in
             support of the CCD development for the radial velocity
             spectrometer (RVS) instrument of the European Space Agency's
             cornerstone Gaia mission. Previous proton irradiations of
             EMCCDs, have shown the technology to be radiation hard to
             ∼10 × the required six-year Gaia lifetime proton fluence,
             with no device failures or unexpected operational changes.
             The purpose of the study described in this paper was to
             further investigate the statistical probability of device
             failure as a result of radiation damage, the large number of
             devices and high proton fluence used, making the study
             equivalent to testing ∼50 complete RVS CCD focal planes to
             the expected end of life proton dose. An outline of the
             earlier EMCCD proton irradiations is given, followed by a
             detailed description of the proton irradiation and
             characterization of the 95 devices used in this latest
             study. © 2006 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/TED.2005.861730},
   Key = {fds335136}
}

@article{fds331001,
   Author = {Elsdon, M and Leach, M and Fdo, MJ and Foti, SJ and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {Early stage breast cancer detection using indirect microwave
             holography},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the 36th European Microwave Conference, EuMC
             2006},
   Pages = {1256-1259},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9782960055160},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EUMC.2006.281223},
   Abstract = {A novel microwave imaging approach for early stage breast
             cancer detection is described. The proposed technique
             involves the use of an Indirect Microwave Holographic
             technique employing a patented synthetic reference wave.
             This approach offers benefits in terms of simplicity,
             expense, comfort and safety when compared to current
             mammography techniques. Experimental results using a
             simulated phantom are included to demonstrate the validity
             of this technique. © 2006 EuMA.},
   Doi = {10.1109/EUMC.2006.281223},
   Key = {fds331001}
}

@booklet{Schurig06a,
   Author = {D. Schurig and J. J. Mock and D. R. Smith},
   Title = {Electric-field-coupled resonators for negative permittivity
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {88},
   Number = {4},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   Abstract = {A lithographically patterned inductive-capacitive resonator
             is described that has a strong electric response. This
             resonator can be used to construct metamaterials with
             desired positive or negative permittivity. Such materials
             provide an alternative to wire media, and have the benefit
             of not requiring continuous current paths between unit
             cells. A planar medium composed of these resonators was
             simulated, fabricated, and measured in the microwave
             frequency range. (c) 2006 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Key = {Schurig06a}
}

@article{fds269585,
   Author = {Degiron, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Numerical simulations of plasmonic transmission
             lines},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {We present simulations of plasmonic transmission lines
             consisting of metal strips embedded in dielectric media. Our
             numerical method is based on calculating the eigenmodes
             using a finite-element method as will be illustrated by
             several examples. © 2005 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Key = {fds269585}
}

@article{fds269684,
   Author = {Browning, VM and Tanielian, MH and Ziolkowski, RW and Engheta, N and Smith, DR},
   Title = {A DoD perspective on left handed negative index materials
             and potential applications},
   Journal = {Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings},
   Volume = {919},
   Pages = {1-11},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0272-9172},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-0919-j01-02},
   Abstract = {In the quest for ever smaller, lighter weight, and conformal
             components and devices for radar and communication
             applications, researchers in the RF community have
             increasingly turned to artificially engineered, composite
             structures (or "metamaterials") in order to exploit the
             extraordinary electromagnetic response these materials
             offer. One particularly promising class of metamaterials
             that has recently received a great deal of attention are
             "left-handed" or negative index materials. Because these
             metamaterials exhibit the unique ability to bend and focus
             light in ways no other conventional materials can, they hold
             great potential for enabling a number of innovative lens and
             antenna structures for a broad range of commercial and DoD
             relevant applications. Exploring the possible implementation
             of negative index materials for such applications will
             require significant enhancements in the properties of
             existing Negative Index Materials (NIM) (bandwidth, loss,
             operational frequency, etc.), as well as improved
             understanding of the physics of their electromagnetic
             transport properties. For this reason the Defense Advanced
             Research Project Agency (DARPA) has initiated a program that
             seeks to further develop and demonstrate NIM for future DoD
             missions including, but not limited to, the following: 1)
             lightweight, compact lenses with improved optics; 2) sub
             wavelength/high resolution imaging across the
             electromagnetic spectrum; 3) novel approaches to beam
             steering for radar, RF, and/or optical communications; and
             4) novel approaches for integrating optics with
             semiconductor electronics. A brief overview of the salient
             properties of NIM will be presented as well as a general
             discussion of a few of their potential applications. © 2006
             Materials Research Society.},
   Doi = {10.1557/proc-0919-j01-02},
   Key = {fds269684}
}

@article{fds269776,
   Author = {Palit, S and Driscoll, T and Ren, T and Mock, J and Cho, SY and Jokerst,
             NM and Smith, D and Basov, D},
   Title = {Toward artificial magnetism using terahertz split ring
             resonator metamaterials},
   Journal = {Conference Proceedings - Lasers and Electro-Optics Society
             Annual Meeting-LEOS},
   Pages = {248-249},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1092-8081},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LEOS.2006.279022},
   Abstract = {Split Ring Resonator arrays have been fabricated to
             demonstrate magnetic resonance in the terahertz regime.
             Spectroscopic transmission measurements as a function of
             oblique angle enable quantitative values of the permeability
             to be calculated © 2006 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LEOS.2006.279022},
   Key = {fds269776}
}

@booklet{Padilla06a,
   Author = {Padilla, WJ and Smith, DR and Basov, DN},
   Title = {Spectroscopy of metamaterials from infrared top optical
             frequencies},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {404-414},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0740-3224},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.23.000404},
   Abstract = {We review both the theoretical electromagnetic response and
             the spectroscopic measurements of metamaterials. To
             critically examine published results for metamaterial
             structures operating in the range from terahertz to optical
             frequencies, we focus on protocols allowing one to extract
             the optical constants from experimental observables. We
             discuss the complexity of this task when applied to
             metamaterials exhibiting electric, magnetic, and
             magneto-optical response. The general theory of the
             electromagnetic response of such systems is presented and
             methods are described. Finally, we briefly overview possible
             solutions for implementing metamaterials with tunable
             resonant behavior. © 2006 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.23.000404},
   Key = {Padilla06a}
}

@article{06169829702,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Pendry, JB},
   Title = {Homogenization of metamaterials by field averaging (invited
             paper)},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {391-403},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0740-3224},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.23.000391},
   Keywords = {Optical properties;Electromagnetic waves;Dispersion
             (waves);Computer simulation;},
   Abstract = {Over the past several years, metamaterials have been
             introduced and rapidly been adopted as a means of achieving
             unique electromagnetic material response. In metamaterials,
             artificially structured - often periodically positioned -
             inclusions replace the atoms and molecules of conventional
             materials. The scale of these inclusions is smaller than
             that of the electromagnetic wavelength of interest, so that
             a homogenized description applies. We present a
             homogenization technique in which macroscopic fields are
             determined via averaging the local fields obtained from a
             full-wave electromagnetic simulation or analytical
             calculation. The field-averaging method can be applied to
             homogenize any periodic structure with unit cells having
             inclusions of arbitrary geometry and material. By analyzing
             the dispersion diagrams and retrieved parameters found by
             field averaging, we review the properties of several basic
             metamaterial structures. © 2006 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.23.000391},
   Key = {06169829702}
}

@article{063910137125,
   Author = {Justice, Bryan J. and Mock, Jack J. and Guo, Liheng and Degiron, Aloyse and Schurig, David and Smith, David
             R.},
   Title = {Spatial mapping of the internal and external electromagnetic
             fields of negative index metamaterials},
   Journal = {Optics Express},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {8694 - 8705},
   Year = {2006},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.008694},
   Keywords = {Conformal mapping;Spatial variables control;Microwaves;Natural
             frequencies;Microwave antennas;Waveguides;Electric
             fields;Electric field effects;Microstructure;},
   Abstract = {We perform an experimental study of the phase and amplitude
             of microwaves interacting with and scattered by
             two-dimensional negative index metamaterials. The
             measurements are performed in a parallel plate waveguide
             apparatus at X-band frequencies (8-12 GHz), thus
             constraining the electromagnetic fields to two dimensions. A
             detection antenna is fixed to one of the plates, while a
             second plate with a fixed source antenna or waveguide is
             translated relative to the first plate. The detection
             antenna is inserted into, but not protruding below, the
             stationary plate so that fields internal to the metamaterial
             samples can be mapped. From the measured mappings of the
             electric field, the interplay between the microstructure of
             the metamaterial lattice and the macroscopic averaged
             response is revealed. For example, the mapped phase fronts
             within a metamaterial having a negative refractive index are
             consistent with a macroscopic phase - in accordance with the
             effective medium predictions - which travels in a direction
             opposite to the direction of propagation. The field maps are
             in excellent agreement with finite element numerical
             simulations performed assuming homogeneous metamaterial
             structures. &copy; 2006 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Key = {063910137125}
}

@article{fds331011,
   Author = {Elsdon, M and Smith, D and Leach, M and Foti, S},
   Title = {Microwave imaging of concealed metal objects using a novel
             indirect holographic method},
   Journal = {Microwave and Optical Technology Letters},
   Volume = {47},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {536-537},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.21222},
   Abstract = {A novel, inexpensive technique for the detection of
             concealed metal objects is presented and discussed. It is
             shown that an indirect holographic method, usually employed
             at optical frequencies, can he adapted to image objects at
             microwave frequencies. The practical results successfully
             demonstrate that this technique can be used to determine the
             location and shape of the concealed object. © 2005 Wiley Pe
             riodicals, Inc.},
   Doi = {10.1002/mop.21222},
   Key = {fds331011}
}

@article{8482582,
   Author = {Gollub, JN and Smith, DR and Vier, DC and Perram, T and Mock,
             JJ},
   Title = {Experimental characterization of magnetic surface plasmons
             on metamaterials with negative permeability},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {195402 - 1},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.195402},
   Keywords = {attenuated total reflection;finite element analysis;magnetic
             permeability;metamaterials;permittivity;surface
             plasmons;},
   Abstract = {We study the surface plasmons (SPs) that exist at the
             interface between air and a metamaterial constructed of
             split ring resonators (SRRs). The SRR metamaterial possesses
             a frequency band in the microwave regime (12.5-14 GHz) over
             which the permeability is negative. We apply an attenuated
             total reflection technique in the Otto configuration in
             which a beam of microwaves is reflected from a higher
             dielectric (polycarbonate) prism to excite and probe the
             surface plasmons. The resulting evanescent microwave fields
             on the transmission side of the prism couple to SPs on the
             metamaterial and are indicated by a dip in the reflected
             power. The experimental data are compared with analytic
             solutions in which the metamaterial slab is approximated as
             an infinite half space, for which the frequency-dependent
             permeability (and permittivity) is derived from
             finite-element simulations on an SRR structure with the same
             parameters as those measured. © 2005 The American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.71.195402},
   Key = {8482582}
}

@article{fds335137,
   Author = {Short, A and Hopkinson, G and Laborie, A and Pouny, P and Vetel, C and Eaton, T and Steward, R and Holland, A and Hutchinson, I and Smith, D and De Bruijne and J and Garé, P and Perryman, M and Sarri, G and Zayer,
             I},
   Title = {Gaia astrometric CCDs and focal plane},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5902},
   Pages = {1-14},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.616999},
   Abstract = {ESA's Gaia astrometry mission is due for launch in 2011. The
             astrometric instrument focal plane will have an area of up
             to 0.5m2 and will contain more than 100 CCDs. These will be
             operated in Time Delay and Integration mode in order to
             track and observe sources whilst the telescopes continuously
             scan the sky. Gaia's target for astrometric precision of a
             few millionths of an arc second, places extreme demands on
             focal plane thermo-mechanical stability and electronics
             performance. The CCDs themselves are large area, back
             illuminated, full-frame, four phase devices. They require
             maximum efficiency for observing the majority of (faint)
             objects, yet must simultaneously be able to handle very
             bright objects that will regularly cross the field of view.
             Achieving the final astrometric precision will also require
             excellent noise performance and MTF. In addition to
             demanding excellent performance from each CCD, they will
             need to be produced in large numbers which raises production
             and yield issues. When analyzing Gaia data it will be
             essential to understand and calibrate CCD behaviour
             correctly, including the expected performance degradation
             due to radiation damage. This is being addressed through
             comprehensive testing and the development of CCD
             models.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.616999},
   Key = {fds335137}
}

@article{fds335138,
   Author = {Holland, AD and Castelli, C and Hutchinson, I and Smith, DR and Calafell, J and Pool, P and Burt, D and Ambrosi, R and French,
             M},
   Title = {MOS CCDs for the Wide Field Imager on the XEUS
             Spacecraft},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5898},
   Pages = {1-12},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.639708},
   Abstract = {In recent years the XEUS mission concept has evolved and has
             been the subject of several industrial studies. The mission
             concept has now matured to the point that it could be
             proposed for a Phase A study and subsequent flight
             programme. The key feature of XEUS will be its X-ray optic
             with collecting area ∼30-100x that of XMM. The mission is
             envisaged at an orbit around the L2 point in space, and is
             formed from two spacecraft; one for the mirrors, and the
             other for the focal plane detectors. With a focal length of
             50m, the plate scale of the optic is 6.5x that of XMM, which
             using existing focal plane technology will reduce the
             effective field of view to a few arc minutes. Cryogenic
             instrumentation, with detector sizes of a few mm can only be
             used for narrow field studies of target objects, and a wide
             field instrument is under consideration using a DEPFET pixel
             array to image out to a diameter of 5 arcminutes, requiring
             an array of dimension 70mm. It is envisaged to extend this
             field of view possibly out to 15 arcminutes through the use
             of an outer detection ring comprised of MOS
             CCDs.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.639708},
   Key = {fds335138}
}

@article{fds335139,
   Author = {Pool, PJ and Morris, DG and Burt, DJ and Bell, RT and Holland, AD and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Application of electron multiplying CCD technology in space
             instrumentation},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5902},
   Pages = {1-6},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.621627},
   Abstract = {Electron multiplying CCD (EMCCD) technology has found
             important initial applications in low light surveillance and
             photon starved scientific instrumentation. This paper
             discusses the attributes of the EMCCD which make it useful
             for certain space instruments, particularly those which are
             photon starved, and explores likely risks from the radiation
             expected in such instruments.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.621627},
   Key = {fds335139}
}

@article{fds331012,
   Author = {Smith, D and Leach, M and Elsdon, M and Fernando, MJ and Foti,
             SJ},
   Title = {Imaging of dielectric objects from phase patterns
             reconstructed using indirect holographic intensity
             patterns},
   Journal = {ICEAA 2005 - 9th International Conference on
             Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications and EESC 2005 -
             11th European Electromagnetic Structures
             Conference},
   Pages = {401-404},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9788882020934},
   Abstract = {This work provides a discussion of a technique developed at
             Northumbria University that enables full 3D object images to
             be recorded in a 2D intensity pattern, by utilizing the
             holographic principle originally developed as an optical
             technique.},
   Key = {fds331012}
}

@article{fds331013,
   Author = {Smith, D and Leach, M and Elsdon, M and Foti, SJ},
   Title = {Imaging dielectric objects from scalar intensity patterns by
             means of indirect holography},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Volume = {1 A},
   Pages = {177-180},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9780780388833},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.2005.1551275},
   Abstract = {An indirect microwave holographic technique for the
             reconstruction of complex scattered fields and the imaging
             of objects from a single holographic intensity pattern is
             described. The holographic intensity pattern is constructed
             by combining the signal scattered from the dielectric object
             with a synthesised reference signal. This dispenses with the
             need for expensive phase measuring equipment. Reconstructed
             magnitude and phase patterns of the original object have
             been determined using an adaptation of optical techniques.
             This work describes how dielectric objects of low contrast
             to the background when viewed using reconstructed magnitude
             patterns can be imaged from reconstructed phase patterns ©
             2005 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.2005.1551275},
   Key = {fds331013}
}

@article{fds269678,
   Author = {Martin, MC and Zhao, H and Liddle, A and Anderson, EH and Padilla, WJ and Schurig, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Fabrication and optical measurements of nanoscale
             meta-materials: Terahertz and beyond},
   Journal = {The Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and
             Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conference on
             Terahertz Electronics, 2005. IRMMW-THz 2005},
   Volume = {1},
   Pages = {34-35},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   Key = {fds269678}
}

@article{fds269679,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schurig, D},
   Title = {New optics using negative refraction},
   Journal = {2005 OSA Topical Meeting on Information Photonics, IP
             2005},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {We summarize the benefits that negative index materials
             (NIMs), realizable in artificially constructed
             metamaterials, can have on both geometrical and wave optics.
             NIMs may lead to novel or improved future optical devices.
             © Optical Society of America.},
   Key = {fds269679}
}

@booklet{Greegor05,
   Author = {Greegor, RB and Parazzoli, CG and Nielsen, JA and Thompson, MA and Tanielian, MH and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Simulation and testing of a graded negative index of
             refraction lens},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {9},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2037202},
   Abstract = {A gradient index (GRIN) lens using a negative index of
             refraction material (NIM) has been designed and tested. The
             GRIN lens was fabricated using a NIM slab with a variable
             index of refraction perpendicular to the propagation
             direction. Ray tracing calculations based on the isotropic
             Eikonal equation determined the index of refraction gradient
             required for a given focal length. An electromagnetic code
             was then used to design the required ring and wire unit
             cells. Finally, the index of refraction was approximated
             using ten discrete steps in an effective medium simulation
             for the GRIN lens that agreed with the experimental
             measurements. © 2005 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2037202},
   Key = {Greegor05}
}

@article{8601580,
   Author = {Schurig, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Sub-diffraction imaging with compensating
             bilayers},
   Journal = {New Journal of Physics},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {162-162},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1367-2630},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/162},
   Keywords = {lenses;metamaterials;optical focusing;refractive
             index;},
   Abstract = {We derive a general expression for the material properties
             of a compensating bilayer, which is a pair of material
             layers which transfer the field distribution from one side
             of the bilayer to the other with resolution limited only by
             the deviation of the material properties from specified
             values. One of the layers can be free space, a special case
             of which is the perfect lens, but the layers need not have
             equal thickness. Compensating a thick layer of free space
             with a thin layer creates a focusing device with increased
             working distance, and employs an anisotropic material. It is
             also possible to achieve compensation of materials with
             property tensors that are neither positive nor negative
             definite. In this case, we refer to such media as
             indefinite, and we analyse, in detail, bilayers of these
             media which support coupling of internal propagating waves
             to incident waves of any transverse wave vector. In this
             case, we find that the enhanced spatial resolution provided
             by large transverse wave vectors is far less sensitive to
             loss than that of the perfect lens. © IOP Publishing Ltd
             and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/162},
   Key = {8601580}
}

@article{fds269576,
   Author = {Schurig, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Negative Index Lenses},
   Pages = {213-248},
   Publisher = {JOHN WILEY & SONS INC},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471744751.ch5},
   Doi = {10.1002/0471744751.ch5},
   Key = {fds269576}
}

@booklet{Schurig05,
   Author = {D. Schurig and D. R. Smith},
   Title = {Sub-diffraction imaging with compensating
             bilayers},
   Journal = {New Journal Of Physics},
   Volume = {7},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1367-2630},
   Abstract = {We derive a general expression for the material properties
             of a compensating bilayer, which is a pair of material
             layers which transfer the field distribution from one side
             of the bilayer to the other with resolution limited only by
             the deviation of the material properties from specified
             values. One of the layers can be free space, a special case
             of which is the perfect lens, but the layers need not have
             equal thickness. Compensating a thick layer of free space
             with a thin layer creates a focusing device with increased
             working distance, and employs an anisotropic material. It is
             also possible to achieve compensation of materials with
             property tensors that are neither positive nor negative
             definite. In this case, we refer to such media as
             indefinite, and we analyse, in detail, bilayers of these
             media which support coupling of internal propagating waves
             to incident waves of any transverse wave vector. In this
             case, we find that the enhanced spatial resolution provided
             by large transverse wave vectors is far less sensitive to
             loss than that of the perfect lens.},
   Key = {Schurig05}
}

@article{fds269676,
   Author = {Padilla, WJ and Yen, TJ and Fang, N and Vier, DC and Smith, DR and Pendry,
             JB and Zhang, X and Basov, DN},
   Title = {Infrared spectroscopy and ellipsometry of magnetic
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of
             SPIE},
   Volume = {5732},
   Pages = {460-469},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {1605-7422},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.581787},
   Abstract = {We present S and P polarized measurements of artificial
             bianisotropic magnetic metamaterials with resonant behavior
             at infrared frequencies. These metamaterials consist of an
             array of micron sized (∼40μm) copper rings fabricated
             upon a quartz substrate. Simulation of the reflectance is
             obtained through a combination of electromagnetic eigenmode
             simulation and Jones matrix analysis, and we find excellent
             agreement with the experimental data. It is shown that
             although the artificial magnetic materials do indeed exhibit
             a magnetic response, care must be taken to avoid an
             undesirable electric dipole resonance, due to lack of
             reflection symmetry in one orientation. The effects of
             bianisotropy on negative index are detailed and shown to be
             beneficial for certain configurations of the material
             parameters.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.581787},
   Key = {fds269676}
}

@article{fds335141,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Holland, AD},
   Title = {Proton irradiation of e2v technologies L3Vision
             devices},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {546},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {544-552},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.02.035},
   Abstract = {This paper describes the proton irradiation and subsequent
             analysis of 8 e2v technologies CCD65 L3Vision devices with
             the intention of assessing the suitability of L3Vision
             technology to applications in space. In particular the use
             of L3Vision charge coupled devices (CCDs) on the Radial
             Velocity Spectrometer (RVS) instrument of the planned
             European Space Agency GAIA mission is discussed. The
             operational properties of the devices were characterised
             before irradiation with protons to a 10 MeV equivalent
             fluence of 2.5×109protonscm-2. The devices were then
             characterised again before undergoing a second proton
             irradiation which increased the total 10 MeV equivalent
             proton fluence received by each device to
             2.1×1010protonscm-2. All 8 devices functioned as expected
             after each irradiation, with no catastrophic failures
             occurring even after the second irradiation which increased
             the total proton fluence to approximately 10 times the
             expected 6 year RVS fluence. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All
             rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2005.02.035},
   Key = {fds335141}
}

@booklet{Koschny05,
   Author = {Koschny, T and Markoš, P and Economou, EN and Smith, DR and Vier, DC and Soukoulis, CM},
   Title = {Impact of inherent periodic structure on effective medium
             description of left-handed and related metamaterials},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {24},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.245105},
   Abstract = {We study the frequency dependence of the effective
             electromagnetic parameters of left-handed and related
             metamaterials of the split ring resonator and wire type. We
             show that the reduced translational symmetry (periodic
             structure) inherent to these metamaterials influences their
             effective electromagnetic response. To anticipate this
             periodicity, we formulate a periodic effective medium model
             which enables us to distinguish the resonant behavior of
             electromagnetic parameters from effects of the periodicity
             of the structure. We use this model for the analysis of
             numerical data for the transmission and reflection of
             periodic arrays of split ring resonators, thin metallic
             wires, cut wires, as well as the left-handed structures. The
             present method enables us to identify the origin of the
             previously observed resonance-antiresonance coupling as well
             as the occurrence of negative imaginary parts in the
             effective permittivities and permeabilities of those
             materials. Our analysis shows that the periodicity of the
             structure can be neglected only for the wavelength of the
             electromagnetic wave larger than 30 space periods of the
             investigated structure. © 2005 The American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.71.245105},
   Key = {Koschny05}
}

