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| Publications of Henry Petroski :chronological alphabetical combined listing:%% Books @book{fds365916, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Force: What it means to push and pull, slip and grip, start and stop}, Pages = {1-314}, Year = {2022}, Month = {September}, ISBN = {9780300260793}, Abstract = {An eminent engineer and historian tackles one of the most elemental aspects of life: how we experience and utilize physical force "Another gem from a master of technology writing."-Kirkus Reviews Force explores how humans interact with the material world in the course of their everyday activities. This book for the general reader also considers the significance of force in shaping societies and cultures. Celebrated author Henry Petroski delves into the ongoing physical interaction between people and things that enables them to stay put or causes them to move. He explores the range of daily human experience whereby we feel the sensations of push and pull, resistance and assistance. The book is also about metaphorical force, which manifests itself as pressure and relief, achievement and defeat. Petroski draws from a variety of disciplines to make the case that force-represented especially by our sense of touch-is a unifying principle that pervades our lives. In the wake of a prolonged global pandemic that increasingly cautioned us about contact with the physical world, Petroski offers a new perspective on the importance of the sensation and power of touch.}, Key = {fds365916} } @book{fds227131, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {The Road Taken: The History and Future of America's Infrastrucure}, Publisher = {Bloomsbury}, Address = {New York:}, Year = {2016}, Key = {fds227131} } @book{fds227132, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {The House with Sixteen Handmade Doors: A Tale of Architectural Choice and Craftsmanship}, Publisher = {W. W. Norton}, Address = {New York:}, Year = {2014}, Key = {fds227132} } @book{fds200711, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure}, Publisher = {Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press}, Year = {2012}, Key = {fds200711} } @book{fds196078, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {An Engineer's Alphabet: Gleanings from the Softer Side of a Profession}, Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press}, Year = {2011}, Key = {fds196078} } @book{fds160785, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {The Essential Engineer: Why Science Alone Will Not Solve Our Global Problems}, Publisher = {New York: Alfred A. Knopf}, Year = {2010}, Key = {fds160785} } @book{fds71225, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {The Toothpick: Technology and Culture}, Publisher = {New York: Alfred A. Knopf}, Year = {2007}, ISBN = {978-0-307-26636-1}, Key = {fds71225} } @book{fds71223, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {Success through Failure: The Paradox of Design}, Publisher = {Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press}, Year = {2006}, ISBN = {0-691-12225-3}, Key = {fds71223} } @book{fds71224, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {Pushing the Limits: New Adventures in Engineering}, Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books}, Year = {2005}, ISBN = {1-4000-3294-6}, Key = {fds71224} } @book{fds71228, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {Small Things Considered: Why There Is No Perfect Design}, Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books}, Year = {2004}, Key = {fds71228} } @book{fds71229, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {Paperboy: Confessions of a Future Engineer}, Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books}, Year = {2003}, Key = {fds71229} } @book{fds71233, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {The Book on the Bookshelf}, Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books}, Year = {2000}, ISBN = {0-375-70639-9}, Key = {fds71233} } @book{fds71235, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {Remaking the World: Adventures in Engineering}, Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books}, Year = {1998}, ISBN = {0-375-70024-2}, Key = {fds71235} } @book{fds71230, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {Invention by Design: How Engineers Get from Thought to Thing}, Publisher = {Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press}, Year = {1996}, ISBN = {0-674-46367-6}, Key = {fds71230} } @book{fds71227, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {Engineers of Dreams: Great Bridge Builders and the Spanning of America}, Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books}, Year = {1995}, Key = {fds71227} } @book{fds71226, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {Design Paradigms. Case Histories of Error and Judgment in Engineering.}, Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press}, Year = {1994}, Key = {fds71226} } @book{fds71234, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {The Evolution of Useful Things}, Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books}, Year = {1994}, ISBN = {0-679-74039-2}, Key = {fds71234} } @book{fds71231, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design}, Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books}, Year = {1992}, ISBN = {0-679-73416-3}, Key = {fds71231} } @book{fds71232, Author = {Henry Petroski}, Title = {The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance3}, Publisher = {New York: Alfred A. Knopf}, Year = {1992}, ISBN = {0-679-73415-5}, Key = {fds71232} } %% Papers Published @article{fds333547, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Crossing the valley of death}, Journal = {Mechanical Engineering}, Volume = {139}, Number = {12}, Pages = {26-29}, Year = {2017}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-dec-1}, Doi = {10.1115/1.2017-dec-1}, Key = {fds333547} } @article{fds366322, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The iron rinc}, Pages = {33-36}, Booktitle = {Engineering Ethics}, Year = {2017}, Month = {May}, ISBN = {9780754625247}, Key = {fds366322} } @article{fds332062, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Yamada, H}, Title = {FRACTURE EXPERIMENTS WITH CRACKED AND EMBRITTLED HEXCAN SECTIONS.}, Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology}, Volume = {E}, Year = {2017}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {Crack-like flaws that might exist in hexagonal subassembly ducts are not generally expected to initiate brittle fracture, but there is reason to be concerned about the integrity of cracked hexcans that have been severely embrittled by fast-neutron irradiation. In order to check the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis to such ducts, a program of experiments with deliberately cracked and embrittled hexcan sections has been undertaken. In this paper, a comparison of analytical predictions and experimental results are made and discussed.}, Key = {fds332062} } @article{fds332063, Author = {Glazik, JL and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CRACKED HEXAGONAL SUBASSEMBLY DUCTS.}, Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology}, Volume = {E}, Year = {2017}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {The hexagonal subassembly ducts (hexcans) of current Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) designs are typically made of 20% coldworked Type 316 stainless steel. Prolonged exposure of this initially tough and ductile material to a fast neutron flux at high temperatures can result in severe embrittlement. This paper examines the dynamic elastic response of flawed and unflawed fast reactor sub-assembly ducts. A plane-strain finite element analysis was performed for ducts containing internal corner cracks, as well as external midflat cracks.}, Key = {fds332063} } @article{fds332064, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {EFFECTS OF CRACKS ON THE RESPONSE OF SHELL STRUCTURES.}, Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology}, Volume = {E}, Year = {2017}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {A simple model that predicts the effects of axial cracks on the elastic deformation of thin cylindrical shells has been developed. This model provides an efficient tool for performing parametric studies and for interpolating, extrapolating, and generalizing finite element analyses. The simple model described in this paper provides a useful tool for understanding the phenomena involved in the response of cracked shells and for identifying situations where unacceptably large deformations may result in the presence of cracks.}, Key = {fds332064} } @article{fds340846, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Glazik, JL and Achenbach, JD}, Title = {STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS FOR IRRADIATION-EMBRITTLED HEXAGONAL SUBASSEMBLY DUCTS.}, Journal = {Struct Anal of React Fuel Elem}, Volume = {D}, Year = {2017}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {Plane strain stress intensity factors for corner-cracked hexcans 116 mm across flats and with 3 mm walls have been determined and corroborated by several independent techniques. These results are expected to be applicable to LMFBR hexcans irradiated to high fluences whose ductility and fracture toughness have been reduced and whose yield strength has been increased to such levels that linear elastic fracture mechanics applies. Generally speaking, these material properties must be altered to an extent that the plastic zone size is considerably smaller than the hexcan wall thickness.}, Key = {fds340846} } @article{fds346472, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The Britannia Tubular Bridge: A paradigm of failure-driven design}, Pages = {313-324}, Booktitle = {Structural and Civil Engineering Design}, Year = {2016}, Month = {December}, ISBN = {9780860787617}, Key = {fds346472} } @article{fds329287, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The road ahead}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {104}, Number = {4}, Pages = {236-241}, Year = {2016}, Month = {July}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.121.236}, Doi = {10.1511/2016.121.236}, Key = {fds329287} } @article{fds329288, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {How paperweights emerged from the desk of necessity}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {104}, Number = {4}, Pages = {216-219}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2016}, Month = {July}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.121.216}, Doi = {10.1511/2016.121.216}, Key = {fds329288} } @article{fds342172, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Traffic signals, dilemma zones, and red-light cameras}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {104}, Number = {3}, Pages = {150-153}, Year = {2016}, Month = {May}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.120.150}, Doi = {10.1511/2016.120.150}, Key = {fds342172} } @article{fds342173, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The merritt parkway and other drivinq respites}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {104}, Number = {2}, Pages = {86-89}, Year = {2016}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.119.86}, Doi = {10.1511/2016.119.86}, Key = {fds342173} } @article{fds333548, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The lines on the road: Infrastructure in perspective}, Journal = {Mechanical Engineering}, Volume = {138}, Number = {2}, Pages = {42-47}, Year = {2016}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-feb-3}, Doi = {10.1115/1.2016-feb-3}, Key = {fds333548} } @article{fds329289, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The bridge that united two cities}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {104}, Number = {1}, Pages = {20-23}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2016}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.118.20}, Doi = {10.1511/2016.118.20}, Key = {fds329289} } @article{fds331174, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Words instead of dollars}, Journal = {Enr (Engineering News Record)}, Volume = {274}, Number = {43}, Year = {2015}, Month = {October}, Abstract = {The idea that a poor US infrastructure endangered the economy had a long history. Widespread awareness came in the early 1980s with the publication of 'America in Ruins: Beyond the Public Works Pork Barrel' by Pat Choate and Susan Walter. The report's subtitle was changed to 'The Decaying Infrastructure', but the word remained obscure and unfamiliar to American readers into the late 1980s. The report-card conceit remained dormant for a decade, until the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) issued its first 'Report Card for America's Infrastructure' in 1998.}, Key = {fds331174} } @article{fds268045, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {An incubator for cooperation across the disciplines}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {103}, Number = {5}, Pages = {318-321}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2015}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2015.116.318}, Abstract = {Oskar von Miller, a German electrical engineer played a leading role in electrifying his native country. He proposed the establishment of a museum that would preserve technological artifacts and teach visitors principles of science. Oskar von Miller Forum is an international venue where civil engineers, architects and others in the building industry can meet, where innovation in the field is promoted. The Munich center's building consists of three interconnected blocks, the central one of which represents to the city the structure's principal fa?ade. The students range from those studying for their bachelor's degree to doctoral students, with master's students making up about one third of the population. The forum is sponsored by the Bavarian construction industry, with the aim of promoting innovation by supplementing the education that resident students receive at the Technical University. Within the evocative environment, the Forum is a place for visions of the future.}, Doi = {10.1511/2015.116.318}, Key = {fds268045} } @article{fds314231, Author = {Abou-Ras, D and Edoff, M and Minemoto, T and Mitzi, D and Romeo, A}, Title = {Preface}, Journal = {Thin Solid Films}, Volume = {582}, Pages = {1}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {2015}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0040-6090}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.01.001}, Doi = {10.1016/j.tsf.2015.01.001}, Key = {fds314231} } @article{fds268049, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Second life of a tied-arch bridge}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {103}, Number = {2}, Pages = {94-97}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2015}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2015.113.94}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski shared his views on the structural engineering aspect of the tied-arch bridge located located in front of Merrimack College in North Andover, Massachusetts, US. The 150-year old bridge was re-constructed to retain its original design and condition. The bridge encouraged Henry Petroski to gather more information about it and the engineer who originally designed it. Extensive research followed after which Henry Petroski came to know that the Merrimack bridge was a type of tied arch or bowstring arch bridge, which had significant advantages over the traditional arch bridge.}, Doi = {10.1511/2015.113.94}, Key = {fds268049} } @article{fds268046, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Can an engineer appreciate art?}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {103}, Number = {1}, Pages = {14-17}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2015}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2015.112.14}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski, Professor of Civil Engineering at Duke, believes that an engineer must conform to the constrictions of natural law and the constraints of reality. They could put down on paper fanciful thoughts and playful blueprints. Public engineering works are also works of public art and so must be treated as such. A large building or bridge can add to or detract from the built environment. In contrast to buildings, bridges are often offered as examples of pure engineering, in that their structure is out in the open for all to see. Sometimes anchorages are given architectural treatments that can distract from the bridge structure. There is room in art of all kinds for metaphor and symbolism, and for just imagination.}, Doi = {10.1511/2015.112.14}, Key = {fds268046} } @article{fds268050, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Anonymous design}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {102}, Number = {6}, Pages = {414-417}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2014}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.111.414}, Abstract = {Some designs that may be anonymous on a store shelf do in fact have an inventor's name associated with them on a patent. If the inventor is an employee, then all patent rights are typically by prior agreement transferred to the employer. Whether the employee/inventor receives any compensation specific to the invention varies greatly from company to company. Whoever that person or those persons are or work for, they are not likely to receive any extraordinary compensation and certainly no royalties that might ultimately be manufactured and sold. Sometimes all an inventor receives is a pat on the back, a certificate of recognition, or a one-time bonus.}, Doi = {10.1511/2014.111.414}, Key = {fds268050} } @article{fds268054, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Impossible points, erroneous walks}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {102}, Number = {2}, Pages = {102-105}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2014}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.107.102}, Abstract = {The article discusses how artists make mistakes while drawing sharpened pencils and galloping horses. Half of the drawings of sharpened pencils depict the removal of wood from the wrong locations to form a sharpened pencil point. If graphic artists do, at least sometimes, copy a pre-existing image of a pencil, then the mistake is likely to persist. Disconcertingly, this false image appears in places from which one expects accuracy, such as a professionally designed advertisement in the New York Times touting the importance of an investment in education to help teachers inspire students. In 1878, Muybridge produced definitive visual evidence that a horse did indeed fully leave the ground as it trotted along. The images also shook the art world by exposing postural errors in classic equine sculptures and paintings. Examining more than 300 depictions of animal walking, in such sources as museum exhibits, textbooks, and toys, researchers found that almost 47 percent got it wrong.}, Doi = {10.1511/2014.107.102}, Key = {fds268054} } @article{fds268051, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Aspirants, apprentices, and student engineers}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {102}, Number = {5}, Pages = {334-337}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2014}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.110.334}, Abstract = {The problem of having enough professional and skilled workers to satisfy the needs of society and industry is not a new one. Engineering was never organized the way that the craft guilds were. Would-be civil engineers did not so much serve formal apprenticeships as work their way up the ladder of responsibility on construction sites. The senior engineer was impressed with the youngster's talent and took him on as a paid assistant workman. At first, contestants were responsible for doing everything on their own. Either way, a serious contest entry might require three hours of after school work each day for an entire year. The discipline of industrial design was still young, but the automobile industry appreciated its importance. Fisher's size and scale grew to enormous proportions. The highest national grand size awards were college scholarships valued at $5000.}, Doi = {10.1511/2014.110.334}, Key = {fds268051} } @article{fds268052, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The story of two houses}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {102}, Number = {4}, Pages = {258-261}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2014}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.109.258}, Abstract = {A fictional structure from a 19th-century novelette and the author's real residence tell the intertwined tale of architecture and engineering. Vitruvius, author of the first-century BCE treatise on Greek and Roman architecture and engineering, has been variously identified as an architect, an engineer, and an architect/engineer. In fact, the professions were effectively one and the same for nearly two millennia after Vitruvius. From such a sketchy description, an architect must define and subdivide the interior space for and compose the external appearance of a structure, whether it be a country house, townhouse, or urban skyscraper. Though young Paul has no training in either engineering or architecture, he uses his architect cousin's drawing instruments to develop a floor plan incorporating his sister's wishes as best he can.}, Doi = {10.1511/2014.109.258}, Key = {fds268052} } @article{fds268053, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Rise and fall of the pocket protector}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {102}, Number = {3}, Pages = {182-185}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2014}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.108.182}, Abstract = {The pocket protector has long been associated with engineers, but to society at large it does not necessarily evoke a positive image. Click to Enlarge ImageMadea credits the 'original pocket protector' to inventor Hurley Smith, who was born in 1908 in Bellaire, Michigan. Smith had no formal schooling but completed high school by correspondence course. After working and saving money, he matriculated at Queens University in Kingston, Ontario. He studied electrical engineering at Queens, earning his bachelor's degree in 1933, in the midst of the Great Depression, and upon graduation had to take a job marketing Popsicles around the province. Smith never claimed to have invented the pocket protector, describing his creation instead as an improved pocket shield, guard or protector. He emphasized instead that his version of the device was, among other things, 'of novel, but exceedingly simple and inexpensive construction' and 'the simplest, lightest and least expensive form of the shield.' He recognized that the open sides of the shield might be seen as a flaw in the design, for the points of pencils and pens leaning sideways could soil or poke through the shirt pocket.}, Doi = {10.1511/2014.108.182}, Key = {fds268053} } @article{fds268056, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {In memory of the offprint}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {102}, Number = {1}, Pages = {14-17}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2014}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.106.14}, Abstract = {The computer, Internet, e-mail, and facsimile PDF versions of articles have changed the way scholars and researchers think of and handle the writing, dissemination, and storage of their work. Digital media practices can vary considerably from field to field, but the ability to create a professionally formatted paper on a personal computer and rapidly post it on a website-considerably faster than peer-reviewed journals can post prepublication copies of accepted manuscripts-has changed the way scholarship and research results are made accessible to insiders and outsiders alike. Hence, the paper offprint and preprint have been replaced by their electronic cousins: the e-offprint and the pre-e-offprint. Ironically, however, the ubiquity of wireless connectivity has enabled people sitting around in groups to look at and speak not to each other but to the individual digital invisible colleges they communicate with through their smartphones and tablet computers.}, Doi = {10.1511/2014.106.14}, Key = {fds268056} } @article{fds268060, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Tappan zee bridge}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {101}, Number = {3}, Pages = {172-176}, Year = {2013}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000317951200008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The article discusses the design of the Tappan Zee Bridge, located just outside the 25-mile radius of influence of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, explaining it has outlived its utility. The bridge, which carries the New York State Thruway between Rockland and Westchester counties, is thus Uncommonly long, stretching about three miles from end to end, with its longest span being just over 1,200 feet. Siting a bridge at a wide part of the river may be counterintuitive, but generally where a river is wide it is also relatively shallow. Today, the Tappan Zee, which has been called 'one of the ugliest bridges in the East,' has more serious problems than signs containing misspellings and general lack of aesthetic respect. One infrastructure critic has said that it is being held together with glue and duct tape.