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Publications of Henry Petroski    :chronological  alphabetical  combined listing:

%% Books   
@book{fds365916,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Force: What it means to push and pull, slip and grip, start
             and stop},
   Pages = {1-314},
   Year = {2022},
   Month = {September},
   ISBN = {9780300260793},
   Abstract = {An eminent engineer and historian tackles one of the most
             elemental aspects of life: how we experience and utilize
             physical force "Another gem from a master of technology
             writing."-Kirkus Reviews Force explores how humans interact
             with the material world in the course of their everyday
             activities. This book for the general reader also considers
             the significance of force in shaping societies and cultures.
             Celebrated author Henry Petroski delves into the ongoing
             physical interaction between people and things that enables
             them to stay put or causes them to move. He explores the
             range of daily human experience whereby we feel the
             sensations of push and pull, resistance and assistance. The
             book is also about metaphorical force, which manifests
             itself as pressure and relief, achievement and defeat.
             Petroski draws from a variety of disciplines to make the
             case that force-represented especially by our sense of
             touch-is a unifying principle that pervades our lives. In
             the wake of a prolonged global pandemic that increasingly
             cautioned us about contact with the physical world, Petroski
             offers a new perspective on the importance of the sensation
             and power of touch.},
   Key = {fds365916}
}

@book{fds227131,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {The Road Taken: The History and Future of America's
             Infrastrucure},
   Publisher = {Bloomsbury},
   Address = {New York:},
   Year = {2016},
   Key = {fds227131}
}

@book{fds227132,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {The House with Sixteen Handmade Doors: A Tale of
             Architectural Choice and Craftsmanship},
   Publisher = {W. W. Norton},
   Address = {New York:},
   Year = {2014},
   Key = {fds227132}
}

@book{fds200711,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure},
   Publisher = {Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press},
   Year = {2012},
   Key = {fds200711}
}

@book{fds196078,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {An Engineer's Alphabet: Gleanings from the Softer Side of a
             Profession},
   Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
   Year = {2011},
   Key = {fds196078}
}

@book{fds160785,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {The Essential Engineer: Why Science Alone Will Not Solve Our
             Global Problems},
   Publisher = {New York: Alfred A. Knopf},
   Year = {2010},
   Key = {fds160785}
}

@book{fds71225,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {The Toothpick: Technology and Culture},
   Publisher = {New York: Alfred A. Knopf},
   Year = {2007},
   ISBN = {978-0-307-26636-1},
   Key = {fds71225}
}

@book{fds71223,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {Success through Failure: The Paradox of Design},
   Publisher = {Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press},
   Year = {2006},
   ISBN = {0-691-12225-3},
   Key = {fds71223}
}

@book{fds71224,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {Pushing the Limits: New Adventures in Engineering},
   Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books},
   Year = {2005},
   ISBN = {1-4000-3294-6},
   Key = {fds71224}
}

@book{fds71228,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {Small Things Considered: Why There Is No Perfect
             Design},
   Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books},
   Year = {2004},
   Key = {fds71228}
}

@book{fds71229,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {Paperboy: Confessions of a Future Engineer},
   Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books},
   Year = {2003},
   Key = {fds71229}
}

@book{fds71233,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {The Book on the Bookshelf},
   Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books},
   Year = {2000},
   ISBN = {0-375-70639-9},
   Key = {fds71233}
}

@book{fds71235,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {Remaking the World: Adventures in Engineering},
   Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books},
   Year = {1998},
   ISBN = {0-375-70024-2},
   Key = {fds71235}
}

@book{fds71230,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {Invention by Design: How Engineers Get from Thought to
             Thing},
   Publisher = {Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press},
   Year = {1996},
   ISBN = {0-674-46367-6},
   Key = {fds71230}
}

@book{fds71227,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {Engineers of Dreams: Great Bridge Builders and the Spanning
             of America},
   Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds71227}
}

@book{fds71226,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {Design Paradigms. Case Histories of Error and Judgment in
             Engineering.},
   Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
   Year = {1994},
   Key = {fds71226}
}

@book{fds71234,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {The Evolution of Useful Things},
   Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books},
   Year = {1994},
   ISBN = {0-679-74039-2},
   Key = {fds71234}
}

@book{fds71231,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful
             Design},
   Publisher = {New York: Vintage Books},
   Year = {1992},
   ISBN = {0-679-73416-3},
   Key = {fds71231}
}

@book{fds71232,
   Author = {Henry Petroski},
   Title = {The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance3},
   Publisher = {New York: Alfred A. Knopf},
   Year = {1992},
   ISBN = {0-679-73415-5},
   Key = {fds71232}
}


%% Papers Published   
@article{fds333547,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Crossing the valley of death},
   Journal = {Mechanical Engineering},
   Volume = {139},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {26-29},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-dec-1},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.2017-dec-1},
   Key = {fds333547}
}

@article{fds366322,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The iron rinc},
   Pages = {33-36},
   Booktitle = {Engineering Ethics},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {May},
   ISBN = {9780754625247},
   Key = {fds366322}
}

@article{fds332062,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Yamada, H},
   Title = {FRACTURE EXPERIMENTS WITH CRACKED AND EMBRITTLED HEXCAN
             SECTIONS.},
   Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural
             Mechanics in Reactor Technology},
   Volume = {E},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {Crack-like flaws that might exist in hexagonal subassembly
             ducts are not generally expected to initiate brittle
             fracture, but there is reason to be concerned about the
             integrity of cracked hexcans that have been severely
             embrittled by fast-neutron irradiation. In order to check
             the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics
             analysis to such ducts, a program of experiments with
             deliberately cracked and embrittled hexcan sections has been
             undertaken. In this paper, a comparison of analytical
             predictions and experimental results are made and
             discussed.},
   Key = {fds332062}
}

@article{fds332063,
   Author = {Glazik, JL and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CRACKED HEXAGONAL SUBASSEMBLY
             DUCTS.},
   Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural
             Mechanics in Reactor Technology},
   Volume = {E},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {The hexagonal subassembly ducts (hexcans) of current Liquid
             Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) designs are typically
             made of 20% coldworked Type 316 stainless steel. Prolonged
             exposure of this initially tough and ductile material to a
             fast neutron flux at high temperatures can result in severe
             embrittlement. This paper examines the dynamic elastic
             response of flawed and unflawed fast reactor sub-assembly
             ducts. A plane-strain finite element analysis was performed
             for ducts containing internal corner cracks, as well as
             external midflat cracks.},
   Key = {fds332063}
}

@article{fds332064,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {EFFECTS OF CRACKS ON THE RESPONSE OF SHELL
             STRUCTURES.},
   Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural
             Mechanics in Reactor Technology},
   Volume = {E},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {A simple model that predicts the effects of axial cracks on
             the elastic deformation of thin cylindrical shells has been
             developed. This model provides an efficient tool for
             performing parametric studies and for interpolating,
             extrapolating, and generalizing finite element analyses. The
             simple model described in this paper provides a useful tool
             for understanding the phenomena involved in the response of
             cracked shells and for identifying situations where
             unacceptably large deformations may result in the presence
             of cracks.},
   Key = {fds332064}
}

@article{fds340846,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Glazik, JL and Achenbach, JD},
   Title = {STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS FOR IRRADIATION-EMBRITTLED
             HEXAGONAL SUBASSEMBLY DUCTS.},
   Journal = {Struct Anal of React Fuel Elem},
   Volume = {D},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {Plane strain stress intensity factors for corner-cracked
             hexcans 116 mm across flats and with 3 mm walls have been
             determined and corroborated by several independent
             techniques. These results are expected to be applicable to
             LMFBR hexcans irradiated to high fluences whose ductility
             and fracture toughness have been reduced and whose yield
             strength has been increased to such levels that linear
             elastic fracture mechanics applies. Generally speaking,
             these material properties must be altered to an extent that
             the plastic zone size is considerably smaller than the
             hexcan wall thickness.},
   Key = {fds340846}
}

@article{fds346472,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The Britannia Tubular Bridge: A paradigm of failure-driven
             design},
   Pages = {313-324},
   Booktitle = {Structural and Civil Engineering Design},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {December},
   ISBN = {9780860787617},
   Key = {fds346472}
}

@article{fds329287,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The road ahead},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {104},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {236-241},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.121.236},
   Doi = {10.1511/2016.121.236},
   Key = {fds329287}
}

