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| Linguistics : Publications since January 2023List all publications in the database. :recent first alphabetical combined listing:%% Andrews, Edna @article{fds372813, Author = {Eierud, C and Michael, A and Banks, D and Andrews, E}, Title = {Resting-state functional connectivity in lifelong musicians}, Journal = {Psychoradiology}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/psyrad/kkad003}, Abstract = {Background: It has been postulated that musicianship can lead to enhanced brain and cognitive reserve, but the neural mechanisms of this effect have been poorly understood. Lifelong professional musicianship in conjunction with novel brain imaging techniques offers a unique opportunity to examine brain network differences between musicians and matched controls. Objective: In this study we aim to investigate how resting-state functional networks (FNs) manifest in lifelong active musicians. We will evaluate the FNs of lifelong musicians and matched healthy controls using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: We derive FNs using the data-driven independent component analysis approach and analyze the functional network connectivity (FNC) between the default mode (DMN), sensory-motor (SMN), visual (VSN), and auditory (AUN) networks. We examine whether the linear regressions between FNC and age are different between the musicians and the control group. Results: The age trajectory of average FNC across all six pairs of FNs shows significant differences between musicians and controls. Musicians show an increase in average FNC with age while controls show a decrease (P = 0.013). When we evaluated each pair of FN, we note that in musicians FNC values increased with age in DMN-AUN, DMN-VSN, and SMN-VSN and in controls FNC values decreased with age in DMN-AUN, DMN-SMN, AUN-SMN, and SMN-VSN. Conclusion: This result provides early evidence that lifelong musicianship may contribute to enhanced brain and cognitive reserve. Results of this study are preliminary and need to be replicated with a larger number of participants.}, Doi = {10.1093/psyrad/kkad003}, Key = {fds372813} } %% Baran, Dominika M @article{fds369809, Author = {N/A}, Title = {Anti-genderism in Global Nationalist Movements}, Journal = {Gender and Language}, Number = {Special issue}, Publisher = {Equinox Publishing}, Editor = {Tebaldi, C and Baran, D}, Year = {2023}, Key = {fds369809} } @article{fds369810, Author = {Baran, D}, Title = {Defending Christianity from the “rainbow plague”: Historicized narratives of nationhood in rightwing antigenderist discourses in Poland}, Journal = {Gender and Language}, Volume = {17}, Number = {1}, Publisher = {Equinox Publishing}, Year = {2023}, Key = {fds369810} } @article{fds369811, Author = {Baran, D}, Title = {American immigrants and English}, Booktitle = {In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes}, Year = {2023}, Key = {fds369811} } %% Bergelson, Elika @article{fds376090, Author = {Lavechin, M and Metais, M and Titeux, H and Boissonnet, A and Copet, J and Riviere, M and Bergelson, E and Cristia, A and Dupoux, E and Bredin, H}, Title = {Brouhaha: Multi-Task Training for Voice Activity Detection, Speech-to-Noise Ratio, and C50 Room Acoustics Estimation}, Journal = {2023 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop, ASRU 2023}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9798350306897}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ASRU57964.2023.10389718}, Abstract = {Most automatic speech processing systems register degraded performance when applied to noisy or reverberant speech. But how can one tell whether speech is noisy or reverberant? We propose Brouhaha, a neural network jointly trained to extract speech/non-speech segments, speech-to-noise ratios, and C50 room acoustics from single-channel recordings. Brouhaha is trained using a data-driven approach in which noisy and reverberant audio segments are synthesized. We first evaluate its performance and demonstrate that the proposed multi-task regime is beneficial. We then present two scenarios illustrating how Brouhaha can be used on naturally noisy and reverberant data: 1) to investigate the errors made by a speaker diarization model (pyannote.audio); and 2) to assess the reliability of an automatic speech recognition model (Whisper from OpenAI). Both our pipeline and a pretrained model are open source and shared with the speech community.}, Doi = {10.1109/ASRU57964.2023.10389718}, Key = {fds376090} } @article{fds367924, Author = {Bulgarelli, F and Bergelson, E}, Title = {Talker variability is not always the right noise: 14 month olds struggle to learn dissimilar word-object pairs under talker variability conditions.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, Volume = {227}, Pages = {105575}, Year = {2023}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105575}, Abstract = {Seminal work by Stager & Werker (1997) finds that 14-month-olds can rapidly learn two word-object pairings if the words are distinct (e.g. "neem" and "lif") but not similar (e.g. the minimal pair "bih" and "dih"). More recently, studies have found that adding talker variability during exposure to new word-object pairs lets 14-month-olds succeed on the more challenging minimal pair task, presumably due to talker variability highlighting the "relevant" consistencies between the similar words (Rost & McMurray, 2009; Galle et al., 2015; Hohle et al., 2020). It remains an open question, however, whether talker variability would be similarly useful for learning new word-object pairings when the words themselves are already distinct, or whether instead this extra variability may extinguish learning due to increased task demands. We find evidence for the latter. Namely, in our sample of 54 English-learning 14-month-olds, training infants on two word-object pairings (e.g. "neem" with a dog toy and "lof" with a kitchen tool) only led them to notice when the words and objects were switched if they were trained with single-speaker identical word tokens. When the training featured talker variability (from one or multiple talkers) infants failed to learn the pairings. We suggest that when talker variability is not necessary to highlight the invariant differences between similar words, it may actually increase task difficulty, making it harder for infants to determine what to attend to in the earliest phases of word learning.