@booklet{Gollub05,
   Author = {J. N. Gollub and D. R. Smith and D. C. Vier and T. Perram and J. J. Mock},
   Title = {Experimental characterization of magnetic surface plasmons
             on metamaterials with negative permeability},
   Journal = {Physical Review B},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {19},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1098-0121},
   Abstract = {We study the surface plasmons (SPs) that exist at the
             interface between air and a metamaterial constructed of
             split ring resonators (SRRs). The SRR metamaterial possesses
             a frequency band in the microwave regime (12.5-14 GHz) over
             which the permeability is negative. We apply an attenuated
             total reflection technique in the Otto configuration in
             which a beam of microwaves is reflected from a higher
             dielectric (polycarbonate) prism to excite and probe the
             surface plasmons. The resulting evanescent microwave fields
             on the transmission side of the prism couple to SPs on the
             metamaterial and are indicated by a dip in the reflected
             power. The experimental data are compared with analytic
             solutions in which the metamaterial slab is approximated as
             an infinite half space, for which the frequency-dependent
             permeability (and permittivity) is derived from
             finite-element simulations on an SRR structure with the same
             parameters as those measured.},
   Key = {Gollub05}
}

@article{fds269680,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {Applied physics. How to build a superlens.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {308},
   Number = {5721},
   Pages = {502-503},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15845838},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1110900},
   Key = {fds269680}
}

@booklet{Depine05,
   Author = {Depine, RA and Lakhtakia, A and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Enhanced diffraction by a rectangular grating made of a
             negative phase-velocity (or negative index)
             material},
   Journal = {Physics Letters, Section A: General, Atomic and Solid State
             Physics},
   Volume = {337},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {155-160},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0375-9601},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2005.01.028},
   Abstract = {The diffraction of electromagnetic plane waves by a
             rectangular grating formed by discrete steps in the
             interface of a homogeneous, isotropic, linear, negative
             phase-velocity (negative index) material with free space is
             studied using the semi-analytic C method. When a nonspecular
             diffracted order is of the propagating type, coupling to
             that order is significantly larger for a negative index
             material than for a conventional material. The computed
             coupling strengths reported here are in agreement with
             recent experiments, and illustrate the role of evanescent
             fields localized at the grating interface in producing this
             enhanced coupling. © 2005 Published by Elsevier
             B.V.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.physleta.2005.01.028},
   Key = {Depine05}
}

@booklet{Smith05a,
   Author = {D. R. Smith and D. C. Vier and T. Koschny and C. M.
             Soukoulis},
   Title = {Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous
             metamaterials},
   Journal = {Physical Review E},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {3},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1063-651X},
   Abstract = {We discuss the validity of standard retrieval methods that
             assign bulk electromagnetic properties, such as the electric
             permittivity epsilon and the magnetic permeability mu, from
             calculations of the scattering (S) parameters for
             finite-thickness samples. S-parameter retrieval methods have
             recently become the principal means of characterizing
             artificially structured metamaterials, which, by nature, are
             inherently inhomogeneous. While the unit cell of a
             metamaterial can be made considerably smaller than the free
             space wavelength, there remains a significant variation of
             the phase across the unit cell at operational frequencies in
             nearly all metamaterial structures reported to date. In this
             respect, metamaterials do not rigorously satisfy an
             effective medium limit and are closer conceptually to
             photonic crystals. Nevertheless, we show here that a
             modification of the standard S-parameter retrieval procedure
             yields physically reasonable values for the retrieved
             electromagnetic parameters, even when there is significant
             inhomogeneity within the unit cell of the structure. We thus
             distinguish a metamaterial regime, as opposed to the
             effective medium or photonic crystal regimes, in which a
             refractive index can be rigorously established but where the
             wave impedance can only be approximately defined. We present
             numerical simulations on typical metamaterial structures to
             illustrate the modified retrieval algorithm and the impact
             on the retrieved material parameters. We find that no
             changes to the standard retrieval procedures are necessary
             when the inhomogeneous unit cell is symmetric along the
             propagation axis; however, when the unit cell does not
             possess this symmetry, a modified procedure-in which a
             periodic structure is assumed-is required to obtain
             meaningful electromagnetic material parameters.},
   Key = {Smith05a}
}

@booklet{Smith05,
   Author = {D. R. Smith and J. J. Mock and A. F. Starr and D.
             Schurig},
   Title = {Gradient index metamaterials},
   Journal = {Physical Review E},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {3},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1063-651X},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials-artificially structured materials with
             tailored electromagnetic response-can be designed to have
             properties difficult or impossible to achieve with
             traditional materials fabrication methods. Here we present a
             structured metamaterial, based on conducting split ring
             resonators (SRRs), which has an effective index of
             refraction with a constant spatial gradient. We
             experimentally confirm the gradient by measuring the
             deflection of a microwave beam by a planar slab of the
             composite metamaterial over a range of microwave
             frequencies. The gradient index metamaterial may prove an
             advantageous alternative approach to the development of
             gradient index lenses and similar optics, especially at
             higher frequencies. In particular, the gradient index
             metamaterial we propose may be suited for terahertz
             applications, where the magnetic resonant response of SRRs
             has recently been demonstrated.},
   Key = {Smith05}
}

@article{8388993,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Mock, JJ and Starr, AF and Schurig,
             D},
   Title = {Gradient index metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {3 Pt 2B},
   Pages = {036609},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.71.036609},
   Keywords = {metamaterials;microwave photonics;optical
             materials;refractive index;},
   Abstract = {Metamaterials--artificially structured materials with
             tailored electromagnetic response--can be designed to have
             properties difficult or impossible to achieve with
             traditional materials fabrication methods. Here we present a
             structured metamaterial, based on conducting split ring
             resonators (SRRs), which has an effective index of
             refraction with a constant spatial gradient. We
             experimentally confirm the gradient by measuring the
             deflection of a microwave beam by a planar slab of the
             composite metamaterial over a range of microwave
             frequencies. The gradient index metamaterial may prove an
             advantageous alternative approach to the development of
             gradient index lenses and similar optics, especially at
             higher frequencies. In particular, the gradient index
             metamaterial we propose may be suited for terahertz
             applications, where the magnetic resonant response of SRRs
             has recently been demonstrated.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.71.036609},
   Key = {8388993}
}

@article{8420161,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Vier, DC and Koschny, T and Soukoulis,
             CM},
   Title = {Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous
             metamaterials.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {3 Pt 2B},
   Pages = {036617},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.71.036617},
   Keywords = {metamaterials;optical materials;periodic
             structures;S-parameters;},
   Abstract = {We discuss the validity of standard retrieval methods that
             assign bulk electromagnetic properties, such as the electric
             permittivity epsilon and the magnetic permeability mu, from
             calculations of the scattering (S) parameters for
             finite-thickness samples. S-parameter retrieval methods have
             recently become the principal means of characterizing
             artificially structured metamaterials, which, by nature, are
             inherently inhomogeneous. While the unit cell of a
             metamaterial can be made considerably smaller than the free
             space wavelength, there remains a significant variation of
             the phase across the unit cell at operational frequencies in
             nearly all metamaterial structures reported to date. In this
             respect, metamaterials do not rigorously satisfy an
             effective medium limit and are closer conceptually to
             photonic crystals. Nevertheless, we show here that a
             modification of the standard S-parameter retrieval procedure
             yields physically reasonable values for the retrieved
             electromagnetic parameters, even when there is significant
             inhomogeneity within the unit cell of the structure. We thus
             distinguish a metamaterial regime, as opposed to the
             effective medium or photonic crystal regimes, in which a
             refractive index can be rigorously established but where the
             wave impedance can only be approximately defined. We present
             numerical simulations on typical metamaterial structures to
             illustrate the modified retrieval algorithm and the impact
             on the retrieved material parameters. We find that no
             changes to the standard retrieval procedures are necessary
             when the inhomogeneous unit cell is symmetric along the
             propagation axis; however, when the unit cell does not
             possess this symmetry, a modified procedure--in which a
             periodic structure is assumed--is required to obtain
             meaningful electromagnetic material parameters.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.71.036617},
   Key = {8420161}
}

@article{fds335142,
   Author = {Ambrosi, MR and Smith, DR and Abbey, AF and Hutchinson, IB and Kendziorra, E and Short, A and Holland, A and Turner, MJL and Wells,
             A},
   Title = {Erratum: The impact of low energy proton damage on the
             operational characteristics of EPIC-MOS CCDs (Nuclear
             Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B (2003) 207
             (175-185) DOI:10.1016/S0168-583X(03)008832.2)},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
   Volume = {229},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {159},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.11.027},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2004.11.027},
   Key = {fds335142}
}

@article{fds335132,
   Author = {Feder, R and Mazzucato, E and Munsat, T and Park, H and Smith, DR and Ellis, R and Labik, G and Priniski, C},
   Title = {Mechanical design of the NSTX high-k scattering
             diagnostic},
   Journal = {Proceedings - Symposium on Fusion Engineering},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781424401505},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/FUSION.2005.252971},
   Abstract = {The NSTX High-k Scattering Diagnostic measures small-scale
             density fluctuations by the heterodyne detection of waves
             scattered from a millimeter wave probe beam at 280 GHz and
             λ=1. 07 mm. To enable this measurement, major alterations
             were made to the NSTX vacuum vessel and Neutral Beam armor.
             Close collaboration between the PPPL physics and engineering
             staff resulted in a flexible system with steerable launch
             and detection optics that can position the scattering volume
             either near the magnetic axis (p ≈ . T) or near the edge
             (p ≈ . 8). ISO feet of carefully aligned corrugated
             waveguide was installed for injection of the probe beam and
             collection of the scattered signal in to the detection
             electronics. © IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/FUSION.2005.252971},
   Key = {fds335132}
}

@article{fds269584,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schurig, D},
   Title = {New optics using negative refraction},
   Journal = {Optics InfoBase Conference Papers},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {We summarize the benefits that negative index materials
             (NIMs), realizable in artificially constructed
             metamaterials, can have on both geometrical and wave optics.
             NIMs may lead to novel or improved future optical devices.
             © Optical Society of America.},
   Key = {fds269584}
}

@article{fds269681,
   Author = {Smith, D},
   Title = {Superlens breaks optical barrier},
   Journal = {Physics World},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {23-24},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/18/8/30},
   Abstract = {A lens developed by physicists that can image nano-scale
             objects using visible light is discussed. It is found that
             diffraction restricts the resolution of microscopes and
             other optical devices to the wavelength of light used. The
             new superlens can produce a much sharper image than a
             conventional lens because it is bale to focus the near field
             components of the transmitted light. The lenses could be
             used to image structures with a resolution as high as
             one-quarter the wavelength of the incident light.
             Superlensing may find applications in industries such as
             optical lithography or optical storage and will enable
             manufacturers to fabricate devices on smaller
             scales.},
   Doi = {10.1088/2058-7058/18/8/30},
   Key = {fds269681}
}

@article{fds335140,
   Author = {Ambrosi, RM and Holland, AD and Smith, DR and Hutchinson, IB and Denby,
             M},
   Title = {The effect of the prompt particle environment at L2 on
             optical CCDs for astronomy and astrophysics},
   Journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {14-15},
   Pages = {1449-1465},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2005.10.004},
   Abstract = {The increasing number of probes carrying large focal planes
             consisting of many charge-coupled devices (CCDs), planned to
             be sent to the L2 Lagrangian point, 1.5 million kilometres
             from Earth in the next 15 years, implies that a detailed
             study of the effects of the prompt particle environment at
             L2 on CCDs is required. The focus of this study will be on
             CCDs for optical astronomy, astrometry and photometric
             applications. This study will be of particular interest to
             GAIA the European Space Agency's (ESA) cornerstone optical
             astronomy mission to further explore and map sections of our
             galaxy in greater detail. The results will also have
             implications for future X-ray astronomy missions like the
             X-ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy Mission (XEUS). Both
             the above missions will require large area focal planes
             incorporating many CCD detectors. The sources of the
             instrument background are both solar and galactic and if a
             probe is launched around the peak in the next solar cycle
             (2010), the possible false detection rate or the amount of
             data that could be lost during a mission must be determined.
             This paper presents measured data for a spacecraft in a
             geostationary orbit, specifically Geosynchronous Operational
             Environmental Satellites (GOES) data, and makes predictions
             of the flux and energy of the particle environment at L2.
             The solar and galactic cosmic ray background was determined
             by using the Cosmic Ray Effects on Micro-Electronics or
             CREME96 code. A comparison was then made between the GOES
             data and the output from the CREME96 code in order to make
             predictions about the L2 environment. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd.
             All rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2005.10.004},
   Key = {fds335140}
}

@article{fds335143,
   Author = {Lim, T and Swinyard, B and Aramburu, A and Bock, J and Ferlet, M and Griffin, D and Griffin, M and Margrave, P and King, K and Leeks, S and Naylor, D and Ronayette, S and Sawyer, E and Schulz, B and Sidher, S and Spencer, L and Smith, D and Woodcraft, A},
   Title = {First results from Herschel-SPIRE performance
             tests},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5487},
   Number = {PART 1},
   Pages = {460-468},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.551684},
   Abstract = {The Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver (SPIRE) is one
             of the three scientific instruments on the European Space
             Agency's Herschel mission. At the start of 2004 the
             Cryogenic Qualification Model (CQM) of SPIRE was tested with
             the aim of verifying the instrument system design and
             evaluating key performance parameters. We present a
             description of the test facility, an overview of the
             instrument tests carried out on the CQM, and the first
             results from the analysis of the test data. Instrument
             optical efficiency and detector noise levels are close to
             the values expected from unit-level tests, and the SPIRE
             instrument system works well, with no degradation in
             performance from stray light, electromagnetic interference
             or microphonically induced noise. Some anomalies and
             imperfections in the instrument performance, test set-up,
             and test procedures have been identified and will be
             addressed in the next test campaign.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.551684},
   Key = {fds335143}
}

@article{fds269826,
   Author = {Starr, AF and Nemat-Nasser, S and Smith, DR and Plaisted,
             TA},
   Title = {Integrated sensing networks in composite
             materials},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5391},
   Pages = {197-201},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0277-786X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.540209},
   Abstract = {Increasingly, the demand to monitor structures in service is
             driving technology in new directions. Advances in many areas
             including novel sensor technologies afford new opportunities
             in structural health monitoring. We present efforts to
             develop structural composite materials which include
             networks of embedded sensors with decision-making
             capabilities that extend the functionality of the composite
             materials to be information-aware. The next generation of
             structural systems will include the capability to acquire,
             process, and if necessary respond to structural or other
             types of information. This work brings together many
             important developments over the last few years in several
             areas: developments in composites and the emergence of
             multifunctional composites, the emergence of a broad range
             of new sensors, smaller and lower power microelectronics
             with increased and multiple integrated functionality, and
             the emergence of algorithms that extract important
             structural health information from large data sets. This
             work seeks to leverage these individual advances by solving
             the challenges needed to integrate these into an
             information-aware composite structure. We present details of
             efforts to integrate and entrap connectorized
             microelectronic components within fiber/conductor braided
             bundles to minimize their impact as composite crack
             initiation centers. The bundles include conductors to
             transmit electric signals for power and communications. They
             are suitable for inclusion in woven composite fabrics or
             directly in the composite lay-up. The low-power electronic
             devices can operate on a multi-drop and point-to-point
             networks. Future directions include implementing in-network
             local processing, adding a greater range of sensors, and
             developing the composite processing techniques that allow
             sensor network integration.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.540209},
   Key = {fds269826}
}

@article{fds335144,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Holland, AD and Hutchinson, I and Abbey, AF and Pool, P and Burt, D and Morris, D},
   Title = {Low noise charge injection in the CCD22},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5501},
   Pages = {189-196},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.551393},
   Abstract = {The inclusion of a charge injection structure on a charge
             coupled device (CCD) allows for the mitigation of charge
             transfer loss which can be caused by radiation induced
             charge trapping defects. Any traps present in the pixels of
             the CCD are filled by the injected charge as it is swept
             through the device and consequently, the charge transfer
             efficiency is improved in subsequently acquired images. To
             date, a number of different types of CCD have been
             manufactured featuring a variety of charge injection
             techniques. The e2v Technologies CCD22, used in the EPIC MOS
             focal plane instruments of XMM-Newton, is one such device
             and is the subject of this paper. A detailed understanding
             of charge injection operation and the use of charge
             injection to mitigate charge transfer losses resulting from
             radiation damage to CCDs will benefit a number of space
             projects planned for the future, including the ESA GAIA and
             X-ray Evolving Universe Spectrometry (XEUS) missions. The
             charge injection structure and mode of operation of the
             CCD22 are presented, followed by a detailed analysis of the
             uniformity and repeatability of the charge injection
             amplitude across the columns of the device. The effects of
             proton irradiation on the charge injection characteristics
             are also presented, in particular the effect of radiation
             induced bright pixels on the injected charge
             level.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.551393},
   Key = {fds335144}
}

@article{fds331014,
   Author = {Ooi, SF and Gao, S and Sambell, A and Smith, D and Butterworth,
             P},
   Title = {High efficiency class-F Power Amplifier design},
   Journal = {IEEE High Frequency Postgraduate Student
             Colloquium},
   Pages = {113-118},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {In this paper, a high efficiency, low voltage, class-F Power
             Amplifier (PA) is described. The effect of different output
             harmonic terminations on the Power-Added Efficiency (PAE) of
             the PA has also been analysed. A medium power PHEMT PA
             operating at 900MHz is designed and measured. A peak PAE of
             71.4% with 22dBm output power (Pout) and 14dB power gain
             (Gp) is achieved at a very low drain voltage (Vds) of 3V. A
             PAE above 60% has been achieved over a bandwidth of 13%. ©
             2004 IEEE.},
   Key = {fds331014}
}

@article{fds331015,
   Author = {Smith, D and Leach, M and Elsdon, M and Foti, SJ},
   Title = {Imaging concealed objects from scalar microwave
             holograms},
   Journal = {2004 RF and Microwave Conference, RFM 2004 -
             Proceedings},
   Pages = {99-102},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9780780386716},
   Abstract = {A new technique for the imaging of concealed objects using
             indirect holographic imaging principles is outlined. A brief
             examination of the underlying theory followed by a
             description of the novel experimental system that has been
             developed to overcome some of the previous issues regarding
             this technique, is presented along with some initial results
             obtained from the imaging of passive objects concealed by
             material and plastic. © 2004 IEEE.},
   Key = {fds331015}
}

@booklet{Schurig04,
   Author = {Schurig, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Negative index lens aberrations.},
   Journal = {Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter
             physics},
   Volume = {70},
   Number = {6 Pt 2},
   Pages = {065601},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000226299200005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {We examine the Seidel aberrations of thin spherical lenses
             composed of media with refractive index not restricted to be
             positive. We find that consideration of this expanded
             parameter space allows for the reduction or elimination of
             more aberrations than is possible with only positive index
             media. In particular, we find that spherical lenses
             possessing real aplanatic focal points are possible only
             with a negative index. We perform ray tracing, using a
             custom code that relies only on Maxwell's equations and
             conservation of energy, that confirms the results of the
             aberration calculations.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physreve.70.065601},
   Key = {Schurig04}
}

@article{fds331016,
   Author = {Ooi, SF and Gao, S and Sambell, A and Smith, D and Butterworth,
             P},
   Title = {A high efficiency class-f power amplifier design
             technique},
   Journal = {Microwave Journal},
   Volume = {47},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {110-122},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {November},
   Abstract = {In this article, a medium power pseudomorphic HEMT device is
             used in the design of a high efficiency class-F power
             amplifier (PA) operating at 900 MHz. The purpose of this
             article is to describe the design procedure of a class-F PA
             with a very low drain bias voltage (V ds). The realized PA
             achieves a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 71.4 percent
             with a 22 dBm output power (P out) and a 14 dB power gain (G
             p) (2.3 dB compression) at V ds=3 V and 8 dBm input power (P
             in). A PAE of above 60 percent is attained over a frequency
             range of 850 to 970 MHz (13 percent BW).},
   Key = {fds331016}
}

@article{fds269677,
   Author = {Depine, RA and Lakhtakia, A and Efros, AL and Koschny, T and Markoš, P and Smith, DR and Soukoulis, CM},
   Title = {Comment I on "Resonant and antiresonant frequency dependence
             of the effective parameters of metamaterials"},
   Journal = {Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter
             Physics},
   Volume = {70},
   Number = {4 2},
   Pages = {048601-1-048603-1},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {1539-3755},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.70.048601},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.70.048601},
   Key = {fds269677}
}

@article{04478465820,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Rye, PM and Mock, JJ and Vier, DC and Starr,
             AF},
   Title = {Enhanced diffraction from a grating on the surface of a
             negative-index metamaterial},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {13},
   Pages = {137405-1-137405-4},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.137405},
   Keywords = {Surface treatment;Refractive index;Optical
             devices;Magnetoelectric effects;Refraction;Microwaves;Magnetic
             permeability;Permittivity;Functions;Boundary
             conditions;Mathematical models;Computer simulation;},
   Abstract = {The stepping of the refraction interface, due to the finite
             unit cell size was showed by numerical simulation and by
             measurements on negative-index metamaterial wedge samples.
             The surface stepping on the metamaterial sample constitutes
             a grating, which could be expected to generate a diffracted
             beam in addition to the zeroth order refracted beam. The
             results confirms theoretical predictions of enhanced
             diffraction for negative index grating surfaces. It was
             found that a surface stepping added to a positive index
             wedge produces a single refracted beam identical to that of
             the smooth wedge.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.137405},
   Key = {04478465820}
}

@article{04388358163,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Vier, DC},
   Title = {Design of metamaterials with negative refractive
             index},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5359},
   Pages = {52-63},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Address = {San Jose, CA, United States},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0277-786X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.518133},
   Keywords = {Refractive index;Electromagnetism;Refraction;Electrodynamics;Light
             propagation;Magnetic permeability;Wave equations;Computer
             simulation;},
   Abstract = {Due to the recent experimental validations of left-handed
             metamaterials, negative refractive index has now become
             recognized as a new parameter space for the electromagnetic
             response of materials. Because materials with negative index
             behave quite differently than materials with positive index,
             many familiar electromagnetic phenomena must be
             reconsidered. Having established now the scientific basis of
             negative index, the effort of the community is turning
             toward the practical realization of both the predicted
             scientific phenomena and associated applications. In both of
             these pursuits, the ability to design, characterize and
             fabricate negative index materials is critical; we can
             consider the current status of negative refraction in some
             sense a materials issue, as our ability to demonstrate the
             predicted phenomena is linked to the quality of
             metamaterials we can produce. In this paper we consider
             several issues associated with the design and simulation of
             negative index metamaterials.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.518133},
   Key = {04388358163}
}