}, Key = {fds268060} } @article{fds268058, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Unbuilding a maine landmark}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {101}, Number = {6}, Pages = {414-417}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2013}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000326489000014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The Waldo-Hancock Bridge, which connected the two Maine counties for which it was named, stood for 75 years as a structure with much engineering and historical significance. The construction of a suspension bridge, like that of a lot of building projects, necessarily proceeds in a mostly serial manner, with subsequent stages dependent on the completion of prior ones. One the piers are then erected the towers, which for a major bridge can be as high as a skyscraper. While the towers are being erected, the construction of the anchorages at each end of the bridge usually advances apace. Hanging the roadway from the main suspension cables takes place in stages, with manageable sections of the bridge deck added and connected in a pre-determined order. The disassembly of the bridge proper began with the removal of signage, lighting standards, and the paved surface of the roadway, leaving the skeletal steel deck sections lighter and more easily cleanly handle.}, Doi = {10.1511/2013.105.414}, Key = {fds268058} } @article{fds268059, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Geothermal energy}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {101}, Number = {4}, Pages = {251-255}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2013}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000320641000009&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Land-based people harvested peat and wood to warm their hearths, and cottage industries developed to supply the blocks and logs of fuel to those who lived in cities. On a larger scale, and with much greater risk to those who were employed in the industry, fossil fuels were mined and shipped in gargantuan quantities far and wide. Those who work on oil and gas rigs understand that they are engaged in a dangerous occupation, so generally they are paid a premium for their services. Coal, more than any other energy source, fueled the Industrial Revolution, but it left a residue of soot and other pollutants that was cursed legacy. The overall record of the industry is remarkably good, but an economy's dependence on oil can be adversely affected by supply and demand imbalances created by price manipulation, political unrest and war.}, Doi = {10.1511/2013.103.251}, Key = {fds268059} } @article{fds268062, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {An anthropomorphic model}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {101}, Number = {2}, Pages = {103-107}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2013}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000315422800011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Baker's design for the bridge was quite unusual for its time. It was based on the cantilever principle, which had roots in corbeled arches and vaults. Galileo was the first to provide a rational analysis of a cantilever structure, understanding that if he could successfully determine a relationship between the geometry, material strength and load carried at the end of a generic cantilever beam, then he could predict the behavior of beams of more complex design and thereby shed light on the hitherto in- explicable spontaneous failure of massive structures like obelisks and ships. Galileo's analysis of the cantilever beam was correct in methodology but flawed in detail; still, it provided the basis for a rational method of structural analysis that is taught to engineering students to this day. The classic illustration for what has come to be known as Galileo's Problem has been widely reproduced and, although not strictly speaking an anthropomorphic model provides a feel for the gross forces involved.}, Doi = {10.1511/2013.101.103}, Key = {fds268062} } @article{fds268063, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Engineering in the abstract}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {101}, Number = {1}, Pages = {22-26}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2013}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000312416900011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {After the death of his older brother in a boating accident, Dawson produced paintings showing night-sky effects, which may have reflected his dark mood at the time. In the same year that Dawson began his engineering studies, he also began to paint differently. According to the Penn State art historian Randy Ploog, an expert on the engineer- painter Dawson, his work showed a change in emphasis, away from illusionistic imitation of observed landscapes toward creating inventive compositional arrangements. The civil engineering curriculum then and now are not so coincident, however. At Armour Tech in 1905, Dawson began to follow, but apparently not with great enthusiasm, a curriculum that included courses in graphics, topographical surveying, railroad location, topographical drawing and stereotomy, which could be defined as the art of cutting three-dimensional solids into particular shapes.}, Doi = {10.1511/2013.100.22}, Key = {fds268063} } @article{fds268055, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The Evolution of Eyeglasses Applying the principles of optics to a basic human need required both imagination and skill}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {101}, Number = {5}, Pages = {334-337}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2013}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2013.104.334}, Abstract = {The invention of eyeglasses is credited to Edward Rosen, a classicist turned historian of science. According to Rosen, the oldest known reference to a pair of eyeglasses occurs in a sermon preached in Florence, Italy, in 1305 by Friar Giordano da Rivolta, whose monastery was St. Catherine in Pisa. The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone. Turning a couple of magnifying glasses into a pair of spectacles required the innovation of mechanically linking two mounted magnifying lenses. By pivoting the glasses about the rivet, the angle between the handles could be adjusted so that the parts of the spectacles over the nose and eyes would fit a wearer's need. This awkward feature of the earliest eyeglasses was overcome by a variety of means to hold the lens frames in place on the wearer's head. By the 18th century the use of steel, which has significant springiness compared with bone, leather or bronze, introduced a new way to connect two framed lenses.}, Doi = {10.1511/2013.104.334}, Key = {fds268055} } @article{fds268211, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Overarching problems}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {100}, Number = {6}, Pages = {458-462}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2012}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2012.99.458}, Abstract = {Structural arches have been assembled out of individual wedge-shaped stones known as voussoirs, with the last and topmost one to be put into place called the keystone for millennia. Placing the keystone in a true arch presented a special problem, for unlike all the other pieces of stone in an arch, it could not be. lifted approximately into place atop the centering and then pushed and shoved more or less easily into its proper place and orientation. The keystone had to be dropped directly into the gap left between the two halves of the incomplete arch, with any sideways adjustment done before the final placement. The central functional and symbolic nature of keystones has led to their esthetic elaboration and exaggeration in structures employing the arch and vault, the latter of which can be thought of as a continuous series of side-by-side arches.}, Doi = {10.1511/2012.99.458}, Key = {fds268211} } @article{fds268061, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {A bridge too far [bridge design]}, Journal = {Engineering & Technology}, Volume = {7}, Number = {3}, Pages = {84-86}, Publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)}, Year = {2012}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {1750-9637}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2012.0314}, Abstract = {In this extract from his new book, American engineering writer Henry Petroski looks at the way in which several high profile disasters have influenced bridge design over the last 150 years.}, Doi = {10.1049/et.2012.0314}, Key = {fds268061} } @article{fds333549, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Things happen}, Journal = {Mechanical Engineering}, Volume = {134}, Number = {3}, Pages = {38-41}, Publisher = {ASME International}, Year = {2012}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2012-mar-3}, Doi = {10.1115/1.2012-mar-3}, Key = {fds333549} } @article{fds268064, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Government bridge}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {100}, Number = {4}, Pages = {288-292}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2012}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000305316600014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski shares his experience of visiting the Quad Cities area to deliver some lectures on bridge engineering to engineers. There were plenty of both in the vicinity. John Deere, the world-renowned manufacturer of tractors and other agricultural and industrial equipment, has been based in Moline since 1848, and since 1964 has been housed in an architecturally distinguished and celebrated administrative center located on a park-like campus and designed by the Finnish American architect Eero Saarinen, designer of perhaps the Midwest's most celebrated landmark, the St. Louis Gateway Arch. The first dam to be constructed was located at the foot of the Rock Island rapids. Today known as Dam 15, it remains distinguished as being the largest roller-gate dam in the world. The 1856 structure that connected the cities of Davenport and Rock Island was a wooden truss of multiple stationary spans and a record-setting 286-foot-long swing span that rotated on a large turntable to open up navigation channels that allowed riverboats to pass.}, Doi = {10.1511/2012.97.288}, Key = {fds268064} } @article{fds268065, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Backseat designers}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {100}, Number = {3}, Pages = {192-196}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2012}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000302834600013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {China and India were recapitulating, in a way, developments that occurred during the previous century in America and Britain. With the prosperity of the postwar period and the inception of the interstate highway system, increasing numbers of cars were being driven on America's roads. Summoning an overwhelming amount of evidence, he showed how Detroit automakers repeatedly neglected to incorporate voluntarily safety- and injury-mitigating features into their cars, even though the technology to do so was available. Selected safety features, such as seat belts and padded dashboards, were made available on new cars, but as safety options. From an engineering standpoint, when an accident injury occurs, it is a result of the failure of the technological components of the vehicle and the highway to adapt adequately to the driver's capacities and limitations. The heightened awareness of the situation on the nation?s roads led to passage of the 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act.}, Doi = {10.1511/2012.96.192}, Key = {fds268065} } @article{fds268066, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Opening doors}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {100}, Number = {2}, Pages = {112-115}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2012}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000300334100013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The mechanics of the seemingly simple task of turning a doorknob involves a variety of forces that the hand exerts on the knob and through it to the door. The opposing forces produced by the thumb and fingers together form what engineers call a couple, which consists of a pair of equal and opposite forces that collectively produce a turning motion rather than a translational one. Thus, when the spindle of a small toy top is twisted, a couple is applied to it, and it tends to spin in place rather than fly across the table. In the US, inventors and manufacturers began to think seriously about levers as alternatives to knobs in the years leading up to the Americans with Disabilities Act, which was signed into law in 1990. Like most legislation, the act was preceded by an increasing sensitivity to the problems it would address.}, Doi = {10.1511/2012.95.112}, Key = {fds268066} } @article{fds268067, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The washington monument}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {100}, Number = {1}, Pages = {16-20}, Year = {2012}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000297961300014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The Earthquake that shook the East Coast in August 2011 has left its mark on some remarkable structures in Washington, D.C. The late-19th-century pension building, now the National Building Museum, was closed until the enormous brick structure with its spectacular interior space could be inspected. It was declared safe, but models of the Empire State Building and the world's latest tallest, Burj Khalifa, part of the museum's exhibit of Lego architecture, suffered the collapse of some of their topmost plastic brickwork. A monument to George Washington in the form of an equestrian statue was proposed as early as 1783, after the War of Independence had been officially ended by the Treaty of Paris. A committee of the Continental Congress reported favorably on the proposal, and Congress resolved specifically to erect a bronze statue of the general in Roman dress and holding a truncheon in his right hand.}, Key = {fds268067} } @article{fds268209, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Portrait of the artist as a young engineer}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {100}, Number = {5}, Pages = {368-373}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2012}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2012.98.368}, Abstract = {The article discusses how Alexander Calder's engineering education had a profound influence on his art, especially as manifested in his signature compositions known as mobiles and stabiles. According to Calder's college transcript, his New York City home address while at school was 27 Waverly Place, which is on the fringe of Greenwich Village, by then established as a magnet for artists, poets and the avant-garde generally. The younger Calder's transcript also indicates that prior to entering Stevens Institute he had graduated from San Francisco's Lowell High School, where he took courses that prepared him well to enter an engineering curriculum: two units of algebra; one each of chemistry physics and plane geometry; and one half unit each of solid geometry and trigonometry. Calder took no fewer than 29 hours per week of course, shop and laboratory work during regular terms of his four years at Stevens, with some of the latter terms, which are even today notoriously laboratory intensive, having as many as 34 hours of class and laboratory time.}, Doi = {10.1511/2012.98.368}, Key = {fds268209} } @article{fds268208, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {An Engineer's Alphabet: Gleanings from the Softer Side of a Profession}, Journal = {Civil Engineering}, Volume = {81}, Number = {10}, Pages = {70-77}, Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, Year = {2011}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {0885-7024}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000371}, Abstract = {This is an excerpt from Henry Petroski's newest book, which will be published this month by Cambridge University Press. As Petroski writes in the preface, "this abecedarium is one engineer's collection of thoughts, quotations, anecdotes, facts, trivia, arcana, and miscellanea relating to the practice, history, culture, and traditions of his profession. The entries, which represent the distillation of decades of reading, writing, talking, and thinking about engineers and engineering, range from brief essays on concepts and practices that are central to the profession to lists of its great achievements. This book is at the same time an anthology, a commonplace book, and a reference volume. It is not intended to be read from first page to last, but rather is meant to be dipped into here and there as the mood strikes the reader, with the alphabetical arrangement promoting serendipity."}, Doi = {10.1061/ciegag.0000371}, Key = {fds268208} } @article{fds268205, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {A round pie in a square box}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {99}, Number = {4}, Pages = {288-292}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2011}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.91.288}, Abstract = {The white-boxes-and-string world of the old-time bakeshop is alien to the baked-goods department of today's supermarket. The incongruity of things made and things found is a fact of life, and like most facts of life it is accepted as the way things are, if not embraced as welcome variety. Relatively thin and un-reinforced cardboard, the stuff of which cake and cereal boxes are made, is a rather flimsy material and hardly suitable for bearing the weight of a pizza pie distributed over the reach of a 16- or 18-inch circle. Reverse engineering the cereal box begins with emptying it of its contents and unsealing the bottom. This leaves an open-box structure, which is readily felt to be much less rigid than its closed counterpart. The doubly-opened box can be sighted through, as if it were a tube.}, Doi = {10.1511/2011.91.288}, Key = {fds268205} } @article{fds268200, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Bridges of the mediterranean}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {99}, Number = {1}, Pages = {15-19}, Year = {2011}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.88.15}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski traces the history of bridges in the Mediterranean region and how they evolved over time. A double bridge was built from the town of Abydos, with each of the bridges presumably consisting of boats tied together. Phoenicians employed ropes made from flax on one and Egyptians using papyrus on the other. Floating bridges are no longer very common in an age of high-profile signature structures that also allow for high clearances, but they continue to be used in locations demanding long crossings over deep water, where the construction of foundations and piers would be dangerous and expensive. Two examples of these deck designs exist in the pair of world-class suspension bridges that span the Bosporus at Istanbul and provided the first fixed crossings between Asia and Europe since Xerxes' pontoon bridge across the Hellespont.}, Doi = {10.1511/2011.88.15}, Key = {fds268200} } @article{fds268203, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Arches and domes}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {99}, Number = {2}, Pages = {111-115}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2011}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.89.111}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski focuses on the importance of domes and arches in context of historical structures. Historically, domes have not been associated with recreational sites but with sacred places such as churches, cathedrals, and basilicas, and with government landmarks such as state and national capitols. The structural arch is a more primitive form than the dome. The size of dome can be measured by the span of its base. At about 142 feet across, the domed interior space of the Pantheon has a clear span that is significantly greater than any previously built structure. Like the Roman Pantheon, Istanbul's Hagia Sophia was a replacement for an earlier structure. The Middle Ages were bracketed, roughly, by the construction of the domed Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and that of the great dome for the basilica in Florence, Italy.}, Doi = {10.1511/2011.89.111}, Key = {fds268203} } @article{fds268204, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Controlled demolition}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {99}, Number = {3}, Pages = {195-199}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2011}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.90.195}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski explains how removing structures can require nearly as much planning as building them. Henry refers to the case with the revered Yankee Stadium, 'the house that Ruth built' in the 1920s. After much posturing to keep the team playing in New York City, construction of a new stadium began in 2006. The construction site was located on parkland across the street from the old stadium, in which the Yankees continued to play ball. The use of explosives to implode the old stadium would certainly have speeded up the process, but at risk to the surrounding area. Obsolescence and safety considerations can also demand the destruction of an old bridge that is too narrow or too weak for the expectations and demands of today's traffic. The temperature of the flames naturally heated up the steel columns, which time became softened to the point where they could not support the load that bore down on them.}, Doi = {10.1511/2011.90.195}, Key = {fds268204} } @article{fds268206, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Silver bridge}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {99}, Number = {5}, Pages = {368-372}, Year = {2011}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.92.368}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski describes the design defects of the Silver Bridge across the Ohio River between Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and Gallipolis, Ohio, that led to its collapse in 1967. The original design for a bridge between Point Pleasant and Gallipolis was more conventional. Unusual design features of Silver Bridge did not end with its eyebars. The towers over which the chains passed were not rigidly fixed on their piers, as was common, but were designed to be able to rock freely back and forth on them in response to slight changes in cable pull. For decades, Silver Bridge had carried traffic without incident, even though that traffic had changed in volume and kind. Getting at the cause of the collapse of Silver Bridge required overcoming many obstacles, not least of which was the fact that the bulk of the superstructure lay in the river, some of it blocking shipping lanes.}, Doi = {10.1511/2011.92.368}, Key = {fds268206} } @article{fds268207, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Engineering spelled out}, Journal = {Mechanical Engineering}, Volume = {133}, Number = {11}, Pages = {46-46}, Publisher = {ASME International}, Year = {2011}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0025-6501}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-nov-4}, Abstract = {Some of the engineering terms have been placed in an alphabetical order. A is for artist-engineers such as Alexander Calder, who, despite being a mechanical engineer, also created wire sculptures. B is for badges of engineering societies, which are used to identify an engineering society. C stands for codes and standards which incorporate the considered judgment of experienced engineers, especially with regard to the design of structures, machines, and other artifacts on whose safety and reliability the lay public depends. M is for mechanical engineers, while N displays novels about engineers. S is for 'A Stress Analysis of a Strapless Evening Gown', a classic piece of engineering satiric humor written in 1951 by Charles Seim. Z stands for 'Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance'. 'Subtitled 'An Inquiry into Values,' this book was written by Robert M. Pirsig and first published in 1974. It has been widely assigned in engineering design courses for its insights into the nature of design and the idea of quality.}, Doi = {10.1115/1.2011-nov-4}, Key = {fds268207} } @article{fds268210, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Moving obelisks}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {99}, Number = {6}, Pages = {448-452}, Year = {2011}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.93.448}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski discusses how the 13th-century B.C., 83-foot-tall, 360-ton monolith now known as the Vatican Obelisk was moved from Heliopolis to Rome 14 centuries later and erected there under orders of the emperor Caligula. Fontana documented the project, which took a good year to accomplish and was completed in 1586, in his wonderfully illustrated book, Della Transportatione dell'Obelisco Vaticano, which was published in 1590. First, the obelisk had to be lifted off its old resting place, which required the construction of a wooden derrick-like scaffold and the mechanical advantage of four 50-foot-long levers, lots of strong rope and pulley blocks. The Paris Cleopatra, which stands approximately 75 feet tall and weighs about 250 tons, is the tallest and heaviest of the three needles. It was presented as a gift to France in 1826 and was erected there in 1833, but without its pyramidion intact.