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105575}, Key = {fds367924} } @article{fds370372, Author = {Liu, J and Hilton, CB and Bergelson, E and Mehr, SA}, Title = {Language experience predicts music processing in a half-million speakers of fifty-four languages.}, Journal = {Current biology : CB}, Volume = {33}, Number = {10}, Pages = {1916-1925.e4}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {2023}, Month = {May}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.067}, Abstract = {Tonal languages differ from other languages in their use of pitch (tones) to distinguish words. Lifelong experience speaking and hearing tonal languages has been argued to shape auditory processing in ways that generalize beyond the perception of linguistic pitch to the perception of pitch in other domains like music. We conducted a meta-analysis of prior studies testing this idea, finding moderate evidence supporting it. But prior studies were limited by mostly small sample sizes representing a small number of languages and countries, making it challenging to disentangle the effects of linguistic experience from variability in music training, cultural differences, and other potential confounds. To address these issues, we used web-based citizen science to assess music perception skill on a global scale in 34,034 native speakers of 19 tonal languages (e.g., Mandarin, Yoruba). We compared their performance to 459,066 native speakers of other languages, including 6 pitch-accented (e.g., Japanese) and 29 non-tonal languages (e.g., Hungarian). Whether or not participants had taken music lessons, native speakers of all 19 tonal languages had an improved ability to discriminate musical melodies on average, relative to speakers of non-tonal languages. But this improvement came with a trade-off: tonal language speakers were also worse at processing the musical beat. The results, which held across native speakers of many diverse languages and were robust to geographic and demographic variation, demonstrate that linguistic experience shapes music perception, with implications for relations between music, language, and culture in the human mind.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.067}, Key = {fds370372} } @article{fds373687, Author = {Meylan, SC and Foushee, R and Wong, NH and Bergelson, E and Levy, RP}, Title = {How adults understand what young children say.}, Journal = {Nature human behaviour}, Volume = {7}, Number = {12}, Pages = {2111-2125}, Year = {2023}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01698-3}, Abstract = {Children's early speech often bears little resemblance to that of adults, and yet parents and other caregivers are able to interpret that speech and react accordingly. Here we investigate how adult listeners' inferences reflect sophisticated beliefs about what children are trying to communicate, as well as how children are likely to pronounce words. Using a Bayesian framework for modelling spoken word recognition, we find that computational models can replicate adult interpretations of children's speech only when they include strong, context-specific prior expectations about the messages that children will want to communicate. This points to a critical role of adult cognitive processes in supporting early communication and reveals how children can actively prompt adults to take actions on their behalf even when they have only a nascent understanding of the adult language. We discuss the wide-ranging implications of the powerful listening capabilities of adults for theories of first language acquisition.}, Doi = {10.1038/s41562-023-01698-3}, Key = {fds373687} } @article{fds374572, Author = {Bergelson, E and Soderstrom, M and Schwarz, I-C and Rowland, CF and Ramírez-Esparza, N and R Hamrick and L and Marklund, E and Kalashnikova, M and Guez, A and Casillas, M and Benetti, L and Alphen, PV and Cristia, A}, Title = {Everyday language input and production in 1,001 children from six continents.}, Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, Volume = {120}, Number = {52}, Pages = {e2300671120}, Year = {2023}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2300671120}, Abstract = {Language is a universal human ability, acquired readily by young children, who otherwise struggle with many basics of survival. And yet, language ability is variable across individuals. Naturalistic and experimental observations suggest that children's linguistic skills vary with factors like socioeconomic status and children's gender. But which factors really influence children's day-to-day language use? Here, we leverage speech technology in a big-data approach to report on a unique cross-cultural and diverse data set: >2,500 d-long, child-centered audio-recordings of 1,001 2- to 48-mo-olds from 12 countries spanning six continents across urban, farmer-forager, and subsistence-farming contexts. As expected, age and language-relevant clinical risks and diagnoses predicted how much speech (and speech-like vocalization) children produced. Critically, so too did adult talk in children's environments: Children who heard more talk from adults produced more speech. In contrast to previous conclusions based on more limited sampling methods and a different set of language proxies, socioeconomic status (operationalized as maternal education) was not significantly associated with children's productions over the first 4 y of life, and neither were gender or multilingualism. These findings from large-scale naturalistic data advance our understanding of which factors are robust predictors of variability in the speech behaviors of young learners in a wide range of everyday contexts.}, Doi = {10.1073/pnas.2300671120}, Key = {fds374572} } @article{fds375505, Author = {Campbell, E and Casillas, R and Bergelson, E}, Title = {The role of vision in the acquisition of words: Vocabulary development in blind toddlers.