@article{fds329288,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {How paperweights emerged from the desk of
             necessity},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {104},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {216-219},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.121.216},
   Doi = {10.1511/2016.121.216},
   Key = {fds329288}
}

@article{fds342172,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Traffic signals, dilemma zones, and red-light
             cameras},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {104},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {150-153},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.120.150},
   Doi = {10.1511/2016.120.150},
   Key = {fds342172}
}

@article{fds342173,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The merritt parkway and other drivinq respites},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {104},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {86-89},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.119.86},
   Doi = {10.1511/2016.119.86},
   Key = {fds342173}
}

@article{fds333548,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The lines on the road: Infrastructure in
             perspective},
   Journal = {Mechanical Engineering},
   Volume = {138},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {42-47},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-feb-3},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.2016-feb-3},
   Key = {fds333548}
}

@article{fds329289,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The bridge that united two cities},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {104},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {20-23},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.118.20},
   Doi = {10.1511/2016.118.20},
   Key = {fds329289}
}

@article{fds331174,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Words instead of dollars},
   Journal = {Enr (Engineering News Record)},
   Volume = {274},
   Number = {43},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {October},
   Abstract = {The idea that a poor US infrastructure endangered the
             economy had a long history. Widespread awareness came in the
             early 1980s with the publication of 'America in Ruins:
             Beyond the Public Works Pork Barrel' by Pat Choate and Susan
             Walter. The report's subtitle was changed to 'The Decaying
             Infrastructure', but the word remained obscure and
             unfamiliar to American readers into the late 1980s. The
             report-card conceit remained dormant for a decade, until the
             American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) issued its first
             'Report Card for America's Infrastructure' in
             1998.},
   Key = {fds331174}
}

@article{fds268045,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {An incubator for cooperation across the disciplines},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {103},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {318-321},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2015.116.318},
   Abstract = {Oskar von Miller, a German electrical engineer played a
             leading role in electrifying his native country. He proposed
             the establishment of a museum that would preserve
             technological artifacts and teach visitors principles of
             science. Oskar von Miller Forum is an international venue
             where civil engineers, architects and others in the building
             industry can meet, where innovation in the field is
             promoted. The Munich center's building consists of three
             interconnected blocks, the central one of which represents
             to the city the structure's principal fa?ade. The students
             range from those studying for their bachelor's degree to
             doctoral students, with master's students making up about
             one third of the population. The forum is sponsored by the
             Bavarian construction industry, with the aim of promoting
             innovation by supplementing the education that resident
             students receive at the Technical University. Within the
             evocative environment, the Forum is a place for visions of
             the future.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2015.116.318},
   Key = {fds268045}
}

@article{fds314231,
   Author = {Abou-Ras, D and Edoff, M and Minemoto, T and Mitzi, D and Romeo,
             A},
   Title = {Preface},
   Journal = {Thin Solid Films},
   Volume = {582},
   Pages = {1},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0040-6090},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.01.001},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.tsf.2015.01.001},
   Key = {fds314231}
}

@article{fds268049,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Second life of a tied-arch bridge},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {103},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {94-97},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2015.113.94},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski shared his views on the structural
             engineering aspect of the tied-arch bridge located located
             in front of Merrimack College in North Andover,
             Massachusetts, US. The 150-year old bridge was
             re-constructed to retain its original design and condition.
             The bridge encouraged Henry Petroski to gather more
             information about it and the engineer who originally
             designed it. Extensive research followed after which Henry
             Petroski came to know that the Merrimack bridge was a type
             of tied arch or bowstring arch bridge, which had significant
             advantages over the traditional arch bridge.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2015.113.94},
   Key = {fds268049}
}

@article{fds268046,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Can an engineer appreciate art?},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {103},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {14-17},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2015.112.14},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski, Professor of Civil Engineering at Duke,
             believes that an engineer must conform to the constrictions
             of natural law and the constraints of reality. They could
             put down on paper fanciful thoughts and playful blueprints.
             Public engineering works are also works of public art and so
             must be treated as such. A large building or bridge can add
             to or detract from the built environment. In contrast to
             buildings, bridges are often offered as examples of pure
             engineering, in that their structure is out in the open for
             all to see. Sometimes anchorages are given architectural
             treatments that can distract from the bridge structure.
             There is room in art of all kinds for metaphor and
             symbolism, and for just imagination.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2015.112.14},
   Key = {fds268046}
}

@article{fds268050,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Anonymous design},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {102},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {414-417},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.111.414},
   Abstract = {Some designs that may be anonymous on a store shelf do in
             fact have an inventor's name associated with them on a
             patent. If the inventor is an employee, then all patent
             rights are typically by prior agreement transferred to the
             employer. Whether the employee/inventor receives any
             compensation specific to the invention varies greatly from
             company to company. Whoever that person or those persons are
             or work for, they are not likely to receive any
             extraordinary compensation and certainly no royalties that
             might ultimately be manufactured and sold. Sometimes all an
             inventor receives is a pat on the back, a certificate of
             recognition, or a one-time bonus.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2014.111.414},
   Key = {fds268050}
}

@article{fds268054,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Impossible points, erroneous walks},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {102},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {102-105},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.107.102},
   Abstract = {The article discusses how artists make mistakes while
             drawing sharpened pencils and galloping horses. Half of the
             drawings of sharpened pencils depict the removal of wood
             from the wrong locations to form a sharpened pencil point.
             If graphic artists do, at least sometimes, copy a
             pre-existing image of a pencil, then the mistake is likely
             to persist. Disconcertingly, this false image appears in
             places from which one expects accuracy, such as a
             professionally designed advertisement in the New York Times
             touting the importance of an investment in education to help
             teachers inspire students. In 1878, Muybridge produced
             definitive visual evidence that a horse did indeed fully
             leave the ground as it trotted along. The images also shook
             the art world by exposing postural errors in classic equine
             sculptures and paintings. Examining more than 300 depictions
             of animal walking, in such sources as museum exhibits,
             textbooks, and toys, researchers found that almost 47
             percent got it wrong.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2014.107.102},
   Key = {fds268054}
}

@article{fds268051,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Aspirants, apprentices, and student engineers},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {102},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {334-337},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.110.334},
   Abstract = {The problem of having enough professional and skilled
             workers to satisfy the needs of society and industry is not
             a new one. Engineering was never organized the way that the
             craft guilds were. Would-be civil engineers did not so much
             serve formal apprenticeships as work their way up the ladder
             of responsibility on construction sites. The senior engineer
             was impressed with the youngster's talent and took him on as
             a paid assistant workman. At first, contestants were
             responsible for doing everything on their own. Either way, a
             serious contest entry might require three hours of after
             school work each day for an entire year. The discipline of
             industrial design was still young, but the automobile
             industry appreciated its importance. Fisher's size and scale
             grew to enormous proportions. The highest national grand
             size awards were college scholarships valued at
             $5000.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2014.110.334},
   Key = {fds268051}
}

@article{fds268052,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The story of two houses},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {102},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {258-261},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.109.258},
   Abstract = {A fictional structure from a 19th-century novelette and the
             author's real residence tell the intertwined tale of
             architecture and engineering. Vitruvius, author of the
             first-century BCE treatise on Greek and Roman architecture
             and engineering, has been variously identified as an
             architect, an engineer, and an architect/engineer. In fact,
             the professions were effectively one and the same for nearly
             two millennia after Vitruvius. From such a sketchy
             description, an architect must define and subdivide the
             interior space for and compose the external appearance of a
             structure, whether it be a country house, townhouse, or
             urban skyscraper. Though young Paul has no training in
             either engineering or architecture, he uses his architect
             cousin's drawing instruments to develop a floor plan
             incorporating his sister's wishes as best he
             can.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2014.109.258},
   Key = {fds268052}
}