}, Doi = {10.1511/2011.93.448}, Key = {fds268210} } @article{fds268201, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Engineering science}, Journal = {Ieee Spectrum}, Volume = {47}, Number = {12}, Pages = {8}, Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, Year = {2010}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0018-9235}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2010.5644761}, Abstract = {In political discourse, public policy debates, and the mass media, engineering is often a synonym for science. This confusion might seem an innocuous shorthand for headline writers, but it can leave politicians, policymakers, and the general public unable to make informed decisions about the technical challenges facing the world today. © 2006 IEEE.}, Doi = {10.1109/MSPEC.2010.5644761}, Key = {fds268201} } @article{fds268199, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Hoover dam bypass}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {98}, Number = {5}, Pages = {373-377}, Year = {2010}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski explains how a bridge's design becomes a special challenge when it shares scenery with an engineering icon. The US Highway 93 that crosses the Colorado River via the two-lane pavement atop the crest of the Hoover Dam has long been a key vehicular route between Phoenix and Las Vegas, and with the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement in the mid-1990s, trucks traveling between Canada and Mexico began to rely ever more heavily on it. The third route was known as the Sugarloaf Mountain Roadway Alignment, and it involved cutting through elevated rock to eliminate steep grades. The Hoover Dam Bypass Colorado River Bridge is joining one of the most famous civil engineering landmarks in the world, and pairing off in such close proximity that the visual presentations of each will forever be tied together as one.}, Key = {fds268199} } @article{fds268198, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Technology plus}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {98}, Number = {4}, Pages = {280-284}, Year = {2010}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski explains his experience at Tech Plus Forum 2009, which was held in Seoul, South Korea, December 2009. An innovative forum in Seoul seeks a brighter stage for South Korean technology. Tech+ Forum, as the meeting's name seemed most often to be written, was organized by the major Korean media conglomerate JoongAng IIbo. This company produces an English-language newspaper, the JoongAng Daily, which is inserted into Korean editions of the newspaper of its publishing partner, the International Herald Tribune, whose masthead in turn identifies itself as the global edition of the New York Times. After all the seats were taken, the room darkened and what sounded like rock-concert music blared from large speakers located throughout the hail. The normal arrangement for non-plenary sessions was to have all the speakers and the session moderator sitting in armchairs on stage throughout the session.}, Key = {fds268198} } @article{fds268194, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Great achievement, grand challenges}, Journal = {Civil Engineering}, Volume = {80}, Number = {FEBRUARY}, Pages = {48-57}, Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, Year = {2010}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0885-7024}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000270}, Doi = {10.1061/ciegag.0000270}, Key = {fds268194} } @article{fds268195, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Occasional Design}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {98}, Number = {1}, Pages = {16-19}, Year = {2010}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2010.82.16}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski discusses how the chimney sweep he hired successfully installed a new chimney in place of the existing chimney that had begun to deteriorate. The chimney sweep and his helper brought a piece of polished granite in the bed and three ladders. The sweep pulled himself into a kneeling position atop the flat chimney cap and proceeded to hack through and remove the few bolts that had been installed to fix the cap onto the open brickwork. He, then, pulled out the chimney. He placed it across the rails of the ladder and slid it down the slope of the roof as he himself backed down rung by rung ahead of it. When he reached the juncture of the roof ladder with the one against the gable, the sweep came over and held the old chimney cap on the ladder rails while the helper mounted the second ladder.}, Doi = {10.1511/2010.82.16}, Key = {fds268195} } @article{fds268196, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Reusing infrastructure}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {98}, Number = {3}, Pages = {191-195}, Year = {2010}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2010.84.191}, Abstract = {Much historically important structure was designed to carry traffic that was different in character, weight and volume from what comes to cross it in its advanced age. Some bridges today are being called on to carry several times as many cars and trucks as they were designed to, so they are deteriorating at a faster rate. Among the most popular approaches to preserving historically significant bridges is to convert them to pedestrian and bicycle use, often incorporating them into a dedicated walking and cycling trail or a park. The interest in a pedestrian and vehicular crossing of the Hudson at Poughkeepsie led to the development of plans for a second bridge, and the Hudson Valley Bridge Association was formed to promote a new span. Such achievements as these are encouraging models for recycling historic old industrial structures into modem cultural and recreational ones everywhere.}, Doi = {10.1511/2010.84.191}, Key = {fds268196} } @article{fds268197, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Challenges and prizes}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {98}, Number = {2}, Pages = {112-116}, Year = {2010}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2010.83.112}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski discusses how incentives and prizes play an important role in encouraging research and development work on tough engineering related challenges. Meeting a challenge and walking away with a prize can be only the beginning of what might prove to be a long and convoluted engineering development project. The grand challenges relating to human health include offering access to clean water, restoring and improving urban infrastructure, and advancing health informatics. Clean drinking water is essential to good health, but worldwide there are problems with aquifers contaminated with arsenic and other naturally occurring poisons, as well as by manmade pollution. Generally speaking, a design competition has a specific structure or device as its objective. Competition announcements and guidelines also can require that engineers work with architects or artists, and the teams may have to prequalify by establishing their credentials in bridge design.}, Doi = {10.1511/2010.83.112}, Key = {fds268197} } @article{fds268202, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Rereading vitruvius}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {98}, Number = {6}, Pages = {457-461}, Year = {2010}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2010.87.457}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski reflects on his experience of re-reading the book 'Ten Books on Architecture,' written by Vitruvius as a report to the Imperator Caesar Augustus, the founder and first ruler of the Roman Empire. Henry explains how in his previous readings of Vitruvius, he tended to skim over Chapter III of Book II, titled 'Brick,' in which a reader learns the kind of clay recommended for use in making the building blocks, during what time of year they were to be made, and how many kinds and sizes there were. Vitruvius's analysis of summer-made bricks is especially detailed and modern sounding. The summer sun bakes the surface of bricks, making it seem dry when the interior is still wet. Vitruvius is full of lessons from ancient engineering that can provide insights and lessons for design today.}, Doi = {10.1511/2010.87.457}, Key = {fds268202} } @article{fds336000, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Great achievements & grand challenges}, Journal = {Civil Engineering}, Volume = {80}, Number = {2}, Pages = {48-57}, Year = {2010}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000270}, Doi = {10.1061/ciegag.0000270}, Key = {fds336000} } @article{fds268189, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The beginnings of the American Society of Civil Engineers}, Journal = {Proceedings of 2009 Ieee Conference on the History of Technical Societies}, Publisher = {IEEE}, Year = {2009}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/HTS.2009.5337832}, Abstract = {The founding of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is a story of emulation, of slow and difficult beginnings, of halting early progress, of overcoming adversity, of learning from failures, and, ultimately, of monumental achievement. In short, the story of the founding of the ASCE mirrors the story of a great engineering project.}, Doi = {10.1109/HTS.2009.5337832}, Key = {fds268189} } @article{fds268193, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Infrastructure}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {97}, Number = {5}, Pages = {370-374}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2009}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.80.370}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski reflects on the decline in infrastructure in the US. over the past three decades due to inadequate funding and government negligence. Some estimates indicate that each day 650 water mains fail in the US, with seven billion gallons of water being lost through leaks, resulting in 16% waste of clean drinking water. The National Council on Public Works Improvement (NCPWI) report published in 1988 made qualitative and quantitative assessments of the overall infrastructure and its requirements. The council sought the government, private industry and the public to make a national commitment to make improvements in the country's infrastructure. The ASCE issued its own 'Report Card for America's Infrastructure,' in 1998, which refined and extended some of the categories presented in the NCPWI report. The US President Obama's speech included the mention of stimulus package of $30 billion, but some observers considered it insufficient to the task.}, Doi = {10.1511/2009.80.370}, Key = {fds268193} } @article{fds268190, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Once an engineer}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {97}, Number = {4}, Pages = {282-285}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2009}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.79.282}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski explains how engineers in the past have become great artists. Manierre Dawson, a civil engineer who was making abstract paintings as early as 1910, before Kandinsky and other better-known modem artists were. The most celebrated engineer-turned-artist of the 20th century was Alexander Calder. Mastery of the engineering sciences is essential to designing and analyzing large things that stand without breaking and groups of things that move without crashing. The engineering sciences of statics and dynamics provided the principles behind stabiles and mobiles, respectively, for which the artist Alexander Calder would become famous. Calder's instructional drawing of his pelican was surrounded by technical notes regarding the nature of its motion, the position of its seat, the strength of its parts, and the function of a spring and a dowel used in its assembly. Among the many different people who viewed Calder's mobiles was the artist and poet Jean Arp.}, Doi = {10.1511/2009.79.282}, Key = {fds268190} } @article{fds268191, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Akashi kaikyo bridge}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {97}, Number = {3}, Pages = {192-196}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2009}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.78.192}, Abstract = {The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, located near Kobe, Japan, is considered as the largest suspension bridge that separates Honshu from the minor island of Awaji, off the eastern tip of Shikoku. The Akashi Strait is the widest, busiest, and most dangerous stretch, and the main cables of the bridge sits in the plaza between the anchorage and the relatively low and unimposing building housing the Bridge Exhibition Center. The center is a combination museum and orientation space and its roadway is reinforced by a steel truss that typically comprise of steel box girders with cantilevered wing-like appendages designed to cut through the wind. Akashi's tower is also fitted with tuned-mass dampers that incorporate large masses whose movement keep its deflection within acceptable bounds. The walkway in the bridge is enclosed with heavy-duty wide-mesh screens to allow an open outward view of the structure with an underdeck observatory as additional winning features.}, Doi = {10.1511/2009.78.192}, Key = {fds268191} } @article{fds268188, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Tacoma narrows bridges}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {97}, Number = {2}, Pages = {103-107}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2009}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.77.103}, Abstract = {Tacoma Narrows Bridge was a pair of mile-long suspension bridges in the Washington state, the US that connects Tacoma and the Olympic Peninsula and was completed in 1940. The bridge had 2,800 foot main span, which made it the third longest span in the world after George Washington and Golden Gate bridges. The bridge was extremely flexible, but witnessed a dramatic structural collapse, caused by a 42 mile per hour wind, earning it the nickname Galloping Gertie. However, the Washington Transport Department has replaced the old bridge with the two-side-by-side suspension bridges that appear like twins and are stiff enough to stand undulate or twist in the wind and storms. The new bridge's equal-height towers are aligned besides each other, and are made of reinforced concrete, with two horizontal braces accommodating additional vehicle traffic lane with a wider deck.}, Doi = {10.1511/2009.77.103}, Key = {fds268188} } @article{fds268187, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Machu Picchu}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {97}, Number = {1}, Pages = {15-19}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2009}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.76.15}, Abstract = {Some of the Inca stonework in Inca archaeological sites backed in the Inca empire in early 16th century, are thoughtfully protected by substantial and attractive glass walls. Machu Picchu is the most widely known and admired, aside from Cusco, which is now a curious combination of Spanish colonial arches perched atop solid and often severely angular Inca foundation walls. The Machu Picchu, that is used to be a sacred location and royal retreat, is believed to have been constructed about 1450 and to have flourished until about 1540. Fortunately, Machu Picchu maintains a truly indigenous architecture, providing unadulterated insight into its original design and construction, as well as into Inca engineering.}, Doi = {10.1511/2009.76.15}, Key = {fds268187} } @article{fds268192, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The minneapolis bridge}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {97}, Number = {6}, Pages = {444-448}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2009}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.81.444}, Abstract = {The I-35W bridge over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis collapsed on August 1, 2007, creating the need for a replacement bridge immediately. Ten weeks after the disaster, the Minnesota Department of Transportation chose Flatiron Construction of Colorado and Manson Construction of Florida, to construct the new bridge. The design presented by the team was of the concrete box-girder type, which would be erected by the balanced-cantilever method. Sections of the bridge would be attached to its mate with international epoxy adhesives and then pulled tight with interior steel cables that would tie all the sections together. Additional engineering considerations for the new bridge involved the use of smart bridge technology. Investigations into the causes of the collapse of the original I-35W bridge continued all the while during the construction of the new bridge. Although no unquestionable cause was identified, the buckling of insufficiently thick gusset plates was thought to have contributed to this disaster.}, Doi = {10.1511/2009.81.444}, Key = {fds268192} } @article{fds268185, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Tower cranes}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {96}, Number = {6}, Pages = {458-461}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2008}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.75.458}, Abstract = {Several crane accidents received unusually broad news coverage in 2010 because they reached beyond the construction site. The mechanics of a hammerhead tower crane are relatively straightforward. The vertical mast section is typically anchored in a large concrete footing, which provides a firm foundation upon which the weight of the crane and anything it might lift can bear. The amount of material that a tower crane can lift depends on how far from the tower pivot the load is located. The farther from the supporting mast, the greater the tendency of a load to overturn the crane. There are as many as 3,000 tower cranes operating in the US, making over 105,000 lifts daily without incident. Construction cranes tend to be remarkable but ignorable parts of the built environment until an incident in which something goes terribly wrong.}, Doi = {10.1511/2008.75.458}, Key = {fds268185} } @article{fds268186, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Scientists as inventors}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {96}, Number = {5}, Pages = {368-371}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2008}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.74.368}, Abstract = {The distinction between a scientist and an engineer is that scientists do the understanding while engineers are the inventors. However, scientists can act like engineers even in their basic professional activity. Albert Einstein supported this perspective as he criticized Ernst Mach who have said that theories are discovered and are not invented. Likewise, inventive engineers can also behave just like a scientist. However, distinguishing the difference between a "scientific method" from an "engineering method" is difficult as both engineers and scientists can do science and engineering alternately or simultaneously. As such, Einstein is a scientist who did a form of engineering known as design and invention.}, Doi = {10.1511/2008.74.368}, Key = {fds268186} } @article{fds268182, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {William Barclay Parsons}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {96}, Number = {4}, Pages = {280-283}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2008}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.73.3825}, Abstract = {William Barclay Parsons was a prominent engineer in New York City, born in 1859. He studied at Columbia College. During his early years after graduation, Parsons worked briefly for the Erie railroad. He was a roadmaster of its New York Greenwood Lake division. In 1885, Parsons and Harry de Berkeley Parsons, his younger brother, opened up their won consulting engineering office in New York. Both of them cooperated on such projects as bridges, hydroelectric plants, and New York's mass-transportation problem.}, Doi = {10.1511/2008.73.3825}, Key = {fds268182} } @article{fds268075, Author = {Smith, DR and Soukoulis, CM}, Title = {Preface}, Journal = {Photonics and Nanostructures Fundamentals and Applications}, Volume = {6}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-2}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {2008}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {0029-5493}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2008.01.003}, Doi = {10.1016/j.photonics.2008.01.003}, Key = {fds268075} } @article{fds268181, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {A bridge and observatory}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {96}, Number = {1}, Pages = {14-18}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2008}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.69.14}, Abstract = {The 75-year-old Waldo-Hancock Bridge is one of the National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark as it even became vital to tourism and commerce in coastal Maine. However, supplementary cables were added to it due to its poor condition. Yet, this was still not enough as a replacement bridge was needed that should be built quickly. The authorities planned to construct a cable-stayed bridge just south of the existing structure. The manner of the design and how it was built was considered as an innovation. A cooperation between the Main Department of Transportation, the Figg Engineering Group and the contractor partnership firms of Cianbro and Reed & Reed has been called "owner-facilitated design-build". This cooperation did fast-track construction where the foundations were designed and built before the plans for the superstructure were complete. They have designed cable to be in the deck only on one side of a tower and will pass through the sleeves in the tower which eliminates any significant transverse force. This bridge has a three-level observatory at the top of its west tower, making it a unique bridge in North America. This observatory as well as its appurtenances are well designed with its ticketing process, with the road leading down to a parking lot and to the pinnacle of the obelisk.}, Doi = {10.1511/2008.69.14}, Key = {fds268181} } @article{fds268183, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Thomas Telford}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {96}, Number = {2}, Pages = {99-103}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2008}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.70.99}, Abstract = {Thomas Telford is one of Great Britain's foremost engineers who built both to carry water and to cross it. He was born in 1757 in Eskdale, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. By the 1790s, he became involved with improvements to harbors and the concomitant planning of settlements in northern Scotland through his involvement with the British Fisheries Society. He has also been involved with early 19th-century government surveys of the Scottish Highlands, which in turn led to his work on the Caledonian Canal, a concept that had begun with James Watt three decades earlier. He also got involved building canals that carried raw materials and finished goods to and from manufacturing centers. Perhaps his finest work is the Menai Strait Suspension Bridge, completed in 1826, and is one of the most beautiful bridges ever built anywhere in the world.}, Doi = {10.1511/2008.70.99}, Key = {fds268183} } @article{fds268184, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Twists, tag and ties}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {96}, Number = {3}, Pages = {188-192}, Year = {2008}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.71.188}, Abstract = {Gathering things together into a compact package brings easeness in so many ways. Classically, people use a piece of string or rope and knot the ends of it so as to make a package. However, this method is not being easily mastered as well as reversing it to unpack. Thus, inventors have come up with the idea of "binding tie" as this comes in with two purposes. First, it may be used to confine and constrict a single object and lastly, it may hold two or more objects together. This and other techniques such as the use of fasteners have been invented to easily get a grip on many things needed to be transported.}, Doi = {10.1511/2008.71.188}, Key = {fds268184} } @article{fds268179, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {What's in a name tag?}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {95}, Number = {4}, Pages = {304-308}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2007}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.66.3750}, Abstract = {Name tags are essential part of a person's identification in any occasions. Therefore, placement of information must be logical, with more refined typography and a helpful and decorative band of color designating the category of registration. The concept of the name tag integrates an effective and unambiguous information-bearing card into a system. Although most problems are in design, there could also be other modes of failure. Proper place of attachment, use of clip-on name tags, and matching of plastic sleeves. There are numerous ways to achieve the desired ends but the best design are not necessarily the simplest but simply the best.