@article{fds335145,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Holland, AD and Hutchinson, IB},
   Title = {Random telegraph signals in charge coupled
             devices},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {530},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {521-535},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.03.210},
   Abstract = {An investigation of fluctuating pixels resulting from proton
             irradiation of an E2V Technologies CCD47-20 device is
             presented. The device structure, experimental set up and
             irradiation methodology are described, followed by a
             detailed analysis of radiation induced random telegraph
             signals, RTS. The characteristics of the observed flickering
             pixels are discussed in detail and the proposed models
             explaining the mechanism behind the phenomena are viewed in
             light of the collected data. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All
             rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2004.03.210},
   Key = {fds335145}
}

@article{fds269833,
   Author = {Hall, LJ and March-Russell, J and Okui, T and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {Towards a theory of flavor from orbifold
             GUTs},
   Journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {587-607},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2004/09/026},
   Abstract = {We show that the recently constructed 5-dimensional
             supersymmetric S 1 /(Z2 × Z′2) orbifold GUT models allow
             an appealing explanation of the observed hierarchical
             structure of the quark and lepton masses and mixing angles.
             Flavor hierarchies arise from the geometrical suppression of
             some couplings when fields propagate in different numbers of
             dimensions, or on different fixed branes. Restrictions
             arising from locality in the extra dimension allow
             interesting texture zeroes to be easily generated. In
             addition the detailed nature of the SU(5)-breaking orbifold
             projections lead to simple theories where b - τ unification
             is maintained but similar disfavored SU(5) relations for the
             lighter generations are naturally avoided. We find that
             simple 5d models based on S1 /(Z2 × Z′2) are strikingly
             successful in explaining many features of the masses and
             mixing angles of the 2nd and 3rd generation. Successful
             three generation models of flavor including neutrinos are
             constructed by generalizing the S1 /(Z2 × Z′2) model to
             six dimensions. Large angle neutrino mixing is elegantly
             accommodated. Novel features of these models include a
             simple mu = 0 configuration leading to a solution of the
             strong CP problem. © SISSA/ISAS 2004.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1126-6708/2004/09/026},
   Key = {fds269833}
}

@article{fds269830,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Pendry, JB and Wiltshire, MCK},
   Title = {Metamaterials and negative refractive index},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {305},
   Number = {5685},
   Pages = {788-792},
   Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science
             (AAAS)},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1096796},
   Abstract = {Recently, artificially constructed metamaterials have become
             of considerable interest, because these materials can
             exhibit electromagnetic characteristics unlike those of any
             conventional materials. Artificial magnetism and negative
             refractive index are two specific types of behavior that
             have been demonstrated over the past few years, illustrating
             the new physics and new applications possible when we expand
             our view as to what constitutes a material. In this review,
             we describe recent advances in metamaterials research and
             discuss the potential that these materials may hold for
             realizing new and seemingly exotic electromagnetic
             phenomena.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1096796},
   Key = {fds269830}
}

@article{fds269831,
   Author = {Lin, H and Mock, J and Smith, D and Gao, T and Sailor,
             MJ},
   Title = {Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from silver-plated porous
             silicon},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
   Volume = {108},
   Number = {31},
   Pages = {11654-11659},
   Publisher = {American Chemical Society (ACS)},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1520-6106},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp049008b},
   Abstract = {Silver micro- and nanocrystallites are prepared on porous Si
             substrates by immersion plating, and their activity toward
             SERS (surface-enhanced Raman scattering) is assessed.
             Scanning electron microscopy reveals a rough silver film
             containing randomly spaced dendritic structures. SERS
             spectra of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) and adenine are obtained using
             an 18-mW, 488-nm laser. The SERS signal from these analytes
             is dramatically improved by pretreatment of the
             silver-plated porous Si samples (Ag-PS) with a 1 mM mineral
             acid solution. Detection of R6G and adenine from 1 nM
             solutions is demonstrated, corresponding to (at most) 9 ×
             10 5 molecules in the experimental configuration used in the
             current study. Ag-PS samples that have been stored in air
             for 10 days still display high sensitivity. The presence of
             chloride either in the analyte solution or in the
             pretreatment solution is found to dramatically reduce the
             limit of detection for R6G.},
   Doi = {10.1021/jp049008b},
   Key = {fds269831}
}

@article{fds335146,
   Author = {Holland, AD and Perryman, M and Vetel, C and Steward, R and Hutchinson,
             IB and Ambrosi, RM and Smith, DR and Bowring, S and Burt, D and Eaton, T and Morris, D and Pool, P and Davancens, R and Laborie, A and Pouny, P and Safa, F and Zayer, I and Short, A},
   Title = {Development of the CCDs for ESA's GAIA cornerstone
             mission},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5167},
   Pages = {38-49},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.515401},
   Abstract = {The ESA cornerstone mission GAIA will perform astrometric
             and photometric measurements on one billion objects, and is
             due for launch in 2010 into L2 orbit. The key astrometric
             focal plane will comprise over 180 large area CCDs with a
             focal surface of about 0.5m2. The 45×60mm2 CCDs for the
             focal plane will include technical features new to CCDs.
             This paper will discuss the characteristics of these
             devices, including the measures to improve the radiation
             hardness of the technology.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.515401},
   Key = {fds335146}
}

@article{fds335147,
   Author = {Holland, AD and Cropper, M and Katz, D and Hutchinson, IB and Ambrosi,
             RM and Stevenson, T and Smith, DR and Walton, D and Burt, D and Pool, P and Morris, D and Paulsen, T},
   Title = {CCDs for the Radial Velocity Spectrometer on
             GAIA},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5251},
   Pages = {253-260},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.517151},
   Abstract = {The ESA cornerstone mission GAIA will perform astrometric,
             photometric and spectroscopic measurements and is due for
             launch in 2010 into L2 orbit. The astrometric telescope
             system will catalogue the position of over 109 objects down
             to 20th magnitude and perform broadband photometry. The
             spectroscopic telescope will provide narrow-band photometry
             and feed a Radial Velocity Spectrometer which will
             accurately determine the radial velocities of objects down
             to 17-18 magnitude. This paper discusses the characteristics
             of the detectors envisaged for the focal plane of the RVS
             instrument.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.517151},
   Key = {fds335147}
}

@article{04198155680,
   Author = {Starr, AF and Rye, PM and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Angle resolved microwave spectrometer for metamaterial
             studies},
   Journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
   Volume = {75},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {820-825},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1669119},
   Keywords = {Electromagnetic wave scattering;Electromagnetic wave
             polarization;Optimization;Scanning;Refraction;},
   Abstract = {The angle resolved microwave spectrometer (ARMS) provides
             highly reproductible automated data acquisition of microwave
             refraction from positive and negative refracting samples.
             The flexibility of the instrument allows many types of
             metamaterial experiments to be carried out efficiently. The
             two-dimensional character of the measurement allows for easy
             and cost-effective sample preparation.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1669119},
   Key = {04198155680}
}

@article{fds335148,
   Author = {Holland, AD and Hutchinson, IB and Smith, DR and Pool,
             P},
   Title = {Proton damage in the E2V swept charge device},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {521},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {393-398},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.041},
   Abstract = {The swept charge device has been developed using CCD
             technology to perform photon counting X-ray spectroscopy in
             the 0.5-10keV band as an alternative to silicon PIN and
             drift diode detectors. The key benefits of the detector are
             large area, combined with reduced electrical interconnects,
             with X-ray performance obtained using modest cooling to
             around -20°C. Here we test the technology for its
             suitability for space use where solar protons degrade the
             CTI of the detector leading to a degradation in its
             resolution as a spectrometer. We report on the irradiation
             experiments conducted and discuss changes in leakage current
             and energy resolution in the detector. © 2003 Elsevier B.V.
             All rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.041},
   Key = {fds335148}
}

@article{04208158307,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schurig, D and Mock, JJ and Kolinko, P and Rye,
             P},
   Title = {Partial focusing of radiation by a slab of indefinite
             media},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {13},
   Pages = {2244-2246},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1690471},
   Keywords = {Anisotropy;Permittivity;Magnetic permeability;Electromagnetic
             waves;Refractive index;Geometrical optics;Electromagnetic
             wave propagation;Electromagnetic wave scattering;Optical
             resonators;Boundary conditions;Computer simulation;},
   Abstract = {The indefinite medium slab for which the permeability
             component along the z-axis of propagation was negative,
             while other permeability and permittivity tensors were
             positive was discussed. It was observed from simulations and
             transmission experiments on the SRR lattice that the
             component of the permeability perpendicular to the SRR axes
             was -1 near 11.3 GHz. It was found that the permittivity of
             the indefinite media was isotropic and equal to unity and
             the principal elements of the permeability tensors were also
             unity. It was also observed that the results of substantial
             field enhancement was consistent with ray tracing and
             numerical simulations which indicated that indefinite
             material had the potential for lens structures.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1690471},
   Key = {04208158307}
}

@article{fds269827,
   Author = {Yen, TJ and Padilla, WJ and Fang, N and Vier, DC and Smith, DR and Pendry,
             JB and Basov, DN and Zhang, X},
   Title = {Terahertz magnetic response from artificial
             materials.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {303},
   Number = {5663},
   Pages = {1494-1496},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1094025},
   Abstract = {We show that magnetic response at terahertz frequencies can
             be achieved in a planar structure composed of nonmagnetic
             conductive resonant elements. The effect is realized over a
             large bandwidth and can be tuned throughout the terahertz
             frequency regime by scaling the dimensions of the structure.
             We suggest that artificial magnetic structures, or hybrid
             structures that combine natural and artificial magnetic
             materials, can play a key role in terahertz
             devices.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1094025},
   Key = {fds269827}
}

@article{fds331018,
   Author = {Gao, S and Sambell, A and Korolkiewicz, T and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {Erratum: A broadband microstrip antenna: SGMEP antenna
             (Microwave Opt Technol Lett (2003) 39, (175-178))},
   Journal = {Microwave and Optical Technology Letters},
   Volume = {40},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {347},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.11376},
   Doi = {10.1002/mop.11376},
   Key = {fds331018}
}

@article{fds331017,
   Author = {Smith, D and Leach, M and Kellner, A},
   Title = {Indirect holographic imaging of antennas using an
             electronically synthesised "slow-wave"},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Volume = {1},
   Pages = {703-706},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2004.1329767},
   Abstract = {The use of indirect holographic techniques, where radiation
             characteristics and antenna aperture fields can be obtained
             from simple intensity measurements made in the near field,
             has traditionally been restricted to the measurement of
             large antennas with small angular spread. The following work
             describes how this limitation can be overcome by
             synthesising a reference wave with wave vector in excess of
             the free space wave vector. This enables the radiation
             characteristics and complex aperture fields of much smaller
             antennas to be determined. Results are included to show how
             this technique can be applied to a standard gain pyramidal
             horn antenna.},
   Doi = {10.1109/aps.2004.1329767},
   Key = {fds331017}
}

@article{fds269575,
   Author = {Gregoire, T and Smith, DR and Wacker, JG},
   Title = {What precision electroweak physics says about the [Formula
             Presented] little Higgs model},
   Journal = {Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and
             Cosmology},
   Volume = {69},
   Number = {11},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1550-7998},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.69.115008},
   Abstract = {We study precision electroweak constraints on the close
             cousin of the littlest Higgs model, the [Formula Presented]
             model. We identify a near-oblique limit in which the heavy
             [Formula Presented] and [Formula Presented] decouple from
             the light fermions, and then calculate oblique corrections,
             including one-loop contributions from the extended top
             sector and the two Higgs doublets. We find regions of
             parameter space that give acceptably small precision
             electroweak corrections and only mild fine-tuning in the
             Higgs potential, and also find that the mass of the lightest
             Higgs boson is relatively unconstrained by precision
             electroweak data. The fermions from the extended top sector
             can be as light as [Formula Presented] and the [Formula
             Presented] can be as light as [Formula Presented] We include
             an independent breaking scale for the [Formula Presented]
             which can still have a mass as low as a few hundred GeV. ©
             2004 The American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.69.115008},
   Key = {fds269575}
}

@article{fds269825,
   Author = {Caloz, C and Lee, CJ and Smith, DR and Pendry, JB and Itoh,
             T},
   Title = {Existence and properties of microwave surface plasmons at
             the interface between a right-handed and a left-handed
             media},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Volume = {3},
   Pages = {3151-3154},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1522-3965},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2004.1332047},
   Abstract = {Surface plasmons (SPs) are interface waves very similar to
             Zenneck waves but existing only at optical frequencies where
             metals exhibit a negative permittivity. The availability of
             novel structured metamaterials with tailorable
             positive/negative constitutive parameters allows the
             generation of SPs in the microwave range, which may lead to
             novel components and antennas applications. This paper
             describes SPs existing at the interface between a
             right-bunded (RH) and a left-handed (LH) materials. The
             dispersion relation is established, the properties of these
             SPs are discussed, a transmission line (TL) LC
             implementation of the RH/LH interface is proposed, and the
             phenomena are demonstrated by full-wave simulation in an
             effective medium approach.},
   Doi = {10.1109/aps.2004.1332047},
   Key = {fds269825}
}

@article{fds269828,
   Author = {Marqués, R and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Comment on “Electrodynamics of Metallic Photonic Crystals
             and the Problem of Left-Handed Materials},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {92},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.059401},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.059401},
   Key = {fds269828}
}

@article{fds269829,
   Author = {Pendry, JB and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Reversing light with negative refraction},
   Journal = {Physics Today},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {37-43},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0031-9228},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1784272},
   Abstract = {The phenomenon of negative refraction is studied. This new
             field has generated great enthusiasm but also controversy,
             yet even the controversies have had the positive effect that
             key concepts have been critically scrutinized in the past 18
             months. Many groups are already moving forward with
             applications. Many researchers are joining this fascinating
             field: 2003 saw more than 200 papers published on negative
             refraction.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1784272},
   Key = {fds269829}
}

@article{fds269832,
   Author = {Starr, AF and Rye, PM and Smith, DR and Nemat-Nasser,
             S},
   Title = {Fabrication and characterization of a negative-refractive-index
             composite metamaterial},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {70},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {113102-1-113102-4},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.70.113102},
   Abstract = {We have designed, produced, and experimentally characterized
             2.7 mm thick composite panels having negative refractive
             index between 8.4 and 9.2 GHz. The composite metamaterial is
             fabricated using conventional commercial multilayer
             circuit-board lithography; three-dimensional physical (as
             opposed to electromagnetic) structure is introduced by the
             use of vias to form sections of the scattering elements in
             the direction perpendicular to the circuit board surfaces.
             From scattering parameter measurements, we show that the
             complex permittivity, permeability, index, and impedance of
             the composite can be unambiguously determined. The
             measurements enable the quantitative determination of the
             negative index band and associated losses. The extracted
             material parameters are shown to be in excellent agreement
             with simulation results.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.70.113102},
   Key = {fds269832}
}

@article{04328303467,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {Beating the diffraction limit},
   Journal = {Physics World},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {23-24},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/17/5/31},
   Keywords = {Light refraction;Refractive index;Lenses;Image
             reconstruction;Diffraction;Light propagation;},
   Abstract = {The subject of negative-index phenomena is drawing
             significant interest among researchers due to the emergence
             of a new class of artificially structured materials called
             metamaterials. Such materials can be engineered so that they
             have a much wider range of electromagnetic responses.
             Results reported to date demonstrate the negative refraction
             at microwave frequencies. Furthermore, recent experiments
             and theoretical work indicate that photonic crystals allow
             these effects to be demonstrated at visible
             wavelengths.},
   Doi = {10.1088/2058-7058/17/5/31},
   Key = {04328303467}
}

@article{04158106248,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Rye, P and Vier, DC and Starr, AF and Mock, JJ and Perram,
             T},
   Title = {Design and Measurement of Anisotropic Metamaterials that
             Exhibit Negative Refraction},
   Journal = {IEICE Transactions on Electronics},
   Volume = {E87-C},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {359-370},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   Keywords = {Anisotropy;Refractive index;Electromagnetic
             waves;Semiconductor lasers;Crystals;Electromagnetic wave
             propagation;Optical waveguides;Permittivity;Damping;Scattering;Electromagnetic
             wave reflection;Computer simulation;},
   Abstract = {Artificial electromagnetic structures have significantly
             broadened the range of wave propagation phenomena available.
             In particular, it has been shown that metamaterials can be
             constructed for which the index-of-refraction is negative
             over a finite band of frequencies. In this paper, we present
             the design, fabrication and characterization of a
             metamaterial that exhibits negative refraction. The
             metamaterial design we explore is an Isotropic in the plane
             of propagation. Based on our analysis and supporting
             simulations and measurements, we demonstrate that for the
             geometry considered, the anisotropic metamaterial has the
             identical negative refraction properties as would an
             isotropic negative index metamaterial.},
   Key = {04158106248}
}

@article{04518729664,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Kolinko, P and Schurig, D},
   Title = {Negative refraction in indefinite media},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {21},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1032-1043},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0740-3224},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.21.001032},
   Keywords = {Refractive index;Permittivity;Mechanical permeability;Light
             refraction;Light reflection;Anisotropy;Interfaces
             (materials);Vacuum applications;Electromagnetic
             dispersion;Finite element method;Computer
             simulation;},
   Abstract = {Initial experiments on wedge samples composed of isotropic
             metamaterials with simultaneously negative permittivity and
             permeability have indicated that electromagnetic radiation
             can be negatively refracted. In more recently reported
             experiments [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 1074011 (2003)],
             indefinite metamaterial samples, for which the permittivity
             and permeability tensors are negative along only certain of
             the principal axes of the metamaterial, have also been used
             to demonstrate negative refraction. We present here a
             detailed analysis of the refraction and reflection behavior
             of electromagnetic waves at an interface between an
             indefinite medium and vacuum. We conclude that certain
             classes of indefinite media have identical refractive
             properties as isotropic negative index materials. However,
             there are limits to this correspondence, and other
             complicating phenomena may occur when indefinite media are
             substituted for isotropic negative index materials. We
             illustrate the results of our analysis with
             finite-element-based numerical simulations on planar slabs
             and wedges of negative index and indefinite media. © 2004
             Optical Society of America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.21.001032},
   Key = {04518729664}
}

@article{fds330366,
   Author = {Koschny, T and Markoš, P and Smith, DR and Soukoulis,
             CM},
   Title = {Reply to Comments on “Resonant and antiresonant frequency
             dependence of the effective parameters of
             metamaterials”},
   Journal = {Physical Review E - Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids,
             and Related Interdisciplinary Topics},
   Volume = {70},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.70.048603},
   Abstract = {We argue, in agreement with our previous work, that
             periodicity of the metamaterial is responsible for
             antiresonant behavior of the effective permittivity as well
             as for the negative sign of the imaginary part of an
             effective permittivity or permeability. This agrees with the
             Comment of Efros. © 2004 The American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.70.048603},
   Key = {fds330366}
}

@article{fds331019,
   Author = {Smith, D and Leach, M},
   Title = {3D imaging of antenna fields and metal objects using a new
             indirect holographic method},
   Journal = {ICEAA 2003 - International Conference on Electromagnetics in
             Advanced Applications},
   Pages = {711-714},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9788882020095},
   Abstract = {This work describes a new technique for producing indirect
             holographic intensity patterns from which antenna far field
             radiation patterns can be obtained and images of antenna
             fields can be reconstructed. It also describes how this
             technique can be extended to the 3D imaging of passive metal
             objects.},
   Key = {fds331019}
}

@article{fds269672,
   Author = {Mock, JJ and Smith, DR and Barbic, M and Oldenburg, SJ and Schultz, DA and Schultz, S},
   Title = {Spectroscopic studies of individual plasmon resonant
             nanoparticles},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5221},
   Pages = {66-75},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.506523},
   Abstract = {We present a detailed description of the apparatus and
             techniques that we have utilized in our experimental study
             of individual plasmon resonant nanoparticles, along with a
             brief description of some major results. The apparatus
             consists of a spectroscopic system combined with a modified
             darkfield microscope, which enables the user to sequentially
             select individual resonant nanostructures in the microscopic
             field of view for spectroscopic study. Plasmon resonant
             nanostructures scatter light elastically, and typically have
             very large scattering cross-sections at their resonant
             optical wavelengths. In general, spectra can be obtained
             with acquisition times between. 1 to 30 seconds, and color
             images can be captured using consumer digital color cameras.
             Spheres, tetrahedrons, and pentagonal platelets were
             fabricated using colloidal chemistry techniques. To produce
             highly anisotropic structures such as nanorods and
             "barbells", templates were used. Many of these
             nanostructures have been individually spectroscopically
             characterized, and their spectra correlated with their shape
             and size as determined by transmission electron microscope
             (TEM). The unique shape, size, composition, and dielectric
             surroundings of the individual plasmon resonant
             nanostructures determine their plasmon resonant behavior. We
             will show how the composition of the substrate on which the
             particles are immobilized and the dielectric of the
             surrounding medium have a significant effect on the plasmon
             resonance of the individual particles.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.506523},
   Key = {fds269672}
}

@article{fds269673,
   Author = {Su, KH and Wei, QH and Zhang, X and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Optical Properties of Coupled Nano Gold Particles},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {5221},
   Pages = {108-115},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0277-786X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.506371},
   Abstract = {Nano gold particles interact strongly with visible light to
             excite the collaborative oscillation of conductive electrons
             within nano particles resulting in a surface plasmon
             resonance which makes them useful for various applications
             including bio-labeling. In this paper, we study the effect
             of particle sizes with particle plasmon resonant wavelength
             and the coupling between pair of elliptical metallic disks
             and ellipsoid particles by simulations and experiments. The
             red-shift resonant peak wavelength of coupled particles to
             that of single particle is due to particle plasmons
             near-field coupling. The shift decays is approximately
             exponentially with increasing particle spacing, and reaches
             zero when the gap between the two particles exceeds about
             2.5 times the particle short axis length. It is also found
             that the exponential decay of peak shift with particle gap
             is size independent but shape dependent.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.506371},
   Key = {fds269673}
}

@article{fds269824,
   Author = {Koschny, T and Markoš, P and Smith, DR and Soukoulis,
             CM},
   Title = {Resonant and antiresonant frequency dependence of the
             effective parameters of metamaterials},
   Journal = {Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter
             Physics},
   Volume = {68},
   Number = {6 2},
   Pages = {656021-656024},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1063-651X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.68.065602},
   Abstract = {The numerical analysis of the electromagnetic response of
             two metamaterials which include an array of split ring
             resonators (SRR) and an array of thin metallic cut wires was
             presented. It was found that the effective parameters of
             these systems exhibit resonant and antiresonant behavior
             similar to that found in the double-negative metamaterials.
             The antiresonant behavior of the thin wires was due to the
             refractive index possessing finite spatial periodicity. The
             results show that the observed seemingly unphysical behavior
             of effective material parameters is an intrinsic property of
             composites.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.68.065602},
   Key = {fds269824}
}