@article{fds268053,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Rise and fall of the pocket protector},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {102},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {182-185},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.108.182},
   Abstract = {The pocket protector has long been associated with
             engineers, but to society at large it does not necessarily
             evoke a positive image. Click to Enlarge ImageMadea credits
             the 'original pocket protector' to inventor Hurley Smith,
             who was born in 1908 in Bellaire, Michigan. Smith had no
             formal schooling but completed high school by correspondence
             course. After working and saving money, he matriculated at
             Queens University in Kingston, Ontario. He studied
             electrical engineering at Queens, earning his bachelor's
             degree in 1933, in the midst of the Great Depression, and
             upon graduation had to take a job marketing Popsicles around
             the province. Smith never claimed to have invented the
             pocket protector, describing his creation instead as an
             improved pocket shield, guard or protector. He emphasized
             instead that his version of the device was, among other
             things, 'of novel, but exceedingly simple and inexpensive
             construction' and 'the simplest, lightest and least
             expensive form of the shield.' He recognized that the open
             sides of the shield might be seen as a flaw in the design,
             for the points of pencils and pens leaning sideways could
             soil or poke through the shirt pocket.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2014.108.182},
   Key = {fds268053}
}

@article{fds268056,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {In memory of the offprint},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {102},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {14-17},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2014.106.14},
   Abstract = {The computer, Internet, e-mail, and facsimile PDF versions
             of articles have changed the way scholars and researchers
             think of and handle the writing, dissemination, and storage
             of their work. Digital media practices can vary considerably
             from field to field, but the ability to create a
             professionally formatted paper on a personal computer and
             rapidly post it on a website-considerably faster than
             peer-reviewed journals can post prepublication copies of
             accepted manuscripts-has changed the way scholarship and
             research results are made accessible to insiders and
             outsiders alike. Hence, the paper offprint and preprint have
             been replaced by their electronic cousins: the e-offprint
             and the pre-e-offprint. Ironically, however, the ubiquity of
             wireless connectivity has enabled people sitting around in
             groups to look at and speak not to each other but to the
             individual digital invisible colleges they communicate with
             through their smartphones and tablet computers.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2014.106.14},
   Key = {fds268056}
}

@article{fds268060,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Tappan zee bridge},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {101},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {172-176},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000317951200008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {The article discusses the design of the Tappan Zee Bridge,
             located just outside the 25-mile radius of influence of the
             Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, explaining it has
             outlived its utility. The bridge, which carries the New York
             State Thruway between Rockland and Westchester counties, is
             thus Uncommonly long, stretching about three miles from end
             to end, with its longest span being just over 1,200 feet.
             Siting a bridge at a wide part of the river may be
             counterintuitive, but generally where a river is wide it is
             also relatively shallow. Today, the Tappan Zee, which has
             been called 'one of the ugliest bridges in the East,' has
             more serious problems than signs containing misspellings and
             general lack of aesthetic respect. One infrastructure critic
             has said that it is being held together with glue and duct
             tape.},
   Key = {fds268060}
}

@article{fds268058,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Unbuilding a maine landmark},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {101},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {414-417},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000326489000014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {The Waldo-Hancock Bridge, which connected the two Maine
             counties for which it was named, stood for 75 years as a
             structure with much engineering and historical significance.
             The construction of a suspension bridge, like that of a lot
             of building projects, necessarily proceeds in a mostly
             serial manner, with subsequent stages dependent on the
             completion of prior ones. One the piers are then erected the
             towers, which for a major bridge can be as high as a
             skyscraper. While the towers are being erected, the
             construction of the anchorages at each end of the bridge
             usually advances apace. Hanging the roadway from the main
             suspension cables takes place in stages, with manageable
             sections of the bridge deck added and connected in a
             pre-determined order. The disassembly of the bridge proper
             began with the removal of signage, lighting standards, and
             the paved surface of the roadway, leaving the skeletal steel
             deck sections lighter and more easily cleanly
             handle.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2013.105.414},
   Key = {fds268058}
}

@article{fds268059,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Geothermal energy},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {101},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {251-255},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000320641000009&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {Land-based people harvested peat and wood to warm their
             hearths, and cottage industries developed to supply the
             blocks and logs of fuel to those who lived in cities. On a
             larger scale, and with much greater risk to those who were
             employed in the industry, fossil fuels were mined and
             shipped in gargantuan quantities far and wide. Those who
             work on oil and gas rigs understand that they are engaged in
             a dangerous occupation, so generally they are paid a premium
             for their services. Coal, more than any other energy source,
             fueled the Industrial Revolution, but it left a residue of
             soot and other pollutants that was cursed legacy. The
             overall record of the industry is remarkably good, but an
             economy's dependence on oil can be adversely affected by
             supply and demand imbalances created by price manipulation,
             political unrest and war.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2013.103.251},
   Key = {fds268059}
}

@article{fds268062,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {An anthropomorphic model},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {101},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {103-107},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000315422800011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {Baker's design for the bridge was quite unusual for its
             time. It was based on the cantilever principle, which had
             roots in corbeled arches and vaults. Galileo was the first
             to provide a rational analysis of a cantilever structure,
             understanding that if he could successfully determine a
             relationship between the geometry, material strength and
             load carried at the end of a generic cantilever beam, then
             he could predict the behavior of beams of more complex
             design and thereby shed light on the hitherto in- explicable
             spontaneous failure of massive structures like obelisks and
             ships. Galileo's analysis of the cantilever beam was correct
             in methodology but flawed in detail; still, it provided the
             basis for a rational method of structural analysis that is
             taught to engineering students to this day. The classic
             illustration for what has come to be known as Galileo's
             Problem has been widely reproduced and, although not
             strictly speaking an anthropomorphic model provides a feel
             for the gross forces involved.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2013.101.103},
   Key = {fds268062}
}

@article{fds268063,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Engineering in the abstract},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {101},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {22-26},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000312416900011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {After the death of his older brother in a boating accident,
             Dawson produced paintings showing night-sky effects, which
             may have reflected his dark mood at the time. In the same
             year that Dawson began his engineering studies, he also
             began to paint differently. According to the Penn State art
             historian Randy Ploog, an expert on the engineer- painter
             Dawson, his work showed a change in emphasis, away from
             illusionistic imitation of observed landscapes toward
             creating inventive compositional arrangements. The civil
             engineering curriculum then and now are not so coincident,
             however. At Armour Tech in 1905, Dawson began to follow, but
             apparently not with great enthusiasm, a curriculum that
             included courses in graphics, topographical surveying,
             railroad location, topographical drawing and stereotomy,
             which could be defined as the art of cutting
             three-dimensional solids into particular
             shapes.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2013.100.22},
   Key = {fds268063}
}

@article{fds268055,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The Evolution of Eyeglasses Applying the principles of
             optics to a basic human need required both imagination and
             skill},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {101},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {334-337},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2013},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2013.104.334},
   Abstract = {The invention of eyeglasses is credited to Edward Rosen, a
             classicist turned historian of science. According to Rosen,
             the oldest known reference to a pair of eyeglasses occurs in
             a sermon preached in Florence, Italy, in 1305 by Friar
             Giordano da Rivolta, whose monastery was St. Catherine in
             Pisa. The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify
             whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000,
             when the spherical segment was called a reading stone.
             Turning a couple of magnifying glasses into a pair of
             spectacles required the innovation of mechanically linking
             two mounted magnifying lenses. By pivoting the glasses about
             the rivet, the angle between the handles could be adjusted
             so that the parts of the spectacles over the nose and eyes
             would fit a wearer's need. This awkward feature of the
             earliest eyeglasses was overcome by a variety of means to
             hold the lens frames in place on the wearer's head. By the
             18th century the use of steel, which has significant
             springiness compared with bone, leather or bronze,
             introduced a new way to connect two framed
             lenses.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2013.104.334},
   Key = {fds268055}
}

@article{fds268211,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Overarching problems},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {458-462},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2012.99.458},
   Abstract = {Structural arches have been assembled out of individual
             wedge-shaped stones known as voussoirs, with the last and
             topmost one to be put into place called the keystone for
             millennia. Placing the keystone in a true arch presented a
             special problem, for unlike all the other pieces of stone in
             an arch, it could not be. lifted approximately into place
             atop the centering and then pushed and shoved more or less
             easily into its proper place and orientation. The keystone
             had to be dropped directly into the gap left between the two
             halves of the incomplete arch, with any sideways adjustment
             done before the final placement. The central functional and
             symbolic nature of keystones has led to their esthetic
             elaboration and exaggeration in structures employing the
             arch and vault, the latter of which can be thought of as a
             continuous series of side-by-side arches.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2012.99.458},
   Key = {fds268211}
}