}, Doi = {10.1511/2007.66.3750}, Key = {fds268179} } @article{fds268177, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Why things break}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {95}, Number = {3}, Pages = {206-209}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2007}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.65.375}, Abstract = {The widespread industrial application of iron in the development of railroads has brought the growth of cracks and the fracture of parts containing them to the attention of engineers. Engineers realized the importance of understanding the ultimate cause of such failures in order to build reliable railroad systems. Failures that have gained much attention included the Dee Bridge failure in 1847 and the Tay Bridge collapse in 1879. According to the most recent inquiries on the two accidents, failure in the former occured because of metal fatigue initiated at the esthetic flourish and in the latter fatigue crack growth that initiated as a result of casting the bolt holes directly into the lugs. These and other recent accidents show that metal fatigue is an old but not yet fully conquered cause of structural failure that is proving to be the root cause of accidents that have been debated for over a century.}, Doi = {10.1511/2007.65.375}, Key = {fds268177} } @article{fds268175, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Long crossings}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {95}, Number = {1}, Pages = {16-19}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2007}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.63.16}, Abstract = {Until recently, cars and trucks traveling between the countries of Sweden and Denmark and between the latter's two largest islands were forced to use ferries. The first bridge to be done at the Baltic Sea crossings was the narrow Little Belt. This was done at Middlefart Denmark where the strait is narrowest. In 1935, an 825-m-long truss bridge was opened there to rail and road traffic; it was upgraded in 1996 to carry heavier trains. In 1970, a 1700-m-long main span was completed in the same vicinity to carry motor traffic. In 1998, the Great Belt Link was opened. The motorway crossing at the Great Belt has three distinct components: the 6.6-km West Bridge; 3.1-km of road across the island of SprogØo; and the 6.8-km East Bridge. The most recently completed link in the chain of fixed crossings stretches for 16km across ØOresund. Design and construction of the ØOresund Fixed Link involved creating from west the east: an artificial peninsula near Copenhagen's airport; a 3.5-km-long artificial island onto which the tunnel exits; a 3-km-long multi-span western approach bridge; a 1.1-km-long high bridge; a 3.7-km-long eastern approach bridge; and a terminal area where tolls are collected and operations controlled.}, Doi = {10.1511/2007.63.16}, Key = {fds268175} } @article{fds268176, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Lab notes}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {95}, Number = {2}, Pages = {114-117}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2007}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.64.114}, Abstract = {Henry Petroski used to be a theoretician only at the Talbot Laboratory, which housed the Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics at the University of Illinois at Urbana. Later in his career, he was introduced to the applied side of engineering by his colleague, JoDean Morrow. By involving himself in applied engineering, he came to fully understand the science of engineering.}, Doi = {10.1511/2007.64.114}, Key = {fds268176} } @article{fds268178, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The cantilever}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {95}, Number = {5}, Pages = {394-397}, Year = {2007}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.67.394}, Abstract = {The now-popular Grand Canyon destination The Skywalk solves some of the problems in structural designs since Galileo's time. The project is a good demonstration of the structural challenges that Galileo encountered especially the cantilever concept. Las Vegas-based entrepreneur David Jin was the investor of the project and consulted the architectural firm MRJ Architects and Lochsa Engineering as well as construction firm Apco Construction. Located at the Eagle Point on the western rim of the canyon, The Skywalk has a three layer glass walkway 3 inches deep wherein the top layer is replaceable when cracks and scratches happen. Visitors are given shoe covers so as not to slip or scratch the glass that much. The structure passed engineering requirements by 400% or a factor of safety of 4. The 65-foot-long cantilever is six-foot-deep and was opened in March 28,2007. Only 120 people are allowed at a time. The structure weighs 500 tons and is said to be the tallest man-made destination in the world.}, Doi = {10.1511/2007.67.394}, Key = {fds268178} } @article{fds268180, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The simplest thing}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {95}, Number = {6}, Pages = {482-485}, Year = {2007}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.68.482}, Abstract = {Toothpick has been regarded as the simplest object of all. The idea of wooden toothpick came when Benjamin Franklin Sturtevant successfully made shoe-peg blanks but is unaware of the toothpick the shoe-pegging machine yielded. It was Charles Forster who acquired the rights of mass producing toothpicks by acquiring Sturtevant's patent and some of his machineries. By the end of 1850s, wooden toothpicks were commonly found in hotels and restaurants in New York. Although this small mechanical device is proven to be beneficial, it also have been the cause of many injuries, some of which are fatal. Among the most dangerous things one can do is to swallow it. As small and simple a thing as the mass-produced wooden toothpick may be, its story, infused with social and cultural origins, influences and implications is wide ranging and complex.}, Doi = {10.1511/2007.68.482}, Key = {fds268180} } @article{fds268172, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {When failure strikes}, Journal = {New Scientist}, Volume = {191}, Number = {2562}, Pages = {20}, Year = {2006}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0262-4079}, Key = {fds268172} } @article{fds268171, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Patterns of failure}, Journal = {Modern Steel Construction}, Volume = {46}, Number = {7}, Pages = {43-46}, Year = {2006}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0026-8445}, Abstract = {Structural failures during the 19th century due to design failures and failing of human intelligence and in 19th centaury are discussed. The pyramid system in which a great mass of debris was gutted at the base of foundation combined with fact that its angle changes from 54° to a 43° about half way up was followed. One bridge collapsed in every 30 years between the middle of the 19th century. A footbridge is oldest kind of bridges but it explored in new technology at the end of the millennium, under the crowd traffic the bridges have been designed to handle repetitive, up-and-down lock-step or marching motion in the frequency range. A pedestrian bridge across the Thames river was designed in this way however this was closed in just three days. The side-to-side movements of the bridge were causing people to grasp the side rails, and it was feared that someone might get hurt. It was reopened retrofitted with dampers and other devices designed to mitigate the effects of the pedestrians.}, Key = {fds268171} } @article{fds268168, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Appreciating engineering}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {15}, Number = {9}, Pages = {36}, Year = {2006}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268168} } @article{fds268167, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Can't we do better than this?}, Journal = {New Scientist}, Volume = {190}, Number = {2547}, Pages = {52}, Year = {2006}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {0262-4079}, Key = {fds268167} } @article{fds268165, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Being mistaken}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {15}, Number = {7}, Pages = {24}, Year = {2006}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268165} } @article{fds268166, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Celebrating bicentennials}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {15}, Number = {5}, Pages = {18}, Year = {2006}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268166} } @article{fds268169, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Things small and large}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {94}, Number = {3}, Pages = {212-215}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2006}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2006.59.3485}, Doi = {10.1511/2006.59.3485}, Key = {fds268169} } @article{fds268170, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {A great profession}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {94}, Number = {4}, Pages = {304-307}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2006}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2006.60.3490}, Abstract = {Herbert Clark Hoover was among the first class of students to enrol in Leland Stanford Junior University when it opened its doors in 1891. His organizational skills and mining-engineering experience in marshaling large work forces engaged in moving vast quantities of materials under restricted circumstances proved to be outstanding preparation for leading the humanitarian efforts that he did when World War I broke out. This led to his appointment as US Secretary of Commerce during the Harding and Coolidge administrations and laid the foundations for the federal regulation of commercial aviation and radio broadcasting. Hoover's involvement in relief and politics led to his being elected president in 1928, but served only one term, being defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.}, Doi = {10.1511/2006.60.3490}, Key = {fds268170} } @article{fds268173, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Waldo-Hancock bridge}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {94}, Number = {6}, Pages = {498-501}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2006}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2006.62.3501}, Abstract = {Among the components of a responsible design is the specification of a regular program of inspection and maintenance. The Waldo-Hancock Bridge is a classic case study of a bridge once heralded as a masterpiece growing obsolete and neglected over time. The bridge is exactly 1,500 feet between anchorages with a central span of 800 feet. The Waldo-Hancock Bridge has been a model construction project taking a total of only 16 months and coming in at about 70 percent of the original appropriation of $1.2 million. By the summer of 2003, the Waldo-Hancock Bridge has had a limited useful-life expectancy as few as four to six years. The Department of Transportation (DOT) has proposed to add supplementary cables to the old to which enabling some of the weight of the existing structure and its traffic to be taken off the original cables. The new finally approved name is Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory.}, Doi = {10.1511/2006.62.3501}, Key = {fds268173} } @article{fds268174, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {On the road}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {94}, Number = {5}, Pages = {396-399}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2006}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2006.61.3494}, Abstract = {In 1913, Carl Graham Fisher put forward the idea of transcontinental road that included north-south routes, east-west routes and a diagonal road across the country. With the proliferation of numerous named roads throughout the country, the America Association of State Highway Officials rationalized the system of roads and road signs across the nation in 1925. When Dwight Eisenhower assumed presidency in 1953, the formation of a National Highway Authority (NHA) was set forth. Three years later in 1956, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 was finally passed. The bill signed by Eisenhower authorized a 12-year $25 billion project for the construction of a National System of Interstate and Defense Highways. By 1986, 97% of the system was already operational. To make the Interstate System user-friendly, improvements of the legibility of highway signs were proposed leading to the modernization of the Federal Highway Agency's (FHA) alphabets. The new typeface was christened Clearview and in 2004 it was granted interim approval by the FHA.}, Doi = {10.1511/2006.61.3494}, Key = {fds268174} } @article{fds268155, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Past and future bridge failures}, Journal = {History of Technology}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2005}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0307-5451}, Key = {fds268155} } @article{fds268164, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Raising grades}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {15}, Number = {3}, Pages = {22}, Year = {2005}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268164} } @article{fds268162, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Discarding the library}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {15}, Number = {1}, Pages = {26}, Year = {2005}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268162} } @article{fds268160, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Teaching for posterity}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {14}, Number = {9}, Pages = {26}, Year = {2005}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268160} } @article{fds268158, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Keeping things in perspective}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {14}, Number = {7}, Pages = {22}, Year = {2005}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268158} } @article{fds268159, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Erratum: "Industrial origami" (American Scientist)}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {93}, Number = {2}, Pages = {100}, Year = {2005}, Month = {March}, Key = {fds268159} } @article{fds268153, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Industrial origami}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {93}, Number = {1}, Pages = {12-16}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2005}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2005.51.3444}, Doi = {10.1511/2005.51.3444}, Key = {fds268153} } @article{fds268154, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Being different}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {14}, Number = {5}, Pages = {22}, Year = {2005}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268154} } @article{fds268156, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Painful design}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {93}, Number = {2}, Pages = {113-117}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2005}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2005.52.3450}, Doi = {10.1511/2005.52.3450}, Key = {fds268156} } @article{fds268157, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Look first to failure}, Journal = {Ieee Engineering Management Review}, Volume = {33}, Number = {1}, Pages = {4-5}, Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, Year = {2005}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0360-8581}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2005.25170}, Abstract = {Reengineering anything starts with understanding failure. In the logical side, basing a reengineering project on successful models should give designers an advantage. Unfortunately, what makes things work is often hard to express and harder to extract from the design as a whole. Things work because they work in a particular configuration, at a particular scale, and in a particular culture. Trying to reverse engineer and cannibalize a successful system sacrifices the synergy of success.}, Doi = {10.1109/EMR.2005.25170}, Key = {fds268157} } @article{fds268161, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Technology and the humanities}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {93}, Number = {4}, Pages = {304-307}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2005}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2005.54.3460}, Doi = {10.1511/2005.54.3460}, Key = {fds268161} } @article{fds268163, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Shopping by design}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {93}, Number = {6}, Pages = {491-495}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2005}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2005.56.3469}, Doi = {10.1511/2005.56.3469}, Key = {fds268163} } @article{fds268152, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Seeing music}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {14}, Number = {1}, Pages = {22}, Year = {2004}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268152} } @article{fds268150, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Rereading smiles}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {13}, Number = {9}, Pages = {26}, Year = {2004}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268150} } @article{fds268151, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Technology and architecture in an age of terrorism}, Journal = {Technology in Society}, Volume = {26}, Number = {2-3}, Pages = {161-167}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {2004}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2004.01.020}, Abstract = {In the wake of the events of September 11, 2001, a number of hastily arranged measures were taken to thwart further terrorist attacks. Understandably, there was little time to design architecturally harmonious airport security stations or protective concrete barriers to follow up those that were put into service in an ad hoc way. Now that terrorism has become a defining condition of our age, it is necessary for engineers, architects, and other professionals to rise to the occasion and design into buildings and public spaces defensive security features that are functionally and aesthetically integral, thereby reclaiming somewhat our quality of life. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.techsoc.2004.01.020}, Key = {fds268151} } @article{fds268148, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Refractions changing slides}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {13}, Number = {7}, Pages = {22}, Year = {2004}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268148} } @article{fds268147, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Celebrating engineering achievement}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {13}, Number = {5}, Pages = {22}, Year = {2004}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268147} } @article{fds268149, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Lives of the engineers}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {92}, Number = {5}, Pages = {410-414}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2004}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2004.49.3436}, Doi = {10.1511/2004.49.3436}, Key = {fds268149} } @article{fds268139, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The evolution of the grocery bag}, Journal = {American Scholar}, Volume = {72}, Number = {4}, Pages = {99}, Year = {2003}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0003-0937}, Key = {fds268139} } @article{fds268145, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Visiting engineers}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {13}, Number = {3}, Pages = {22}, Year = {2003}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268145} } @article{fds268146, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Introducing engineering}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {13}, Number = {1}, Pages = {20}, Year = {2003}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268146} } @article{fds268142, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Weathering the storm}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {12}, Number = {8}, Pages = {16}, Year = {2003}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268142} } @article{fds268143, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Changing offices}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {12}, Number = {6}, Pages = {18}, Year = {2003}, Month = {February}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268143} } @article{fds268144, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Floating bridges}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {91}, Number = {4}, Pages = {302-307}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2003}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2003.26.3350}, Doi = {10.1511/2003.26.3350}, Key = {fds268144} } @article{fds268141, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Talking fast}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {12}, Number = {4}, Pages = {18}, Year = {2002}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268141} } @article{fds268140, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Losing the tie}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {12}, Number = {2}, Pages = {16}, Year = {2002}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268140} } @article{fds268135, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The origins, founding, and early years of the American Society of Civil Engineers: A case study in successful failure analysis}, Journal = {Proceedings of the National Symposium on Civil Engineering History}, Pages = {57-68}, Year = {2002}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40654(2003)3}, Abstract = {The story of the founding of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is widely known. Still it bears retelling on the occasion of the sesquicentennial of the Society, for it is a story of emulation, of slow and difficult beginnings, of halting early progress, of overcoming adversity, of learning from failures, and, ultimately, of monumental achievement. In short, the story of the founding of the ASCE mirrors the story of a great engineering project.}, Doi = {10.1061/40654(2003)3}, Key = {fds268135} } @article{fds268136, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The fall of skyscrapers}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {90}, Number = {1}, Pages = {16-21}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2002}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2002.13.3329}, Doi = {10.1511/2002.13.3329}, Key = {fds268136} } @article{fds268137, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Benjamin Franklin Bridge}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {90}, Number = {5}, Pages = {406-411}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2002}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2002.33.3325}, Doi = {10.1511/2002.33.3325}, Key = {fds268137} } @article{fds268138, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Policing the classroom}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {11}, Number = {5}, Pages = {15}, Year = {2002}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268138} } @article{fds268133, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Expecting respect}, Journal = {Asee Prism}, Volume = {11}, Number = {1}, Pages = {16}, Year = {2001}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {1056-8077}, Key = {fds268133} } @article{fds268057, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Success and failure in engineering}, Journal = {Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention}, Volume = {1}, Number = {5}, Pages = {8-15}, Year = {2001}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {1547-7029}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/152981501770352509}, Abstract = {Failure is a central idea in engineering. In fact, one definition of engineering might be that it is the avoidance of failure. When a device, machine, or structure is designed by an engineer, every way in which it might credibly fail must be anticipated to ensure that it is designed to function properly. The engineer ensures that these and other failures do not occur by analyzing the design on paper, and the objective of the analysis is to calculate the intensity of forces in the structure and compare them with limiting values that define failure. In a suspension bridge, for example, the total force on the main cable depends upon the geometry and material of the bridge and the traffic it must carry. The force that the cable must resist determines how large the cable must be if a certain type of steel wire is used. There also is strong evidence in the historical record that engineers and their antecedents in the crafts and trades have always pushed the envelope until failures have occurred, giving the advance of technology somewhat of an epicyclic character.