@article{fds331020,
   Author = {Gao, S and Sambell, A and Korolkiewicz, T and Smith,
             D},
   Title = {A broadband microstrip antenna: SGMFP antenna},
   Journal = {Microwave and Optical Technology Letters},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {175-178},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.11161},
   Abstract = {A novel structure of broadband microstrip antennas, termed
             the SGMFP antenna, is proposed. It is consisted of a slot in
             the ground plane, a microstrip feedline supported on a
             substrate, a foam layer, and a patch. It can achieve broad
             bandwidth and high polarisation purity. By using a single
             patch, two design examples are provided, which achieves a
             bandwidth (S11 < - 10 dB) of 23.7% and 20.3%,
             respectively.},
   Doi = {10.1002/mop.11161},
   Key = {fds331020}
}

@article{fds335150,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Holland, AD and Robbins, MS},
   Title = {The effect of protons on E2V Technologies L3Vision
             CCDs},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {513},
   Number = {1-2 SPEC. ISS.},
   Pages = {296-299},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2003.08.051},
   Abstract = {The effect of different 10 MeV equivalent proton fluences on
             the performance of E2V Technologies (formerly Marconi
             applied technologies, formerly EEV) L3Vision Charge Coupled
             Devices (CCDs) was investigated. The first experimental
             radiation damage results of the L3Vision device are
             presented, with emphasis given to the analysis of damage to
             the gain register of the device. Changes in dark current and
             generation of bright pixels in the CCD image, store, readout
             register and gain register as a result of proton irradiation
             are reported and viewed in light of the potential use of the
             device in space-based applications. © 2003 Elsevier B.V.
             All rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2003.08.051},
   Key = {fds335150}
}

@article{fds331021,
   Author = {Smith, D and Leach, M and Sambell, AJ},
   Title = {Microwave indirect holographic imaging using an adaptation
             of optical techniques},
   Journal = {IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {379-381},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2003.817134},
   Abstract = {Indirect holography provides a quick and inexpensive
             three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique at optical
             frequencies which has not been directly adapted to microwave
             imaging. This letter describes a technique whereby a
             radiated offset reference plane wave can be electronically
             synthesized allowing this technique to be used at microwave
             frequencies. In this letter, this technique has been applied
             to the problem of determining antenna radiation patterns and
             reconstructing complex near fields. Early experimental
             results compare favorably with results taken using
             traditional methods.},
   Doi = {10.1109/LMWC.2003.817134},
   Key = {fds331021}
}

@article{fds269823,
   Author = {Su, KH and Wei, QH and Zhang, X and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Interparticle coupling effects on plasmon resonances of
             nanogold particles},
   Journal = {Nano Letters},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1087-1090},
   Publisher = {American Chemical Society (ACS)},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl034197f},
   Abstract = {The collaborative oscillation of conductive electrons in
             metal nanoparticles results in a surface plasmon resonance
             that makes them useful for various applications including
             biolabeling. We investigate the coupling between pairs of
             elliptical metal particles by simulations and experiments.
             The results demonstrate that the resonant wavelength peak of
             two interacting particles is red-shifted from that of a
             single particle because of near-field coupling. It is also
             found that the shift decays approximately exponentially with
             increasing particle spacing and become negligible when the
             gap between the two particles exceeds about 2.5 times the
             particle short-axis length.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nl034197f},
   Key = {fds269823}
}

@article{fds269822,
   Author = {Wu, D and Fang, N and Sun, C and Zhang, X and Padilla, WJ and Basov, DN and Smith, DR and Schultz, S},
   Title = {Terahertz plasmonic high pass filter},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {83},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {201-203},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1591083},
   Abstract = {Terahertz plasmonic high pass filter was studied. The sharp
             change of reflection and transmission of electromagnetic
             waves at plasma frequency made the structure a high pass
             filter. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to
             characterize the reflection response, and a plasma frequency
             at 0.7 THz was observed.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1591083},
   Key = {fds269822}
}

@article{fds335151,
   Author = {Ambrosi, RM and Smith, DR and Abbey, AF and Hutchinson, IB and Kendziorra, E and Short, A and Holland, A and Turner, MJL and Wells,
             A},
   Title = {The impact of low energy proton damage on the operational
             characteristics of EPIC-MOS CCDs},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
   Volume = {207},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {175-185},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(03)00832-2},
   Abstract = {The University of Tübingen 3.5 MeV Van de Graaff
             accelerator facility was used to investigate the effect of
             low-energy protons on the performance of the European Photon
             Imaging Camera, metal-oxide-semiconductor, charge-coupled
             devices (CCDs). Two CCDs were irradiated in different parts
             of their detecting areas using different proton spectra and
             dose rates. Iron-55 was the calibration source in all cases
             and was used to measure any increases in charge transfer
             inefficiency (CTI) and spectral resolution of the CCDs.
             Additional changes in the CCD bright pixel table and changes
             in the low X-ray energy response of the device were
             examined. The Monte Carlo code Stopping Range of Ions in
             Matter was used to model the effect of a 10 MeV equivalent
             fluence of protons interacting with the CCD. Since the
             non-ionising energy loss function could not be applied
             effectively at such low proton energies. From the 10 MeV
             values, the expected CTI degradation could be calculated and
             then compared to the measured CTI changes. © 2003 Elsevier
             Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S0168-583X(03)00832-2},
   Key = {fds335151}
}

@article{7583055,
   Author = {Schurig, D and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Spatial filtering using media with indefinite permittivity
             and permeability tensors},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {82},
   Number = {14},
   Pages = {2215-2217},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1562344},
   Keywords = {band-pass filters;high-pass filters;low-pass
             filters;magnetic permeability;permittivity;spatial
             filters;},
   Abstract = {The construction of bandpass spatial, low pass and high pass
             filters was discussed. Bilayers of media with indefinite
             permittivity and permeability tensors were used for the
             construction. The filters formed had sharp adjustable
             roll-offs and could operate both below and above free space
             cutoff to select beam angles or spatial variation components
             from an image or source.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1562344},
   Key = {7583055}
}

@article{fds335152,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Ambrosi, RM and Holland, AD and Hutchinson, IE and Wells,
             A},
   Title = {The prompt particle background and micrometeoroid
             environment at L2 and its implications for
             Eddington},
   Journal = {European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA
             SP},
   Number = {538},
   Pages = {417-420},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {April},
   Abstract = {The Eddington spacecraft will orbit the Sun at the L2 point
             during its 5 year asteroseismology and planet finding
             mission. The successful detection of objects of interest and
             the amount and accuracy of the data that is recorded will
             depend on the prompt particle background interacting with
             the detectors in the focal plane of the instrument. The
             sources of the particle background are both solar and
             galactic. Eddington will be operational during the next
             period of solar maximum and therefore consideration of the
             particle environment is important in deducing the shielding
             requirement for the Eddington CCD detectors and the impact
             the environment will have on the collected science. This
             paper presents measured spacecraft data and predictions of
             the flux and energy of the particle environment at L2. An
             understanding of the micrometeoroid environment at L2 is
             also critical to the Eddington mission. The impact of
             micrometeoroids on the Eddington focal plane has the
             potential of causing catastrophic failure of one or several
             detectors resulting in a large reduction in the data
             obtained. A review of the dust particle background and the
             stability of dust accumulated around the L2 point is also
             presented and is the subject of further study.},
   Key = {fds335152}
}

@article{7694827,
   Author = {Mock, JJ and Smith, DR and Schultz, S},
   Title = {Local refractive index dependence of plasmon resonance
             spectra from individual nanoparticles},
   Journal = {Nano Letters},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {485-491},
   Publisher = {American Chemical Society (ACS)},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {1530-6984},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0340475},
   Keywords = {nanoparticles;optical microscopy;red shift;refractive
             index;silver;surface plasmon resonance;},
   Abstract = {We present an experimental optical darkfield microscope
             study of the dependence of the plasmon resonance spectrum of
             individual silver nanoparticles on the local index of
             refraction. We systematically characterize the position of
             the resonance peaks associated with the same set of
             individual silver nanoparticles embedded sequentially in
             index oils with increasing refractive index. This technique
             effectively allows the local refractive index to be stepped
             in increments of 0.04. As the local index is increased, the
             spectrum from each of the nanoparticles generally undergoes
             a very regular and reproducible red shift; however, we find
             that the amount of red shift per index increase varies
             depending on the shape of the nanoparticle and the mode of
             excitation. In particular, we find that the spectral peak
             that occurs in triangular nanoparticles exhibits a
             noticeably larger red shift than that associated with the
             dipole mode corresponding to spherical nanoparticles. Our
             results are consistent with experiments performed on
             ensembles of similar nanoparticles and suggest that
             individual nanoparticles may be utilized in biosensing
             applications where currently ensembles are being
             investigated.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nl0340475},
   Key = {7694827}
}

@article{03157430058,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schurig, D and Rosenbluth, M and Schultz, S and Ramakrishna, SA and Pendry, JB},
   Title = {Limitations on subdiffraction imaging with a negative
             refractive index slab},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {82},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1506-1508},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1554779},
   Keywords = {Imaging techniques;Refractive index;Electromagnetic wave
             diffraction;Optical materials;Surface plasmon
             resonance;Electromagnetic wave propagation;Fourier
             optics;Finite difference method;Computational
             geometry;Computer simulation;},
   Abstract = {Limitations on subdiffraction imaging with a negative
             refractive index slab was studied. The planar geometry
             allowed a straight forward analysis to be implemented. The
             fields from an arbitray electromagnetic source were expanded
             in a Fourier series over homogeneous and inhomogeneous plane
             waves. The sensitivity of subwavelength focus to the slab
             material properties, periodicity and its connection to slab
             surface plasmon modes were studied. It was concluded that
             significant subwavelength resollution was achievable with a
             single negative index slab, only over a restrictive range of
             parameters.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1554779},
   Key = {03157430058}
}

@article{fds269541,
   Author = {Starr, A and Nemat-Nasser, S and Smith, DR and Plaisted,
             TA},
   Title = {Integrated sensing in structural composites},
   Journal = {Structural Health Monitoring 2003: From Diagnostics and
             Prognostics to Structural Health Management - Proceedings of
             the 4th International Workshop on Structural Health
             Monitoring, IWSHM 2003},
   Pages = {879-886},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9781932078206},
   Abstract = {Increasing demand for monitoring of in-service structures is
             driving technology in new directions. Advances in many
             related technologies, including novel sensor design and
             implementation, have created new opportunities in structural
             health monitoring. We present efforts to develop structural
             composite materials that employ networks of embedded
             transducers to extend the functionality of the composite
             beyond that of load bearing. The capability to acquire,
             process, and if necessary respond to structural or other
             types of information represents the next generation of
             structural systems. Sensorized composite materials bring
             together many disparate yet fundamentally important
             developments that have occurred over the last few years in
             several areas: developments in composites and the emergence
             of multifunctional composites, the emergence of a broad
             range of new sensors, smaller and lower power
             microelectronics with increased and multiple integrated
             functionality, and the emergence of device level single-wire
             long haul communications protocols. Information-aware
             composite structures are now feasible due to the recent
             advances in these fields, although the integration of these
             technologies remains a challenge. In this work, we summarize
             our efforts to integrate and embed connectorized
             microelectronic components within fiber/conductor braided
             bundles to minimize their impact as composite crack
             initiation centers. The resulting bundles have mm size
             diameters, and are suitable for inclusion in woven composite
             fabrics or directly in the composite lay-up. The low-power
             electronic devices operate on a multi-drop network with a
             single wire providing power and communications. A
             computer-network interface is provided by multiple channel
             external electronic driver circuitries. Future directions
             include implementing in-network local processing, a greater
             range of sensors, adding in-situ power generation, and
             optimizing the composite processing techniques.},
   Key = {fds269541}
}

@article{fds269542,
   Author = {Su, KH and Wei, QH and Zhang, X and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Surface plasmon coupling between two nano Au
             particles},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology},
   Volume = {1},
   Pages = {279-282},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {0780379764},
   ISSN = {1944-9399},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NANO.2003.1231772},
   Abstract = {Nano metal particles which interact strongly with visible
             light make themselves useful for molecular detection and
             biosensing. To facilitate the useful application for these
             nano particles, it is important to design and fabricate the
             particles at a desired frequency. In this paper, we present
             our experimental and computer simulation studies on the
             plasmon resonance of single nano Au particles and nano Au
             particle pairs in close proximity. The results show that the
             resonant wavelength peak of two particle plasmons is
             red-shifted in comparison to that of a single particle and
             the shift decays approximately exponentially with particle
             spacing, and drops to zero when the gap between two
             particles exceeds about 2.5 times the particle short axis
             length. It is also found that the decay function of the
             resonant wavelength shift is size-independent.},
   Doi = {10.1109/NANO.2003.1231772},
   Key = {fds269542}
}

@article{fds331022,
   Author = {Smith, D and Leach, M},
   Title = {3D imaging of antenna fields from electronically synthesised
             scalar intensity patterns},
   Journal = {2003 Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics,
             APACE 2003 - Proceedings},
   Pages = {50-53},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9780780381292},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APACE.2003.1234466},
   Abstract = {This work describes a new technique for the determination of
             antenna far field radiation patterns and the imaging of
             antenna fields from holographic intensity patterns. These
             intensity patterns are obtained by combining the sampled
             antenna near field with an electronically synthesised offset
             reference plane wave. The resultant intensity pattern can be
             recorded in a fast and inexpensive manner. This work also
             indicates that true 3D images can be reconstructed from the
             measured 2D intensity patterns.},
   Doi = {10.1109/APACE.2003.1234466},
   Key = {fds331022}
}

@article{fds331023,
   Author = {Smith, D and Leach, M and Dlay, SS and Woo, WL},
   Title = {A novel technique for the determination of the radiation
             patterns of medium gain antennas from scalar intensity
             measurements},
   Journal = {ISAPE 2003 - 2003 6th International Symposium on Antennas,
             Propagation and EM Theory, Proceedings},
   Pages = {373-376},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9780780378315},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISAPE.2003.1276705},
   Abstract = {Holographic techniques have proved useful -for the
             determination of antenna radiation patterns and imaging
             antenna fields. Traditionally this has been achieved mainly
             by the direct measurement of complex near fields of the
             antenna over a measurement plane located close to the
             antenna under test.[l] This is a slow and expensive process
             requiring equipment capable of determining both amplitude
             and phase of the sampled antenna near field. An alternative
             approach has been to use an indirect technique, as often
             employed at optical frequencies, and record the scalar
             intensity pattern produced by the interference of the
             antenna near field and a radiated phase coherent reference
             wave [2], A limitation of this technique is the requirement
             that the antenna must have a radiation pattern of small
             angular extent, restricting this method to the measurement
             of high gain antennas. This work describes the further
             development of a recently reported technique whereby an
             intensity pattern is formed using an electronically derived
             reference signal. [3] A significant advantage of this
             technique is that it allows an unlimited phase difference to
             be applied to adjacent samples. This overcomes the practical
             limitation imposed using a radiated reference signal and
             enables the radiation patterns of medium gain antennas to be
             determined.},
   Doi = {10.1109/ISAPE.2003.1276705},
   Key = {fds331023}
}

@article{fds269645,
   Author = {Smith, D and Weiner, N},
   Title = {Inelastic dark matter at DAMA, CDMS and future
             experiments},
   Journal = {Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements},
   Volume = {124},
   Pages = {197-200},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5632(03)02105-4},
   Abstract = {The DAMA annual modulation signature, interpreted as
             evidence for a spin-independent WIMP coupling, seems in
             conflict with null results from CDMS. However, in models of
             "inelastic dark matter", the experiments are compatible.
             Inelastic dark matter can arise in supersymmetric theories
             as the real component of a sneutrino mixed with a singlet
             scalar. In contrast with ordinary sneutrino dark matter,
             such particles can satisfy all experimental constraints
             while giving the appropriate relic abundance. We discuss the
             modifications to the signal seen at DAMA, in particular
             noting the strong suppression of low energy events in both
             modulated and unmodulated components. We discuss future
             experiments, with emphasis on distinguishing inelastic dark
             matter from ordinary dark matter, and stressing the
             significance of experiments with heavy target nuclei, such
             as xenon and tungsten.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S0920-5632(03)02105-4},
   Key = {fds269645}
}

@article{fds269671,
   Author = {Wu, D and Fang, N and Sun, C and Zhang, X and Padilla, WJ and Basov, DN and Smith, DR and Schultz, S},
   Title = {Artificial plasmonic metamaterial fabricated by
             micro-stereolithography},
   Journal = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
             Micro-Electromechanical Systems Division Publication
             (MEMS)},
   Volume = {5},
   Pages = {89-91},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41569},
   Abstract = {Micro-structured materials, which contain engineered
             sub-wavelength components, can be designed to have positive
             or negative ε and μ at desired frequency. In this paper,
             we demonstrate a high pass Terahertz (THz) filter which
             utilizes the lowered plasma frequency of thin metal wire
             structures. This high pass filter may have applications in
             the THz imaging systems. The filter is formed by
             two-dimensional cubic lattice of thin metal wires. The
             diameter of the wire is 30 μm, the lattice constant is 120
             μm, and the length of the wire is 1mm. Micro-stereolithography
             technique is applied to fabricate this high aspect ratio
             cylinders. The reflection property of the filter is
             characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
             spectroscopy, and a plasma frequency at 0.7 THz is observed,
             which agrees with the approximate theory.},
   Doi = {10.1115/imece2003-41569},
   Key = {fds269671}
}

@article{fds269674,
   Author = {Pendry, JB and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Comment on “Wave Refraction in Negative-Index Media:
             Always Positive and Very Inhomogeneous},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {90},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {029703/1-029704/1},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.029703},
   Abstract = {A Comment on the Letter by P.M. Valanju, R.M. Walser,
             andA.P. Valanju, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 187401 (2002). The
             authors of the Letter offer a Reply. © 2003 The American
             Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.029703},
   Key = {fds269674}
}

@article{fds269819,
   Author = {Goldberger, WD and Nomura, Y and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Warped supersymmetric grand unification},
   Journal = {Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and
             Cosmology},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {7},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0556-2821},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.67.075021},
   Abstract = {We construct a realistic theory of grand unification in
             [Formula Presented] truncated by branes, in which the
             unified gauge symmetry is broken by boundary conditions and
             the electroweak scale is generated by the AdS warp factor.
             We show that the theory preserves the successful gauge
             coupling unification of the 4D MSSM at the
             leading-logarithmic level. Kaluza-Klein (KK) towers,
             including those of the XY gauge and colored Higgs
             multiplets, appear at the TeV scale, while the extra
             dimension provides natural mechanisms for doublet-triplet
             splitting and proton decay suppression. In one possible
             scenario supersymmetry is strongly broken on the TeV brane,
             in which case the lightest [Formula Presented] gauginos are
             approximately Dirac and the mass of the lightest XY gaugino
             is pushed well below that of the lowest gauge boson KK mode,
             improving the prospects for its production at the CERN LHC.
             The bulk Lagrangian possesses a symmetry that we call GUT
             parity. If GUT parity is exact, the lightest GUT particle,
             most likely an XY gaugino, is stable. Once produced in a
             collider, the XY gaugino hadronizes to form mesons, some of
             which will be charged and visible as highly ionizing tracks.
             The lightest supersymmetric particle is the gravitino of
             mass [Formula Presented] which is also stable if R parity is
             conserved. © 2003 The American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.67.075021},
   Key = {fds269819}
}

@article{fds269821,
   Author = {Nomura, Y and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Spectrum of TeV particles in warped supersymmetric grand
             unification},
   Journal = {Physical Review D},
   Volume = {68},
   Number = {7},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0556-2821},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.68.075003},
   Abstract = {In warped supersymmetric grand unification, XY gauge
             particles appear near the TeV scale along with Kaluza-Klein
             towers of the standard model gauge fields. In spite of this
             exotic low-energy physics, the successful gauge coupling
             unification prediction of the minimal supersymmetric
             standard model (MSSM) is preserved and proton decay is
             naturally suppressed. In this paper we study in detail the
             low-lying mass spectrum of superparticles and grand unified
             particles in this theory, taking supersymmetry breaking to
             be localized to the TeV brane. The masses of the MSSM
             particles, Kaluza-Klein modes, and XY states are all
             determined by two parameters, one that fixes the strength of
             the supersymmetry breaking and the other that sets the scale
             of the infrared brane. A particularly interesting result is
             that for relatively strong supersymmetry breaking, the XY
             gauginos and the lowest Kaluza-Klein excitations of the MSSM
             gauginos may both lie within reach of the CERN Large Hadron
             Collider, providing the possibility that the underlying
             unified gauge symmetry and the enhanced N=2 supersymmetry of
             the theory will both be revealed. © 2003 The American
             Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.68.075003},
   Key = {fds269821}
}

@article{04278253472,
   Author = {Kolinko, P and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Numerical study of electromagnetic waves interacting with
             negative index materials},
   Journal = {Optics Express},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {640-648},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.11.000640},
   Keywords = {Light scattering;Permittivity;Prisms;Refractive
             index;Parameter estimation;Waveguides;Polarization;Lighting;Maxwell
             equations;Approximation theory;Computational
             methods;Computer simulation;},
   Abstract = {We study numerically the electromagnetic scattering
             properties of structures with negative indices of
             refraction. To perform this analysis, we utilize a
             commercial finite-element based electromagnetic solver
             (HFSS, Ansoft), in which a negative index material can be
             formed from mesh elements whose permittivity and
             permeability are both negative. In particular, we
             investigate the expected transmission characteristics of a
             finite beam incident on negative index prisms and lenses. We
             also confirm numerically the predicted superlens effect of
             an image formed by a planar slab with index n=-1, using two
             subwavelength (λ/20) slits as objects. © 2003 Optical
             Society of America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/OE.11.000640},
   Key = {04278253472}
}

@article{7580297,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schurig, D},
   Title = {Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Media with Indefinite
             Permittivity and Permeability Tensors},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {90},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {4},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.077405},
   Keywords = {anisotropic media;electromagnetic wave propagation;electromagnetic
             wave reflection;focusing;inhomogeneous media;refractive
             index;},
   Abstract = {We study the behavior of wave propagation in materials for
             which not all of the principal elements of the permeability
             and permittivity tensors have the same sign. We find that a
             wide variety of effects can be realized in such media,
             including negative refraction, near-field focusing, and high
             impedance surface reflection. In particular, a bilayer of
             these materials can transfer a field distribution from one
             side to the other, including near fields, without requiring
             internal exponentially growing waves. © 2003 The American
             Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.077405},
   Key = {7580297}
}