@article{fds268061,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {A bridge too far [bridge design]},
   Journal = {Engineering & Technology},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {84-86},
   Publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology
             (IET)},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {1750-9637},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2012.0314},
   Abstract = {In this extract from his new book, American engineering
             writer Henry Petroski looks at the way in which several high
             profile disasters have influenced bridge design over the
             last 150 years.},
   Doi = {10.1049/et.2012.0314},
   Key = {fds268061}
}

@article{fds333549,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Things happen},
   Journal = {Mechanical Engineering},
   Volume = {134},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {38-41},
   Publisher = {ASME International},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2012-mar-3},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.2012-mar-3},
   Key = {fds333549}
}

@article{fds268064,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Government bridge},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {288-292},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000305316600014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski shares his experience of visiting the Quad
             Cities area to deliver some lectures on bridge engineering
             to engineers. There were plenty of both in the vicinity.
             John Deere, the world-renowned manufacturer of tractors and
             other agricultural and industrial equipment, has been based
             in Moline since 1848, and since 1964 has been housed in an
             architecturally distinguished and celebrated administrative
             center located on a park-like campus and designed by the
             Finnish American architect Eero Saarinen, designer of
             perhaps the Midwest's most celebrated landmark, the St.
             Louis Gateway Arch. The first dam to be constructed was
             located at the foot of the Rock Island rapids. Today known
             as Dam 15, it remains distinguished as being the largest
             roller-gate dam in the world. The 1856 structure that
             connected the cities of Davenport and Rock Island was a
             wooden truss of multiple stationary spans and a
             record-setting 286-foot-long swing span that rotated on a
             large turntable to open up navigation channels that allowed
             riverboats to pass.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2012.97.288},
   Key = {fds268064}
}

@article{fds268065,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Backseat designers},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {192-196},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000302834600013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {China and India were recapitulating, in a way, developments
             that occurred during the previous century in America and
             Britain. With the prosperity of the postwar period and the
             inception of the interstate highway system, increasing
             numbers of cars were being driven on America's roads.
             Summoning an overwhelming amount of evidence, he showed how
             Detroit automakers repeatedly neglected to incorporate
             voluntarily safety- and injury-mitigating features into
             their cars, even though the technology to do so was
             available. Selected safety features, such as seat belts and
             padded dashboards, were made available on new cars, but as
             safety options. From an engineering standpoint, when an
             accident injury occurs, it is a result of the failure of the
             technological components of the vehicle and the highway to
             adapt adequately to the driver's capacities and limitations.
             The heightened awareness of the situation on the nation?s
             roads led to passage of the 1966 National Traffic and Motor
             Vehicle Safety Act.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2012.96.192},
   Key = {fds268065}
}

@article{fds268066,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Opening doors},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {112-115},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000300334100013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {The mechanics of the seemingly simple task of turning a
             doorknob involves a variety of forces that the hand exerts
             on the knob and through it to the door. The opposing forces
             produced by the thumb and fingers together form what
             engineers call a couple, which consists of a pair of equal
             and opposite forces that collectively produce a turning
             motion rather than a translational one. Thus, when the
             spindle of a small toy top is twisted, a couple is applied
             to it, and it tends to spin in place rather than fly across
             the table. In the US, inventors and manufacturers began to
             think seriously about levers as alternatives to knobs in the
             years leading up to the Americans with Disabilities Act,
             which was signed into law in 1990. Like most legislation,
             the act was preceded by an increasing sensitivity to the
             problems it would address.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2012.95.112},
   Key = {fds268066}
}

@article{fds268067,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The washington monument},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {16-20},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000297961300014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {The Earthquake that shook the East Coast in August 2011 has
             left its mark on some remarkable structures in Washington,
             D.C. The late-19th-century pension building, now the
             National Building Museum, was closed until the enormous
             brick structure with its spectacular interior space could be
             inspected. It was declared safe, but models of the Empire
             State Building and the world's latest tallest, Burj Khalifa,
             part of the museum's exhibit of Lego architecture, suffered
             the collapse of some of their topmost plastic brickwork. A
             monument to George Washington in the form of an equestrian
             statue was proposed as early as 1783, after the War of
             Independence had been officially ended by the Treaty of
             Paris. A committee of the Continental Congress reported
             favorably on the proposal, and Congress resolved
             specifically to erect a bronze statue of the general in
             Roman dress and holding a truncheon in his right
             hand.},
   Key = {fds268067}
}

@article{fds268209,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Portrait of the artist as a young engineer},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {368-373},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2012.98.368},
   Abstract = {The article discusses how Alexander Calder's engineering
             education had a profound influence on his art, especially as
             manifested in his signature compositions known as mobiles
             and stabiles. According to Calder's college transcript, his
             New York City home address while at school was 27 Waverly
             Place, which is on the fringe of Greenwich Village, by then
             established as a magnet for artists, poets and the
             avant-garde generally. The younger Calder's transcript also
             indicates that prior to entering Stevens Institute he had
             graduated from San Francisco's Lowell High School, where he
             took courses that prepared him well to enter an engineering
             curriculum: two units of algebra; one each of chemistry
             physics and plane geometry; and one half unit each of solid
             geometry and trigonometry. Calder took no fewer than 29
             hours per week of course, shop and laboratory work during
             regular terms of his four years at Stevens, with some of the
             latter terms, which are even today notoriously laboratory
             intensive, having as many as 34 hours of class and
             laboratory time.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2012.98.368},
   Key = {fds268209}
}

@article{fds268208,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {An Engineer's Alphabet: Gleanings from the Softer Side of a
             Profession},
   Journal = {Civil Engineering},
   Volume = {81},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {70-77},
   Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0885-7024},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000371},
   Abstract = {This is an excerpt from Henry Petroski's newest book, which
             will be published this month by Cambridge University Press.
             As Petroski writes in the preface, "this abecedarium is one
             engineer's collection of thoughts, quotations, anecdotes,
             facts, trivia, arcana, and miscellanea relating to the
             practice, history, culture, and traditions of his
             profession. The entries, which represent the distillation of
             decades of reading, writing, talking, and thinking about
             engineers and engineering, range from brief essays on
             concepts and practices that are central to the profession to
             lists of its great achievements. This book is at the same
             time an anthology, a commonplace book, and a reference
             volume. It is not intended to be read from first page to
             last, but rather is meant to be dipped into here and there
             as the mood strikes the reader, with the alphabetical
             arrangement promoting serendipity."},
   Doi = {10.1061/ciegag.0000371},
   Key = {fds268208}
}

@article{fds268205,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {A round pie in a square box},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {288-292},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.91.288},
   Abstract = {The white-boxes-and-string world of the old-time bakeshop is
             alien to the baked-goods department of today's supermarket.
             The incongruity of things made and things found is a fact of
             life, and like most facts of life it is accepted as the way
             things are, if not embraced as welcome variety. Relatively
             thin and un-reinforced cardboard, the stuff of which cake
             and cereal boxes are made, is a rather flimsy material and
             hardly suitable for bearing the weight of a pizza pie
             distributed over the reach of a 16- or 18-inch circle.
             Reverse engineering the cereal box begins with emptying it
             of its contents and unsealing the bottom. This leaves an
             open-box structure, which is readily felt to be much less
             rigid than its closed counterpart. The doubly-opened box can
             be sighted through, as if it were a tube.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2011.91.288},
   Key = {fds268205}
}

@article{fds268200,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Bridges of the mediterranean},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {15-19},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.88.15},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski traces the history of bridges in the
             Mediterranean region and how they evolved over time. A
             double bridge was built from the town of Abydos, with each
             of the bridges presumably consisting of boats tied together.
             Phoenicians employed ropes made from flax on one and
             Egyptians using papyrus on the other. Floating bridges are
             no longer very common in an age of high-profile signature
             structures that also allow for high clearances, but they
             continue to be used in locations demanding long crossings
             over deep water, where the construction of foundations and
             piers would be dangerous and expensive. Two examples of
             these deck designs exist in the pair of world-class
             suspension bridges that span the Bosporus at Istanbul and
             provided the first fixed crossings between Asia and Europe
             since Xerxes' pontoon bridge across the Hellespont.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2011.88.15},
   Key = {fds268200}
}