}, Doi = {10.1361/152981501770352509}, Key = {fds268057} } @article{fds268130, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {China journal II}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {89}, Number = {4}, Pages = {306-310}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2001}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2001.28.3353}, Doi = {10.1511/2001.28.3353}, Key = {fds268130} } @article{fds268131, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The importance of engineering history}, Journal = {International Engineering History and Heritage}, Pages = {1-7}, Year = {2001}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40594(265)1}, Doi = {10.1061/40594(265)1}, Key = {fds268131} } @article{fds268132, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Twin bridges}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {89}, Number = {1}, Pages = {15-19}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2001}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2001.14.3355}, Doi = {10.1511/2001.14.3355}, Key = {fds268132} } @article{fds268134, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Bath iron works}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {89}, Number = {2}, Pages = {115-119}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2001}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2001.18.3357}, Doi = {10.1511/2001.18.3357}, Key = {fds268134} } @article{fds268126, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Human factors}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {88}, Number = {4}, Pages = {304-308}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2000}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2000.29.3369}, Doi = {10.1511/2000.29.3369}, Key = {fds268126} } @article{fds268127, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Making headlines}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {88}, Number = {3}, Pages = {206-209}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2000}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2000.23.3361}, Doi = {10.1511/2000.23.3361}, Key = {fds268127} } @article{fds268128, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Concrete canoes}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {88}, Number = {5}, Pages = {390-394}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2000}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2000.5.390}, Doi = {10.1511/2000.5.390}, Key = {fds268128} } @article{fds268129, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Vanities of the Bonfire}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {88}, Number = {6}, Pages = {486-490}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {2000}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2000.6.486}, Doi = {10.1511/2000.6.486}, Key = {fds268129} } @article{fds268122, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Fazlur khan}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {87}, Number = {1}, Pages = {16-20}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {1999}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1999.16.3381}, Doi = {10.1511/1999.16.3381}, Key = {fds268122} } @article{fds268123, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Down under}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {87}, Number = {2}, Pages = {114-118}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {1999}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1999.20.3384}, Doi = {10.1511/1999.20.3384}, Key = {fds268123} } @article{fds268124, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Drawing bridges}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {87}, Number = {4}, Pages = {302-306}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {1999}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1999.30.3380}, Doi = {10.1511/1999.30.3380}, Key = {fds268124} } @article{fds268125, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Daubert and Kumho}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {87}, Number = {5}, Pages = {402-406}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {1999}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1999.36.3378}, Doi = {10.1511/1999.36.3378}, Key = {fds268125} } @article{fds268116, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {From Connections to Collections}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {86}, Number = {5}, Pages = {416-420}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {1998}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.37.3397}, Doi = {10.1511/1998.37.3397}, Key = {fds268116} } @article{fds268117, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {New and future bridges}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {86}, Number = {6}, Pages = {514-518}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {1998}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.43.3392}, Doi = {10.1511/1998.43.3392}, Key = {fds268117} } @article{fds268118, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {John Scott Russell}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {86}, Number = {1}, Pages = {18-21}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {1998}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.17.3406}, Doi = {10.1511/1998.17.3406}, Key = {fds268118} } @article{fds268119, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {An Independent Inventor}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {86}, Number = {3}, Pages = {222-225}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {1998}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.25.3403}, Doi = {10.1511/1998.25.3403}, Key = {fds268119} } @article{fds268120, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Technology and societies}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {86}, Number = {2}, Pages = {113-117}, Year = {1998}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.21.3408}, Doi = {10.1511/1998.21.3408}, Key = {fds268120} } @article{fds268121, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Bilbao}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {86}, Number = {4}, Pages = {320-325}, Publisher = {Sigma Xi}, Year = {1998}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.31.3395}, Doi = {10.1511/1998.31.3395}, Key = {fds268121} } @article{fds268114, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Design competition}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {85}, Number = {6}, Pages = {511-515}, Year = {1997}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, Key = {fds268114} } @article{fds268115, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Engineers' dreams}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {85}, Number = {4}, Pages = {310-313}, Year = {1997}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, Key = {fds268115} } @article{fds268112, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The fixed link}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {85}, Number = {1}, Pages = {10-14}, Year = {1997}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0996}, Key = {fds268112} } @article{fds268113, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Bridges of America}, Journal = {Proceedings, Annual Conference Canadian Society for Civil Engineering}, Volume = {1}, Pages = {11-16}, Year = {1997}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {America has more than half a million bridges, ranging from nondescript highway overpasses to monumental works of structural art, but only a few of them are known by name. Although just about everyone has heard of the Brooklyn Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge and can tell you where they stand, only local residents, attentive tourists or bridge aficionados are likely to know where to look for such structural jewels as Caveman Bridge or the McCullough Memorial Bridge. Of those who can locate these bridges on a map, only a small fraction are likely to know that Conde McCullough is the name of the engineer and not of a local politician. But whether or not they or their engineer are well known, masterpieces of bridge engineering are everywhere, a legacy of their designers' structural artwork that is as much a part of the American scene as are the red barns and white churches of the countryside or the tall buildings and chasm-like streets of cities.}, Key = {fds268113} } @article{fds268104, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Engineering and history: Manifestations in monuments}, Journal = {Proceedings of the National Symposium on Civil Engineering History}, Pages = {155-161}, Year = {1996}, Month = {December}, Abstract = {A brief survey of some prominent monuments to engineers and engineering in the United States and in Britain suggests a stark contrast between the public perception of the history of the profession in these two cultures.}, Key = {fds268104} } @article{fds268105, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Engineering a nation Henry Petroski reviews the Innovators by David Billington}, Journal = {New Scientist}, Volume = {150}, Number = {2036}, Pages = {42-43}, Year = {1996}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0262-4079}, Key = {fds268105} } @article{fds268109, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Fax and context}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {84}, Number = {6}, Pages = {527-531}, Year = {1996}, Month = {November}, Key = {fds268109} } @article{fds268111, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Soil mechanics}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {84}, Number = {5}, Pages = {428-432}, Year = {1996}, Month = {September}, Key = {fds268111} } @article{fds268110, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {The petronas twin towers}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {84}, Number = {4}, Pages = {322-326}, Year = {1996}, Month = {July}, Key = {fds268110} } @article{fds268108, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Bridges of America}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {84}, Number = {3}, Pages = {215-219}, Year = {1996}, Month = {May}, Key = {fds268108} } @article{fds268107, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Henry Martyn Robert}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {84}, Number = {2}, Pages = {106-109}, Year = {1996}, Month = {March}, Key = {fds268107} } @article{fds268106, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Harnessing steam}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {84}, Number = {1}, Pages = {15-19}, Year = {1996}, Month = {January}, Key = {fds268106} } @article{fds331175, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Building firm foundations}, Journal = {Nature}, Volume = {378}, Number = {6554}, Pages = {313-314}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1995}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/378313a0}, Doi = {10.1038/378313a0}, Key = {fds331175} } @article{fds268103, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Boeing 777}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {83}, Number = {6}, Pages = {519-522}, Year = {1995}, Month = {November}, Abstract = {In April 1994, the Boeing 777 was unveiled in Everett, Washington. The aircraft was completed successfully by following the project objectives which were the development of an aircraft that would be economical to manufacture and operate and that would provide a suitable replacement for fleets of aging wide-body jet aircraft. This article describes the challenges of the project. In particular, the design and capabilities of the aircraft are highlighted.}, Key = {fds268103} } @article{fds268102, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Le Pont de Normandie}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {83}, Number = {5}, Pages = {415-419}, Year = {1995}, Month = {September}, Abstract = {The recently completed Le Pont de Normandie bridge, like virtually every large bridge is a distinct solution to a unique engineering problem and, in a larger historical context, Everybridge. Prior to the construction of the bridge, several problems that need serious consideration emerged. One of these problems is the site of the bridge which is a major shipping channel. Introducing piers into the water not only would have posed obstacles to ocean-going vessels but also would have promoted the accumulation of sand. In view of this, a cable-stayed design was chosen as a solution. By addressing questions relating to the aerodynamic stability of the bridge, the project proceeded as expected.}, Key = {fds268102} } @article{fds268100, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Tower bridge}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {83}, Number = {2}, Pages = {121-124}, Year = {1995}, Month = {March}, Abstract = {London's Tower Bridge is one of the most unusual bridges in the world. Its form arose from the unique conditions under which it was designed and constructed. Built in the 1880s, it had been described as a double-leaf bascule with suspended side-spans, incorporating two high-level footbridges. Construction of the Tower Bridge had to consider the historical, topographical and commercial constraints imposed by the location. The bridge had to either be a high-level crossing, so as not to obstruct shipping, or have a movable span. The option of a bridge with high clearance would have necessitated long approaches, which would have added to the expense, not to mention presenting an unwelcome structure beside the Tower of London. By incorporating a movable span in the center of the bridge, the side spans could be built close to the water and hence minimize the approach viaducts on the low banks.}, Key = {fds268100} } @article{fds268048, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Failure as source of engineering judgment: Case of John Roebling}, Journal = {Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities}, Volume = {8}, Number = {2}, Pages = {171-171}, Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, Year = {1994}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0887-3828}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1994)8:2(171)}, Doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1994)8:2(171)}, Key = {fds268048} } @article{fds331176, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Galileo's confirmation of a false hypothesis: A paradigm of logical error in design}, Journal = {Civil Engineering Systems}, Volume = {9}, Number = {3}, Pages = {251-263}, Publisher = {Informa UK Limited}, Year = {1992}, Month = {October}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02630259208970652}, Abstract = {Galileo’s classic analysis of a cantilever beam is explicated, and the contemporary persistence of the fundamental error he made in it is discussed. The incorrect hypothesis that Galileo set forth as his first proposition about the behavior of the beam is examined in the context of his pioneering analysis, as is the process whereby the erroneous basic assumption led to a result that was confirmed. The example of Galileo and the cantilever beam is presented as a paradigm for human error in engineering analysis and design, and it is argued that familiarity with such a paradigm among the community of engineering educators and practitioners can help reduce design erors and failures. © 1992, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.1080/02630259208970652}, Key = {fds331176} } @article{fds268099, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Preface}, Journal = {Research in Engineering Design}, Volume = {4}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1992}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0934-9839}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032387}, Doi = {10.1007/BF02032387}, Key = {fds268099} } @article{92060512547, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Vitruvius’s auger and galileo’s bones: Paradigms of limits to size in design}, Journal = {Journal of Mechanical Design}, Volume = {114}, Number = {1}, Pages = {23-28}, Publisher = {ASME International}, Year = {1992}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2916920}, Keywords = {Structural Design;}, Abstract = {Although scale effects have been known since ancient times to limit the size of structures, there has been a persistence of design errors evidently attributable to an ignorance or disregard of this limitation. Two classic case studies, one from Vitruvius and one from Galileo, of scale effects leading to failures are presented as paradigms for this genre of human error, and the repetition of it in a variety of major presentday designs is discussed. The value of the paradigms is seen to be in making the scale effect more prominent in the consciousness of students and young practitioners engaged in the process of design, thereby reducing the potential for ignoring or forgetting that successful designs cannot be scaled up indefinitely. © 1992 by ASME.}, Doi = {10.1115/1.2916920}, Key = {92060512547} } @article{fds268097, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Paconius and the pedestal for Apollo: A case study of error in conceptual design}, Journal = {Research in Engineering Design}, Volume = {3}, Number = {2}, Pages = {123-128}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1991}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {0934-9839}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581344}, Abstract = {A classic case history of an engineering failure related by Vitruvius is presented as a paradigm of human error in the design process. It is argued that a familiarity among designers with such case studies could be instrumental in reducing conceptual errors in the design process generally. © 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF01581344}, Key = {fds268097} } @article{3939777, Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Process zone analysis for the single-edge notched specimen: Part II. Process zone growth and crack propagation}, Journal = {International Journal of Fracture}, Volume = {49}, Number = {1}, Pages = {17-28}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1991}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0376-9429}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013500}, Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;}, Abstract = {Process zone growth and crack propagation in the single-edge notched (SEN) specimen are studied using the relations among applied load, notional crack and process zone lengths, and crack opening displacement derived in the first part of this work [1]. Process zone growth is simulated by increasing the notional crack length while keeping the traction-free crack length constant. A model for crack propagation based on either critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) or critical process zone length, as criteria for traction-free crack extension is proposed. The influence of closing pressure distribution, initial traction-free crack length, and crack extension criterion on the behavior of load vs. CMOD curves is discussed. The present model can be used to model load-deformation behavior from initial loading through softening to failure of nonlinear materials, as is verified by comparing the theoretical and experimentally determined load vs. crack mouth opening (CMOD) curves for concrete beams. © 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00013500}, Key = {3939777} } @article{3939776, Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Process zone analysis for the single-edge notched specimen: Part I. Process zone size and crack profile}, Journal = {International Journal of Fracture}, Volume = {49}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-16}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1991}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0376-9429}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013499}, Keywords = {bending;crack-edge stress field analysis;}, Abstract = {A systematic analysis of the process zone is presented. Relations among the process zone size, load and crack opening displacement (COD) are derived using the weight function method and a power function closing pressure distribution in the process zone. These relations are specialized and used to study the behaviour of the single-edge notched (SEN) specimen loaded in tension and in bending. This study shows that the method presented here may be successfully used to analyze the fracture of finite-size specimens. © 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00013499}, Key = {3939776} } @article{fds268098, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Galileo and the marble column: A paradigm of human error in design}, Journal = {Structural Safety}, Volume = {11}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-11}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1991}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0167-4730}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4730(91)90023-3}, Abstract = {A classic case history of a design change leading to a structural failure is presented and interpreted as a paradigm for the introduction of human error in design. An argument is made for the timeless relevance of poignant case histories to reduce the occurrence of human error in modern designs and thus increase their reliability. © 1991.}, Doi = {10.1016/0167-4730(91)90023-3}, Key = {fds268098} } @article{3910705, Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Weight functions from multiple reference states and crack profile derivatives}, Journal = {Engineering Fracture Mechanics}, Volume = {39}, Number = {1}, Pages = {105-111}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1991}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0013-7944}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(91)90026-W}, Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;}, Abstract = {Two modifications for implementation of the weight function method are presented. It is proposed to assume the derivative of crack opening displacements instead of the crack profile in the form of a series, as is commonly done, and to compute the unknown coefficients in the series from one or more known stress intensity factors. The new approach eliminates differentiations and reduces the number of integrations as compared with the commonly used method. The new method is tested by exploring the influence of assumed reference load cases and combinations of reference cases on the accuracy of computed stress intensity factors for a variety of applied loads on an edge crack. Use of two known stress intensity factors is shown to give excellent accuracy of computed weight functions and stress intensity factors, well within 1% for most load cases considered. © 1991.}, Doi = {10.1016/0013-7944(91)90026-W}, Key = {3910705} } @article{fds331177, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Human error and the case for case histories in design}, Journal = {Journal of Engineering Design}, Volume = {2}, Number = {1}, Pages = {81-88}, Publisher = {Informa UK Limited}, Year = {1991}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09544829108901672}, Abstract = {Human error in anticipating failure has been an important factor in keeping the reliability of engineering designs from achieving the theoretically high levels made possible by modern methods of analysis and materials. This is due in part to a deemphasis on engineering experience and judgement in the light of increasingly sophisticated numerical and analytical techniques. While mostly couched in terms of structural engineering, the present discussion is applicable to engineering design in general Recommendations are made as to how the vast but underutilized store of experience contained in case histories of failures, both ancient and modern can be tapped in a systematic way to benefit the design process and thereby improve the performance and reliability of engineering designs. © 1991, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.1080/09544829108901672}, Key = {fds331177} } @article{fds268095, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Invisible engineer}, Journal = {Civil Engineering New York, N.Y.}, Volume = {60}, Number = {11}, Pages = {46-49}, Year = {1990}, Month = {November}, Abstract = {A hundred years ago, the general public couldn't hear enough about the wonders achieved by engineering, yet today's professionals are mostly anonymous. Advancing technology and the growth of specialized societies have robbed the profession of a single voice, a public image as clear-cut as a doctor's or lawyer's. For engineers to achieve a more visible role in society in the future, we must seize every opportunity to tell our story.}, Key = {fds268095} } @article{fds268094, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Growing role for the 'invisible profession'?}, Journal = {Design News (Boston)}, Volume = {46}, Number = {11}, Pages = {132-134}, Year = {1990}, Month = {June}, Abstract = {The myriad successes of engineering have rendered the profession invisible in the midst of an abundance of technological innovation. And that's a switch from the situation at the end of the 19th century, when the engineer was the model innovator and the hero of society. The great industrial expositions of that era presented engineers' works to be admired by people from all walks of life, and engineers presented lectures on their works. A revival of the engineering profession is under way to change the perception of engineers.}, Key = {fds268094} } @article{fds268096, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {James Nasmyth}, Journal = {Mechanical Engineering}, Volume = {112}, Number = {2}, Pages = {40-46}, Year = {1990}, Month = {February}, Abstract = {This paper discusses how James Nasmyth, a 19th century engineer, used engineering drawing as a tool to invent the steam hammer and other machine tools. Applications of his work includes shipbuilding.}, Key = {fds268096} } @article{fds268093, Author = {Wang, Y and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Fatigue crack propagation in concrete}, Journal = {International Journal of Fracture}, Volume = {41}, Number = {3}, Pages = {R55-R58}, Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc}, Year = {1989}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0376-9429}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018663}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00018663}, Key = {fds268093} } @article{fds268092, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Failure as a unifying theme in design}, Journal = {Design Studies}, Volume = {10}, Number = {4}, Pages = {214-218}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1989}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0142-694X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-694X(89)90004-5}, Abstract = {The concept of failure, which plays a central role in successful design, is viewed as a unifying principle of the whole design process. This idea is elaborated upon and illustrated for the problem of designing a hypothetical bridge, which is presented as a paradigm. Brief case studies of some real bridges are employed to reinforce the argument, and the danger of designing by emulating success are cautioned against. © 1989.