@article{03227488267,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {The reality of negative refraction},
   Journal = {Physics World},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {23-24},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/16/5/29},
   Keywords = {Microwaves;Interfaces (materials);Refractive
             index;Diffraction;Polytetrafluoroethylenes;},
   Abstract = {Recent experiments that demonstrated the negative refraction
             of light were presented. The refraction at the interface
             between a positive-index material and a negative index
             material teared the wave apart, leaving no single negatively
             refracted wave. The researchers used a positive-index Teflon
             wedge as a control sample, which caused the path of a
             microwave beam to exit the sample at a positive
             angle.},
   Doi = {10.1088/2058-7058/16/5/29},
   Key = {03227488267}
}

@article{fds335149,
   Author = {Koschny, T and Markoš, P and Smith, DR and Soukoulis,
             CM},
   Title = {Resonant and antiresonant frequency dependence of the
             effective parameters of metamaterials},
   Journal = {Physical Review E - Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids,
             and Related Interdisciplinary Topics},
   Volume = {68},
   Number = {6},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.68.065602},
   Abstract = {We present a numerical study of the electromagnetic response
             of the metamaterial elements that are used to construct
             materials with negative refractive index. For an array of
             split ring resonators (SRR) we find that the resonant
             behavior of the effective magnetic permeability is
             accompanied by an antiresonant behavior of the effective
             permittivity. In addition, the imaginary parts of the
             effective permittivity and permeability are opposite in
             sign. We also observe an identical resonant versus
             antiresonant frequency dependence of the effective materials
             parameters for a periodic array of thin metallic wires with
             cuts placed periodically along the length of the wire, with
             roles of the permittivity and permeability reversed from the
             SRR case. We show in a simple manner that the finite unit
             cell size is responsible for the antiresonant behavior. ©
             2003 The American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.68.065602},
   Key = {fds335149}
}

@article{fds345913,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {‘Voyager’: An educational card game},
   Journal = {Physics Education},
   Volume = {38},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {47-51},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/38/1/308},
   Abstract = {�‘Voyager’ is an educational card game involving
             scientific satellites, developed for use in schools with
             children aged 9 to 13 years. The idea of the game is to
             improve pupils’ knowledge about the large number of
             scientific satellites there are in space in a fun way, while
             also practising numeracy skills. Several copies of the game
             were produced using funding obtained from the Particle
             Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) as a Public
             Understanding of Science (PUS) award. These initial
             ‘trial’ versions of the game were taken to three
             different schools where feedback obtained from both pupils
             and staff was used to produce a final copy of the game that
             can be distributed to other schools along with a set of
             companion notes to form the basis of a science lesson. This
             article reports the findings of the school trials and
             indicates possible future developments of other scientific
             card games that could be beneficial to the classroom. ©
             2003 IOP Publishing Ltd.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0031-9120/38/1/308},
   Key = {fds345913}
}

@article{fds335153,
   Author = {Abbey, AF and Ambrosi, RM and Smith, DR and Kendziorra, E and Hutchinson, I and Short, A and Bennie, P and Holland, A and Clauss, T and Kuster, M and Rochow, W and Brandt, M and Turner, MJL and Wells,
             A},
   Title = {The effect of low energy protons on the operational
             characteristics of EPIC-MOS CCDs},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the European Conference on Radiation and its
             Effects on Components and Systems, RADECS},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {201-208},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {The University of Tubingen 3.5 MeV Van de Graaf accelerator
             facility was used to investigate the effect of low energy
             protons on the performance of the European Photon Imaging
             Camera (EPIC), metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS), charge
             coupled devices (CCDs). Two CCDs were irradiated in
             different parts of their detecting areas using different
             proton spectra and dose rates. Iron-55 was the calibration
             source in all cases and was used to measure any increases in
             charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) and resolution of the
             CCDs as a result of proton damage. Additional changes in the
             CCD bright pixel table and changes in the low X-ray energy
             response of the device were examined. The Monte Carlo code
             SR1M was used to model the effect of a 10 MeV equivalent
             fluence of protons interacting with the CCD. Since the
             non-ionising energy loss (NIEL) function could not be
             applied effectively at such low proton energies. From the 10
             MeV values, the expected CTI degradation could be calculated
             and then compared to the measured CTI changes.},
   Key = {fds335153}
}

@article{fds335154,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Holland, AD and Robbins, MS and Ambrosi, RM and Hutchinson, IB},
   Title = {Proton induced leakage current in CCDs},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {4851},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {842-848},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.461331},
   Abstract = {The effect of different proton fluences on the performance
             of two E2V Technologies (formerly Marconi Applied
             Technologies, formerly EEV) CCD47-20 devices was
             investigated with particular emphasis given to the analysis
             of 'Random telegraph signal' (RTS) generation, bright pixel
             generation and induced changes in base dark current level.
             The results show that bright pixel frequency increases as
             the mean energy of the proton beam is increased, and that
             the base dark current level after irradiation scales with
             the level of ionisation damage. For the RTS study, 500
             pixels on one device were monitored over a twelve hour
             period. This data set revealed a number of distinct types of
             pixel charge level fluctuation and a system of
             classification has been devised. Previously published RTS
             data is discussed and reviewed in light of the new
             data.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.461331},
   Key = {fds335154}
}

@article{fds269644,
   Author = {Hall, L and Nomura, Y and Okui, T and Smith, D},
   Title = {SO(10) unified theories in six dimensions},
   Journal = {Physical Review D},
   Volume = {65},
   Number = {3},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0556-2821},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.65.035008},
   Abstract = {We construct supersymmetric models of SO(10) unification in
             which the gauge symmetry is broken by orbifold
             compactification. We find that using boundary conditions to
             break the gauge symmetry down to SU(3) C⊗ SU(2) L ⊗U(1)
             Y⊗U(1) X without leaving unwanted massless states requires
             at least two extra dimensions, motivating us to work with 6D
             orbifolds. SO(10) is broken by two operations, each of which
             induces gauge breaking to either the Georgi-Glashow,
             Pati-Salam, or flipped SU(5)⊗U(1) subgroups; assigning
             different unbroken subgroups to the two operations leaves
             only the-standard model gauge group and U(1) X unbroken. The
             models we build employ extra-dimensional mechanisms for
             naturally realizing doublet-triplet splitting, suppressing
             proton decay, and avoiding unwanted grand-unified fermion
             mass relations. We find some tension between being free of
             anomalies of the 6D bulk, accommodating a simple mechanism
             for generating right-handed neutrino masses, and preserving
             the precise prediction of the weak mixing angle. © 2002 The
             American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.65.035008},
   Key = {fds269644}
}

@article{fds269817,
   Author = {Oldenburg, SJ and Mock, JJ and Glass, J and Asenjo, A and Genick, C and Smith, DR and Schultz, DA and Schultz, S},
   Title = {Metal nanoparticles for biodetection},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {4810},
   Pages = {36-41},
   Publisher = {SPIE},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.450805},
   Abstract = {The large scattering cross section of plasmon resonant gold
             and silver nanoparticles functionalized with the appropriate
             ligand allows for sensitive and specific detection of
             nucleic acids and proteins. By varying the size, shape, and
             material morphology populations with a specific peak plasmon
             resonance can be prepared. By varying the order and length
             of plasmon resonant bar segment in a composite nanowire one
             can obtain a large number of particle populations. Distinct
             populations can be used for labels for multiplexing or as a
             platform for biological assays. An larger number of color
             populations can be obtained with composite nanowires that
             are fabricated with various lengths of silver, gold, or
             nickel segments. The order and length of the different
             plasmon resonance rod segments can be used to uniquely
             identify a rod population allowing for a large degree of
             multiplexing within a single sample.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.450805},
   Key = {fds269817}
}

@article{fds269670,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schurig, D and Pendry, JB},
   Title = {Negative refraction of modulated electromagnetic
             waves},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {81},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {2713-2715},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1512828},
   Abstract = {We show that a modulated Gaussian beam undergoes negative
             refraction at the interface between a positive and negative
             refractive index material. While the refraction of the beam
             is clearly negative, the modulation interference fronts are
             not normal to the group velocity, and thus exhibit a
             sideways motion relative to the beam - an effect due to the
             inherent frequency dispersion associated with the negative
             index medium. In particular, the interference fronts appear
             to bend in a manner suggesting positive refraction, such
             that for a plane wave, the true direction of the energy flow
             associated with the refracted beam is not obvious. © 2002
             American Institute of Physics. © 2002 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1512828},
   Key = {fds269670}
}

@article{fds269820,
   Author = {Hall, L and Nomura, Y and Smith, D},
   Title = {Gauge-higgs unification in higher dimensions},
   Journal = {Nuclear Physics B},
   Volume = {639},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {307-330},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0550-3213},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0550-3213(02)00539-4},
   Abstract = {The electroweak Higgs doublets are identified as components
             of a vector multiplet in a higher-dimensional supersymmetric
             field theory. We construct a minimal model in 6D where the
             electroweak SU (2) ⊗ U (1) gauge group is extended to
             SU(3), and unified 6D models with the unified SU(5) gauge
             symmetry extended to SU(6). In these realistic theories the
             extended gauge group is broken by orbifold boundary
             conditions, leaving Higgs doublet zero modes which have
             Yukawa couplings to quarks and leptons on the orbifold fixed
             points. In one SU(6) model the weak mixing angle receives
             power law corrections, while in another the fixed point
             structure forbids such corrections. A 5D model is also
             constructed in which the Higgs doublet contains the fifth
             component of the gauge field. In this case Yukawa couplings
             are introduced as nonlocal operators involving the Wilson
             line of this gauge field. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All
             rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S0550-3213(02)00539-4},
   Key = {fds269820}
}

@article{fds269669,
   Author = {Ramakrishna, SA and Pendry, JB and Schurig, D and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {The asymmetric lossy near-perfect lens},
   Journal = {Journal of Modern Optics},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1747-1762},
   Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0950-0340},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340110120950},
   Abstract = {We extend the ideas of the perfect lens recently proposed
             [J.B. Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000)] to an
             alternative structure. We show that a slab of a medium with
             negative refractive index bounded by media of different
             positive refractive index also amplifies evanescent waves
             and can act as a near-perfect lens. We examine the role of
             the surface states in the amplification of the evanescent
             waves. The image resolution obtained by this asymmetric lens
             is more robust against the effects of absorption in the
             lens. In particular, we study the case of a slab of silver,
             which has a negative dielectric constant, with air on one
             side and other media such as glass or GaAs on the other side
             as an 'asymmetric' lossy near-perfect lens for p-polarized
             waves. It is found that retardation has an adverse effect on
             the imaging due to the positive magnetic permeability of
             silver, but we conclude that subwavelength image resolution
             is possible in spite of it.},
   Doi = {10.1080/09500340110120950},
   Key = {fds269669}
}

@article{fds331024,
   Author = {Smith, D and Leach, M and Sambell, A},
   Title = {An indirect holographic method for determining antenna
             radiation patterns and imaging antenna fields},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Volume = {3},
   Pages = {706-709},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {August},
   Abstract = {This work describes a new technique for the determination of
             antenna radiation patterns and the imaging of antenna
             aperture fields. It uses an indirect holographic method to
             record simple intensity patterns formed by a combination of
             antenna near field signal and an offset reference signal and
             is similar to methods employed at optical frequencies. This
             is as an alternative to the traditional direct holographic
             method of measuring complex amplitude and phase values. It
             outlines how previous practical difficulties, which have
             prevented this method being usefully employed at microwave
             frequencies, can be overcome by the synthesis of an offset
             reference plane wave. It describes how far field antenna
             radiation patterns can be obtained from knowledge of the
             resultant intensity pattern and how the information
             contained within this pattern can be further processed to
             provide images of the antenna aperture fields. It includes
             the results of mathematical simulations which strongly
             support the ideas outlined. Currently an experimental system
             is being assembled to provide practical measurements. It is
             envisaged that preliminary experimental results will be
             available shortly.},
   Key = {fds331024}
}

@article{7571878,
   Author = {Barbic, M and Mock, JJ and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Single crystal silver nanowires prepared by the metal
             amplification method},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {91},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {9341-9345},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0021-8979},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1476071},
   Keywords = {electroless deposition;electron diffraction
             crystallography;membranes;nanostructured
             materials;nanotechnology;optical microscopy;polymer
             films;porous materials;silver;transmission electron
             microscopy;},
   Abstract = {We present a method of fabricating single crystal silver
             nanowires based on the electroless deposition of silver into
             the pores of the polycarbonate membranes by the metal
             amplification process. A gold film on one side of the
             nanoporous membrane is used as the initiation layer for the
             silver crystal growth, while the pores of the membrane are
             used for guiding the growth of the silver crystal into a
             cylindrical nanostructure. Optical microscopy and
             spectroscopy of individual nanowires, transmission electron
             microscopy (TEM), and TEM diffraction crystallography were
             used to characterize the silver nanostructures. The metal
             amplification technique presents an electroless, simple, and
             inexpensive solution to the challenge of fabricating silver
             nanowires for electronic, optical, and biological
             applications. © 2002 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1476071},
   Key = {7571878}
}

@article{7442974,
   Author = {Mock, JJ and Oldenburg, SJ and Smith, DR and Schultz, DA and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Composite Plasmon Resonant Nanowires},
   Journal = {Nano Letters},
   Volume = {2},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {465-469},
   Publisher = {American Chemical Society (ACS)},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0255247},
   Keywords = {electroless deposition;electroplating;filled
             polymers;gold;light scattering;nanostructured
             materials;nickel;optical microscopy;silver;surface plasmon
             resonance;},
   Abstract = {We present an experimental study of the polarization-dependent
             scattering of light from homogeneous and multisegment
             silver, gold, and nickel nanowires. The metallic nanowires
             are prepared within a polycarbonate membrane template by a
             combination of electroplating (gold and nickel) and
             electroless (silver) growth processes. The size range of the
             nanowire segments is such that surface plasmon resonances
             are supported, dominating the optical spectra. We
             characterize the light scattering properties of individual
             composite nanowires using an optical microscope configured
             for single particle spectroscopy. Because of the scattering
             efficiency associated with the plasmon resonance, very
             narrow (∼30 nm diameter) nanowires can be readily observed
             under white-light illumination, with the spectral
             characteristics of each subsection easily distinguishable.
             Because of their compactness, these simply prepared
             multiisegment plasmon resonant nanowires are capable of
             hosting a large number of segment sequences over a
             comparatively small spatial range, suggesting their possible
             application as unique nanolabels in biological
             assays.},
   Doi = {10.1021/nl0255247},
   Key = {7442974}
}

@article{fds335155,
   Author = {Ambrosi, RM and Short, ADT and Abbey, AF and Wells, AA and Smith,
             DR},
   Title = {The effect of proton damage on the X-ray spectral response
             of MOS CCDs for the Swift X-ray telescope},
   Journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
             A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated
             Equipment},
   Volume = {482},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {644-652},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01734-X},
   Abstract = {The effect of non-ionising energy loss of protons in
             charge-coupled devices is to displace silicon atoms and any
             dopant materials present from their lattice positions to
             form lattice defects which in turn can trap electrons (IEEE
             Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-40 (1993) 1628). A CCD operating as a
             photon counter for X-ray spectroscopy relies on the
             efficient transfer of charge from one region to another. The
             number of defects produced will reduce the charge transfer
             efficiency and hence degrade the spectral resolution of the
             energy distribution of interest (Jet-X Project Document:
             JET-X(94) UL-230 WP2220 (1994)). The Swift X-ray telescope
             will be equipped with a single EPIC MOS CCD22 as developed
             for the XMM project SPIE 3445 (1998) 13. It is the aim of
             this study to determine the effect of the radiation
             environment on the performance of the CCD and its impact on
             the scientific objective of the X-ray telescope, to probe
             the X-ray afterglow of gamma-ray bursts. © 2002 Elsevier
             Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01734-X},
   Key = {fds335155}
}

@article{02206947052,
   Author = {Mock, JJ and Barbic, M and Smith, DR and Schultz, DA and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Shape effects in plasmon resonance of individual colloidal
             silver nanoparticles},
   Journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics},
   Volume = {116},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {6755-6759},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1462610},
   Keywords = {Silver;Colloids;Particle size analysis;Surface plasmon
             resonance;Heat treatment;Spectrum analysis;Transmission
             electron microscopy;},
   Abstract = {The effect of shape of individual silver colloidal
             nanoparticle on surface plasmon resonance was investigated
             by an optical detection technique combined with high
             resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The
             geometrical shape of nanoparticle had a major role in
             determining plasmon resonance, while the spectrum redshifted
             with increasing particle size. Heat treatment was found to
             be capable of modifying particle shape, resulting in a
             change in its plasmon resonant properties.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1462610},
   Key = {02206947052}
}

@article{fds300150,
   Author = {Wu, D and Fang, N and Sun, C and Zhang, X and Padilla, W and Basov, D and Smith, D},
   Title = {Fabrication and characterization of THz plasmonic
             filter},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology},
   Volume = {2002-January},
   Pages = {229-231},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {0780375386},
   ISSN = {1944-9399},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NANO.2002.1032234},
   Abstract = {Terahertz imaging systems have applications for explosives
             detection, aircraft guidance and landing in zero-visibility
             weather condition, as well as terrestrial and astronomical
             remote sensing. These critical applications need a variety
             of optical elements in the THz frequency, which has yet to
             be explored. In this paper, we demonstrate a high pass THz
             filter which utilizes the lowered plasma frequency of thin
             metal wire structures. The microstereolithography technique
             is applied to fabricate the 2D lattice of thin metal
             cylinders. The reflection property of the filter is
             characterized by FTIR, and the plasma frequency is
             determined at 0.7 THz, which agrees with the approximate
             theory.},
   Doi = {10.1109/NANO.2002.1032234},
   Key = {fds300150}
}

@article{fds269648,
   Author = {Skiba, W and Smith, D},
   Title = {Localized fermions and anomaly inflow via
             deconstruction},
   Journal = {Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and
             Cosmology},
   Volume = {65},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {7},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0556-2821},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.65.095002},
   Abstract = {We study fermion localization in gauge theory space. We
             consider four-dimensional product gauge groups in which
             light chiral fermions transform under different gauge
             factors of the product group. This construction provides a
             suppression of higher dimensional operators. For example, it
             can be used to suppress dangerous proton decay operators.
             The anomalies associated with the light chiral fermions are
             compensated by Wess-Zumino terms, which in the continuum
             limit reproduce the five-dimensional Chern-Simons term. ©
             2002 The American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.65.095002},
   Key = {fds269648}
}

@article{fds269668,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schultz, S and Markoš, P and Soukoulis,
             CM},
   Title = {Determination of effective permittivity and permeability of
             metamaterials from reflection and transmission
             coefficients},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {65},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {1-5},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0163-1829},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.65.195104},
   Abstract = {We analyze the reflection and transmission coefficients
             calculated from transfer matrix simulations on finite
             lengths of electromagnetic metamaterials, to determine the
             effective permittivity (ε) and permeability (µ). We
             perform this analysis on structures composed of periodic
             arrangements of wires, split ring resonators (SRRs), and
             both wires and SRRs. We find the recovered
             frequency-dependent ε and µ are entirely consistent with
             analytic expressions predicted by effective medium
             arguments. Of particular relevance are that a wire medium
             exhibits a frequency region in which the real part of ε is
             negative, and SRRs produce a frequency region in which the
             real part of µ is negative. In the combination structure,
             at frequencies where both the recovered real parts of ε and
             µ are simultaneously negative, the real part of the index
             of refraction is also found to be unambiguously negative. ©
             2002 The American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.65.195104},
   Key = {fds269668}
}

@article{fds269818,
   Author = {Low, I and Smith, D},
   Title = {Little Higgs bosons from an antisymmetric
             condensate},
   Journal = {Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and
             Cosmology},
   Volume = {66},
   Number = {7},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0556-2821},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.66.072001},
   Abstract = {We construct an (Formula presented) non-linear sigma model
             in which the Higgs bosons arise as pseudo Goldstone bosons.
             There are two Higgs doublets whose masses have no one-loop
             quadratic sensitivity to the cutoff of the effective theory,
             which can be at around 10 TeV. The Higgs potential is
             generated by gauge and Yukawa interactions, and is
             distinctly different from that of the minimal supersymmetric
             standard model. At the TeV scale, the new bosonic degrees of
             freedom are a single neutral complex scalar and a second
             copy of (Formula presented) gauge bosons. Additional
             vector-like pairs of colored fermions are also present. ©
             2002 The American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.66.072001},
   Key = {fds269818}
}

@article{fds269816,
   Author = {Kottmann, J and Martin, OJ and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Plasmon resonances of silver nanowires with a nonregular
             cross section},
   Journal = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials
             Physics},
   Volume = {64},
   Number = {23},
   Pages = {2354021-23540210},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0163-1829},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.64.235402},
   Abstract = {We investigate numerically the spectrum of plasmon
             resonances for metallic nanowires with a nonregular Z, cross
             section, in the 20-50 nm range. We first consider the
             resonance spectra corresponding to nanowires whose cross
             sections form different simplexes. The number of resonances
             strongly increases when the section symmetry decreases: A
             cylindrical wire exhibits one resonance, whereas we observe
             more than five distinct resonances for a triangular
             particle. The spectral range covered by these different
             resonances becomes very large, giving to the particle-
             specific distinct colors. At the resonance, dramatic field
             enhancement is observed at the vicinity of nonregular
             particles, where the field amplitude can reach several
             hundred times that of the illumination field. This
             near-field enhancement corresponds to surface-enhanced Raman
             scattering (SERS) enhancement locally in excess of 1012. The
             distance dependence of this enhancement is investigated and
             we show that it depends on the plasmon resonance excited in
             the particle, i.e., on the illumination wavelength. The
             average Raman enhancement for molecules distributed on the
             entire particle surface is also computed and discussed in
             the context of experiments in which large numbers of
             molecules are used.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevb.64.235402},
   Key = {fds269816}
}

@article{fds331025,
   Author = {Arkani-Hamed, N and Hall, L and Murayama, H and Smith, D and Weiner,
             N},
   Title = {Small neutrino masses from supersymmetry
             breaking},
   Journal = {Physical Review D},
   Volume = {64},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {15},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.64.115011},
   Abstract = {An alternative to the conventional seesaw mechanism is
             proposed to explain the origin of small neutrino masses in
             supersymmetric theories. The masses and couplings of the
             right-handed neutrino field are suppressed by supersymmetry
             breaking, in a way similar to the suppression of the Higgs
             doublet mass μ. New mechanisms for light Majorana and Dirac
             neutrinos arise, depending on the degree of suppression.
             Superpartner phenomenology is greatly altered by the
             presence of weak scale right-handed sneutrinos, which may
             have a coupling to a Higgs boson and a left-handed
             sneutrino. The sneutrino spectrum and couplings are quite
             unlike the conventional case - the lightest sneutrino can be
             the dark matter and predictions are given for event rates at
             upcoming halo dark matter direct detection experiments.
             Higgs boson decays and search strategies are changed.
             Copious Higgs boson production at hadron colliders can
             result from cascade decays of squarks and gluinos. ©2001
             The American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.64.115011},
   Key = {fds331025}
}