}, Journal = {Developmental science}, Pages = {e13475}, Year = {2024}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/desc.13475}, Abstract = {What is vision's role in driving early word production? To answer this, we assessed parent-report vocabulary questionnaires administered to congenitally blind children (N = 40, Mean age = 24 months [R: 7-57 months]) and compared the size and contents of their productive vocabulary to those of a large normative sample of sighted children (N = 6574). We found that on average, blind children showed a roughly half-year vocabulary delay relative to sighted children, amid considerable variability. However, the content of blind and sighted children's vocabulary was statistically indistinguishable in word length, part of speech, semantic category, concreteness, interactiveness, and perceptual modality. At a finer-grained level, we also found that words' perceptual properties intersect with children's perceptual abilities. Our findings suggest that while an absence of visual input may initially make vocabulary development more difficult, the content of the early productive vocabulary is largely resilient to differences in perceptual access. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Infants and toddlers born blind (with no other diagnoses) show a 7.5 month productive vocabulary delay on average, with wide variability. Across the studied age range (7-57 months), vocabulary delays widened with age. Blind and sighted children's early vocabularies contain similar distributions of word lengths, parts of speech, semantic categories, and perceptual modalities. Blind children (but not sighted children) were more likely to say visual words which could also be experienced through other senses.}, Doi = {10.1111/desc.13475}, Key = {fds375505} } @article{fds375235, Author = {Laing, C and Bergelson, E}, Title = {Analyzing the effect of sibling number on input and output in the first 18 months.}, Journal = {Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies}, Volume = {29}, Number = {2}, Pages = {175-195}, Publisher = {WILEY}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/infa.12578}, Abstract = {Prior research suggests that across a wide range of cognitive, educational, and health-based measures, first-born children outperform their later-born peers. Expanding on this literature using naturalistic home-recorded data and parental vocabulary reports, we find that early language outcomes vary by number of siblings in a sample of 43 English-learning U.S. children from mid-to-high socioeconomic status homes. More specifically, we find that children in our sample with two or more-but not one-older siblings had smaller productive vocabularies at 18 months, and heard less input from caregivers across several measures than their peers with less than two siblings. We discuss implications regarding what infants experience and learn across a range of family sizes in infancy.}, Doi = {10.1111/infa.12578}, Key = {fds375235} } @article{fds376037, Author = {Moore, C and Bergelson, E}, Title = {Wordform variability in infants' language environment and its effects on early word learning.}, Journal = {Cognition}, Volume = {245}, Pages = {105694}, Year = {2024}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105694}, Abstract = {Most research regarding early word learning in English tends to make the simplifying assumption that there exists a one-to-one mapping between concrete objects and their labels. In the current work, we provide evidence that runs counter to this assumption, aligning English with more morphologically-rich languages. We suggest that even in a morphologically-poor language like English, real world language input to infants does not provide tidy 1-to-1 mappings. Instead, infants encounter many variant wordforms for familiar nouns (e.g. dog∼doggy∼dogs). We explore this wordform variability in 44 English-learning infants' naturalistic environments using a longitudinal corpus of infant-available speech. We look at both the frequency and composition of wordform variability. We find two broad categories of variability: referent-changing alterations, where words were pluralized or compounded (e.g. coat∼raincoats); and wordplay, where words changed form without a notable change in referent (e.g. bird∼birdie). We further find that wordplay occurs with a limited number of lemmas that are usually early-learned, high-frequency, and shorter. When looking at all wordform variability, we find that individual words with higher levels of wordform variability are learned earlier than words with fewer wordforms, over and above the effect of frequency.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105694}, Key = {fds376037} } %% Mazuka, Reiko @article{fds371461, Author = {Choi, Y and Nam, M and Yamane, N and Mazuka, R}, Title = {Lack of early sensitivity and gradual emergence of native phoneme categories: A pattern from underrepresented language learners.}, Journal = {Developmental Science}, Pages = {e13422}, Year = {2023}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/desc.13422}, Abstract = {Perceptual narrowing of speech perception supposes that young infants can discriminate most speech sounds early in life. During the second half of the first year, infants' phonetic sensitivity is attuned to their native phonology. However, supporting evidence for this pattern comes primarily from learners from a limited number of regions and languages. Very little evidence has accumulated on infants learning languages spoken in Asia, which accounts for most of the world's population. The present study examined the developmental trajectory of Korean-learning infants' sensitivity to a native stop contrast during the first year of life. The Korean language utilizes unusual voiceless three-way stop categories, requiring target categories to be derived from tight phonetic space. Further, two of these categories-lenis and aspirated-have undergone a diachronic change in recent decades as the primary acoustic cue for distinction has shifted among modern speakers. Consequently, the input distributions of these categories are mixed across speakers and speech styles, requiring learners to build flexible representations of target categories along these variations. The results showed that among the three age groups-4-6 months, 7-9 months, and 10-12 months-we tested, only 10-12-month-olds showed weak sensitivity to the two categories, suggesting that robust discrimination is not in place by the end of the first year. The study adds scarcely represented data, lending additional support for the lack of early sensitivity and prolonged emergence of native phonology that are inconsistent with learners of predominant studies and calls for more diverse samples to verify the generality of the typical perceptual narrowing pattern. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We investigated Korean-learning infants' developmental trajectory of native phoneme categories and whether they show the typical perceptual narrowing pattern. Robust discrimination did not appear until 12 months, suggesting that Korean infants' native phonology is not stabilized by the end of the first year. The prolonged emergence of sensitivity could be due to restricted phonetic space and input variations but suggests the possibility of a different developmental trajectory. The current study contributes scarcely represented Korean-learning infants' phonetic discrimination data to the speech development field.}, Doi = {10.1111/desc.13422}, Key = {fds371461} } %% Neander, Karen @article{fds219963, Author = {K.L. Neander}, Title = {"Toward an Informational Teleosemantics"}, Booktitle = {Millikan and Her Critics}, Editor = {Justine Kingsbury}, Keywords = {Teleolosemantics, functions, information, representation, content, distal content, Millikan, Papineau.}, Abstract = {This paper argues that there are response functions. Systems can have the function to produce one thing in response to another. This has consequences for the kind of teleosemantics that can be offered. Contrary to claims made by Millikan and Papineau, sensory representations can have contents that are determined by the functions of sensory systems to respond to stimuli in certain ways. This paper further explores these implications and offers a teleosemantic and yet informational theory for sensory representations. It further offers a solution to the problem of distal content.}, Key = {fds219963} } %% Rubin, David C. @article{fds371560, Author = {Berntsen, D and Hoyle, RH and Munkholm Møller and D and Rubin, DC}, Title = {Digital daydreaming: Introducing the spontaneous smartphone checking scale}, Journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology}, Volume = {37}, Number = {1}, Pages = {147-160}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.4034}, Abstract = {Smartphones are a ubiquitous part of many people's lives, but little is known about their impact on everyday thought processes. Here we introduce the spontaneous smartphone checking scale (SSCS)—which measures the tendency to direct attention toward one's smartphone, unpreceded by external prompts (e.g., notifications, or alerts) and with no specific conscious goal in mind, as a parallel to mind-wandering directed toward internal thoughts. The SSCS showed good psychometric properties and construct validity. It separated from measures of daydreaming and mind-wandering by not loading on dimensions related to self-consciousness, reflection, and rumination, but instead loading highly on a factor associated with other aspects of digital communication and concerns about public appearance on social media. This suggests that spontaneous smartphone checking serves different mental and social functions than internally generated spontaneous thought processes. We discuss possible long-term effects of spontaneous smartphone checking taking up time for internally generated spontaneous thoughts.}, Doi = {10.1002/acp.4034}, Key = {fds371560} } @article{fds371743, Author = {Shan, Y and Yan, S and Jia, Y and Hu, Y and Rubin, DC and Berntsen, D}, Title = {The Properties of Involuntary and Voluntary Autobiographical Memories in Chinese Patients with Depression and Healthy Individuals}, Journal = {Cognitive Therapy and Research}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10353-0}, Abstract = {Background: Research on depression has largely focused on negative intrusive memories with little research on general involuntary memories as they occur in everyday life. In addition, all studies have been conducted on Western participants, and there are no studies on general involuntary memory in Eastern patients with depression. Methods: Thirty Chinese patients with depression and 30 healthy controls completed a memory diary in which they recorded a total of 10 involuntary and 10 voluntary memories. They were requested to fill out corresponding questionnaires of involuntary and voluntary memories as well. Results: Both patients with depression and healthy controls reported involuntary memories that had a more negative impact, were more specific, and were associated with more maladaptive emotion regulation when compared to voluntary memories. For both retrieval modes, patients with depression reported more negative and fewer positive memories, more negative and less positive mood impact, more avoidance, rumination, worry, negative interpretation, and less positive interpretation in response to the memories. Patients with depression rated their memories as more central, less specific, and rehearsed more frequently. Negative mood impact and maladaptive emotion regulation associated with involuntary memories were amplified in depression. Conclusions: These findings support the view that general involuntary memories could be a potential target to promote the treatment for depression.}, Doi = {10.1007/s10608-023-10353-0}, Key = {fds371743} } @article{fds370410, Author = {Allé, MC and Rubin, DC and Berntsen, D}, Title = {Autobiographical memory and the self on the psychosis continuum: investigating their relationship with positive- and negative-like symptoms.