}, Doi = {10.1016/0142-694X(89)90004-5}, Key = {fds268092} } @article{fds268101, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Failure as source of engineering judgment: Case of john Roebling}, Journal = {Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities}, Volume = {7}, Number = {1}, Pages = {46-58}, Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, Year = {1989}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1993)7:1(46)}, Abstract = {The proper use of the concepts and realities of failure is essential for successful design practice, which involves proper engineering judgment. Among the most valuable sources of good design judgment are case studies of how great engineers designed against failure. John Roebling is among the engineers whose works provide excellent models of good judgment and the explicit use of the knowledge of failures in designing successful structures. Roebling's use of failure concepts and case studies to avoid failure in his own designs provides a paradigm for good engineering practice generally. Although the analytical state of the art has certainly advanced since Roebling's time, the basic ideas of good engineering practice are no different now than they were in the 19th century. It therefore follows that a study of the methods of model engineers like Roebling can help develop judgment in modern engineers and thereby reduce the occurrence of failures in modern designs. © ASCE.}, Doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1993)7:1(46)}, Key = {fds268101} } @article{3098135, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {SUCCESSFUL DESIGN AS FAILURE ANALYSIS.}, Pages = {46-48}, Address = {Washington, DC, USA}, Year = {1987}, Month = {December}, Keywords = {systems analysis;}, Abstract = {The role of failure considerations in successful design is discussed. The argument is illustrated for the case of the suspension bridge.}, Key = {3098135} } @article{fds268091, Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF NOTCHED CONCRETE CYLINDER.}, Journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics}, Volume = {ll3}, Number = {l0}, Pages = {l55l-1564}, Year = {1987}, Month = {October}, Abstract = {Observed failure modes of portland cement concrete cylinders are reported and discussed, and K//I//q (fracture toughness) as calculated from both the maximum load and from the load at the end of the linear part of the load versus crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) plots are compared. Values of K//I//q have been found to increase with increasing initial notch length. It is concluded that this is a consequence of the more ductile behavior due to increased microcracking of specimens with longer notches relative to those with shorter ones. Maximum linear load and initial notch length yield K//I//q values less dependent on initial notch length, thus suggesting that the notched cylinder may provide a good standard fracture mechanics specimen to measure the fracture toughness associated with the onset of microcracking ahead of a macrocrack.}, Key = {fds268091} } @article{88010005061, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Ojdrovic, RP}, Title = {The concrete cylinder: stress analysis and failure modes}, Journal = {International Journal of Fracture}, Volume = {34}, Number = {4}, Pages = {263-279}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1987}, Month = {August}, ISSN = {0376-9429}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013082}, Keywords = {CONCRETE TESTING - Pressure Effects;STRESSES - Analysis;FAILURE ANALYSIS;}, Abstract = {The rationale for using the circular cylindrical specimen for determining the tensile strength of concrete is reviewed, and the stress fields and fracture modes associated with the familiar splitting test and a pressurized cylinder test are discussed. Special attention is paid to contradictory reports and unresolved issues in the literature as to exactly how the fracture of a concrete cylinder develops and progresses under increasing load. The effect of a macrocrack on the stress field within a cylinder is introduced as a means of understanding the progressive fracture of a cylindrical specimen. In particular, it is argued that, while the idealized stress field in an unflawed cylinder may explain how and where the first macrocrack develops in a cylindrical specimen, it is the stress field modified by the presence of the macrocrack that must be considered to understand subsequent behavior. This point of view enables us to take a unified view of a variety of different observations about the indirect tensile mode of failure. The axial tensile failure of a concrete cylinder loaded by radial pressure is also considered in the context of classical elastic stress analysis. Whereas this failure mode has been described as "paradoxical" in the literature, we demonstrate that the induced tensile stress field is indeed of sufficient magnitude to explain the axial failure under radial pressure by an elementary strength of materials argument. © 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00013082}, Key = {88010005061} } @article{fds268047, Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Fracture behavior of notched concrete cylinder}, Journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics}, Volume = {113}, Number = {10}, Pages = {1551-1564}, Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, Year = {1987}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0733-9399}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1987)113:10(1551)}, Abstract = {Even after more than 20 years of research in the field of fracture mechanics applied to concrete, the influence of notch length on specimen behavior and fracture toughness, KIq, based on the experimental evidence, is not clear. In an effort to study this influence, we have employed a notched cylinder specimen geometry. Observed failure modes of portland cement concrete cylinders are reported and discussed, and KIq as calculated from both the maximum load and from the load at the end of the linear part of the load versus crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) plots are compared. Values of Ktq have been found to increase with increasing initial notch length. It is concluded that this is a consequence of the more ductile behavior due to increased microcracking of specimens with longer notches relative to those with shorter ones. Maximum linear load and initial notch length yield Klq values less dependent on initial notch length, thus suggesting that the notched cylinder may provide a good standard fracture mechanics specimen to measure the fracture toughness associated with the onset of microcracking ahead of a macrocrack. © ASCE.}, Doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1987)113:10(1551)}, Key = {fds268047} } @article{87120201465, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {DESIGN AS OBVIATING FAILURE.}, Pages = {49-53}, Address = {Boston, MA, USA}, Year = {1987}, Month = {January}, Keywords = {BRIDGES, SUSPENSION - Failure;ENGINEERING - Design;ENGINEERING EDUCATION;}, Abstract = {The systematic avoidance of failure is what characterizes rational design. Thus historical case studies of failures are full of important information for successful design, and the designer who is unfamiliar with the history of failures risks repeating old mistakes. Rather than being discussed merely in generalities in this paper, these ideas are explained in the context of the specific structural engineering example of bridges.}, Key = {87120201465} } @article{fds268090, Author = {Petroski, H and Kayello, S}, Title = {Measures and mismeasures of the applied mechanics literature}, Journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change}, Volume = {31}, Number = {4}, Pages = {323-333}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1987}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0040-1625}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(87)90061-8}, Abstract = {A 1975 study of the archival literature of applied mechanics showed it to be following a classic growth pattern for a scientific field. The present study, with ten years' additional data, tests some extrapolations of the 1975 data and finds them wanting. How such well-behaved data can prove unreliable for forecasting is explored. © 1987.}, Doi = {10.1016/0040-1625(87)90061-8}, Key = {fds268090} } @article{88010001792, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {On the fracture of pencil points}, Journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics}, Volume = {54}, Number = {3}, Pages = {730-733}, Publisher = {ASME International}, Year = {1987}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173100}, Keywords = {GRAPHITE - Fracture;}, Abstract = {To ask how and why a pencil point breaks is essentially to ask the same fundamental questions that Galileo (1638) did in his seminal work on the strength of materials three and a half centuries ago. Yet the problem of the fracture of a pencil point seems to have a sparse literature. In the 1979 paper, Cronquist observed that broken-off conical pencil points always appear to be virtually identical in size and shape, and he presented an elementary strength-of-materials analysis to explain the phenomenon. In his paper on broken pencil points Cowin takes into account a more general loading than did Cronquist, but while still working within the context of strength of materials. The purpose of the paper is to give some background on the problem, to explain an aspect of the fracture that remains unanswered, and to extend the analysis of the fracture of pencil points to a broader class of points. Refs.}, Doi = {10.1115/1.3173100}, Key = {88010001792} } @article{2970619, Author = {Moseley, MD and Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Influence of aggregate size on fracture toughness of concrete}, Journal = {Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics}, Volume = {7}, Number = {3}, Pages = {207-210}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1987}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0167-8442}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8442(87)90038-3}, Keywords = {concrete;cracks;ductility;fracture toughness;notch strength;}, Abstract = {Employing an extension of the splitting tensile by using a notched cylinder specimen, we have studied effects of initial notch length and maximum aggregate size on fracture toughness of concrete. Experimental results show that maximum aggregate size does influence ductility, with increasingly ductile behavior associated with increasing aggregate size. The results also support previous work in that initial notch length and maximum load do not yield a constant value for fracture toughness, whereas maximum linear load and initial notch length minimize the effects of slow crack growth and do produce a more constant value. © 1987.}, Doi = {10.1016/0167-8442(87)90038-3}, Key = {2970619} } @article{87040056635, Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Stojimirovic, AL and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Effect of age on splitting tensile strength and fracture resistance of concrete}, Journal = {Cement and Concrete Research}, Volume = {17}, Number = {1}, Pages = {70-76}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1987}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0008-8846}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(87)90060-3}, Keywords = {CONCRETE - Aging;}, Abstract = {Concrete cylinders aged 1,2,3,5,7,14 and 28 days were loaded to failure in indirect tension. Similar cylinders, but with a central notch cast in the diametral plane of loading, were also loaded to fracture. The splitting tensile strength of the notched cylinders was determined, and its behavior with age was compared with that of unnotched cylinders. Apparent fracture toughness values were calculated as a function of age. It appears that strength and fracture resistance follow similar aging patterns for the concrete tested. © 1987.}, Doi = {10.1016/0008-8846(87)90060-3}, Key = {87040056635} } @article{fds327668, Author = {Petroski, H and Kayello, S}, Title = {Is applied mechanics a mature field?}, Journal = {Applied Mechanics Reviews}, Volume = {40}, Number = {3}, Pages = {307}, Publisher = {ASME International}, Year = {1987}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149531}, Doi = {10.1115/1.3149531}, Key = {fds327668} } @article{86040045749, Author = {Chang, HY and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {On detecting a crack by tapping a beam}, Journal = {International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping}, Volume = {22}, Number = {1}, Pages = {41-55}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1986}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0308-0161}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(86)90043-8}, Keywords = {STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - Dynamic Response;MATHEMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS - Fourier Transforms;}, Abstract = {A simple model for the cracked elastic beam is employed to simulate its response to a sharp tap at an arbitrary location. Explicit expressions for the Fourier components of the response of a simply-supported beam make it possible to explore various strategies for detecting the crack via signature analysis and to provide rational explanations for some characteristic responses of cracked beams. © 1986.}, Doi = {10.1016/0308-0161(86)90043-8}, Key = {86040045749} } @article{87010015549, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {PLASTIC RESPONSE TO IMPACT OF BEAMS WITH CRACKS: SIMPLE MODELS FOR CRACKED PIPING.}, Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology}, Volume = {G}, Pages = {233-237}, Address = {Brussels, Belg}, Year = {1985}, Month = {December}, Keywords = {STEEL - Crack Propagation;NUCLEAR REACTORS;BEAMS AND GIRDERS;MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES - Boundary Value Problems;PLASTICITY;}, Abstract = {Simple applied mechanics models of beams with cracks can be very useful in exploring the effects of various parameters on the structural dynamics of cracked piping. The size and location of cracks, the ratio of impacting mass to pipe mass, and the loading and support conditions are some of the important variables that can be treated analytically in order to identify worst case conditions for more sophisticated analysis via large computer models. The preliminary use of simple analytical models is discussed, and an example is given whereby the worst case location of a crack in a cantilever beam subject to impact is calculated.}, Key = {87010015549} } @article{2513881, Author = {Ojdrovic, R and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {The cracked brazilian specimen for fracture toughness testing of concrete}, Journal = {International Journal of Fracture}, Volume = {27}, Number = {3-4}, Pages = {R75-R80}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1985}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0376-9429}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017975}, Keywords = {concrete;fracture toughness testing;notch testing;}, Abstract = {Because of the many desirable characteristics of the stress field in a cylindrical specimen, a cylinder with a notch on the vertical diameter and loaded as in the splitting test is proposed as an ideal specimen for fracture toughness experiments with concrete}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00017975}, Key = {2513881} } @article{85070091435, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Verma, A}, Title = {Plastic response of cantilevers with stable cracks}, Journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics}, Volume = {111}, Number = {7}, Pages = {839-853}, Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, Year = {1985}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1985)111:7(839)}, Keywords = {PLASTICITY - Analysis;MATERIALS - Crack Propagation;STRUCTURAL DESIGN - Loads;}, Abstract = {Simple analytical models and experiments are employed to demonstrate the structural response of a cantilever beam with a stable crack subjected to impact loading. The mode of plastic deformation is shown to depend very strongly upon the size and location of the crack; and the permanent damage suffered by a cracked beam is found to be significantly different in magnitude and character from that of a correspondingly-loaded uncracked beam. © ASCE.}, Doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1985)111:7(839)}, Key = {85070091435} } @article{85060076631, Author = {Kumar, S and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Plastic response to impact of a simply supported beam with a stable crack}, Journal = {International Journal of Impact Engineering}, Volume = {3}, Number = {1}, Pages = {27-40}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1985}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0734-743X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-743X(85)90023-5}, Keywords = {METALS TESTING - Impact;MATHEMATICAL MODELS;FRACTURE MECHANICS;}, Abstract = {A rigid perfectly plastic model is developed to study the effects of a central crack on the plastic response of a beam subjected to a central transverse impact load. The governing differential equations are expressed in terms of non-dimensional parameters representing the crack size, beam to projectile mass ration, and energy input. The equations are solved numerically to obtain general solutions, and the effects of the parameters on the final permanent deformation are isolated and studied to identify the relative significance of each parameter. © 1985.}, Doi = {10.1016/0734-743X(85)90023-5}, Key = {85060076631} } @article{85070091103, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Simple models for the stability of a crack in a cantilever beam subject to impact}, Journal = {Engineering Fracture Mechanics}, Volume = {21}, Number = {2}, Pages = {377-381}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1985}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0013-7944}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(85)90025-6}, Keywords = {STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - Dynamic Response;MATERIALS TESTING - Impact;}, Abstract = {The use of simple models to study the structural dynamics and crack stability of a cracked cantilever beam subject to impact is demonstrated. A rigid-perfectly plastic material model is used, and the J-integral and tearing modulus concepts are employed in simple forms. Concise algebraic expressions provide means for validating some of the assumptions made, and they are shown to be capable of capturing the salient phenomena involved in the problem. © 1985.}, Doi = {10.1016/0013-7944(85)90025-6}, Key = {85070091103} } @article{fds268081, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {FRACTURE MECHANICS AND FATIGUE IN OFFSHORE STRUCTURES.}, Journal = {Dyn of Offshore Struct}, Pages = {449-498}, Year = {1984}, Month = {December}, Abstract = {The contemporary macroscopic view of fatigue damage as crack growth from inadvertently introduced flaws to critical-length cracks provides a powerful analytical methodology for the structural engineer. This chapter outlines the fundamentals of this relatively young engineering science with a view toward applying it to designing against fatigue and fracture in modern offshore structures. Subjects covered include crack opening mode, fracture toughness, fatigue life, crack growth models, preexisting flaws, fatigue crack growth rate, calculation examples, deterministic and probabilistic analyses, sensitivity of fatigue damage calculations, recommended practice, and others. Refs.}, Key = {fds268081} } @article{fds268086, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {TEACHING TECHNOLOGY TO NONTECHNOLOGISTS.}, Journal = {High Technology}, Volume = {4}, Number = {12}, Pages = {12-14}, Year = {1984}, Month = {December}, Abstract = {A program is considered that will introduce such topics as engineering, computers, and applied mathematics into traditionally nonquantitative liberal arts curricula. Steps are recommended how implement this program not only to students but also to the liberal arts faculty of small colleges. Development of new courses that are suitable for liberal arts students and engineering students alike and that could be attended by both if offered at a university with an engineering school is one solution. A course on the principles of engineering design is also considered. Another approach to a course for engineering and non-engineering students might be to take newsworthy technological issues and analyze them in considerable, but not inaccessible, technical depth.}, Key = {fds268086} } @article{85030030577, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {On the cracked Bell}, Journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration}, Volume = {96}, Number = {4}, Pages = {485-493}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1984}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {0022-460X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(84)90635-7}, Keywords = {FRACTURE MECHANICS - Mathematical Models;}, Abstract = {A simple model based on energy methods of applied mechanics is developed and employed to study the effect of clapper location on the initiation and growth of cracks in bells. The origins of cracks in the Liberty Bell and Big Ben are discussed, and the simple model is employed to explain why remedial measures on Big Ben, though perhaps not optimal, have prolonged its life. © 1984.}, Doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(84)90635-7}, Key = {85030030577} } @article{fds268085, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {OFFSHORE ENGINEERING: OIL FROM TROUBLED WATERS.}, Journal = {Technology Review}, Volume = {87}, Number = {5}, Pages = {53-76}, Year = {1984}, Month = {July}, Abstract = {Engineers are striving to design new drilling rigs and production platforms that are even more reliable and at the same time less expensive. Offshore wells accounted for roughly 12 percent of domestic production of crude oil in 1983. But the U. S. Geological Survey estimates that 34 percent of the nation's future oil discoveries will be made offshore, and some industry estimates run even higher. At an average cost of about 450 per foot, offshore drilling is four or five times as expensive as land-based operations, but the promise of large undersea fields makes the quest cost-effective.}, Key = {fds268085} } @article{2232502, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Comments on "Free vibration of beams with abrupt changes in cross-section"}, Journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration}, Volume = {93}, Number = {1}, Pages = {157-158}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1984}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0022-460X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(84)90356-0}, Keywords = {cracks;vibrating bodies;vibrations;}, Abstract = {Petroski comments on Sato's paper (ibid., vol.89, p.59, 1983) about the free vibration of nonuniform beams, and the effects of cracks on the natural frequency. Sato then replies to these comments}, Doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(84)90356-0}, Key = {2232502} } @article{fds268082, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Fracture mechanics and fatigue in offshore structures.}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {Considers the basic principles of fracture mechanics, covering the definition of stress intensity factor and stress concentration factor. Tabulates representative formulas for these factors. Examines the modes of crack opening and the concept of plane strain fracture toughness. Fatigue life determination by S-N curves fails to take account of crack growth. Discusses crack growth models, the problem of existing flows, fatigue crack growth rate prediction and factors affecting the rate of crack growth. Examines deterministic and probabilistic analyses with consideration of fatigue analysis, cumulative damage and dynamic effects. Examples are given. (C.J.U.)}, Key = {fds268082} } @article{fds268083, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Fracture mechanics and fatigue in offshore structures.}, Pages = {449-498}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {The fundamentals of the theory of fatigue damage, as crack growth from flows to critical length cracks, are examined. Representative formulas for stress concentration factors in various joints used in offshore structures are tabulated. Modes of crack opening, fracture toughness, and fatigue life are defined. Crack growth models are discussed in detail, followed by equations and theory for deterministic and probalistic analyses. Spectral analysis techniques are emphasized and the sensitivity of fatigue damage calculations and recommended practice are briefly considered. (A.J.)}, Key = {fds268083} } @article{fds268084, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Offshore engineering: oil from troubled waters.}, Journal = {Technology Review}, Volume = {87}, Number = {5}, Pages = {52-76}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {Looks at the changing technology of oil-rig design and future prospects as oil exploration moves into deeper waters. Structural failure becomes more acute as rigs get larger and wave heights and energy increase. -R.Land}, Key = {fds268084} } @article{2367235, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {WORST-CASE CRACKS IN DUCTILE CANTILEVERS STRUCK TRANSVERSELY AT THE TIP.