@article{fds269814,
   Author = {Weiland, T and Schuhmann, R and Greegor, RB and Parazzoli, CG and Vetter, AM and Smith, DR and Vier, DC and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Ab initio numerical simulation of left-handed metamaterials:
             Comparison of calculations and experiments},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {90},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {5419-5424},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1410881},
   Abstract = {Using numerical simulation techniques, the transmission and
             reflection coefficients, or S parameters, for left-handed
             metamaterials are calculated. Metamaterials consist of a
             lattice of conducting, nonmagnetic elements that can be
             described by an effective magnetic permeability μeff and an
             effective electrical permittivity εeff, both of which can
             exhibit values not found in naturally occurring materials.
             Because the electromagnetic fields in conducting
             metamaterials can be localized to regions much smaller than
             the incident wavelength, it can be difficult to perform
             accurate numerical simulations. The metamaterials simulated
             here, for example, are based on arrays of split ring
             resonators (SRRs), which produce enhanced and highly
             localized electric fields within the gaps of the elements in
             response to applied time dependent fields. To obtain greater
             numerical accuracy we utilize the newly developed
             commercially available code MICROWAVE STUDIO, which is based
             on the finite integration technique with the perfect
             boundary approximation. The simulation results are in
             agreement with published experimental results for the
             frequencies and bandwidths of the propagation and stop bands
             associated with the various structures. We further analyze
             the properties of an individual SRR, and find the dependence
             of the resonant frequency on the SRR radius, ring thickness,
             inner/outer radial gap, azimuthal gap, electrical
             permittivity, and magnetic permeability of the components'
             materials. Comparison with previously published analytical
             estimates shows only approximate agreement with the
             simulation results. © 2001 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1410881},
   Key = {fds269814}
}

@article{fds269643,
   Author = {Nomura, Y and Smith, D and Weiner, N},
   Title = {GUT breaking on the brane},
   Journal = {Nuclear Physics B},
   Volume = {613},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {147-166},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0550-3213(01)00388-1},
   Abstract = {We present a five-dimensional supersymmetric SU(5) theory in
             which the gauge symmetry is broken maximally (i.e., at the
             5D Planck scale M*) on the same 4D brane where chiral matter
             is localized. Masses of the lightest Kaluza-Klein modes for
             the colored Higgs and X and Y gauge fields are determined by
             the compactification scale of the fifth dimension, MC~1015
             GeV, rather than by M*. These fields' wave functions are
             repelled from the GUT-breaking brane, so that proton decay
             rates are suppressed below experimental limits. Above the
             compactification scale, the differences between the standard
             model gauge couplings evolve logarithmically, so that
             ordinary logarithmic gauge coupling unification is
             preserved. The maximal breaking of the grand unified group
             can also lead to other effects, such as O(1) deviations from
             SU(5) predictions of Yukawa couplings, even in models
             utilizing the Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S0550-3213(01)00388-1},
   Key = {fds269643}
}

@article{fds269642,
   Author = {Arkani-Hamed, N and Hall, L and Nomura, Y and Smith, D and Weiner,
             N},
   Title = {Finite radiative electroweak symmetry breaking from the
             bulk},
   Journal = {Nuclear Physics B},
   Volume = {605},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {81-115},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0550-3213(01)00203-6},
   Abstract = {A new physical origin for electroweak symmetry breaking is
             proposed, involving compact spatial dimensions of scale
             1/R≈1 TeV. The higher-dimensional theory is
             supersymmetric, and hence requires the top-quark Yukawa
             coupling to be localized on some "Yukawa brane" in the bulk.
             The short distance divergence in the Higgs-boson mass is
             regulated because supersymmetry is unbroken in the vicinity
             of this Yukawa brane. A finite, negative Higgs mass-squared
             is generated radiatively by the top-quark supermultiplet
             propagating a distance of order R from the Yukawa brane to
             probe supersymmetry breaking. The physics of electroweak
             symmetry breaking is therefore closely related to this top
             propagation across the bulk, and is dominated by the mass
             scale 1/R, with exponential insensitivity to higher energy
             scales. The masses of the superpartners and the Kaluza-Klein
             resonances are also set by the mass scale 1/R, which is
             naturally larger than the W boson mass by a loop factor.
             Explicit models are constructed which are highly constrained
             and predictive. The finite radiative correction to the Higgs
             mass is computed, and the Higgs sector briefly explored. The
             superpartner and Kaluza-Klein resonance spectra are
             calculated, and the problem of flavor violation from squark
             and slepton exchange is solved. Important collider
             signatures include highly ionizing charged tracks from
             stable top squarks, and events with two Higgs bosons and
             missing transverse energy. © 2001 Elsevier Science
             B.V.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S0550-3213(01)00203-6},
   Key = {fds269642}
}

@article{fds269811,
   Author = {Kottmann, JP and Martin, OJF and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Dramatic localized electromagnetic enhancement in plasmon
             resonant nanowires},
   Journal = {Chemical Physics Letters},
   Volume = {341},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {1-6},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00171-3},
   Abstract = {We investigate numerically the plasmon resonances of 10-50
             nm nanowires with a non-elliptical section. Such wires have
             a much more complex behavior than elliptical wires and their
             resonances span a larger frequency range. The field
             distribution at the surface of these wires exhibits a
             dramatic enhancement, up to several hundred times the
             incident field amplitude. These strongly localized fields
             can provide an important mechanism for surface enhanced
             Raman scattering (SERS). © 2001 Elsevier Science
             B.V.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00171-3},
   Key = {fds269811}
}

@article{fds335156,
   Author = {Lipschultz, B and Pappas, DA and Labombard, B and Rice, JE and Smith, D and Wukitch, SJ},
   Title = {A study of molybdenum influxes and transport in alcator
             C-Mod},
   Journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
   Volume = {41},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {585-596},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/41/5/311},
   Abstract = {A characterization is presented of Mo sources ΓMo, core Mo
             content NMo and their dependences on the Alcator C-Mod
             operational regimes. The primary impurity source locations
             are the divertor, the inner wall and the ICRF antenna
             limiters. Boronization is used to coat the first wall
             surfaces with a thin layer of B, which greatly reduces the
             Mo sources for a period of time, eroding away with an e
             folding period of 15-50 discharges. The penetration of Mo
             into the core plasma under different conditions is analysed
             using the concept of penetration factor, PF = NMo/ΓMo (s).
             In general, the inner wall Mo source is large (∼1018 s-1),
             but is found to be relatively uncorrelated with the core Mo
             content in diverted plasmas. The outer divertor source is of
             a similar order to that of the inner wail and has a
             penetration factor in the range 10-5-2 ∼ 10-3 s depending
             on density and confinement mode. The antenna limiter Mo
             sources are typically smaller, but with higher penetration
             factors of 10-3-2 × 10-2 s. The behaviour of the antenna
             limiter sources is consistent with physical sputtering due
             to the influence of RF sheath rectification. The
             measurements of the plasma potential on feld lines connected
             to the antenna are very high when the antennas are
             energized, often reaching hundreds of volts.},
   Doi = {10.1088/0029-5515/41/5/311},
   Key = {fds335156}
}

@article{fds269810,
   Author = {Kottmann, JP and Martin, OJ and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Non-regularly shaped plasmon resonant nanoparticle as
             localized light source for near-field microscopy.},
   Journal = {Journal of microscopy},
   Volume = {202},
   Number = {Pt 1},
   Pages = {60-65},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0022-2720},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.2001.00866.x},
   Abstract = {We study numerically two-dimensional nanoparticles with a
             non-regular shape and demonstrate that these particles can
             support many more plasmon resonances than a particle with a
             regular shape (e.g. an ellipse). The electric field
             distributions associated with these different resonances are
             investigated in detail in the context of near-field
             microscopy. Depending on the particle shape, extremely
             strong and localized near-fields, with intensity larger than
             105 that of the illumination wave, can be generated. We also
             discuss the spectral dependence of these near-fields and
             show that different spatial distributions are observed,
             depending which plasmon resonance is excited in the
             particle.},
   Doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2818.2001.00866.x},
   Key = {fds269810}
}

@article{01216510625,
   Author = {Shelby, RA and Smith, DR and Schultz, S},
   Title = {Experimental verification of a negative index of
             refraction.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {292},
   Number = {5514},
   Pages = {77-79},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1058847},
   Keywords = {Microwaves;Arrays;Prisms;Electromagnetic wave
             scattering;},
   Abstract = {We present experimental scattering data at microwave
             frequencies on a structured metamaterial that exhibits a
             frequency band where the effective index of refraction (n)
             is negative. The material consists of a two-dimensional
             array of repeated unit cells of copper strips and split ring
             resonators on interlocking strips of standard circuit board
             material. By measuring the scattering angle of the
             transmitted beam through a prism fabricated from this
             material, we determine the effective n, appropriate to
             Snell's law. These experiments directly confirm the
             predictions of Maxwell's equations that n is given by the
             negative square root of epsilon.mu for the frequencies where
             both the permittivity (epsilon) and the permeability (mu)
             are negative. Configurations of geometrical optical designs
             are now possible that could not be realized by positive
             index materials.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.1058847},
   Key = {01216510625}
}

@article{04057982916,
   Author = {Shelby, RA and Smith, DR and Nemat-Nasser, SC and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Microwave transmission through a two-dimensional, isotropic,
             left-handed metamaterial},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {78},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {489-491},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1343489},
   Abstract = {We present experimental data, numerical simulations, and
             analytical transfer-matrix calculations for a
             two-dimensionally isotropic, left-handed metamaterial (LHM)
             at X-band microwave frequencies. A LHM is one that has a
             frequency band with simultaneously negative εeff(ω) and
             μeff(ω), thereby having real values of index of refraction
             and wave vectors, and exhibiting extended wave propagation
             over that band. Our physical demonstration of a
             two-dimensional isotropic LHM will now permit experiments to
             verify some of the explicit predictions of reversed
             electromagnetic-wave properties including negative index of
             refraction as analyzed by Veselago [Usp. Fiz. Nauk 92, 517
             (1964), Sov. Phys. Usp. 10, 509 (1968)]. © 2001 American
             Institute of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1343489},
   Key = {04057982916}
}

@article{fds269640,
   Author = {Arkani-Hamed, M and Hall, L and Smith, D and Weiner,
             N},
   Title = {Exponentially small supersymmetry breaking from extra
             dimensions},
   Journal = {Physical Review D},
   Volume = {63},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {5},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0556-2821},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.63.056003},
   Abstract = {The supersymmetric "shining" of free massive chiral
             superficiels in extra dimensions from a distant source brane
             can trigger exponentially small supersymmetry breaking on
             our brane of order e~27rR, where R is the radius of the
             extra dimensions. This supersymmetry breaking can be
             transmitted to the superpartners in a number of ways, for
             instance by gravity or via the standard model gauge
             interactions. The radius R can easily be stabilized at a
             size 0(10) larger that the fundamental scale. The models are
             extremely simple, relying only on free, classical bulk
             dynamics to solve the hierarchy problem. ©2001 The American
             Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.63.056003},
   Key = {fds269640}
}

@article{fds269641,
   Author = {Smith, D},
   Title = {Inelastic dark matter},
   Journal = {Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and
             Cosmology},
   Volume = {64},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {11},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0556-2821},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.64.043502},
   Abstract = {Many observations suggest that much of the matter of the
             universe is nonbaryonic. Recently, the DAMA NaI dark matter
             direct detection experiment reported an annual modulation in
             their event rate consistent with a WIMP relic. However, the
             Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) Ge experiment excludes
             most of the region preferred by DAMA. We demonstrate that if
             the dark matter can only scatter by making a transition to a
             slightly heavier state (Formula presented) the experiments
             are no longer in conflict. Moreover, differences in the
             energy spectrum of nuclear recoil events could distinguish
             such a scenario from the standard WIMP scenario. Finally, we
             discuss the sneutrino as a candidate for inelastic dark
             matter in supersymmetric theories. © 2001 The American
             Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.64.043502},
   Key = {fds269641}
}

@article{fds335157,
   Author = {Lipschultz, B and Pappas, DA and LaBombard, B and Rice, JE and Smith, D and Wukitch, S},
   Title = {Molybdenum sources and transport in Alcator
             C-Mod},
   Journal = {Journal of Nuclear Materials},
   Volume = {290},
   Number = {293},
   Pages = {286-290},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00436-0},
   Abstract = {We present a characterization of molybdenum sources, ΓMo,
             core Mo content, NMo, and their dependencies on Alcator
             C-Mod operational regimes. This includes sources from the
             divertor, the inner wall and the ICRF antenna limiters. We
             also present information characterizing the penetration of
             these impurities into the core plasma under different
             conditions based on penetration factors, PF = NMo/ΓMo (s).
             In general, the inner wall Mo source is large (approximately
             1018 s-1) but is found to be relatively uncorrelated with
             the core Mo level in diverted plasmas. The outer divertor
             source is of similar order to that from the inner wall and
             has a penetration factor in the range 10-5-2×10-3 s
             depending on density and confinement mode. The antenna
             limiter Mo sources are typically smaller, but with higher
             penetration factors - 10-3-2×10-2 s. The behavior of the
             antenna limiter sources is consistent with physical
             sputtering due to the influence of RF sheath
             rectification.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00436-0},
   Key = {fds335157}
}

@article{fds269812,
   Author = {Aubert, B and Boutigny, D and Gaillard, JM and Hicheur, A and Karyotakis, Y and Lees, JP and Robbe, P and Tisserand, V and Palano, A and Chen, GP and al, E},
   Title = {Measurement of the decays B → φK and B →
             φK},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {151801/1-151801/7},
   Year = {2001},
   ISSN = {0031-9007},
   Abstract = {An attempt was made to observe B decays to φK +, φK 0, φK
             *+, and φK *0 with significances, including systematic
             uncertainties, of greater than four standard deviations. It
             was found that the decay B + → φπ + has both
             Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa and color suppression relative to
             φK +.},
   Key = {fds269812}
}

@article{fds269813,
   Author = {Aubert, B and Boutigny, D and Gaillard, JM and Hicheur, A and Karyotakis, Y and Lees, JP and Robbe, P and Tisserand, V and Palano, A and Chen, GP and al, E},
   Title = {Measurement of branching fractions and search for
             CP-violating charge asymmetries in charmless two-body B
             decays into pions and kaons},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {151802/1-151802/7},
   Year = {2001},
   ISSN = {0031-9007},
   Abstract = {Branching ratios were measured for the rate charmless decays
             B 0→π +π -, B 0→K +π -, B +→K +π 0, B +→K 0π +,
             and B 0→π +π 0, and B +→K̃ 0K +. No evidence was
             found for direct CP violation in the observed decays. 90%
             confidence level intervals were set.},
   Key = {fds269813}
}

@article{fds269815,
   Author = {Aubert, B and Boutigny, D and Gaillard, JM and Hicheur, A and Karyotakis, Y and Lees, JP and Robbe, P and Tisserand, V and Palano, A and Chen, GP and al, E},
   Title = {Measurements of the branching fractions of exclusive
             charmless B meson decays with η′ or ω
             mesons},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {22},
   Pages = {221802/2-221802/7},
   Year = {2001},
   ISSN = {0031-9007},
   Abstract = {An overview is given on the results of searches for B decays
             to the charmless two-body final states B +→wπ +, B +→wK
             +, B +→η'π +, B +→η'K +, B 0→wK 0, B 0→wπ 0, and
             B 0→η,'K 0. The results are based on data taken in the
             1999-2000 run. The data were collected with the BABAR
             detector at the PEP-II asymmetric e +e - collider located at
             the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.},
   Key = {fds269815}
}

@article{fds269809,
   Author = {Kottmann, JP and Martin, OJF and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Field polarization and polarization charge distributions in
             plasmon resonant nanoparticles},
   Journal = {New Journal of Physics},
   Volume = {2},
   Pages = {27-27},
   Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/2/1/327},
   Abstract = {We study the plasmon resonances for small two-dimensional
             silver particles (nanowires) with elliptical or triangular
             shapes in the 20 nm size range. While the elliptical
             particle has only two resonances, a well known fact, we
             demonstrate that the triangular particle displays a much
             more complex behaviour with several resonances over a broad
             wavelength range. Using animations of the field amplitude
             and field polarization, we investigate the properties of
             these different resonances. The field distribution
             associated with each plasmon resonance can be related to the
             polarization charges on the surface of the particles.
             Implications for the design of plasmon resonant structures
             with specific properties, for example, for nano-optics or
             surface enhanced Raman scattering are discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/2/1/327},
   Key = {fds269809}
}

@article{6740385,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Kroll, N},
   Title = {Negative refractive index in left-handed
             materials},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {85},
   Number = {14},
   Pages = {2933-2936},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0031-9007},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2933},
   Keywords = {electromagnetic wave propagation;permittivity;refractive
             index;},
   Abstract = {The presence of negative refractive index in steady-state
             problems was explored. It was observed that this index leads
             to unusual and unexplored phenomena in wave propagation. A
             formalism was derived that can be applied to time dependent
             currents and pulses in 'left handed' (LH) media, or
             combinations of LH and 'right-hand' RH media.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2933},
   Key = {6740385}
}

@article{04057969601,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Vier, DC and Kroll, N and Schultz, S},
   Title = {Direct calculation of permeability and permittivity for a
             left-handed metamaterial},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {77},
   Number = {14},
   Pages = {2246-2248},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1314884},
   Abstract = {Recently, an electromagnetic metamaterial was fabricated and
             demonstrated to exhibit a "left-handed" (LH) propagation
             band at microwave frequencies. A LH metamaterial is one
             characterized by material constants - the permeability and
             permittivity - which are simultaneously negative, a
             situation never observed in naturally occurring materials or
             composites. While the presence of the propagation band was
             shown to be an inherent demonstration of left handedness,
             actual numerical values for the material constants were not
             obtained. In the present work, using appropriate averages to
             define the macroscopic fields, we extract quantitative
             values for the effective permeability and permittivity from
             finite-difference simulations using three different
             approaches. © 2000 American Institute of
             Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.1314884},
   Key = {04057969601}
}

@article{04057957932,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Padilla, WJ and Vier, DC and Nemat-Nasser, SC and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability
             and permittivity},
   Journal = {Physical review letters},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {18},
   Pages = {4184-4187},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate a composite medium, based on a periodic array
             of interspaced conducting nonmagnetic split ring resonators
             and continuous wires, that exhibits a frequency region in
             the microwave regime with simultaneously negative values of
             effective permeability &mgr;(eff)(omega) and permittivity
             varepsilon(eff)(omega). This structure forms a "left-handed"
             medium, for which it has been predicted that such phenomena
             as the Doppler effect, Cherenkov radiation, and even Snell's
             law are inverted. It is now possible through microwave
             experiments to test for these effects using this new
             metamaterial.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.84.4184},
   Key = {04057957932}
}

@article{fds269667,
   Author = {Schultz, S and Smith, DR and Mock, JJ and Schultz,
             DA},
   Title = {Single-target molecule detection with nonbleaching
             multicolor optical immunolabels.},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
             United States of America},
   Volume = {97},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {996-1001},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0027-8424},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.3.996},
   Abstract = {We introduce and demonstrate the use of colloidal silver
             plasmon-resonant particles (PRPs) as optical reporters in
             typical biological assays. PRPs are ultrabright, nanosized
             optical scatterers, which scatter light elastically and can
             be prepared with a scattering peak at any color in the
             visible spectrum. PRPs are readily observed individually
             with a microscope configured for dark-field microscopy, with
             white-light illumination of typical power. Here we
             illustrate the use of PRPs, surface coated with standard
             ligands, as target-specific labels in an in situ
             hybridization and an immunocytology assay. We propose that
             PRPs can replace or complement established labels, such as
             those based on radioactivity, fluorescence,
             chemiluminescence, or enzymatic/colorimetric detection that
             are used routinely in biochemistry, cell biology, and
             medical diagnostic applications. Moreover, because PRP
             labels are nonbleaching and bright enough to be rapidly
             identified and counted, an ultrasensitive assay format based
             on single-target molecule detection is now practical. We
             also present the results of a model sandwich immunoassay for
             goat anti-biotin antibody, in which the number of PRP labels
             counted in an image constitutes the measured
             signal.},
   Doi = {10.1073/pnas.97.3.996},
   Key = {fds269667}
}

@article{6899993,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Padilla, W and Vier, DC and Nemat-Nasser, SC and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Negative permeability from split ring resonator
             arrays},
   Journal = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical
             Digest},
   Pages = {49},
   Address = {Nice, France},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2000.909747},
   Keywords = {arrays;dispersion relations;electrodynamics;magnetic
             permeability;Maxwell equations;resonators;},
   Abstract = {A single split ring resonator (SRR) was fabricated
             lithographically and its accompanying resonance curve is
             shown to determine if periodic arrays of SRRs can have a
             resonantly enhanced effective permeability displaying
             frequency regions with large positive or negative values.
             The SRR medium now offers the possibility of engineering
             materials to respond to time varying magnetic fields as well
             as time varying electric fields. Combining such composite
             media with standard materials offers the potential to yield
             novel and advantageous electromagnetic devices.},
   Key = {6899993}
}

@article{fds269666,
   Author = {Kottmann, JP and Martin, OJF and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Spectral response of plasmon resonant nanoparticles with a
             non-regular shape},
   Journal = {Optics Express},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {213-219},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1094-4087},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.6.000213},
   Abstract = {We study the plasmon resonances of 10-100(nm)
             two-dimensional metal particles with a non-regular shape.
             Movies illustrate the spectral response of such particles in
             the optical range. Contrary to particles with a simple shape
             (cylinder, ellipse) non-regular particles exhibit many
             distinct resonances over a large spectral range. At
             resonance frequencies, extremely large enhancements of the
             electromagnetic fields occur near the surface of the
             particle, with amplitudes several hundred-fold that of the
             incident field. Implications of these strong and localized
             fields for nano-optics and surface enhanced Raman scattering
             (SERS) are also discussed. © 2000 Optical Society of
             America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/OE.6.000213},
   Key = {fds269666}
}

@article{fds331026,
   Author = {Arkani-Hamed, N and Hall, L and Smith, D and Weiner,
             N},
   Title = {Solving the hierarchy problem with exponentially large
             dimensions},
   Journal = {Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and
             Cosmology},
   Volume = {62},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {7},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.62.105002},
   Abstract = {In theories with (sets of) two large extra dimensions and
             supersymmetry in the bulk, the presence of
             non-supersymmetric brane defects naturally induces a
             logarithmic potential for the volume of the transverse
             dimensions. Since the logarithm of the volume rather than
             the volume itself is the natural variable, parameters of
             O(10) in the potential can generate an exponentially large
             size for the extra dimensions. This provides a true solution
             to the hierarchy problem, on the same footing as technicolor
             or dynamical supersymmetry breaking. The area moduli have a
             Compton wavelength of about a millimeter and mediate Yukawa
             interactions with gravitational strength. We present a
             simple explicit example of this idea which generates two
             exponentially large dimensions. In this model, the area
             modulus mass is in the millimeter range even for six
             dimensional Planck scales as high as 100 TeV. © 2000 The
             American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.62.105002},
   Key = {fds331026}
}