}, Journal = {Memory (Hove, England)}, Volume = {31}, Number = {4}, Pages = {518-529}, Year = {2023}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2173236}, Abstract = {Autobiographical memory is severely impaired in schizophrenia, but previous work has largely treated both as unitary concepts. Here, we examined how various dimensions of autobiographical memory relate to different aspects of psychosis. Participants were recruited from the general population (Study 1, N = 264) and a university subject pool (Study 2, N = 305). We examined different measures of autobiographical memory and self (i.e., involuntary memory, autobiographical recollection, self-knowledge and self-awareness), at the trait level in Study 1 and both trait and state levels in Study 2, as a function of positive-and negative-like symptoms of psychosis. Across both studies, positive and negative dimensions of psychosis were found to be related to an increase in involuntary memories (i.e., the spontaneous recall of personal memories), and to lower self-concept clarity and insight. Positive and negative dimensions of psychosis correlated differently with autobiographical recollection characteristics, measured at both trait (Studies 1 and 2) and state levels (Study 2). Positive-like symptoms (in particular hallucination-proneness) showed a stronger and more consistent pattern of correlations than negative-like symptoms. These findings call for a dimensional approach to the relationship between autobiographical memory and psychosis symptoms in clinical and non-clinical individuals, to better understand the breakdown of autobiographical memory in the psychopathology of psychosis.}, Doi = {10.1080/09658211.2023.2173236}, Key = {fds370410} } @article{fds370313, Author = {Rubin, DC and Bell, CF}, Title = {Tonic immobility (freezing) during sexual and physical assaults produces stronger memory effects than other characteristics of the assaults.}, Journal = {Memory (Hove, England)}, Volume = {31}, Number = {5}, Pages = {678-688}, Year = {2023}, Month = {May}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2188642}, Abstract = {Tonic immobility (TI) is a phylogenetically conserved, passive, obligatory defense mechanism commonly engaged during sexual and physical assaults. During TI, people become immobile while remaining conscious and later reexperience intrusive memories of both their assault and of its accompanying immobility. Here we show that this well-studied biological process has powerful effects on memory and other processes. Participants had experienced either a serious sexual (<i>n</i> = 234) or physical (<i>n</i> = 137) assault. For both the assault and its accompanying immobility, the standard measure of the peritraumatic severity of TI correlated between .40 and .65 with post-assault effects on memory, including memory of the assault and memory of the immobility, the two memory-based self-concept measures of self-blame and event centrality, and post-assault anxiety and depression. The correlations with TI were much higher than other peritraumatic characteristics commonly used to predict and describe posttraumatic effects in assaults and other traumas. The results suggest that TI should be considered for a broader, more biologically based and ecologically valid understanding of the effects of trauma on memory and memory-based reactions.}, Doi = {10.1080/09658211.2023.2188642}, Key = {fds370313} } @article{fds372264, Author = {Rubin, DC and Bell, CF}, Title = {Using shame to extend Martin Conway's self-memory system.}, Journal = {Memory (Hove, England)}, Pages = {1-12}, Year = {2023}, Month = {July}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2241673}, Abstract = {We extend Conway's self-memory system by adding theory and data from shame, an emotion that disrupts the internalised ideals of society needed for a positive self-concept. The event that caused 273 undergraduates their greatest amount of shame was analyzed; 66% were not very negative except for producing shame. Ratings of post-event effects, including two measure of self (self-perceived weakness, and centrality to identity) and four clinical symptoms (intrusions, avoidance, anxiety, and depression), were attributed separately to the remembered event, behaviour during the event, and shame from the event. The effects of shame were generally as large as the those of the event and larger than those of the behaviour, demonstrating the importance of shame's effects. The Tonic Immobility Scale (TIS), which measures tonic immobility (i.e., freezing), was obtained for the event that produced the most tonic immobility but that was not the event that caused the most shame. The post-event symptoms measured on the event that caused the most shame and the TIS correlated highly, suggesting that shame and tonic immobility may belong to a cluster of phylogenetically conserved submissive defensive mechanisms that could account for effects currently attributed to goals in self-memory systems.}, Doi = {10.1080/09658211.2023.2241673}, Key = {fds372264} } @article{fds371260, Author = {Gehrt, TB and Nielsen, NP and Hoyle, RH and Rubin, DC and Berntsen, D}, Title = {Narrative identity does not predict well-being when controlling for emotional valence.}, Journal = {Memory (Hove, England)}, Volume = {31}, Number = {8}, Pages = {1051-1061}, Year = {2023}, Month = {September}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2218632}, Abstract = {Narrative identity refers to a person's internalized and evolving life story. It is a rapidly growing research field, motivated by studies showing a unique association with well-being. Here we show that this association disappears when controlling for the emotional valence of the stories told and individuals' general experience of autobiographical memory. Participants (<i>N </i>= 235) wrote their life story and completed questionnaires on their general experience of autobiographical memory and several dimensions of well-being and affect. Participants' life stories were coded for standard narrative identity variables, including agency and communion. When controlling for emotional valence of the life story, the general experience of autobiographical memory was a significant predictor of most well-being measures, whereas agency was a predictor of one variable only and communion of none. These findings contradict the claim of an incremental association between narrative identity and well-being, and have important theoretical and practical implications for narrative identity as an outcome measure in interventions.}, Doi = {10.1080/09658211.2023.2218632}, Key = {fds371260} } %% Tomasello, Michael @article{fds362755, Author = {Hepach, R and Engelmann, JM and Herrmann, E and Gerdemann, SC and Tomasello, M}, Title = {Evidence for a developmental shift in the motivation underlying helping in early childhood.