@article{fds268203,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Arches and domes},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {111-115},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.89.111},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski focuses on the importance of domes and arches
             in context of historical structures. Historically, domes
             have not been associated with recreational sites but with
             sacred places such as churches, cathedrals, and basilicas,
             and with government landmarks such as state and national
             capitols. The structural arch is a more primitive form than
             the dome. The size of dome can be measured by the span of
             its base. At about 142 feet across, the domed interior space
             of the Pantheon has a clear span that is significantly
             greater than any previously built structure. Like the Roman
             Pantheon, Istanbul's Hagia Sophia was a replacement for an
             earlier structure. The Middle Ages were bracketed, roughly,
             by the construction of the domed Hagia Sophia in
             Constantinople and that of the great dome for the basilica
             in Florence, Italy.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2011.89.111},
   Key = {fds268203}
}

@article{fds268204,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Controlled demolition},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {195-199},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.90.195},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski explains how removing structures can require
             nearly as much planning as building them. Henry refers to
             the case with the revered Yankee Stadium, 'the house that
             Ruth built' in the 1920s. After much posturing to keep the
             team playing in New York City, construction of a new stadium
             began in 2006. The construction site was located on parkland
             across the street from the old stadium, in which the Yankees
             continued to play ball. The use of explosives to implode the
             old stadium would certainly have speeded up the process, but
             at risk to the surrounding area. Obsolescence and safety
             considerations can also demand the destruction of an old
             bridge that is too narrow or too weak for the expectations
             and demands of today's traffic. The temperature of the
             flames naturally heated up the steel columns, which time
             became softened to the point where they could not support
             the load that bore down on them.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2011.90.195},
   Key = {fds268204}
}

@article{fds268206,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Silver bridge},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {368-372},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.92.368},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski describes the design defects of the Silver
             Bridge across the Ohio River between Point Pleasant, West
             Virginia, and Gallipolis, Ohio, that led to its collapse in
             1967. The original design for a bridge between Point
             Pleasant and Gallipolis was more conventional. Unusual
             design features of Silver Bridge did not end with its
             eyebars. The towers over which the chains passed were not
             rigidly fixed on their piers, as was common, but were
             designed to be able to rock freely back and forth on them in
             response to slight changes in cable pull. For decades,
             Silver Bridge had carried traffic without incident, even
             though that traffic had changed in volume and kind. Getting
             at the cause of the collapse of Silver Bridge required
             overcoming many obstacles, not least of which was the fact
             that the bulk of the superstructure lay in the river, some
             of it blocking shipping lanes.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2011.92.368},
   Key = {fds268206}
}

@article{fds268207,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Engineering spelled out},
   Journal = {Mechanical Engineering},
   Volume = {133},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {46-46},
   Publisher = {ASME International},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0025-6501},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-nov-4},
   Abstract = {Some of the engineering terms have been placed in an
             alphabetical order. A is for artist-engineers such as
             Alexander Calder, who, despite being a mechanical engineer,
             also created wire sculptures. B is for badges of engineering
             societies, which are used to identify an engineering
             society. C stands for codes and standards which incorporate
             the considered judgment of experienced engineers, especially
             with regard to the design of structures, machines, and other
             artifacts on whose safety and reliability the lay public
             depends. M is for mechanical engineers, while N displays
             novels about engineers. S is for 'A Stress Analysis of a
             Strapless Evening Gown', a classic piece of engineering
             satiric humor written in 1951 by Charles Seim. Z stands for
             'Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance'. 'Subtitled 'An
             Inquiry into Values,' this book was written by Robert M.
             Pirsig and first published in 1974. It has been widely
             assigned in engineering design courses for its insights into
             the nature of design and the idea of quality.},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.2011-nov-4},
   Key = {fds268207}
}

@article{fds268210,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Moving obelisks},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {448-452},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.93.448},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski discusses how the 13th-century B.C.,
             83-foot-tall, 360-ton monolith now known as the Vatican
             Obelisk was moved from Heliopolis to Rome 14 centuries later
             and erected there under orders of the emperor Caligula.
             Fontana documented the project, which took a good year to
             accomplish and was completed in 1586, in his wonderfully
             illustrated book, Della Transportatione dell'Obelisco
             Vaticano, which was published in 1590. First, the obelisk
             had to be lifted off its old resting place, which required
             the construction of a wooden derrick-like scaffold and the
             mechanical advantage of four 50-foot-long levers, lots of
             strong rope and pulley blocks. The Paris Cleopatra, which
             stands approximately 75 feet tall and weighs about 250 tons,
             is the tallest and heaviest of the three needles. It was
             presented as a gift to France in 1826 and was erected there
             in 1833, but without its pyramidion intact.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2011.93.448},
   Key = {fds268210}
}

@article{fds268201,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Engineering science},
   Journal = {Ieee Spectrum},
   Volume = {47},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {8},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0018-9235},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2010.5644761},
   Abstract = {In political discourse, public policy debates, and the mass
             media, engineering is often a synonym for science. This
             confusion might seem an innocuous shorthand for headline
             writers, but it can leave politicians, policymakers, and the
             general public unable to make informed decisions about the
             technical challenges facing the world today. © 2006
             IEEE.},
   Doi = {10.1109/MSPEC.2010.5644761},
   Key = {fds268201}
}

@article{fds268199,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Hoover dam bypass},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {98},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {373-377},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski explains how a bridge's design becomes a
             special challenge when it shares scenery with an engineering
             icon. The US Highway 93 that crosses the Colorado River via
             the two-lane pavement atop the crest of the Hoover Dam has
             long been a key vehicular route between Phoenix and Las
             Vegas, and with the implementation of the North American
             Free Trade Agreement in the mid-1990s, trucks traveling
             between Canada and Mexico began to rely ever more heavily on
             it. The third route was known as the Sugarloaf Mountain
             Roadway Alignment, and it involved cutting through elevated
             rock to eliminate steep grades. The Hoover Dam Bypass
             Colorado River Bridge is joining one of the most famous
             civil engineering landmarks in the world, and pairing off in
             such close proximity that the visual presentations of each
             will forever be tied together as one.},
   Key = {fds268199}
}

@article{fds268198,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Technology plus},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {98},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {280-284},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski explains his experience at Tech Plus Forum
             2009, which was held in Seoul, South Korea, December 2009.
             An innovative forum in Seoul seeks a brighter stage for
             South Korean technology. Tech+ Forum, as the meeting's name
             seemed most often to be written, was organized by the major
             Korean media conglomerate JoongAng IIbo. This company
             produces an English-language newspaper, the JoongAng Daily,
             which is inserted into Korean editions of the newspaper of
             its publishing partner, the International Herald Tribune,
             whose masthead in turn identifies itself as the global
             edition of the New York Times. After all the seats were
             taken, the room darkened and what sounded like rock-concert
             music blared from large speakers located throughout the
             hail. The normal arrangement for non-plenary sessions was to
             have all the speakers and the session moderator sitting in
             armchairs on stage throughout the session.},
   Key = {fds268198}
}

@article{fds268194,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Great achievement, grand challenges},
   Journal = {Civil Engineering},
   Volume = {80},
   Number = {FEBRUARY},
   Pages = {48-57},
   Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0885-7024},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000270},
   Doi = {10.1061/ciegag.0000270},
   Key = {fds268194}
}

@article{fds268195,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Occasional Design},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {98},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {16-19},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2010.82.16},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski discusses how the chimney sweep he hired
             successfully installed a new chimney in place of the
             existing chimney that had begun to deteriorate. The chimney
             sweep and his helper brought a piece of polished granite in
             the bed and three ladders. The sweep pulled himself into a
             kneeling position atop the flat chimney cap and proceeded to
             hack through and remove the few bolts that had been
             installed to fix the cap onto the open brickwork. He, then,
             pulled out the chimney. He placed it across the rails of the
             ladder and slid it down the slope of the roof as he himself
             backed down rung by rung ahead of it. When he reached the
             juncture of the roof ladder with the one against the gable,
             the sweep came over and held the old chimney cap on the
             ladder rails while the helper mounted the second
             ladder.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2010.82.16},
   Key = {fds268195}
}