@article{6416238,
   Author = {Kroll, N and Schultz, S and Smith, DR and Vier, DC},
   Title = {Photonic Band Gap accelerator cavity design at 90
             GHz},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE Particle Accelerator
             Conference},
   Volume = {2},
   Pages = {830-832},
   Address = {New York, NY, USA},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PAC.1999.795370},
   Keywords = {accelerator cavities;},
   Abstract = {In previous work we have proposed utilizing Photonic Band
             Gap (PBG) structures as a new class of high-energy,
             high-intensity accelerator cavities. We have completed
             extensive MAFIA numerical calculations of multicell PBG
             structures, with each cell consisting of a square array of
             metal cylinders terminated by conducting sheets and
             surrounded by microwave absorber on the periphery. We find
             that our PBG structure has good higher order mode
             suppression, superior pumping properties, and potential
             fabricational advantages when compared to conventional
             cavity designs. These advantages scale favorably with
             increasing frequency, leading us to propose use of a PBG
             accelerator structure at W-band (91.392 GHz).},
   Key = {6416238}
}

@article{99114907465,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Vier, DC and Padilla, W and Nemat-Nasser, SC and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Loop-wire medium for investigating plasmons at microwave
             frequencies},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {75},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1425-1427},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124714},
   Keywords = {Microwaves;Permittivity;Plasmas;Computer
             simulation;},
   Abstract = {A localized surface plasmon resonance is demonstrated at
             microwave frequencies. The plasmon structure is based on the
             assumption that the effective dielectric constant of the
             loop wire is due to the self-inductance of the constituent
             wire. The plasmon structure reveals subwavelength surface
             plasmon resonances below the bulk plasma
             frequency.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.124714},
   Key = {99114907465}
}

@article{fds269664,
   Author = {Schultz, S and Mock, J and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             DA},
   Title = {Nanoparticle based biological assays},
   Journal = {Journal of Clinical Ligand Assay},
   Volume = {22},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {214-216},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {1081-1672},
   Abstract = {An introduction to the utilization of plasmon resonant
             particles as optical labels for diverse biological
             applications is presented. Plasmon resonant particles
             (PRP(TM)) (Seashell Technology LLC, La Jolla, CA) are sub-
             micron (40-100 nanometer), ultra-bright, nonbleaching,
             multicolor, light scattering objects that can be attached to
             standard biomolecules. The basic concepts and use of PRP in
             various biological applications such as immunoassays and
             histology, including in-situ hybridization, and tissue
             labeling are discussed. We suggest that this new label will
             replace and/or complement the traditional labels presently
             used that are based on radioactivity, fluorescence, or
             chemiluminescence. Since the detection of each individual
             label is readily performed, the measured signal is a simple
             count of all of the detected labels. Thus, the ultimate
             sensitivity of the assay is set by both the degree of label
             binding to the individual 'target' molecular entity, and the
             corresponding number of labels that bind
             nondiscriminately.},
   Key = {fds269664}
}

@article{fds269638,
   Author = {Hall, LJ and Smith, D},
   Title = {Leading order textures for lepton mass matrices},
   Journal = {Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and
             Cosmology},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {1-9},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.59.113013},
   Abstract = {In theories with three light neutrinos, certain simplicity
             assumptions allow the construction of a complete list of
             leading order lepton mass matrices. These matrices are
             consistent with (Formula presented) and (Formula presented)
             as suggested by measurements of atmospheric and solar
             neutrino fluxes. The list contains twelve generic cases: two
             have three degenerate neutrinos, eight have two neutrinos
             forming a Dirac state, and in only two cases is one neutrino
             much heavier than the other two. For each of these twelve
             generic cases the possible forms for the perturbations which
             yield (Formula presented) are given. Ten special textures
             are also found. © 1999 The American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.59.113013},
   Key = {fds269638}
}

@article{fds269663,
   Author = {Martin, OJF and Girard, C and Smith, DR and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Generalized Field Propagator for Arbitrary Finite-Size
             Photonic Band Gap Structures},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {82},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {315-318},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.82.315},
   Abstract = {We investigate the properties of photonic hand gap
             structures of finite size and arbitrary geometry using the
             density of states deduced from scattering calculations. We
             first demonstrate this procedure on a finite 2D array of
             cylinders and then study at optical frequencies a system
             formed by a finite array of finite height cylinders
             positioned on a substrate and illuminated with an evanescent
             field.},
   Doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.82.315},
   Key = {fds269663}
}

@article{fds269639,
   Author = {Hall, LJ and Smith, D},
   Title = {Cosmological constraints on theories with large extra
             dimensions},
   Journal = {Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and
             Cosmology},
   Volume = {60},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1-5},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.60.085008},
   Abstract = {In theories with large extra dimensions, constraints from
             cosmology lead to nontrivial lower bounds on the
             gravitational scale M, corresponding to upper bounds on the
             radii of the compact extra dimensions. These constraints are
             especially relevant to the case of two extra dimensions,
             since only if M is 10 TeV or less do deviations from the
             standard gravitational force law become evident at distances
             accessible to planned submillimeter gravity experiments. By
             examining the graviton decay contribution to the cosmic
             diffuse gamma radiation, we derive, for the case of two
             extra dimensions, a conservative bound (Formula presented)
             corresponding to (Formula presented) well beyond the reach
             of these experiments. We also consider the constraint coming
             from graviton overclosure of the universe and derive an
             independent bound (Formula presented) or (Formula presented)
             © 1999 The American Physical Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.60.085008},
   Key = {fds269639}
}

@article{fds335158,
   Author = {Smith, DR and D'Angelo, JP and Lee, K and Sturmfels,
             R},
   Title = {Actuator-based vibration control using position
             feedback},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {3668},
   Number = {II},
   Pages = {1010-1016},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {A control strategy based on the relative position of the
             armature and body, and an actuator which has the necessary
             features to take advantage of this approach, is developed.
             This strategy provides a modular approach to vibration
             isolation because it acts independently of the dynamics of
             any attached structures. While the system is unable to match
             the peak performance of adaptive multiple-input
             multiple-output controllers, it provides significant
             broadband isolation with a simple, local controller. This
             control can be implemented within the actuator, providing
             more sophisticated controllers with an actuator that has
             less force transmission than conventional devices. This
             offers the potential of additional gains in isolation
             performance.},
   Key = {fds335158}
}

@article{fds269637,
   Author = {Barbieri, R and Hall, LJ and Smith, D and Weiner, NJ and Strumia,
             A},
   Title = {Oscillations of solar and atmospheric neutrinos},
   Journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics},
   Volume = {2},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {XVII-30},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1029-8479},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/1998/12/017},
   Abstract = {Motivated by recent results from SuperKamiokande, we study
             both solar and atmospheric neutrino fluxes in the context of
             oscillations of the three known neutrinos. We aim at a
             global view which identifies the various possibilities,
             rather than attempting the most accurate determination of
             the parameters of each scenario. For solar neutrinos we
             emphasise the importance of performing a general analysis,
             independent of any particular solar model and we consider
             the possibility that any one of the techniques - chlorine,
             gallium or water Cerenkov - has a large unknown systematic
             error, so that its results should be discarded. The
             atmospheric neutrino anomaly is studied by paying special
             attention to the ratios of upward and downward going ve and
             vμ fluxes. Both anomalies can be described in a minimal
             scheme where the respective oscillation frequencies are
             widely separated or in non-minimal schemes with two
             comparable oscillation frequencies. We discuss explicit
             forms of neutrino mass matrices in which both atmospheric
             and solar neutrino fluxes are explained. In the minimal
             scheme we identify only two 'zeroth order' textures that can
             result from unbroken symmetries. Finally we discuss
             experimental strategies for the determination of the various
             oscillation parameters.},
   Doi = {10.1088/1126-6708/1998/12/017},
   Key = {fds269637}
}

@article{fds331027,
   Author = {Keen, KM and Smith, D and Lee, BS},
   Title = {Improved form of backfire bifilar helix conical beam
             antenna},
   Journal = {Microwave and Optical Technology Letters},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {278-280},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2760(19970405)14:5<278::AID-MOP7>3.0.CO;2},
   Abstract = {The nonresonant-length backfire bifilar helix is often used
             as a vehicle satcom antenna, as it has a circularly
             polarized conical beam with azimuthal symmetry. Some antenna
             configurations, however, exhibit poor back-lobe levels. It
             is shown that radiation patterns can be significantly
             improved by correct termination of the helix. © 1997 John
             Wiley & Sons, Inc.},
   Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-2760(19970405)14:5<278::AID-MOP7>3.0.CO;2},
   Key = {fds331027}
}

@article{fds331028,
   Author = {Smith, D},
   Title = {Low cost tyre monitoring system using electronic article
             surveillance techniques},
   Journal = {IEE Colloquium (Digest)},
   Number = {46},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {A low cost method for tire monitoring is designed using a
             passive LC circuit tag is used for contactless sensing.
             Circuit response to bursts of radio frequency pulses is made
             to vary with changes in tire pressure. Separate transmit and
             receive antennas are employed with a distance of about 100
             mm. between the antennas and the LC circuit. A good clean
             signal is obtained with a significant reduction of signal
             level for a small variation of resonant frequency. The
             principles used in the system has the ability to detect
             changes in circuit performance which make it suitable for
             incorporation into a tire sidewall or tire
             valve.},
   Key = {fds331028}
}

@article{fds269660,
   Author = {Smith, DR},
   Title = {Thermal conductivity of fibrous glass board by guarded hot
             plates and heat flow meters: An international
             round-robin},
   Journal = {International Journal of Thermophysics},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1557-1573},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02575351},
   Abstract = {In the early 1980s, an international round-robin was held in
             which the apparent thermal conductivity of specimens of
             fibrous glass insulation board was measured by users of
             guarded hot plates (GHPs) and heat-flow meters (HFMs). The
             round-robin was performed over a period of several years by
             laboratories in Europe, North America, Australia, and the
             Far East. Participants in this round-robin were organized
             into 12 "loops," 8 for participants with GHPs and 4 for
             those with HFMs. Each loop included laboratories located in
             the same region of the world and sharing the same set of
             specimens. In an attempt to obtain insight into the accuracy
             of the measurements, participants were also asked to measure
             the thermal conductivity of a layer of air. The data
             submitted in this round-robin are exhibited and analyzed.
             The overall agreement of individual measurements with a
             least-squares fitted curve, as measured by one standard
             deviation σ, was σ = 2.4% for GHPs and σ = 2.7% for HFMs.
             Suggestions are made for conducting future round-robins of
             this type. © 1997 Plenum Publishing Corporation.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF02575351},
   Key = {fds269660}
}

@article{fds269661,
   Author = {Slifka, AJ and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Thermal expansion of an E-glass/vinyl ester composite from 4
             to 293 K},
   Journal = {International Journal of Thermophysics},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1249-1256},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02575259},
   Abstract = {We have measured the thermal expansion of the three
             principal orthogonal directions of an E-glass/vinyl ester
             structural composite from liquid helium temperature, 4.2 K,
             to room temperature, 293 K. The linear thermal expansion at
             4.2 K ranged from -0.23 to -0.71%, referenced to zero
             expansion at 293 K. We fitted the linear thermal expansion
             data from 4.2 to 293 K with a cubic polynomial for each of
             the three principal orthogonal directions.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF02575259},
   Key = {fds269661}
}

@article{5788007,
   Author = {Li, D. and Kroll, N. and Smith, D.R. and Schultz,
             S.},
   Title = {Wake-field studies on Photonic Band Gap accelerator
             cavities},
   Journal = {AIP Conf. Proc. (USA)},
   Number = {398},
   Pages = {528 - 37},
   Address = {Lake Tahoe, CA, USA},
   Year = {1997},
   Keywords = {accelerator cavities;photonic band gap;Q-factor;wakefield
             accelerators;},
   Abstract = {We have studied the wake-field of several metal Photonic
             Band Gap (PBG) cavities which consist of either a square or
             a hexagonal array of metal cylinders, bounded on top and
             bottom by conducting or superconducting sheets, surrounded
             by placing microwave absorber at the periphery or by
             replacing outer rows of metal cylinders with lossy
             dielectric ones, or by metallic walls. A removed cylinder
             from the center of the array constitutes a site defect where
             a localized electromagnetic mode can occur. While both
             monopole and dipole wake-fields have been studied, we
             confine our attention here mainly to the dipole case. The
             dipole wake-field is produced by modes in the propagation
             bands which tend to fill the entire cavity more or less
             uniformly and are thus easy to damp selectively. MAFIA time
             domain simulation of the transverse wake-field has been
             compared with that of a cylindrical pill-box comparison
             cavity. Even without damping the wake-field of the metal PBG
             cavity is substantially smaller than that of the pill-box
             cavity and may be further reduced by increasing the size of
             the lattice. By introducing lossy material at the periphery
             we have been able to produce Q factors for the dipole modes
             in the 40 to 120 range without significantly degrading the
             accelerating mode},
   Key = {5788007}
}

@article{5730769,
   Author = {Smith, D.R.},
   Title = {A simplified module interface style for synthesis
             education},
   Journal = {Proceedings. 1997 IEEE International Conference on
             Microelectronic Systems Education, MSE'97. `Doing More with
             Less in a Rapidly Changing Environment' (Cat.
             No.97TB100127)},
   Pages = {73 - 4},
   Address = {Arlington, VA, USA},
   Year = {1997},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSE.1997.612553},
   Keywords = {application specific integrated circuits;built-in self
             test;circuit CAD;computer aided instruction;computer science
             education;educational courses;electronic engineering
             education;field programmable gate arrays;integrated circuit
             design;integrated memory circuits;logic CAD;random-access
             storage;},
   Abstract = {In the synthesis course at Stony Brook we have made it
             possible for students to complete the tasks of
             specification, simulation, synthesis, FPGA fitting, low
             level verification, both on homework sets and on a
             non-trivial project, all within one semester. We do it by
             using a set of standard components and a consistent and
             standardized interface throughout: for the library
             components, for the designs themselves, and for the
             testbenches. It is possible to get designs working quickly
             because the control is implicit and the synthesis scripts
             are standardised, even though the projects covered a range
             from radix 4 multiplication and division, memory
             interleaver, a synchrotron controller, and parts for a 3
             dimensional graphics engine. The paper summarizes the method
             and illustrates it on a design for a RAM built-in
             self-test},
   Key = {5730769}
}

@article{5788006,
   Author = {Smith, D.R. and Derun Li and Vier, D.C. and Kroll, N. and Schultz, S.},
   Title = {Recent progress on Photonic Band Gap accelerator
             cavities},
   Journal = {AIP Conf. Proc. (USA)},
   Number = {398},
   Pages = {518 - 27},
   Address = {Lake Tahoe, CA, USA},
   Year = {1997},
   Keywords = {accelerator cavities;photonic band gap;},
   Abstract = {We report on the current status of our program to apply
             Photonic Band Gap (PBG) concepts to produce novel
             high-energy, high-intensity accelerator cavities. The PBG
             design on which we have concentrated our inital efforts
             consists of a square array of metal cylinders, terminated by
             conducting or superconducting sheets, and surrounded by
             microwave absorber on the periphery of the structure. A
             removed cylinder from the center of the array constitutes a
             site defect where a localized electromagnetic mode can
             occur. In previous work, we have proposed that this
             structure could be utilized as an accelerator cavity, with
             advantageous properties over conventional cavity designs. In
             the present work, we present further studies, including
             MAFIA-based numerical calculations and experimental
             measurements, demonstrating the feasibility of using the
             proposed structure in a real accelerator
             application},
   Key = {5788006}
}

@article{fds269658,
   Author = {Shtrikman, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Analytic and quasi-analytic formulae for MR
             heads},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Magnetics},
   Volume = {32},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {43-48},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0018-9464},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.477548},
   Abstract = {We present analytic procedures for calculating the
             magnetostatic and response functions of magnetoresistive
             (MR) recording heads. To apply these methods we make several
             simplifying approximations, which have been found to be
             valid for typical recording head geometries. In particular,
             we show how to calculate the bias magnetization
             distribution, ideal transition pulse shape, and frequency
             response for the unshielded MR (UMR) head. To do this, we
             summarize a method based on conformal mapping and
             reciprocity, and present a simpler direct method which
             produces identical results. We extend this alternate method
             to find analytic expressions for the saturated bias
             magnetization. © 1996 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/20.477548},
   Key = {fds269658}
}

@article{fds269659,
   Author = {Shtrikman, S and Smith, DR},
   Title = {Analytical formulas for the unshielded magnetoresistive
             head},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Magnetics},
   Volume = {32},
   Number = {3 PART 2},
   Pages = {1987-1994},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0018-9464},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.492899},
   Abstract = {The magnetostatic and frequency response characteristics of
             the unshielded magnetoresistive (UMR) head have been
             previously calculated by means of a numerical simulation
             which ultilized the principle of reciprocity to reduce the
             computational task of solving the relevant micromagnetic
             equations. The results of the simulation were found to be in
             excellent agreement with measurements made on actual UMR
             heads [N. Smith and D. Wachenschwanz, IEEE Trans. Magn.,
             MAG-23, p. 2494 (1987)]. In the present paper, we analyze an
             idealized UMR head, following in spirit the procedure
             outlined in the previous work; however, we formulate the
             problem by introducing simplifying approximations which
             retain the essential physics, deriving simple equations
             describing the bias magnetization distribution, and the
             frequency response. The equations obtained in this way are
             analytic and simple, yet in agreement with the micromagnetic
             simulation and experimental measurements. Furthermore, the
             analytic formulas provide a source of insight which may be
             of use in the design or optimization of UMR recording heads.
             © 1996 IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/20.492899},
   Key = {fds269659}
}

@article{fds331029,
   Author = {Geen, D and Smith, D},
   Title = {Compact anechoic chamber and antenna measurement system for
             microwave teaching and research applications},
   Journal = {Microwave and Optical Technology Letters},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {150-154},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2760(19960620)12:3<150::AID-MOP8>3.0.CO;2},
   Abstract = {The design of a small, low-cost anechoic chamber well suited
             to the teaching of antenna theory and measurement techniques
             is described. The chamber design allows for dismantling,
             relocation, and reassembly when required. Its performance in
             the range 18-30 GHz has been found to be good. The
             incorporation of the chamber into an automated antenna
             pattern measurement system for education and research
             purposes is also described. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons,
             Inc.},
   Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-2760(19960620)12:3<150::AID-MOP8>3.0.CO;2},
   Key = {fds331029}
}

@article{96023036050,
   Author = {Suzuki, T and Yu, PKL and Smith, DR and Schultz, S},
   Title = {Experimental and theoretical study of dipole emission in the
             two-dimensional photonic band structure of the square
             lattice with dielectric cylinders},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
   Volume = {79},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {582-594},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360800},
   Keywords = {Electromagnetic waves;Crystal lattices;Dielectric
             materials;Green's function;Integration;Microwaves;Frequencies;Electric
             fields;Emission spectroscopy;Eigenvalues and
             eigenfunctions;Interpolation;Antennas;},
   Abstract = {Dipole radiation in a two-dimensional periodic dielectric
             structure is studied both theoretically and experimentally
             in this article. For the two-dimensional square lattice
             structure with dielectric cylinders, the emission power of
             an electric dipole in the photonic band structure is
             computed numerically by a combination of the plane wave
             method, the dyadic Green's function, the Poynting theorem,
             and the triangular integration method. The theoretical
             results are compared with experimental measurements in a
             microwave frequency region. The computed radiation spectra
             in the photonic band structure show good agreement with the
             experimentally measured results. © 1996 American Institute
             of Physics.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.360800},
   Key = {96023036050}
}

@article{fds331030,
   Author = {Geen, D and Smith, D},
   Title = {Performance of a novel dual-band horn antenna @
             20/30GHz},
   Journal = {1996 26th European Microwave Conference, EuMC
             1996},
   Volume = {2},
   Pages = {795-798},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EUMA.1996.337697},
   Abstract = {The design for a narrow angle feed horn radiating low levels
             of cross polarisation in two widely separated frequency
             bands is presented. The horn uses corrugations to control
             the cross polarisation in the lower frequency band and a
             synthesised aperture distribution controlled by a TM 11 mode
             transducer in the input waveguide to reduce cross
             polarisation in the upper frequency band. Provisional
             theoretical radiation patterns and VSWR characteristics are
             included to indicate antenna performance. © 1996
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/EUMA.1996.337697},
   Key = {fds331030}
}

@article{fds331031,
   Author = {Geen, D and Smith, D},
   Title = {Wide flare-angle horn antenna with means for radiating low
             levels of crosspolarisation in two widely separated
             frequency bands},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Volume = {3},
   Pages = {2026-2029},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {Preliminary results for a horn antenna with good crosspolar
             performance in two discrete frequency bands in addition to
             desirable VSWR characteristics are presented. The horn
             combines two different design concepts. It uses corrugations
             to control the crosspolarisation in the lower frequency band
             when the corrugation depth is approximately λ/4, and in the
             upper frequency band when the corrugation depth tends
             towards λ/2, crosspolarisation is reduced by controlling
             the aperture distribution with the addition of the necessary
             magnitude and phase of TM11 mode controlled by a mode
             transducer in the input waveguide.},
   Key = {fds331031}
}

@article{fds269657,
   Author = {Suzuki, T and Yu, PKL and Smith, DR and Schultz, S},
   Title = {New type of waveguide structures with photonic band
             structures},
   Journal = {IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium
             Digest},
   Volume = {2},
   Pages = {911-914},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {We study a new type of waveguide structures -
             two-dimensional photonic crystals sandwiched between two
             metal conductors. In the structures, not only the
             electromagnetic propagation, but also the radiation spectra
             can be controlled. Radiation from microwave dipole antennas
             can be completely suppressed in band gaps and enormously
             enhanced at specific pass bands frequencies.},
   Key = {fds269657}
}

@article{5392654,
   Author = {Smith, D.R.},
   Title = {Hardware synthesis from encapsulated Verilog
             modules},
   Journal = {Proceedings. International Conference on
             Application-Specific Systems, Architectures and Processors
             1996 (Cat. No.96TB100068)},
   Pages = {284 - 92},
   Address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
   Year = {1996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ASAP.1996.542823},
   Keywords = {computational complexity;hardware description
             languages;inference mechanisms;logic design;},
   Abstract = {This paper discusses experience with synthesis from a
             Verilog writing style using encapsulated modules. The method
             is shown to be capable of significant advantages in
             reduction of code complexity, re-use of submodules, and
             automatic inference of control. In order to pass synthesis
             and low level simulation, care must be taken in the
             translation of the encapsulated modules through an
             intermediate style accessible to industry synthesizers. If
             the encapsulated modules are edge activated then the control
             points need to be staggered in time through the clock cycle
             as control is passed down through the hierarchy. Examples
             are given of a such an intermediate style which is
             acceptable to synthesis and low level simulation. A
             conclusion discusses other implications of adapting the
             objective style to hardware design},
   Key = {5392654}
}