}, Journal = {Developmental science}, Volume = {26}, Number = {1}, Pages = {e13253}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/desc.13253}, Abstract = {We investigated children's positive emotions as an indicator of their underlying prosocial motivation. In Study 1, 2-, and 5-year-old children (N = 64) could either help an individual or watch as another person provided help. Following the helping event and using depth sensor imaging, we measured children's positive emotions through changes in postural elevation. For 2-year-olds, helping the individual and watching another person help was equally rewarding; 5-year-olds showed greater postural elevation after actively helping. In Study 2, 5-year-olds' (N = 59) positive emotions following helping were greater when an audience was watching. Together, these results suggest that 2-year-old children have an intrinsic concern that individuals be helped whereas 5-year-old children have an additional, strategic motivation to improve their reputation by helping.}, Doi = {10.1111/desc.13253}, Key = {fds362755} } @article{fds365125, Author = {Tomasello, M}, Title = {Social cognition and metacognition in great apes: a theory.}, Journal = {Animal cognition}, Volume = {26}, Number = {1}, Pages = {25-35}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01662-0}, Abstract = {Twenty-five years ago, at the founding of this journal, there existed only a few conflicting findings about great apes' social-cognitive skills (theory of mind). In the 2 ½ decades since, we have discovered that great apes understand the goals, intentions, perceptions, and knowledge of others, and they use this knowledge to their advantage in competitive interactions. Twenty-five years ago there existed basically no studies on great apes' metacognitive skills. In the 2 ½ decades since, we have discovered that great apes monitor their uncertainty and base their decisions on that, or else decide to gather more information to make better decisions. The current paper reviews the past 25 years of research on great ape social cognition and metacognition and proposes a theory about how the two are evolutionarily related.}, Doi = {10.1007/s10071-022-01662-0}, Key = {fds365125} } @article{fds371813, Author = {Wolf, W and Thielhelm, J and Tomasello, M}, Title = {Five-year-old children show cooperative preferences for faces with white sclera.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, Volume = {225}, Pages = {105532}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105532}, Abstract = {The cooperative eye hypothesis posits that human eye morphology evolved to facilitate cooperation. Although it is known that young children prefer stimuli with eyes that contain white sclera, it is unknown whether white sclera influences children's perception of a partner's cooperativeness specifically. In the current studies, we used an online methodology to present 5-year-old children with moving three-dimensional face models in which facial morphology was manipulated. Children found "alien" faces with human eyes more cooperative than faces with dark sclera (Study 2) but not faces with enlarged irises (Study 1). For more human-like faces (Study 3), children found human eyes more cooperative than either enlarged irises or dark sclera and found faces with enlarged irises cuter (but not more cooperative) than eyes with dark sclera. Together, these results provide strong support for the cooperative eye hypothesis.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105532}, Key = {fds371813} } @misc{fds371506, Author = {Tomasello, M}, Title = {Having Intentions, Understanding Intentions, and Understanding Communicative Intentions}, Pages = {63-75}, Booktitle = {Developing Theories of Intention: Social Understanding and Self-Control}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9780805831412}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003417927-5}, Abstract = {This chapter looks at a major cause and a major consequence of the 9-month social-cognitive revolution; and both of these also concern infant intentionality. It argues that young children’s understanding of other persons as intentional agents results in large part from newly emerging forms of intentionality in their own sensory-motor actions. The chapter explores young children’s understanding of a special type of intention that emerges directly on the heels of the 9-month revolution, namely, communicative intentions. Intentional agents have goals and make active choices among behavioral means for attaining those goals. Important, intentional agents also make active choices about what they pay attention to in pursuing those goals. ntentional agents have goals and make active choices among behavioral means for attaining those goals. Important, intentional agents also make active choices about what they pay attention to in pursuing those goals.}, Doi = {10.4324/9781003417927-5}, Key = {fds371506} } @article{fds367773, Author = {Colle, L and Grosse, G and Behne, T and Tomasello, M}, Title = {Just teasing! - Infants' and toddlers' understanding of teasing interactions and its effect on social bonding.}, Journal = {Cognition}, Volume = {231}, Pages = {105314}, Year = {2023}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105314}, Abstract = {The current study investigates infants' and toddlers' understanding of teasing interactions and its effect on subsequent social interactions. Teasing is a special kind of social interaction due to its dual nature: It consists of a slightly provocative contingent action accompanied by positive ostensive emotional cues. Teasing thus presents an especially interesting test case to inform us about young children's abilities to deal with complex social intentions. In a first experiment, we looked at 9-, 12-, and 18-month-old infants' ability to understand and differentiate a teasing intention from a trying intention and a refuse intention. We found that by 12 months of age, infants react differently (gaze, reach) and by 18 months they smile more in reaction to the Tease condition. In the second experiment, we tested 13-, 20- and 30-month-old children in closely matched purely playful and teasing situations. We also investigated potential social effects of teasing interactions on a subsequent affiliation sequence. Twenty- and 30-month-old children smile more in the Teasing than in the Play condition. For the 30-month-old toddlers, additionally, number of laughs is much higher in the Tease than in the Play condition. No effect on affiliation could be found. Thus, from very early in development, infants and toddlers are able to differentiate teasing from superficially similar but serious behavior and from around 18 months of age they enjoy it more. Infants and toddlers are able to process a complex social intention like teasing. Findings are discussed regarding infant and toddler intention understanding abilities.