@article{fds268196,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Reusing infrastructure},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {98},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {191-195},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2010.84.191},
   Abstract = {Much historically important structure was designed to carry
             traffic that was different in character, weight and volume
             from what comes to cross it in its advanced age. Some
             bridges today are being called on to carry several times as
             many cars and trucks as they were designed to, so they are
             deteriorating at a faster rate. Among the most popular
             approaches to preserving historically significant bridges is
             to convert them to pedestrian and bicycle use, often
             incorporating them into a dedicated walking and cycling
             trail or a park. The interest in a pedestrian and vehicular
             crossing of the Hudson at Poughkeepsie led to the
             development of plans for a second bridge, and the Hudson
             Valley Bridge Association was formed to promote a new span.
             Such achievements as these are encouraging models for
             recycling historic old industrial structures into modem
             cultural and recreational ones everywhere.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2010.84.191},
   Key = {fds268196}
}

@article{fds268197,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Challenges and prizes},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {98},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {112-116},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2010.83.112},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski discusses how incentives and prizes play an
             important role in encouraging research and development work
             on tough engineering related challenges. Meeting a challenge
             and walking away with a prize can be only the beginning of
             what might prove to be a long and convoluted engineering
             development project. The grand challenges relating to human
             health include offering access to clean water, restoring and
             improving urban infrastructure, and advancing health
             informatics. Clean drinking water is essential to good
             health, but worldwide there are problems with aquifers
             contaminated with arsenic and other naturally occurring
             poisons, as well as by manmade pollution. Generally
             speaking, a design competition has a specific structure or
             device as its objective. Competition announcements and
             guidelines also can require that engineers work with
             architects or artists, and the teams may have to prequalify
             by establishing their credentials in bridge
             design.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2010.83.112},
   Key = {fds268197}
}

@article{fds268202,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Rereading vitruvius},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {98},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {457-461},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2010.87.457},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski reflects on his experience of re-reading the
             book 'Ten Books on Architecture,' written by Vitruvius as a
             report to the Imperator Caesar Augustus, the founder and
             first ruler of the Roman Empire. Henry explains how in his
             previous readings of Vitruvius, he tended to skim over
             Chapter III of Book II, titled 'Brick,' in which a reader
             learns the kind of clay recommended for use in making the
             building blocks, during what time of year they were to be
             made, and how many kinds and sizes there were. Vitruvius's
             analysis of summer-made bricks is especially detailed and
             modern sounding. The summer sun bakes the surface of bricks,
             making it seem dry when the interior is still wet. Vitruvius
             is full of lessons from ancient engineering that can provide
             insights and lessons for design today.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2010.87.457},
   Key = {fds268202}
}

@article{fds336000,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Great achievements & grand challenges},
   Journal = {Civil Engineering},
   Volume = {80},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {48-57},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000270},
   Doi = {10.1061/ciegag.0000270},
   Key = {fds336000}
}

@article{fds268189,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The beginnings of the American Society of Civil
             Engineers},
   Journal = {Proceedings of 2009 Ieee Conference on the History of
             Technical Societies},
   Publisher = {IEEE},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/HTS.2009.5337832},
   Abstract = {The founding of the American Society of Civil Engineers
             (ASCE) is a story of emulation, of slow and difficult
             beginnings, of halting early progress, of overcoming
             adversity, of learning from failures, and, ultimately, of
             monumental achievement. In short, the story of the founding
             of the ASCE mirrors the story of a great engineering
             project.},
   Doi = {10.1109/HTS.2009.5337832},
   Key = {fds268189}
}

@article{fds268193,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Infrastructure},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {97},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {370-374},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.80.370},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski reflects on the decline in infrastructure in
             the US. over the past three decades due to inadequate
             funding and government negligence. Some estimates indicate
             that each day 650 water mains fail in the US, with seven
             billion gallons of water being lost through leaks, resulting
             in 16% waste of clean drinking water. The National Council
             on Public Works Improvement (NCPWI) report published in 1988
             made qualitative and quantitative assessments of the overall
             infrastructure and its requirements. The council sought the
             government, private industry and the public to make a
             national commitment to make improvements in the country's
             infrastructure. The ASCE issued its own 'Report Card for
             America's Infrastructure,' in 1998, which refined and
             extended some of the categories presented in the NCPWI
             report. The US President Obama's speech included the mention
             of stimulus package of $30 billion, but some observers
             considered it insufficient to the task.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2009.80.370},
   Key = {fds268193}
}

@article{fds268190,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Once an engineer},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {97},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {282-285},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.79.282},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski explains how engineers in the past have
             become great artists. Manierre Dawson, a civil engineer who
             was making abstract paintings as early as 1910, before
             Kandinsky and other better-known modem artists were. The
             most celebrated engineer-turned-artist of the 20th century
             was Alexander Calder. Mastery of the engineering sciences is
             essential to designing and analyzing large things that stand
             without breaking and groups of things that move without
             crashing. The engineering sciences of statics and dynamics
             provided the principles behind stabiles and mobiles,
             respectively, for which the artist Alexander Calder would
             become famous. Calder's instructional drawing of his pelican
             was surrounded by technical notes regarding the nature of
             its motion, the position of its seat, the strength of its
             parts, and the function of a spring and a dowel used in its
             assembly. Among the many different people who viewed
             Calder's mobiles was the artist and poet Jean
             Arp.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2009.79.282},
   Key = {fds268190}
}

@article{fds268191,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Akashi kaikyo bridge},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {97},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {192-196},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.78.192},
   Abstract = {The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, located near Kobe, Japan, is
             considered as the largest suspension bridge that separates
             Honshu from the minor island of Awaji, off the eastern tip
             of Shikoku. The Akashi Strait is the widest, busiest, and
             most dangerous stretch, and the main cables of the bridge
             sits in the plaza between the anchorage and the relatively
             low and unimposing building housing the Bridge Exhibition
             Center. The center is a combination museum and orientation
             space and its roadway is reinforced by a steel truss that
             typically comprise of steel box girders with cantilevered
             wing-like appendages designed to cut through the wind.
             Akashi's tower is also fitted with tuned-mass dampers that
             incorporate large masses whose movement keep its deflection
             within acceptable bounds. The walkway in the bridge is
             enclosed with heavy-duty wide-mesh screens to allow an open
             outward view of the structure with an underdeck observatory
             as additional winning features.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2009.78.192},
   Key = {fds268191}
}

@article{fds268188,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Tacoma narrows bridges},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {97},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {103-107},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.77.103},
   Abstract = {Tacoma Narrows Bridge was a pair of mile-long suspension
             bridges in the Washington state, the US that connects Tacoma
             and the Olympic Peninsula and was completed in 1940. The
             bridge had 2,800 foot main span, which made it the third
             longest span in the world after George Washington and Golden
             Gate bridges. The bridge was extremely flexible, but
             witnessed a dramatic structural collapse, caused by a 42
             mile per hour wind, earning it the nickname Galloping
             Gertie. However, the Washington Transport Department has
             replaced the old bridge with the two-side-by-side suspension
             bridges that appear like twins and are stiff enough to stand
             undulate or twist in the wind and storms. The new bridge's
             equal-height towers are aligned besides each other, and are
             made of reinforced concrete, with two horizontal braces
             accommodating additional vehicle traffic lane with a wider
             deck.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2009.77.103},
   Key = {fds268188}
}

@article{fds268187,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Machu Picchu},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {97},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {15-19},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.76.15},
   Abstract = {Some of the Inca stonework in Inca archaeological sites
             backed in the Inca empire in early 16th century, are
             thoughtfully protected by substantial and attractive glass
             walls. Machu Picchu is the most widely known and admired,
             aside from Cusco, which is now a curious combination of
             Spanish colonial arches perched atop solid and often
             severely angular Inca foundation walls. The Machu Picchu,
             that is used to be a sacred location and royal retreat, is
             believed to have been constructed about 1450 and to have
             flourished until about 1540. Fortunately, Machu Picchu
             maintains a truly indigenous architecture, providing
             unadulterated insight into its original design and
             construction, as well as into Inca engineering.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2009.76.15},
   Key = {fds268187}
}