}, Journal = {International Journal of Fracture}, Volume = {26}, Number = {1}, Pages = {r29-r31}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01152321}, Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;}, Abstract = {Given a ductile cantilever beam subject to dynamic forces acting transversely at its tip, what crack location and orientation will result in the greatest likelihood of instability? Such a question arises in assessing the integrity of a cracked piping loop under pipe whip or impact loading, and the influence of the crack on the mode of deformation makes the answer less than obvious. While it may be clear that the worst-case crack orientation will be one for which the crack front experiences the greatest tensile stress, where along the beam such a crack will undergo the greatest crack-opening displacement may be less trivial a question. The cantilever beam with attached tip mass is a familiar configuration in applied mechanics, and its analysis provides fundamental insight into such important practical problems as damage due to impact and pipe whip.}, Doi = {10.1007/bf01152321}, Key = {2367235} } @article{84080136555, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {The permanent deformation of a cracked cantilever struck transversely at its tip}, Journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics}, Volume = {51}, Number = {2}, Pages = {329-334}, Publisher = {ASME International}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3167621}, Keywords = {MATERIALS - Crack Propagation;}, Abstract = {The presence of even a stable crack in a ductile cantilever can have a dramatic effect on the structural response of the beam. Not only can the magnitude of the permanent plastic deformation be significantly increased but also the final shape of the damaged beam can be dramatically affected by the size and location of the crack. Such effects are quantified by analyzing a simple model of the cracked beam with an attached tip mass. © 1984 by ASME.}, Doi = {10.1115/1.3167621}, Key = {84080136555} } @article{2364381, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Size effects in fracture mechanics: Implications for fast reactor subassembly analysis and safety}, Journal = {Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics}, Volume = {1}, Number = {1}, Pages = {95-102}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0167-8442}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8442(84)90023-5}, Keywords = {fission reactor safety;fracture;materials testing;}, Abstract = {There is a size effect in fracture mechanics, and this leads to some paradoxical behavior of flawed engineering structures of which the safety analyst should be aware. In order to quantify the size effect and its implications for highly-irradiated LMFBR subassembly ducts subject to overpressurization, a two-criterion approach to fracture is employed and two duct designs are considered. It is concluded that brittle fracture may be more likely to occur in the case of thicker ducts, and that fracture-free operating experience with smaller ducts does not insure the stability of cracks in the thicker wall. © 1984.}, Doi = {10.1016/0167-8442(84)90023-5}, Key = {2364381} } @article{84100169353, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS FOR VIBRATING CYLINDERS WITH AXIAL CRACKS.}, Journal = {Res Mechanica: International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Materials Science}, Volume = {11}, Number = {4}, Pages = {295-302}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, Keywords = {STRESSES - Elasticity;STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - Dynamic Response;}, Abstract = {A simple model for the cracked cylindrical shell is employed to explain how dynamic values of the elastic stress-intensity factor may exceed twice their corresponding static values. Static stress-intensity factor calibrations are available in handbooks and compendia and there exist various numerical and analytical techniques to compute the mode-one stress-intensity factor K//I for unique configurations. Although some researchers have considered wave propagation effects on crack tip stresses in beams and tensile strips, information about the long-time behavior of the quantity K//I in finite geometries under dynamic loading conditions is less commonly encountered in the literature. Recently Petroski and Glazik considered the time-dependent behavior of K//I for a variety of cylindrical shells with cracks, and it has been possible to generalize about this response when vibrational effects dominate the problem.}, Key = {84100169353} } @article{84110188444, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Stability of a crack in a cantilever beam undergoing large plastic deformation after impact}, Journal = {International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping}, Volume = {16}, Number = {4}, Pages = {285-298}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0308-0161}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(84)90019-X}, Keywords = {METALS TESTING - Impact;PIPE - Stresses;}, Abstract = {A simple model is employed to determine the dynamic response of a rigid-perfectly plastic cantilever beam with an attached tip mass and a crack, taking into account the weakening effect of the crack. The crack is assumed to be located at the base of the beam, and an initial velocity is imparted to the tip mass. The subsequent stability of the crack is considered by calculating the tearing modulus based on the J-integral associated with the deflecting beam. For the example of circumferential cracks in thin-walled piping, whose idealized geometry models some stress corrosion cracks found in service, radial propagation and instability are found to be more likely than circumferential. Once a crack penetrates the wall, however, stability in the circumferential direction is found to depend in a complex way upon loading and crack geometry. © 1984.}, Doi = {10.1016/0308-0161(84)90019-X}, Key = {84110188444} } @article{fds332660, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Fracture mechanics and fatigue in offshore structures.}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {Considers the basic principles of fracture mechanics, covering the definition of stress intensity factor and stress concentration factor. Tabulates representative formulas for these factors. Examines the modes of crack opening and the concept of plane strain fracture toughness. Fatigue life determination by S-N curves fails to take account of crack growth. Discusses crack growth models, the problem of existing flows, fatigue crack growth rate prediction and factors affecting the rate of crack growth. Examines deterministic and probabilistic analyses with consideration of fatigue analysis, cumulative damage and dynamic effects. Examples are given. (C.J.U.)}, Key = {fds332660} } @article{fds332661, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Fracture mechanics and fatigue in offshore structures.}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {The fundamentals of the theory of fatigue damage, as crack growth from flows to critical length cracks, are examined. Representative formulas for stress concentration factors in various joints used in offshore structures are tabulated. Modes of crack opening, fracture toughness, and fatigue life are defined. Crack growth models are discussed in detail, followed by equations and theory for deterministic and probalistic analyses. Spectral analysis techniques are emphasized and the sensitivity of fatigue damage calculations and recommended practice are briefly considered. (A.J.)}, Key = {fds332661} } @article{2313624, Author = {Petroski, H.J.}, Title = {Dynamic behavior of stress-intensity factors for vibrating cylinders with axial cracks}, Journal = {Res Mech. (UK)}, Volume = {11}, Number = {4}, Pages = {295 - 302}, Year = {1984}, Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;vibrating bodies;}, Abstract = {A simple model for the cracked cylindrical shell is employed to explain how dynamic values of the elastic stress-intensity factor may exceed twice their corresponding static values}, Key = {2313624} } @article{85120188768, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Verma, A}, Title = {ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF DUCTILE PIPING CONTAINING STABLE CRACKS.}, Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology}, Pages = {8 -}, Address = {Chicago, IL, USA}, Year = {1983}, Month = {December}, Keywords = {STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - Dynamic Response;}, Abstract = {In order to develop an understanding of the generic effects of cracks on the structural behavior of piping loops, the more fundamental problem of the cracked perfectly-plastic beam has been studied under various end and loading conditions. Results show that while the magnitude of beam response can be sensitive to relatively small (less than 10-20% reduction in load-carrying cross section) cracks located midway between supports, the effects of end conditions are small for such cracks. However, for large cracks located less symmetrically the beam response can be highly dependent upon the end conditions and the size and location of a crack.}, Key = {85120188768} } @article{83090130710, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Structural dynamics of piping with stable cracks. Some simple models}, Journal = {International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping}, Volume = {13}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-18}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1983}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0308-0161}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(83)90046-7}, Keywords = {BEAMS AND GIRDERS - Plasticity;METALS AND ALLOYS - Crack Propagation;}, Abstract = {The effects of cracks on structural response are illustrated through simple analytical models for cracked elastic and rigid-perfectly plastic beams. Such models can capture-essential mechanical phenomena and enable generic problems to be studied in order to identify worst-case scenarios. Stable cracks are shown to alter not only the magnitude of response but also the modes of plastic deformation. The effects of boundary conditions, as well as crack location and size, are shown to be amenable to study via simple models. © 1983.}, Doi = {10.1016/0308-0161(83)90046-7}, Key = {83090130710} } @article{fds331178, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {A short history of nuclear editing}, Journal = {Physics Today}, Volume = {36}, Number = {11}, Pages = {9-110}, Publisher = {AIP Publishing}, Year = {1983}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2915378}, Doi = {10.1063/1.2915378}, Key = {fds331178} } @article{fds268078, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {Structural failure and metal fatigue: Flaws can improve design}, Journal = {Journal of Products Liability}, Volume = {5}, Number = {4}, Pages = {401-409}, Year = {1982}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0363-0404}, Key = {fds268078} } @article{fds268079, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {POLITICIANS ARE NOT TECHNOLOGISTS: TECHNOLOGISTS ARE NOT POLITICIANS.}, Journal = {Issues in Engineering: Journal of Professional Activities, Proceedings of the Asce}, Volume = {108}, Number = {EI2}, Pages = {162-165}, Year = {1982}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {The view that there are too few engineers in the legislative branch of government is confirmed. It is argued that the lack of scientists and engineers in elected public offices creates an imbalance of professional perspectives which will affect decision making on public policy on technological issues ranging from engineering education to advanced weapons systems. It is also shown, however, that the interplay between society and technology will gradually become more balanced.}, Key = {fds268079} } @article{82100134590, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND INTEGRITY OF FAST REACTOR PIPING CONTAINING CRACKS.}, Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology}, Pages = {6 -}, Address = {Paris, Fr}, Year = {1981}, Month = {December}, Keywords = {NUCLEAR REACTORS, FAST;}, Key = {82100134590} } @article{82030001592, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Simple static and dynamic models for the cracked elastic beam}, Journal = {International Journal of Fracture}, Volume = {17}, Number = {4}, Pages = {R71-R76}, Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc}, Year = {1981}, Month = {August}, ISSN = {0376-9429}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036201}, Keywords = {FRACTURE MECHANICS;}, Abstract = {The straight beam is a fundamental structural element, and it is important to understand the basic mechanical phenomena involved in the structural response of beams containing cracks. In order to gain insight into the phenomena, the implications of a simple model for the cracked beam have been studied. While models as simple as the one introduced cannot be expected to give answers correct to several decimal places, they can provide fundamental insight and give order of magnitude results that are often sufficient for engineering purposes.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00036201}, Key = {82030001592} } @article{fds268077, Author = {Petroski, H}, Title = {REFLECTIONS ON A SLIDE RULE.}, Journal = {Technology Review}, Volume = {83}, Number = {4}, Pages = {34-35}, Year = {1981}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {The author regrets that the electronic calculator has succeeded the slide rule because the now-obsolete slide rule, although far less accurate than the electronic calculator, made the student reflect.}, Key = {fds268077} } @article{81030007248, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Glazik, JL and Achenbach, JD}, Title = {Construction of a dynamic weight function from a finite-element solution for a cracked beam}, Journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics}, Volume = {47}, Number = {1}, Pages = {51-56}, Publisher = {ASME International}, Year = {1980}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153637}, Keywords = {MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES - Finite Element Method;}, Abstract = {An elastodynamic weight function for a cracked beam is shown to be determined by the elastodynamic stress intensity factor corresponding to a single crack-face loading of the beam. This weight function suffices to determine the time-dependent stress intensity factor corresponding to other dynamic loadings of the same cracked beam. The example of a center-cracked pinned-pinned beam serves to illustrate and verify the technique. The weight function is constructed from finite element results for the case of a step pressure distributed uniformly along the beam, and the case of a step load concentrated at the crack plane serves as an illustration of the efficacy of the weight function so constructed. © 1980 by ASME.}, Doi = {10.1115/1.3153637}, Key = {81030007248} } @article{1660179, Author = {Glazik, J.L., Jr. and Petroski, H.J.}, Title = {The dynamic response of cracked fast reactor subassembly ducts}, Journal = {Nucl. Technol. (USA)}, Volume = {51}, Number = {3}, Pages = {317 - 31}, Year = {1980}, Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;elastic waves;fission reactor safety;}, Abstract = {The dynamic elastic response of flawed and unflawed fast reactor subassembly ducts has been studied. Finite elements were used for a plane-strain analysis of hexagonal ducts containing either internal corner cracks or external mudflat cracks. Two geometric loading conditions were considered: uniform internal pressurization, and point loads applied at opposite mudflats. The time dependence of these loads was chosen as a Heaviside step function for the worst-case situation and as a triangular pulse to simulate the more likely condition. The presence of cracks in the duct walls alters the dynamic response of the duct. Although the vibrational mode associated with the response of an uncracked duct is always present, the appearance of different flexural modes and their frequencies depend on the number, depth, and location of cracks. The influence of the modal participation on the crack-tip stress-intensity factor is complex, but upper bounds are estimated for the dynamic effects}, Key = {1660179} } @article{1733991, Author = {Petroski, and J, H and Glazik, and L, J and Jr}, Title = {The response of cracked cylindrical shells}, Journal = {Trans. Asme, J. Appl. Mech. (Usa)}, Volume = {47}, Number = {2}, Pages = {444-446}, Year = {1980}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153690}, Keywords = {bending;crack-edge stress field analysis;series (mathematics);}, Abstract = {The linear elastic plane-strain problem of a thin cylindrical shell with any number of cracks equally spaced around the circumference of the shell has been considered. The weakening effects of the cracks have been modeled to induce the bending modes of deformation, and it is possible to draw qualitative and quantitative conclusions about the nature of the bending. The results obtained via Fourier series techniques compare favorably with finite-element analyses of the cracked geometry and provide an economical means of interpolating between and extrapolating from a limited number of finite-element solutions}, Doi = {10.1115/1.3153690}, Key = {1733991} } @article{1660178, Author = {Petroski, and J, H and Glazik, and L, J and Jr}, Title = {Effects of cracks on the response of circular cylindrical shells}, Journal = {Nucl. Technol. (Usa)}, Volume = {51}, Number = {3}, Pages = {303-316}, Year = {1980}, Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;elasticity;fission reactor safety;}, Abstract = {A simple model for the cracked cylindrical shell gives insight into the effects of cracks on structural response. The model provides analytical expressions for plane-strain bending deformations induced by the cracks and enables qualitative and quantitative generalizations to be made about the effects of different sizes and numbers of cracks and different loading conditions. These bending deformations, which are absent in a uniformly pressurized flawless shell, can dominate the response of a deeply cracked shell. The simple model may be calibrated with only two static deflection measurements made on a real shell or determined from a finite element model. Then the dynamic response is easily established for arbitrary time-dependent loadings. The predictions of the simple model are in agreement with finite element results and provide conservative bounds on the additional elastic bending deflections induced by cracks in reactor vessels, piping, and other shell-like components}, Key = {1660178} } @article{1388930, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Dugdale plastic zone sizes for edge cracks}, Journal = {International Journal of Fracture}, Volume = {15}, Number = {3}, Pages = {217-230}, Year = {1979}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {0376-9429}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033221}, Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;plasticity;}, Abstract = {A simple technique is presented for determining the size of the Dugdale plastic zone in two-dimensional edge crack problems. The technique employs a representation from which the weight function may be derived, and the only data required are a single elastic stress intensity factor calibration for the geometry of interest and the elastic stress field in the uncracked body. At most three numerical quadratures provide sufficient information to specify the coefficients in an algebraic expression for the plastic zone size. The technique is illustrated for the examples of edge cracks in semi-infinite sheets, tensile strips, curved beams, and cracked rings. Numerical results agree with existing solutions. © 1979 Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Publishers.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00033221}, Key = {1388930} } @article{81030002555, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Glazik, JL}, Title = {VIBRATION RESPONSE OF CRACKED CYLINDRICAL COMPONENTS OF FAST REACTORS.}, Journal = {Proceedings Ieee Region 6 Conference}, Pages = {324-333}, Address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, Year = {1979}, Month = {January}, Keywords = {DOMES AND SHELLS - Vibrations;}, Abstract = {Effects of long axial cracks on the radial vibration response of cylindrical shells are described, and some implications for fast reactor analysis and safety are discussed. A simple model for the cracked shell is employed, and this model provides analytical expressions from which one can determine the effects of different parameters.}, Key = {81030002555} } @article{fds353334, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {EFFECTS OF CRACKS ON THE RESPONSE OF SHELL STRUCTURES.}, Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology}, Volume = {E}, Year = {1979}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {A simple model that predicts the effects of axial cracks on the elastic deformation of thin cylindrical shells has been developed. This model provides an efficient tool for performing parametric studies and for interpolating, extrapolating, and generalizing finite element analyses. The simple model described in this paper provides a useful tool for understanding the phenomena involved in the response of cracked shells and for identifying situations where unacceptably large deformations may result in the presence of cracks.}, Key = {fds353334} } @article{fds353335, Author = {Glazik, JL and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CRACKED HEXAGONAL SUBASSEMBLY DUCTS.}, Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology}, Volume = {E}, Year = {1979}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {The hexagonal subassembly ducts (hexcans) of current Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) designs are typically made of 20% coldworked Type 316 stainless steel. Prolonged exposure of this initially tough and ductile material to a fast neutron flux at high temperatures can result in severe embrittlement. This paper examines the dynamic elastic response of flawed and unflawed fast reactor sub-assembly ducts. A plane-strain finite element analysis was performed for ducts containing internal corner cracks, as well as external midflat cracks.}, Key = {fds353335} } @article{fds353336, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Yamada, H}, Title = {FRACTURE EXPERIMENTS WITH CRACKED AND EMBRITTLED HEXCAN SECTIONS.}, Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology}, Volume = {E}, Year = {1979}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {Crack-like flaws that might exist in hexagonal subassembly ducts are not generally expected to initiate brittle fracture, but there is reason to be concerned about the integrity of cracked hexcans that have been severely embrittled by fast-neutron irradiation. In order to check the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis to such ducts, a program of experiments with deliberately cracked and embrittled hexcan sections has been undertaken. In this paper, a comparison of analytical predictions and experimental results are made and discussed.}, Key = {fds353336} } @article{79120002681, Author = {Petroski, H. J.}, Title = {DUGDALE PLASTIC ZONE SIZES FOR EDGE CRACKS.}, Journal = {International Journal of Fracture}, Volume = {15}, Number = {3}, Pages = {217 - 230}, Year = {1979}, Keywords = {FRACTURE MECHANICS - Elastoplasticity;MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES - Finite Element Method;}, Abstract = {A simple technique is presented for determining the size of the Dugdale plastic zone in two-dimensional edge crack problems. The technique employs a representation from which the weight function may be derived, and the only data required are a single elastic stress intensity factor calibration for the geometry of interest and the elastic stress field in the uncracked body. At most three numerical quadratures provide sufficient information to specify the coefficients in an algebraic expression for the plastic zone size. The technique is illustrated for the examples of edge cracks in semi-infinite sheets, tensile strips, curved beams, and cracked rings. Numerical results agree with existing solutions.}, Key = {79120002681} } @article{1461118, Author = {Glazik, and L, J and Jr, and Petroski, and J, H}, Title = {[Fast reactor safety] The response of cracked hexagonal subassembly ducts to impact loading}, Journal = {Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. (Usa)}, Volume = {32}, Pages = {511-512}, Address = {Atlanta, GA, USA}, Year = {1979}, Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;elasticity;finite element analysis;fission reactor safety;}, Abstract = {Examines the dynamic elastic response of flawed and unflawed fast reactor subassembly ducts. A plane-strain finite element analysis was performed for ducts containing either internal corner cracks or external mudflat cracks}, Key = {1461118} } @article{78060004092, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Achenbach, JD}, Title = {Computation of the weight function from a stress intensity factor}, Journal = {Engineering Fracture Mechanics}, Volume = {10}, Number = {2}, Pages = {257-266}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1978}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0013-7944}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(78)90009-7}, Keywords = {MATERIALS - Crack Propagation;}, Abstract = {A simple representation for the crack-face displacement is employed to compute a weight function solely from stress intensity factors for a reference loading configuration. Crack face displacements given by the representation are shown to be in good agreement with analytical results for cracked tensile strips, and stress intensity factors computed from the weight function agree well with those for edge cracks in half planes, radial cracks from circular holes, and radially cracked rings. The technique involves only simple quadrature and its efficacy is demonstrated by the example computations. © 1978.