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105314}, Key = {fds367773} } @article{fds368903, Author = {Schäfer, M and B M Haun and D and Tomasello, M}, Title = {Children's consideration of collaboration and merit when making sharing decisions in private.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, Volume = {228}, Pages = {105609}, Year = {2023}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105609}, Abstract = {Young children share equally when they acquire resources through collaboration with a partner, yet it is unclear whether they do so because in such contexts resources are encountered as common and distributed in front of the recipient or because collaboration promotes a sense of work-based fairness. In the current studies, 5- and 8-year-old children from Germany (N = 193) acquired resources either by working individually alongside or by collaborating with a peer. After finding out that the partner's container was empty, they decided in private whether they wanted to donate some resources to the peer. When both partners had worked with equal efforts (Study 1), children shared more after collaboration than after individual work. When one partner had worked with much more effort than the other (Study 2), children shared more with a harder-working partner than with a less-working partner independently of whether they had collaborated or worked individually. Younger children were more generous than older children, in particular after collaboration. These findings support the view that collaboration promotes a genuine sense of fairness in young children, but they also indicate that merit-based notions of fairness in the context of work may develop independently of collaboration, at least by the beginning of middle childhood and in Western societies.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105609}, Key = {fds368903} } @article{fds370629, Author = {Benozio, A and House, BR and Tomasello, M}, Title = {Apes reciprocate food positively and negatively.}, Journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, Volume = {290}, Number = {1998}, Pages = {20222541}, Year = {2023}, Month = {May}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.2541}, Abstract = {Reciprocal food exchange is widespread in human societies but not among great apes, who may view food mainly as a target for competition. Understanding the similarities and differences between great apes' and humans' willingness to exchange food is important for our models regarding the origins of uniquely human forms of cooperation. Here, we demonstrate in-kind food exchanges in experimental settings with great apes for the first time. The initial sample consisted of 13 chimpanzees and 5 bonobos in the control phases, and the test phases included 10 chimpanzees and 2 bonobos, compared with a sample of 48 human children aged 4 years. First, we replicated prior findings showing no spontaneous food exchanges in great apes. Second, we discovered that when apes believe that conspecifics have 'intentionally' transferred food to them, positive reciprocal food exchanges (food-for-food) are not only possible but reach the same levels as in young children (approx. 75-80%). Third, we found that great apes engage in negative reciprocal food exchanges (no-food for no-food) but to a lower extent than children. This provides evidence for reciprocal food exchange in great apes in experimental settings and suggests that while a potential mechanism of <i>fostering</i> cooperation (via positive reciprocal exchanges) may be shared across species, a stabilizing mechanism (via negative reciprocity) is not.}, Doi = {10.1098/rspb.2022.2541}, Key = {fds370629} } @article{fds373982, Author = {Wolf, W and Tomasello, M}, Title = {A Shared Intentionality Account of Uniquely Human Social Bonding.}, Journal = {Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science}, Pages = {17456916231201795}, Year = {2023}, Month = {October}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17456916231201795}, Abstract = {Many mechanisms of social bonding are common to all primates, but humans seemingly have developed some that are unique to the species. These involve various kinds of interactive experiences-from taking a walk together to having a conversation-whose common feature is the triadic sharing of experience. Current theories of social bonding have no explanation for why humans should have these unique bonding mechanisms. Here we propose a shared intentionality account of uniquely human social bonding. Humans evolved to participate with others in unique forms of cooperative and communicative activities that both depend on and create shared experience. Sharing experience in these activities causes partners to feel closer because it allows them to assess their partner's cooperative competence and motivation toward them and because the shared representations created during such interactions make subsequent cooperative interactions easier and more effective.