@article{fds268192,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The minneapolis bridge},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {97},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {444-448},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2009.81.444},
   Abstract = {The I-35W bridge over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis
             collapsed on August 1, 2007, creating the need for a
             replacement bridge immediately. Ten weeks after the
             disaster, the Minnesota Department of Transportation chose
             Flatiron Construction of Colorado and Manson Construction of
             Florida, to construct the new bridge. The design presented
             by the team was of the concrete box-girder type, which would
             be erected by the balanced-cantilever method. Sections of
             the bridge would be attached to its mate with international
             epoxy adhesives and then pulled tight with interior steel
             cables that would tie all the sections together. Additional
             engineering considerations for the new bridge involved the
             use of smart bridge technology. Investigations into the
             causes of the collapse of the original I-35W bridge
             continued all the while during the construction of the new
             bridge. Although no unquestionable cause was identified, the
             buckling of insufficiently thick gusset plates was thought
             to have contributed to this disaster.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2009.81.444},
   Key = {fds268192}
}

@article{fds268185,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Tower cranes},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {458-461},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.75.458},
   Abstract = {Several crane accidents received unusually broad news
             coverage in 2010 because they reached beyond the
             construction site. The mechanics of a hammerhead tower crane
             are relatively straightforward. The vertical mast section is
             typically anchored in a large concrete footing, which
             provides a firm foundation upon which the weight of the
             crane and anything it might lift can bear. The amount of
             material that a tower crane can lift depends on how far from
             the tower pivot the load is located. The farther from the
             supporting mast, the greater the tendency of a load to
             overturn the crane. There are as many as 3,000 tower cranes
             operating in the US, making over 105,000 lifts daily without
             incident. Construction cranes tend to be remarkable but
             ignorable parts of the built environment until an incident
             in which something goes terribly wrong.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2008.75.458},
   Key = {fds268185}
}

@article{fds268186,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Scientists as inventors},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {368-371},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.74.368},
   Abstract = {The distinction between a scientist and an engineer is that
             scientists do the understanding while engineers are the
             inventors. However, scientists can act like engineers even
             in their basic professional activity. Albert Einstein
             supported this perspective as he criticized Ernst Mach who
             have said that theories are discovered and are not invented.
             Likewise, inventive engineers can also behave just like a
             scientist. However, distinguishing the difference between a
             "scientific method" from an "engineering method" is
             difficult as both engineers and scientists can do science
             and engineering alternately or simultaneously. As such,
             Einstein is a scientist who did a form of engineering known
             as design and invention.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2008.74.368},
   Key = {fds268186}
}

@article{fds268182,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {William Barclay Parsons},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {280-283},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.73.3825},
   Abstract = {William Barclay Parsons was a prominent engineer in New York
             City, born in 1859. He studied at Columbia College. During
             his early years after graduation, Parsons worked briefly for
             the Erie railroad. He was a roadmaster of its New York
             Greenwood Lake division. In 1885, Parsons and Harry de
             Berkeley Parsons, his younger brother, opened up their won
             consulting engineering office in New York. Both of them
             cooperated on such projects as bridges, hydroelectric
             plants, and New York's mass-transportation
             problem.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2008.73.3825},
   Key = {fds268182}
}

@article{fds268075,
   Author = {Smith, DR and Soukoulis, CM},
   Title = {Preface},
   Journal = {Photonics and Nanostructures Fundamentals and
             Applications},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-2},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0029-5493},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2008.01.003},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.photonics.2008.01.003},
   Key = {fds268075}
}

@article{fds268181,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {A bridge and observatory},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {14-18},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.69.14},
   Abstract = {The 75-year-old Waldo-Hancock Bridge is one of the National
             Historic Civil Engineering Landmark as it even became vital
             to tourism and commerce in coastal Maine. However,
             supplementary cables were added to it due to its poor
             condition. Yet, this was still not enough as a replacement
             bridge was needed that should be built quickly. The
             authorities planned to construct a cable-stayed bridge just
             south of the existing structure. The manner of the design
             and how it was built was considered as an innovation. A
             cooperation between the Main Department of Transportation,
             the Figg Engineering Group and the contractor partnership
             firms of Cianbro and Reed & Reed has been called
             "owner-facilitated design-build". This cooperation did
             fast-track construction where the foundations were designed
             and built before the plans for the superstructure were
             complete. They have designed cable to be in the deck only on
             one side of a tower and will pass through the sleeves in the
             tower which eliminates any significant transverse force.
             This bridge has a three-level observatory at the top of its
             west tower, making it a unique bridge in North America. This
             observatory as well as its appurtenances are well designed
             with its ticketing process, with the road leading down to a
             parking lot and to the pinnacle of the obelisk.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2008.69.14},
   Key = {fds268181}
}

@article{fds268183,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Thomas Telford},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {99-103},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.70.99},
   Abstract = {Thomas Telford is one of Great Britain's foremost engineers
             who built both to carry water and to cross it. He was born
             in 1757 in Eskdale, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. By the 1790s,
             he became involved with improvements to harbors and the
             concomitant planning of settlements in northern Scotland
             through his involvement with the British Fisheries Society.
             He has also been involved with early 19th-century government
             surveys of the Scottish Highlands, which in turn led to his
             work on the Caledonian Canal, a concept that had begun with
             James Watt three decades earlier. He also got involved
             building canals that carried raw materials and finished
             goods to and from manufacturing centers. Perhaps his finest
             work is the Menai Strait Suspension Bridge, completed in
             1826, and is one of the most beautiful bridges ever built
             anywhere in the world.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2008.70.99},
   Key = {fds268183}
}

@article{fds268184,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Twists, tag and ties},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {188-192},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2008.71.188},
   Abstract = {Gathering things together into a compact package brings
             easeness in so many ways. Classically, people use a piece of
             string or rope and knot the ends of it so as to make a
             package. However, this method is not being easily mastered
             as well as reversing it to unpack. Thus, inventors have come
             up with the idea of "binding tie" as this comes in with two
             purposes. First, it may be used to confine and constrict a
             single object and lastly, it may hold two or more objects
             together. This and other techniques such as the use of
             fasteners have been invented to easily get a grip on many
             things needed to be transported.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2008.71.188},
   Key = {fds268184}
}

@article{fds268179,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {What's in a name tag?},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {95},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {304-308},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.66.3750},
   Abstract = {Name tags are essential part of a person's identification in
             any occasions. Therefore, placement of information must be
             logical, with more refined typography and a helpful and
             decorative band of color designating the category of
             registration. The concept of the name tag integrates an
             effective and unambiguous information-bearing card into a
             system. Although most problems are in design, there could
             also be other modes of failure. Proper place of attachment,
             use of clip-on name tags, and matching of plastic sleeves.
             There are numerous ways to achieve the desired ends but the
             best design are not necessarily the simplest but simply the
             best.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2007.66.3750},
   Key = {fds268179}
}

@article{fds268177,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Why things break},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {95},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {206-209},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.65.375},
   Abstract = {The widespread industrial application of iron in the
             development of railroads has brought the growth of cracks
             and the fracture of parts containing them to the attention
             of engineers. Engineers realized the importance of
             understanding the ultimate cause of such failures in order
             to build reliable railroad systems. Failures that have
             gained much attention included the Dee Bridge failure in
             1847 and the Tay Bridge collapse in 1879. According to the
             most recent inquiries on the two accidents, failure in the
             former occured because of metal fatigue initiated at the
             esthetic flourish and in the latter fatigue crack growth
             that initiated as a result of casting the bolt holes
             directly into the lugs. These and other recent accidents
             show that metal fatigue is an old but not yet fully
             conquered cause of structural failure that is proving to be
             the root cause of accidents that have been debated for over
             a century.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2007.65.375},
   Key = {fds268177}
}

@article{fds268175,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Long crossings},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {95},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {16-19},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.63.16},
   Abstract = {Until recently, cars and trucks traveling between the
             countries of Sweden and Denmark and between the latter's two
             largest islands were forced to use ferries. The first bridge
             to be done at the Baltic Sea crossings was the narrow Little
             Belt. This was done at Middlefart Denmark where the strait
             is narrowest. In 1935, an 825-m-long truss bridge was opened
             there to rail and road traffic; it was upgraded in 1996 to
             carry heavier trains. In 1970, a 1700-m-long main span was
             completed in the same vicinity to carry motor traffic. In
             1998, the Great Belt Link was opened. The motorway crossing
             at the Great Belt has three distinct components: the 6.6-km
             West Bridge; 3.1-km of road across the island of SprogØo;
             and the 6.8-km East Bridge. The most recently completed link
             in the chain of fixed crossings stretches for 16km across
             ØOresund. Design and construction of the ØOresund Fixed
             Link involved creating from west the east: an artificial
             peninsula near Copenhagen's airport; a 3.5-km-long
             artificial island onto which the tunnel exits; a 3-km-long
             multi-span western approach bridge; a 1.1-km-long high
             bridge; a 3.7-km-long eastern approach bridge; and a
             terminal area where tolls are collected and operations
             controlled.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2007.63.16},
   Key = {fds268175}
}