@article{fds269574,
   Author = {Hayward, TD and Dowell, DH and Vetter, AM and Lancaster, C and Milliman,
             L and Smith, D and Adamski, J and Parazzoli, C},
   Title = {High duty factor electron linac for FEL},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE Particle Accelerator
             Conference},
   Volume = {1},
   Pages = {248-250},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {An 18-MeV, 433-MHz linac capable of operating at 25% RF duty
             factor (DF) is being commissioned for FEL applications.
             Comprising a two-cell RF photocathode injector followed by
             four new multicell cavities, the linac is an extension of
             the photoinjector which previously delivered 5 nC at 27 MHz
             micropulse repetition frequency, and 25% DF. The system is
             constructed using equipment from the Ground Based Laser and
             the Average Power Laser Experiment (APLE). The linac can
             serve as the driver for an infrared FEL or as the
             preaccelerator for a higher energy linac driving a visible
             FEL.},
   Key = {fds269574}
}

@article{fds269656,
   Author = {Goplen, B and Ludeking, L and Smith, D and Warren,
             G},
   Title = {User-configurable MAGIC for electromagnetic PIC
             calculations},
   Journal = {Computer Physics Communications},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {54-86},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0010-4655},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(95)00010-D},
   Abstract = {MAGIC is a user-configurable code that solves Maxwell's
             equations together with Lorentz particle motion. A variety
             of 2D, finite-difference electromagnetic algorithms and 3D
             particle-in-cell algorithms may be combined in
             problem-specific ways to provide fast, accurate,
             steady-state and transient calculations for many research
             and design needs. Default configurations provide good speed
             and accuracy for most applications, and a library of
             templates offers optimized algorithm configurations for
             specific devices. A programmable processor named POSTER
             provides advanced post-analysis of the field and particle
             solutions. Coordinate systems, boundary conditions,
             geometry, and materials are specified by the user, and grid
             generation can be manual, user-assisted, or fully automatic.
             MAGIC has a fully 3D counterpart called SOS. Programs exist
             to connect these analysis tools to parametric and CAD input
             from an integrated design environment. ©
             1995.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0010-4655(95)00010-D},
   Key = {fds269656}
}

@article{fds331032,
   Author = {Geen, D and Smith, D},
   Title = {Design, construction and performance of a small, low cost
             anechoic measuring system for research applications},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Volume = {4},
   Pages = {1738-1741},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {A low cost anechoic measuring system has been designed,
             constructed and evaluated. It consists of a small anechoic
             chamber, designed specifically for measurements of high
             performance feed horns within the range 18-30GHz, and a
             simple antenna positioner. The chamber features hinged sides
             to ease relocation and improve access and is characterised
             by a simple and low cost design in addition to a
             reflectivity level better than -52dB. The antenna positioner
             is under the control of a PC which interfaces with a network
             analyser to achieve a fully automated magnitude and phase
             pattern measuring system.},
   Key = {fds331032}
}

@article{fds332088,
   Author = {Geen, D and Smith, D},
   Title = {Enhanced teaching of antenna theory and measurement
             techniques using a low cost anechoic measuring
             system},
   Journal = {1995 25th European Microwave Conference},
   Volume = {2},
   Pages = {942-944},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9780000000002},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EUMA.1995.337100},
   Abstract = {A low cost anechoic chamber and simple antenna positioner
             have been constructed. They have been incorporated into a
             fully automated antenna pattern measuring system which takes
             advantage of the department's existing network analyser as
             both the source and receiver to obtain accurate results and
             simplify data collection. The chamber has been designed as
             part of a research project investigating horn antennas
             within the range 18-30GHz and as such is characterised by a
             reflectivity level better than ¿52dB [1]. However, the
             improved physical and visual access to the chamber as a
             result of it's design, and the system's ease of use brought
             about by the convenience of the network analyser make it a
             useful tool with which to enhance the teaching of both
             antenna theory and antenna measurement techniques.},
   Doi = {10.1109/EUMA.1995.337100},
   Key = {fds332088}
}

@article{5212036,
   Author = {Smith, D.R. and Morris, S.C.},
   Title = {VHDL-based methodology for modelling computer communication
             systems},
   Journal = {1995 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer
             Engineering (Cat. No.95TH8103)},
   Volume = {vol.2},
   Pages = {627 - 31},
   Address = {Montreal, Que., Canada},
   Year = {1995},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CCECE.1995.526282},
   Keywords = {CAD;computer networks;digital simulation;hardware
             description languages;telecommunication computing;},
   Abstract = {Currently the design and development process employs
             different modelling and design techniques at each level of
             system abstraction. This makes the process inefficient and
             costly. VHDL, however, has the potential to unify this
             process. VHDL's widespread use in the design, development
             and synthesis of ASICs is an indication of its success. It
             has already lead to revolutionary changes in the way
             traditional systems design is performed. Today new ASIC
             design starts with a VHDL description of the circuit and
             then the ASIC is synthesized from this description. The next
             step in VHDL's evolutionary use is in the modelling of
             systems at higher levels of abstraction. The specification
             and design of an entire large scale system is possible. This
             paper presents a VHDL-based methodology for modelling
             computer communication systems, called VCCS, to demonstrate
             VHDL's ability to design and model systems at a high level
             of abstraction. The methodology, design strategy and primary
             characteristics of the VHDL implementation are
             explained},
   Key = {5212036}
}

@article{5081597,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schildknecht, RR},
   Title = {A circuit-switched shared-memory multiprocessor},
   Journal = {Int. J. Mini Microcomput. (USA)},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {108-118},
   Year = {1995},
   Keywords = {circuit switching;CMOS integrated circuits;delays;hypercube
             networks;message passing;performance evaluation;shared
             memory systems;virtual machines;},
   Abstract = {A circuit-switched shared-memory multiprocessor based on the
             2D spanning bus hypercube is described. This design
             eliminates most of the processing overhead attributed to
             message passing systems. Circuit switching allows the sender
             to transfer directly into the receiver's address space by
             establishing a dedicated transmission path between the two
             nodes. Thus, data sets for cascaded calculations (using
             separate processors) can be prepared directly in the
             following processor's address space. A system was designed
             as an extension to a VME-based multiprocessor. This work
             investigates the potential efficiency of a circuit-switched
             topology using a simulation model. A simulation model for
             the implementation was developed using the NETWORK II.5
             simulation system. The simulation results are used to
             specify the performance requirements of a switching element
             for a hypercube-connected multiprocessor. Next, the design
             and the operation of the interconnection mechanism are
             detailed. The design was implemented and tested in 3 &mu;m
             CMOS technology using the suite of Mentor Graphics tools to
             establish the connection and communication delay parameters
             for the system architecture. Using the derived VLSI switch
             parameters, the performance of the 2D spanning bus hypercube
             is compared against that of two message-passing
             architectures based on the binary hypercube and the spanning
             bus hypercube. In both cases, the circuit-switched
             shared-memory design significantly reduced the processing
             overhead and the delay times involved in data
             transfers},
   Key = {5081597}
}

@article{4983835,
   Author = {Hudson, R and Chikhani, AY and Ferland, G and Smith, DR and Salama,
             MMA},
   Title = {Modelling the interaction of multiple small harmonic current
             sources in an isolated power distribution
             system},
   Journal = {Can. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. (Canada)},
   Volume = {20},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {85-90},
   Year = {1995},
   Keywords = {digital simulation;distribution networks;harmonic
             distortion;load (electric);naval engineering computing;power
             system analysis computing;power system harmonics;ships;software
             packages;},
   Abstract = {Given the growing number of interactive nonlinear loads in
             power distribution systems, some techniques to monitor the
             spread of harmonics through the power system need to be
             developed. This paper examines the nature of harmonics in a
             naval power distribution system and develops a harmonic
             model using the CYMHARMO package to monitor current sources
             and the interaction that can occur in the Canadian Patrol
             Frigate (CPF) power distribution system. The results
             indicate that a significant level of harmonics can exist in
             the CPF system due to 43 identified harmonic current
             sources. The presence of any capacitive loads will only
             serve to increase the level of distortion if resonance
             occurs. With shipboard testing to confirm equipment loading
             and identify capacitive elements, the model will be a useful
             tool for naval engineers to examine and modify the CPF
             system},
   Key = {4983835}
}

@article{4759795,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schultz, S and Kroll, N and Sigalas, M and Ho, KM and Soukoulis, CM},
   Title = {Experimental and theoretical results for a two-dimensional
             metal photonic band-gap cavity},
   Journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
   Volume = {65},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {645-647},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0003-6951},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.112258},
   Keywords = {defect electron energy states;energy gap;localised electron
             states;optical constants;},
   Abstract = {We demonstrate, by both microwave experiments and numerical
             simulation, that a two-dimensional lattice of metal
             cylinders can form a complete photonic band-gap (PBG)
             structure. The band structure exhibits a single broad PBG
             extending from zero frequency to a threshold frequency,
             above which all modes may propagate in some direction. A
             single cylinder removed from the lattice produces a defect
             mode localized about the defect site, with an energy density
             attenuation rate of 30 dB per lattice constant. The
             frequency dependence of the transmission through a finite
             thickness of this structure is also calculated in good
             agreement with the measurements. We suggest that the defect
             mode resonant cavity when formed by appropriate low loss
             metals may be advantageous for use in PBG high energy
             accelerator structures that we are evaluating.},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.112258},
   Key = {4759795}
}

@article{fds335159,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Fonck, RJ and McKee, GR and Schoenbeck, N and Uzun-Kaymak,
             I and Winz, G and Feder, F and Feder, R and Labik, G and Stratton,
             BC},
   Title = {Overview of the beam emission spectroscopy diagnostic system
             on the National Spherical Torus Experiment},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Magnetics},
   Volume = {30},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {2665-2668},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.305828},
   Abstract = {A beam emission spectroscopy (BES) system has been installed
             on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) to study
             ion gyroscale ?uctuations. The BES system measures
             Dαemission from a deuterium neutral heating beam. The
             system includes two optical views centered at r/a ≈0.45
             and 0.85 and aligned to magnetic ?eld pitch angles at the
             neutral beam. f/1.5 collection optics produce 2-3 cm spot
             sizes at the neutral beam. The initial channel layout
             includes radial arrays, poloidal arrays, and two-dimensional
             grids. Radial arrays provide coverage from r/a≈0.1 to
             beyond the last-closed flux surface. Photodetectors and
             digital filters provide high-sensitivity, low-noise
             measurements at frequencies of up to 1 MHz. The BES system
             will be a valuable tool for investigating ion gyroscale
             turbulence and Alfv'n/energetic particle modes on NSTX. ©
             1994 IEEE},
   Doi = {10.1109/20.305828},
   Key = {fds335159}
}

@article{4651529,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Schultz, S and McCall, SL and Platzmann,
             PM},
   Title = {Defect studies in a two-dimensional periodic photonic
             lattice},
   Journal = {J. Mod. Opt. (UK)},
   Volume = {41},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {395-404},
   Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
   Year = {1994},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500349414550401},
   Keywords = {energy gap;microwave spectra of inorganic
             solids;},
   Abstract = {Structures arranged so as to exhibit a complete photonic
             bandgap (PGB) have been proposed for a variety of
             technological applications. McCall et al. have reported an
             experimental and numerical investigation of microwave
             propagation in a two-dimensional array consisting of
             low-loss high-dielectric-constant cylinders. This system was
             shown to have a complete PBG, as well as a defect mode. Here
             we present an experimental investigation of the properties
             of a variety of defect modes, created by altering a region
             in the otherwise periodic lattice of dielectric cylinders.
             These alterations include removing one or more cylinders
             from the lattice in a variety of spatial separations and
             orientations, and also a procedure whereby the defect mode
             frequency may be tuned by slightly perturbing those
             cylinders closest to the defect region. The implication of
             these results for supercell numerical simulations and
             potential technical applications are discussed},
   Doi = {10.1080/09500349414550401},
   Key = {4651529}
}

@article{94041257776,
   Author = {Schultz, S and Smith, DR and Kroll, N},
   Title = {Photonic band gap resonators for high energy
             accelerators},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE Particle Accelerator
             Conference},
   Volume = {4},
   Pages = {2559-2563},
   Address = {Washington, DC, USA},
   Year = {1993},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PAC.1993.309387},
   Keywords = {Particle accelerators;Microwave devices;Mathematical
             models;Energy gap;Model structures;Cryogenics;Dielectric
             properties;Electromagnetic waves;},
   Abstract = {We have proposed that a new type of microwave resonator,
             based on Photonic Band Gap (PBG) structures, may be
             particularly useful for high energy accelerators. We provide
             an explanation of the PBG concept and present data which
             illustrate some of the special properties associated with
             such structures. Further evaluation of the utility of PBG
             resonators requires laboratory testing of model structures
             at cryogenic temperatures, and at high fields. We provide a
             brief discussion of our test program, which is currently in
             progress.},
   Key = {94041257776}
}

@article{94031223333,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Dalichaouch, R and Kroll, N and Schultz, S and Mc Call,
             SL and Platzman, PM},
   Title = {Photonic band structure and defects in one and two
             dimensions},
   Journal = {Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical
             Physics},
   Volume = {10},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {314-321},
   Publisher = {The Optical Society},
   Year = {1993},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.10.000314},
   Keywords = {Energy gap;Band structure;Electromagnetic wave
             propagation;Quantum theory;},
   Abstract = {We present an experimental and numerical study of
             electromagnetic wave propagation in one-dimensional (D) and
             two-dimensional (2D) systems composed of periodic arrays of
             dielectric scatterers. We demonstrate that there are regions
             of frequency for which the waves are exponentially
             attenuated for all propagation directions. These regions
             correspond to band gaps in the calculated band structure,
             and such systems are termed photonic band-gap (PBG)
             structures. Removal of a single scatterer from a PBG
             structure produces a highly localized defect mode, for which
             the energy density decays exponentially away from the defect
             origin. Energy-density measurements of defect modes are
             presented. The experiments were conducted at 6-20 GHz, but
             we suggest that they may be scaled to infrared frequencies.
             Analytic and numerical solutions for the band structure and
             the defect states in D structures are derived. Applications
             of 2D PBG structures are briefly discussed. © 1993 Optical
             Society of America.},
   Doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.10.000314},
   Key = {94031223333}
}

@article{fds343758,
   Author = {Smith, D and Livingstone, B and Jefferson, RL},
   Title = {Effects of load impedance os the dimensions and beamwidth of
             a dual feed nearly square patch antenna for circular
             polarisations},
   Journal = {IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International
             Symposium (Digest)},
   Volume = {1992-June},
   Pages = {1427-1430},
   Year = {1992},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {0780307305},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APS.1992.221625},
   Doi = {10.1109/APS.1992.221625},
   Key = {fds343758}
}

@article{fds269655,
   Author = {Smith, N and Smith, DR and Shtrikman, S},
   Title = {Analysis Of A Dual Magnetoresistive Head},
   Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Magnetics},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {2295-2297},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {1992},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.179473},
   Abstract = {A recently proposed dual magnetoresistive (DMR) reproduce
             head, consisting of two identical, adjacent MR stripes
             separated by a nonmagnetic spacer and connected electrically
             in parallel, was shown to have potential in very high
             density magnetic recording applications. The present work
             considers the micromagnetics of this device, and derives
             approximate analytical expressions for the expected signal
             output as a function of linear recording density. The
             results are found to be in good agreement with numerical
             computations based on reciprocity. Comparison with
             analytical results for other MR head configurations is
             discussed. © 1992 IEEE},
   Doi = {10.1109/20.179473},
   Key = {fds269655}
}

@article{fds331033,
   Author = {Jefferson, RL and Smith, D},
   Title = {Dual circular polarised microstrip antenna design for a
             passive microwave transponder},
   Journal = {IEE Conference Publication},
   Number = {333 pt 1},
   Pages = {141-143},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {0852965087},
   Abstract = {This work has extended the use of a simple cavity model to
             the case of a dual feed nearly square antenna for circular
             polarisation. The addition of the second feed is found to
             alter the conditions required for the generation of circular
             polarisation and requires a change in antenna dimensions to
             compensate. Preliminary experimental work has supported the
             results obtained from the model.},
   Key = {fds331033}
}

@article{fds269653,
   Author = {McCall, SL and Platzman, PM and Dalichaouch, R and Smith, D and Schultz,
             S},
   Title = {Microwave propagation in two-dimensional dielectric
             lattices},
   Journal = {Physical Review Letters},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {2017-2020},
   Publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.2017},
   Abstract = {We have calculated and measured the properties of X-band
             microwaves propagating in a 2D array of low-loss
             high-dielectric-constant cylinders. Transmission bands and
             photonic band gaps are conclusively identified in excellent
             agreement with the theoretical predictions. Detailed data on
             the properties of isolated defect states are also presented.
             We conclude that studies of this model scattering system
             allow the quantitative evaluation and testing of ideas
             regarding wave propagation and localization in strongly
             scattering media. © 1991 The American Physical
             Society.},
   Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.2017},
   Key = {fds269653}
}

@article{4682078,
   Author = {Smith, D.R. and Schildknecht, R.R.},
   Title = {Design of an intelligent switch for a shared memory
             two-dimensional spanning bus hypercube multiprocessor},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the Fourth ISMM/IASTED International
             Conference Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems -
             II},
   Pages = {25 - 7},
   Address = {Washington, DC, USA},
   Year = {1991},
   Keywords = {CMOS integrated circuits;delays;digital simulation;hypercube
             networks;message passing;shared memory systems;},
   Abstract = {Multiprocessor architectures can be used to increase the
             amount of work that can be performed and to divide the
             software effort into manageable tasks units. The two major
             methods of inter-processor communication in these
             multiprocessors make use of message passing using a
             communications sub-system or the preparation of data buffers
             in processor shared memory. A message passing system
             requires a certain amount of processing overhead which
             subtracts from the total processing resource. A circuit
             switched, shared memory multiprocessor based on the
             two-dimensional spanning bus hypercube is described. This
             design eliminates most of the processing overhead attributed
             to message passing systems. Circuit switching allows the
             sender to transfer directly into the receivers' address
             space by establishing a dedicated transmission path between
             the two nodes. Thus, data sets for cascaded calculations
             (using separate processors) can be prepared directly in the
             following processors' address space. This work details the
             design and the operation of the interconnection mechanism.
             The paper describes the global and local addressing schemes
             that were devised to allow a VME bus-based multiprocessor to
             operate as a shared memory multiprocessor configured as a
             two-dimensional spanning bus hypercube. An intelligent
             switch has been designed to permit multiple connections
             within the spanning bus hypercube. A simulation model for
             the implementation was developed using the NETWORK II.5
             simulation system. The design was implemented and tested in
             3 &mu;m CMOS using the suite of Mentor Graphics tools to
             establish the connection and communication delay parameters
             for the system architecture},
   Key = {4682078}
}

@article{fds331034,
   Author = {Smith, D and Jefferson, RL},
   Title = {Dual polarized microstrip antenna design for a polarization
             shift keying microwave transponder},
   Journal = {Conference Proceedings - European Microwave
             Conference},
   Number = {19},
   Pages = {149-154},
   Year = {1989},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {0946821763},
   Abstract = {This work describes a novel method of data transmission by
             means of polarization shift keying. It analyzes the system
             performance in terms of S/N ratio and defines the required
             antenna cross polarization performance to achieve an
             acceptable S/N ratio. A theoretical analysis of antenna
             cross polarization performance is provided. This analysis
             predicts a dependence of cross polarization upon antenna
             substrate and angle of observation which is supported by
             experimental evidence. This work has also enabled accurate
             design criteria to be successfully applied to the
             fabrication of a dual feed circular disc antenna for
             polarization shift keying at 2.45GHz.},
   Key = {fds331034}
}

@article{fds344698,
   Author = {BURTON, RM and FORSYTH, JD and OBEL, B},
   Title = {ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSES TO THE NEW BUSINESS CONDITIONS - AN
             EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVE - PREFACE},
   Journal = {TECHNOVATION},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {R7-R7},
   Year = {1988},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4972(88)90049-1},
   Doi = {10.1016/0166-4972(88)90049-1},
   Key = {fds344698}
}

@article{fds343759,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Stair, AT and Steed, AJ and Burt, DA},
   Title = {Cryogenic infrared radiance instrumentation for shuttle
             (Cirris)},
   Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical
             Engineering},
   Volume = {265},
   Pages = {310-315},
   Year = {1981},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.959879},
   Abstract = {In recent years, the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory has
             flown several rocketborne experiments with cryogenic
             interferometers to measure natural and induced infrared
             atmospheric emissions. AFGL is currently developing two
             separate shuttle payloads based on advanced versions of
             these rocket sensors mated to cryogenic high off-axis
             rejection telescopes. CIRRIS will have a spectral resolution
             capability of better than 1 cm-1 over the 4 - 25 μm region,
             and will be dedicated to measurements of infrared emissions
             from the earthlimb at altitudes from 30 - 300 km. CIRRIS
             data is expected to provide an assessment of the effects of
             the atmosphere on current and planned AF space systems and a
             comprehensive data base for atmospheric modelling.
             Additional CIRRIS objectives are to measure and assess the
             effects of shuttle contamination on other planned shuttle
             experiments and to obtain data on a large number of
             atmospheric trace species. Specifics of the CIRRIS
             instrument, measurement plan and capabilities are presented.
             © 1981 SPIE.},
   Doi = {10.1117/12.959879},
   Key = {fds343759}
}

@article{1458990,
   Author = {Bhatt, D. and Smith, D.R.},
   Title = {Communications in a hierarchical multicomputer},
   Journal = {COMPCON 79 Proceedings. Using Microprocessors, Extending Our
             Reach},
   Pages = {374 - 9},
   Address = {Washington, DC, USA},
   Year = {1979},
   Keywords = {computer architecture;multiprocessing systems;},
   Abstract = {Describes the design of the hardware and the basic functions
             of the operating system for a tree organized multicomputer
             now being constructed in the Computer Science department at
             Stony Brook. The processors have separate local memories and
             are interconnected by communication links specialized for
             the transfers of short control type messages and large
             blocks of data. Also discussed is the influence of previous
             simulation studies and the operating system considerations
             on the design of the hardware and interprocessor
             communication protocols},
   Key = {1458990}
}

@article{1121896,
   Author = {Harris, J.A. and Smith, D.R.},
   Title = {Hierarchical multiprocessor organizations},
   Journal = {4th Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture},
   Pages = {41 - 8},
   Address = {Silver Spring, MD, USA},
   Year = {1977},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/800255.810651},
   Keywords = {computer architecture;multiprocessing systems;},
   Abstract = {The primary advantages of `multi-microprocessor
             architectures' are their potential for improvements in cost,
             reliability, and possibly speed over conventional large
             computers. However, the realization of these advantages
             requires improvements in the techniques necessary to
             translate problems into parallel algorithms for
             multi-microprocessors, and in the architectures of the
             multi-microprocessors themselves. This paper describes an
             architecture currently being investigated at SUNY-Stony
             Brook. It discusses various strategies of design, the
             structure of the proposed system, and some classes of
             problems for which the architecture is suited},
   Key = {1121896}
}