}, Doi = {10.1177/17456916231201795}, Key = {fds373982} } @article{fds370890, Author = {Vasil, J and Moore, C and Tomasello, M}, Title = {Thought and language: association of groupmindedness with young English-speaking children’s production of pronouns}, Journal = {First Language}, Volume = {43}, Number = {5}, Pages = {516-538}, Year = {2023}, Month = {October}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01427237231169398}, Abstract = {Shared intentionality theory posits that at age 3, children expand their conception of plural agency to include 3- or more-person groups. We sought to determine whether this conceptual shift is detectable in children’s pronoun use. We report the results of a series of Bayesian hierarchical generative models fitted to 479 English-speaking children’s first-person plural, first-person singular, second-person, third-person plural, and third-person singular pronouns. As a proportion of pronouns, children used more first-person plural pronouns, only, after 3;0 compared to before. Additionally, children used more 1pp. pronouns when their mothers used more 1pp. pronouns. As a proportion of total utterances, all pronoun classes were used more often as children aged. These findings suggest that a shift in children’s social conceptualizations at age 3 is reflected in their use of 1pp. pronouns.}, Doi = {10.1177/01427237231169398}, Key = {fds370890} } @article{fds374236, Author = {Tomasello, M}, Title = {Differences in the Social Motivations and Emotions of Humans and Other Great Apes.}, Journal = {Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)}, Volume = {34}, Number = {4}, Pages = {588-604}, Year = {2023}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-023-09464-0}, Abstract = {Humans share with other mammals and primates many social motivations and emotions, but they are also much more cooperative than even their closest primate relatives. Here I review recent comparative experiments and analyses that illustrate humans' species-typical social motivations and emotions for cooperation in comparison with those of other great apes. These may be classified most generally as (i) 'you > me' (e.g., prosocial sympathy, informative and pedagogical motives in communication); (ii) 'you = me' (e.g., feelings of mutual respect, fairness, resentment); (iii) 'we > me' (e.g., feelings of obligation and guilt); and (iv) 'WE (in the group) > me' (e.g., in-group loyalty and conformity to norms, shame, and many in-group biases). The existence of these species-typical and species-universal motivations and emotions provides compelling evidence for the importance of cooperative activities in the human species.}, Doi = {10.1007/s12110-023-09464-0}, Key = {fds374236} } @article{fds374400, Author = {Vasil, J and Price, D and Tomasello, M}, Title = {Thought and language: Effects of group-mindedness on young children's interpretation of exclusive we.}, Journal = {Child development}, Year = {2023}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14049}, Abstract = {The current study investigated whether age-related changes in the conceptualization of social groups influences interpretation of the pronoun we. Sixty-four 2- and 4-year-olds (N = 29 female, 50 White-identifying) viewed scenarios in which it was ambiguous how many puppets performed an activity together. When asked who performed the activity, a speaker puppet responded, "We did!" In one condition, the speaker was near one and distant from another puppet, implying a dyadic interpretation of we. In another condition, the speaker was distant from both, thus pulling for a group interpretation. In the former condition, 2- and 4-year-olds favored the dyadic interpretation. In the latter condition, only 4-year-olds favored the group interpretation. Age-related conceptual development "expands" the set of conceivable plural person referents.}, Doi = {10.1111/cdev.14049}, Key = {fds374400} } @article{fds374171, Author = {Katz, T and Kushnir, T and Tomasello, M}, Title = {Children are eager to take credit for prosocial acts, and cost affects this tendency.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, Volume = {237}, Pages = {105764}, Year = {2024}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105764}, Abstract = {We report two experiments on children's tendency to enhance their reputations through communicative acts. In the experiments, 4-year-olds (N = 120) had the opportunity to inform a social partner that they had helped him in his absence. In a first experiment, we pitted a prosocial act ("Let's help clean up for Doggie!") against an instrumental act ("Let's move these out of our way"). Children in the prosocial condition were quicker to inform their partner of the act and more likely to protest when another individual was given credit for it. In a second experiment, we replicated the prosocial condition but with a new manipulation: high-cost versus low-cost helping. We manipulated both the language surrounding cost (i.e., "This will be pretty tough to clean up" vs. "It will be really easy to clean this up") and how difficult the task itself was. As predicted, children in the high-cost condition were quicker to inform their partner of the act and more likely to take back credit for it. These results suggest that even 4-year-old children make active attempts to elicit positive reputational judgments for their prosocial acts, with cost as a moderating factor.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105764}, Key = {fds374171} } @article{fds374401, Author = {Winter Née Grocke and P and Tomasello, M}, Title = {From what I want to do to what we decided to do: 5-year-olds, but not 3-year-olds, honor their agreements with peers.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental child psychology}, Volume = {239}, Pages = {105811}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105811}, Abstract = {Sometimes we have a personal preference but we agree with others to follow a different course of action. In this study, 3- and 5-year-old children (N = 160) expressed a preference for playing a game one way and were then confronted with peers who expressed a different preference. The experimenter then either got the participants to agree with the peers explicitly or just shrugged her shoulders and moved on. The children were then left alone to play the game unobserved. Only the older children stuck to their agreement to play the game as the peers wished. These results suggest that by 5 years of age children's sense of commitment to agreements is strong enough to override their personal preferences.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105811}, Key = {fds374401} } | |
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