}, Doi = {10.1016/0013-7944(78)90009-7}, Key = {78060004092} } @article{78090001967, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {DUGDALE PLASTIC ZONE SIZES FOR EDGE CRACKS.}, Journal = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Paper)}, Number = {78 -PVP-98}, Pages = {9 -}, Year = {1978}, Month = {January}, Keywords = {MATERIALS - Crack Propagation;MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES;}, Abstract = {A simple technique is presented for determining the size of the Dugdale plastic zone in two-dimensional edge crack problems. The technique employs a representation from which the weight function may be derived, and the only data required are a single elastic stress intensity factor calibration for the geometry of interest and the elastic stress field in the uncracked body. At most three numerical quadratures provide sufficient information to specify the coefficients in an algebraic expression for the plastic zone size. The technique is illustrated for the examples of edge cracks in semi-infinite sheets, tensile strips, curved beams, and cracked rings. Numerical results agree with existing solutions.}, Key = {78090001967} } @article{1241686, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Glazik, JL}, Title = {Effects of cracks in irradiation-embrittled hexagonal subassembly ducts}, Journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Design}, Volume = {49}, Number = {1-2}, Pages = {51-68}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1978}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0029-5493}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(78)90051-1}, Keywords = {cracks;embrittlement;fission reactor safety;fission reactor theory and design;fracture toughness;neutron effects;}, Abstract = {Plane-strain stress intensity factors for hexagonal subassembly ducts with a crack in a corner or midflat are presented in convenient graphical form for representative LMFBR hexcan dimensions. Calibrations based on several different models of the round hexcan corner and a finite element analysis of a uniformly pressurized hexcan with a corner crack corroborate each other. A weight function for this geometry is validated, and simple analytical tools are demonstrated to be adequate for parametric studies of cracked hexagonal ducts. The effects of different numbers of cracks, different locations for cracks, and different loading modes are discussed and some comments are made on the application of linear elastic fracture mechanics to cracked hexagonal ducts which have suffered a high degree of fast-neutron irradiation embrittlement. © 1978.}, Doi = {10.1016/0029-5493(78)90051-1}, Key = {1241686} } @article{79030007430, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Achenbach, JD}, Title = {COMPUTATION OF THE WEIGHT FUNCTION FROM A STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR.}, Journal = {Rep (Anl 77 82) (Contract W 31 109 Eng 38)}, Pages = {28 -}, Year = {1977}, Month = {October}, Keywords = {ENERGY;}, Abstract = {A simple representation for the crack-face displacement is used to compute a weight function solely from stress intensity factors for a reference loading configuration. Crack-face displacements given by the representation are shown to be in good agreement with analytical results for cracked tensile strips, and stress intensity factors computed from the weight function agree well with those for edge cracks in half-planes, radial cracks from circular holes, and radially cracked rings. The technique involves only simple quadrature, and its efficacy is demonstrated by the example computations. The weight funcion for a corner crack in an LMFBR hexagonal subassembly duct is constructed from stress-intensity-factor results for the uniformly overpressurized case, and it is shown how this may be used to determine the stress intensity factors for other loading cases.}, Key = {79030007430} } @article{fds268072, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Trends in the applied mechanics literature}, Journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change}, Volume = {10}, Number = {3}, Pages = {309-318}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1977}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0040-1625}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(77)90027-0}, Abstract = {Generalizations about the field and literature of applied mechanics are made on the basis of the growth of the Journal of Applied Mechanics (JAM) and Applied Mechanics Reviews (AMR) through 1975. The data show that the field is currently doubling its size about once every 10 years and that there is a definite increase in multiple-author papers. © 1977.}, Doi = {10.1016/0040-1625(77)90027-0}, Key = {fds268072} } @article{1087536, Author = {Hill, CD and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Superposition of finite deformations in Mooney-Rivlin materials}, Journal = {Journal of Elasticity}, Volume = {7}, Number = {2}, Pages = {113-123}, Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc}, Year = {1977}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041086}, Keywords = {elastic deformation;}, Abstract = {Six controllable states are known to exist for all homogeneous, isotropic, incompressible, elastic bodies. It is shown that certain pairs of these controllable states may be superposed in Mooney-Rivlin materials thereby constructing new controllable states for these materials. © 1977 Noordhoff International Publishing.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00041086}, Key = {1087536} } @article{1112721, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Elastic plastic analysis of pressurized ducts with rounded corners}, Journal = {Nuclear Technology}, Volume = {35}, Number = {3}, Pages = {671-676}, Publisher = {Informa UK Limited}, Year = {1977}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/NT77-A31876}, Keywords = {elastoplasticity;fission reactor fuel;fission reactor theory and design;}, Abstract = {The strength of a reactor subassembly duct depends on its cross section and its material properties. Straight- and curved-beam theories have been used to analyze ducts with elastic-perfectly-plastic material behaviour, and this analysis has bee found to be suitable and convenient for parametric studies. The strengths of hexcans with different corner radii have been compared, and the stiffening effect of increasing radius has been quantified. The relative strengths of different duct cross sections have also been determined}, Doi = {10.13182/NT77-A31876}, Key = {1112721} } @article{fds343272, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Achenbach, JD}, Title = {COMPUTATION OF THE WEIGHT FUNCTION FROM A STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR.}, Journal = {Rep (Anl 77 82) (Contract W 31 109 Eng 38)}, Year = {1977}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {A simple representation for the crack-face displacement is used to compute a weight function solely from stress intensity factors for a reference loading configuration. Crack-face displacements given by the representation are shown to be in good agreement with analytical results for cracked tensile strips, and stress intensity factors computed from the weight function agree well with those for edge cracks in half-planes, radial cracks from circular holes, and radially cracked rings. The technique involves only simple quadrature, and its efficacy is demonstrated by the example computations. The weight funcion for a corner crack in an LMFBR hexagonal subassembly duct is constructed from stress-intensity-factor results for the uniformly overpressurized case, and it is shown how this may be used to determine the stress intensity factors for other loading cases.}, Key = {fds343272} } @article{fds353337, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Glazik, JL and Achenbach, JD}, Title = {STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS FOR IRRADIATION-EMBRITTLED HEXAGONAL SUBASSEMBLY DUCTS.}, Journal = {Struct Anal of React Fuel Elem}, Volume = {D}, Year = {1977}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {Plane strain stress intensity factors for corner-cracked hexcans 116 mm across flats and with 3 mm walls have been determined and corroborated by several independent techniques. These results are expected to be applicable to LMFBR hexcans irradiated to high fluences whose ductility and fracture toughness have been reduced and whose yield strength has been increased to such levels that linear elastic fracture mechanics applies. Generally speaking, these material properties must be altered to an extent that the plastic zone size is considerably smaller than the hexcan wall thickness.}, Key = {fds353337} } @article{78010007302, Author = {Petroski, H. J.}, Title = {ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF PRESSURIZED DUCTS WITH ROUNDED CORNERS.}, Journal = {Nuclear Technology}, Volume = {35}, Number = {3}, Pages = {-}, Year = {1977}, Keywords = {NUCLEAR REACTORS;}, Abstract = {The strength of a reactor subassembly duct depends on its cross section and its material properties. Straight- and curved-beam theories have been used to analyze ducts with elastic-perfectly-plastic material behavior, and this analysis has been found to be suitable and convenient for parametric studies. The strengths of hexcans with different corner radii have been compared, and the stiffening effect of increasing radius has been quantified. The relative strengths of different duct cross sections have also been determined.}, Key = {78010007302} } @article{1151821, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Cracked hexagonal ducts [LMFBR safety]}, Journal = {Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. (Usa)}, Volume = {26}, Pages = {215}, Address = {New York, NY, USA}, Year = {1977}, Keywords = {brittle fracture;crack-edge stress field analysis;fission reactor fuel;fission reactor materials;fission reactor safety;tensile strength;}, Abstract = {Two loading cases have been considered for a hexcan of 3-mm wall, 4.5-mm inside corner radius, and 116-mm flat-to-flat outside dimension. These cases are: (a) uniform internal pressure, and (b) a pair of concentrated forces applied to opposite mudflats. These cases are relevant to LMFBR safety problems associated with overpressurization and with the failure of fuel pins. In case (a) the maximum tensile stress at the hexcan corners is about twice as large as that at the mudflats, but in case (b) the maximum stresses under the loads are 15% greater than those at remote corners. The stress intensity factors associated with very shallow axial cracks of equal depth at these locations have approximately the same relative values as the maximum stresses. For larger cracks of unequal sizes, an inside corner crack shown to be definitely worse than an outside mudflat crack. The worst location for a crack for the case of a hexcan loaded locally and mudflats appears to be directly under a load, but the same size crack at remote corners may be only slightly less severe}, Key = {1151821} } @article{fds340845, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Achenbach, JD}, Title = {STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR CORNER-CRACKED SUBASSEMBLY DUCTS.}, Journal = {Proc of the Int Meet on Fast React Saf and Relat Phys}, Volume = {3}, Pages = {1409-1418}, Year = {1976}, Month = {January}, Abstract = {Plane strain stress intensity factors for cracks along the inside corners of internally pressurized hexagonal subassembly ducts have been calculated by various methods and compared. The objective of the work is to characterize the tensile stress field at the tip of a crack in an embrittled LMFBR subassembly duct corner.}, Key = {fds340845} } @article{fds268071, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {On the finite deformation and heating of thermoelastic spherical sectors}, Journal = {International Journal of Non Linear Mechanics}, Volume = {10}, Number = {6}, Pages = {327-332}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1975}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0020-7462}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7462(75)90008-6}, Abstract = {The possibility of holding certain non-uniform temperature fields in finitely deformed spherical sectors is considered. An exact solution in spherical coordinates to the coupled equations of thermoelasticity for Fourier-like materials is given. © 1975.}, Doi = {10.1016/0020-7462(75)90008-6}, Key = {fds268071} } @article{773843, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {On the finite torsion and radial heating of thermoelastic cylinders}, Journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures}, Volume = {11}, Number = {6}, Pages = {741-749}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1975}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0020-7683}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(75)90024-4}, Keywords = {numerical analysis;thermoelasticity;torsion;}, Abstract = {The non-linear response to finite torsion accompanied by arbitrary radial heating of a cylinder of incompressible thermoelastic material with temperature-independent heat flux response is shown to be characterized completely by constitutive data collected from a block of the same material in a state of simple shear with uniform heating normal to the plane of shear. © 1975.}, Doi = {10.1016/0020-7683(75)90024-4}, Key = {773843} } @article{798662, Author = {Chen, DD and Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Controllable states of elastic heat conductors obeying a fourier law}, Journal = {International Journal of Engineering Science}, Volume = {13}, Number = {9-10}, Pages = {799-814}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1975}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0020-7225}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7225(75)90081-6}, Keywords = {thermoelasticity;}, Abstract = {Exact solutions to the equations of general thermoelasticity are derived for a class of homogeneous, isotropic, incompressible materials characterized by a quite general temperature-dependent free energy function and three material constants governing heat-flux response. Various combinations of inflation, torsion, extension, and shearing deformations of annular wedges are found to be controllable when coupled with certain radial or axial temperature gradients. A precise list of the controllable states is given in section 9. © 1975.}, Doi = {10.1016/0020-7225(75)90081-6}, Key = {798662} } @article{801693, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Departures from Fourier's law}, Journal = {Zeitschrift F�R Angewandte Mathematik Und Physik}, Volume = {26}, Number = {1}, Pages = {119-124}, Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc}, Year = {1975}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0044-2275}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01596284}, Keywords = {heat conduction;}, Abstract = {The constitutive equations for three heat conductors which depart from Fourier's Law in non-classical ways are derived. © 1975 Birkhäuser-Verlag.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF01596284}, Key = {801693} } @article{789842, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Thermomechanical states with controllable invariant relations}, Journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis}, Volume = {56}, Number = {4}, Pages = {294-309}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1974}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0003-9527}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248143}, Keywords = {deformation;thermoelasticity;}, Abstract = {Constitutive information derived from experiments based on controllable states of elastic heat conductors may be applied to the study of certain problems in non-linear thermoelasticity. Thermomechanical states involving large deformations possessing non-constant strain invariants and general temperature fields that are associated with the same incomplete controllable-state data are derived and it is found that various combinations of bending, inflating, extending, and straightening of blocks and annular wedges, coupled with temperature gradients in various directions, and the inflation of spherical shells, with radial heating, involve invariant combinations of strain and temperature gradients that are related in exactly the same way as those of the controllable states. Therefore, these associated states may be analyzed to varying degrees with the partial constitutive data derived from controllable states to determine their possibility or to calculate the body force and heat generation fields necessary to effect them in given thermoelastic materials}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00248143}, Key = {789842} } @article{675968, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {On the use of incomplete constitutive information in thermoelasticity}, Journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis}, Volume = {53}, Number = {3}, Pages = {229-245}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1974}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0003-9527}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251386}, Keywords = {classical mechanics of continuous media;thermoelasticity;}, Abstract = {The extent to which non-linear thermoelastic constitutive data may be determined by controllable states is delineated, and thermomechanical states that may be analyzed completely with such incomplete data are catalogued. These include non-homogeneous finite deformations coupled with quite general temperature fields in plane, cylindrical and spherical geometries. Two problems involving the states are worked out as examples. © 1974 Springer-Verlag.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00251386}, Key = {675968} } @article{618910, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {On controllable heat flux fields and the determination of temperature-dependent thermal conductivities}, Journal = {Q. Appl. Math. (Usa)}, Volume = {31}, Number = {3}, Pages = {313-319}, Year = {1973}, Keywords = {thermal conductivity;}, Abstract = {It is shown that controllable heat flux fields do exist for this class of materials, and demonstrated how the knowledge of such fields enables one to design experimental programs which are universally applicable to the determination of nonlinear thermal conductivities. The controllable states are seen to be derivable from a potential, but, unlike the classical linear case, the potential is a scalar field distinct from the temperature field in the heat conductor}, Key = {618910} } @article{557362, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {Mathematics in continuum mechanics}, Journal = {Int. J. Math. Educ. Sci. Technol. (Uk)}, Volume = {4}, Number = {3}, Pages = {227-231}, Publisher = {Informa UK Limited}, Year = {1973}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020739730040301}, Keywords = {algebra;classical mechanics of continuous media;mathematical analysis;teaching;}, Abstract = {Undergraduate mathematics is shown to play an important role in research in modern continuum mechanics. Concise examples of analysis are drawn from recent applications to non-linear heat conduction problems, and it is shown how modern algebra is used in describing material behaviour. The reader is directed to journals and books in which mathematics and continuum mechanics are practically synonymous}, Doi = {10.1080/0020739730040301}, Key = {557362} } @article{459990, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Stern, M}, Title = {On the approximation of the thermal conductivity of rigid heat conductors as a Cauchy Problem}, Journal = {Zeitschrift F�R Angewandte Mathematik Und Physik}, Volume = {23}, Number = {2}, Pages = {270-276}, Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc}, Year = {1972}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0044-2275}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01593091}, Keywords = {functions;thermal conductivity;}, Abstract = {It is shown that the material response function of a nonlinear rigid heat conductor may be viewed as the solution to a Cauchy Problem. The measurements necessary to determine sufficient initial and characteristic data are indicated. © 1972 Birkhäuser Verlag.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF01593091}, Key = {459990} } @article{475039, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {ON SPHERING THERMOELASTIC ANNULI.}, Journal = {Arch Mech Arch Mech Stosow}, Volume = {24}, Number = {4}, Pages = {547-554}, Year = {1972}, Month = {January}, Keywords = {thermoelasticity;}, Abstract = {The degree to which a certain controllable state of elastic heat conductors provides constitutive information is discussed, and it is shown how such information may be employed to solve a problem in nonlinear thermoelasticity. In particular, the tractions, heat fluxes, and other fields necessary to hold an initially flat annulus in the configuration of a heated, pierced spherical cap are exhibited.}, Key = {475039} } @article{fds331179, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {On the Insufficiency of Controllable States to Characterize a Class of Rigid Heat Conductors}, Journal = {Zamm Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Mathematik Und Mechanik}, Volume = {51}, Number = {6}, Pages = {481-482}, Publisher = {WILEY}, Year = {1971}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19710510610}, Doi = {10.1002/zamm.19710510610}, Key = {fds331179} } @article{234300, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {On characterizing rigid heat conductors}, Journal = {Zeitschrift F�R Angewandte Mathematik Und Physik}, Volume = {21}, Number = {6}, Pages = {1085-1087}, Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc}, Year = {1970}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0044-2275}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01594867}, Keywords = {heat conduction;}, Abstract = {The author shows that, even when sufficient controllable states exist for a class of materials, there may be rational and practicable means by which material response functions may be determined completely without appealing to the concept of controllable states}, Doi = {10.1007/BF01594867}, Key = {234300} } @article{fds304890, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Carlson, DE}, Title = {Some exact solutions to the equations of nonlinear thermoelasticity}, Journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics}, Volume = {37}, Number = {4}, Pages = {1151-1154}, Publisher = {ASME International}, Year = {1970}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3408678}, Abstract = {Two independent exact solutions to the coupled, nonlinear equations of general thermoelasticity are presented in the context of definite body shapes. The stress and temperature fields throughout the bodies are exhibited in terms of the material response functions which characterize individual conductors. © 1970 by ASME.}, Doi = {10.1115/1.3408678}, Key = {fds304890} } @article{241011, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Carlson, DE}, Title = {Some exact solutions to the equations of nonlinear thermoelasticity}, Journal = {Trans. Asme, E, J. Appl. Mech. (Usa)}, Volume = {37}, Number = {4}, Pages = {1151-1154}, Year = {1970}, Keywords = {thermoelasticity;}, Abstract = {Two independent exact solutions to the coupled, nonlinear equations of general thermoelasticity are presented in the context of definite body shapes. The stress and temperature fields throughout the bodies are exhibited in terms of the material response functions which characterize individual conductors}, Key = {241011} } @article{fds268069, Author = {Petroski, HJ}, Title = {On the use of steady linear temperature fields to characterize a class of rigid heat conductors}, Journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis}, Volume = {35}, Number = {5}, Pages = {342-350}, Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc}, Year = {1969}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-9527}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247681}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00247681}, Key = {fds268069} } @article{1968A46245, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Carlson, DE}, Title = {Controllable states of rigid heat conductors}, Journal = {Zeitschrift F�R Angewandte Mathematik Und Physik}, Volume = {19}, Number = {2}, Pages = {372-376}, Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc}, Year = {1968}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0044-2275}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01601480}, Keywords = {heat conduction;}, Abstract = {The stationary temperature fields which can be set up in all isotropic, homogeneous, rigid bodies without external heat supply are determined. When the heat flow depends only on the temperature and temperature gradients, the temperature field must be uniform. If the heat flow depends only upon the temperature gradient, the temperature field must be helical. Examples for the last case are given. (11 Refs.).}, Doi = {10.1007/BF01601480}, Key = {1968A46245} } @article{fds268068, Author = {Petroski, HJ and Carlson, DE}, Title = {Controllable states of elastic heat conductors}, Journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis}, Volume = {31}, Number = {2}, Pages = {127-150}, Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc}, Year = {1968}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-9527}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281374}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00281374}, Key = {fds268068} } | |
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