@article{fds268176,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Lab notes},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {95},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {114-117},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.64.114},
   Abstract = {Henry Petroski used to be a theoretician only at the Talbot
             Laboratory, which housed the Department of Theoretical and
             Applied Mechanics at the University of Illinois at Urbana.
             Later in his career, he was introduced to the applied side
             of engineering by his colleague, JoDean Morrow. By involving
             himself in applied engineering, he came to fully understand
             the science of engineering.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2007.64.114},
   Key = {fds268176}
}

@article{fds268178,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The cantilever},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {95},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {394-397},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.67.394},
   Abstract = {The now-popular Grand Canyon destination The Skywalk solves
             some of the problems in structural designs since Galileo's
             time. The project is a good demonstration of the structural
             challenges that Galileo encountered especially the
             cantilever concept. Las Vegas-based entrepreneur David Jin
             was the investor of the project and consulted the
             architectural firm MRJ Architects and Lochsa Engineering as
             well as construction firm Apco Construction. Located at the
             Eagle Point on the western rim of the canyon, The Skywalk
             has a three layer glass walkway 3 inches deep wherein the
             top layer is replaceable when cracks and scratches happen.
             Visitors are given shoe covers so as not to slip or scratch
             the glass that much. The structure passed engineering
             requirements by 400% or a factor of safety of 4. The
             65-foot-long cantilever is six-foot-deep and was opened in
             March 28,2007. Only 120 people are allowed at a time. The
             structure weighs 500 tons and is said to be the tallest
             man-made destination in the world.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2007.67.394},
   Key = {fds268178}
}

@article{fds268180,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The simplest thing},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {95},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {482-485},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2007.68.482},
   Abstract = {Toothpick has been regarded as the simplest object of all.
             The idea of wooden toothpick came when Benjamin Franklin
             Sturtevant successfully made shoe-peg blanks but is unaware
             of the toothpick the shoe-pegging machine yielded. It was
             Charles Forster who acquired the rights of mass producing
             toothpicks by acquiring Sturtevant's patent and some of his
             machineries. By the end of 1850s, wooden toothpicks were
             commonly found in hotels and restaurants in New York.
             Although this small mechanical device is proven to be
             beneficial, it also have been the cause of many injuries,
             some of which are fatal. Among the most dangerous things one
             can do is to swallow it. As small and simple a thing as the
             mass-produced wooden toothpick may be, its story, infused
             with social and cultural origins, influences and
             implications is wide ranging and complex.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2007.68.482},
   Key = {fds268180}
}

@article{fds268172,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {When failure strikes},
   Journal = {New Scientist},
   Volume = {191},
   Number = {2562},
   Pages = {20},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0262-4079},
   Key = {fds268172}
}

@article{fds268171,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Patterns of failure},
   Journal = {Modern Steel Construction},
   Volume = {46},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {43-46},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0026-8445},
   Abstract = {Structural failures during the 19th century due to design
             failures and failing of human intelligence and in 19th
             centaury are discussed. The pyramid system in which a great
             mass of debris was gutted at the base of foundation combined
             with fact that its angle changes from 54° to a 43° about
             half way up was followed. One bridge collapsed in every 30
             years between the middle of the 19th century. A footbridge
             is oldest kind of bridges but it explored in new technology
             at the end of the millennium, under the crowd traffic the
             bridges have been designed to handle repetitive, up-and-down
             lock-step or marching motion in the frequency range. A
             pedestrian bridge across the Thames river was designed in
             this way however this was closed in just three days. The
             side-to-side movements of the bridge were causing people to
             grasp the side rails, and it was feared that someone might
             get hurt. It was reopened retrofitted with dampers and other
             devices designed to mitigate the effects of the
             pedestrians.},
   Key = {fds268171}
}

@article{fds268168,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Appreciating engineering},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {36},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268168}
}

@article{fds268167,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Can't we do better than this?},
   Journal = {New Scientist},
   Volume = {190},
   Number = {2547},
   Pages = {52},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0262-4079},
   Key = {fds268167}
}

@article{fds268165,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Being mistaken},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {24},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268165}
}

@article{fds268166,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Celebrating bicentennials},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {18},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268166}
}

@article{fds268169,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Things small and large},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {94},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {212-215},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2006.59.3485},
   Doi = {10.1511/2006.59.3485},
   Key = {fds268169}
}

@article{fds268170,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {A great profession},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {94},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {304-307},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2006.60.3490},
   Abstract = {Herbert Clark Hoover was among the first class of students
             to enrol in Leland Stanford Junior University when it opened
             its doors in 1891. His organizational skills and
             mining-engineering experience in marshaling large work
             forces engaged in moving vast quantities of materials under
             restricted circumstances proved to be outstanding
             preparation for leading the humanitarian efforts that he did
             when World War I broke out. This led to his appointment as
             US Secretary of Commerce during the Harding and Coolidge
             administrations and laid the foundations for the federal
             regulation of commercial aviation and radio broadcasting.
             Hoover's involvement in relief and politics led to his being
             elected president in 1928, but served only one term, being
             defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2006.60.3490},
   Key = {fds268170}
}

@article{fds268173,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Waldo-Hancock bridge},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {94},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {498-501},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2006.62.3501},
   Abstract = {Among the components of a responsible design is the
             specification of a regular program of inspection and
             maintenance. The Waldo-Hancock Bridge is a classic case
             study of a bridge once heralded as a masterpiece growing
             obsolete and neglected over time. The bridge is exactly
             1,500 feet between anchorages with a central span of 800
             feet. The Waldo-Hancock Bridge has been a model construction
             project taking a total of only 16 months and coming in at
             about 70 percent of the original appropriation of $1.2
             million. By the summer of 2003, the Waldo-Hancock Bridge has
             had a limited useful-life expectancy as few as four to six
             years. The Department of Transportation (DOT) has proposed
             to add supplementary cables to the old to which enabling
             some of the weight of the existing structure and its traffic
             to be taken off the original cables. The new finally
             approved name is Penobscot Narrows Bridge and
             Observatory.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2006.62.3501},
   Key = {fds268173}
}

@article{fds268174,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {On the road},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {94},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {396-399},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2006.61.3494},
   Abstract = {In 1913, Carl Graham Fisher put forward the idea of
             transcontinental road that included north-south routes,
             east-west routes and a diagonal road across the country.
             With the proliferation of numerous named roads throughout
             the country, the America Association of State Highway
             Officials rationalized the system of roads and road signs
             across the nation in 1925. When Dwight Eisenhower assumed
             presidency in 1953, the formation of a National Highway
             Authority (NHA) was set forth. Three years later in 1956,
             the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 was finally passed. The
             bill signed by Eisenhower authorized a 12-year $25 billion
             project for the construction of a National System of
             Interstate and Defense Highways. By 1986, 97% of the system
             was already operational. To make the Interstate System
             user-friendly, improvements of the legibility of highway
             signs were proposed leading to the modernization of the
             Federal Highway Agency's (FHA) alphabets. The new typeface
             was christened Clearview and in 2004 it was granted interim
             approval by the FHA.},
   Doi = {10.1511/2006.61.3494},
   Key = {fds268174}
}

@article{fds268155,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Past and future bridge failures},
   Journal = {History of Technology},
   Volume = {26},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0307-5451},
   Key = {fds268155}
}

@article{fds268164,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Raising grades},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {22},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268164}
}

@article{fds268162,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Discarding the library},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {26},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268162}
}

@article{fds268160,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Teaching for posterity},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {26},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268160}
}

@article{fds268158,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Keeping things in perspective},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {22},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268158}
}

@article{fds268159,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Erratum: "Industrial origami" (American Scientist)},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {100},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds268159}
}

@article{fds268153,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Industrial origami},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {12-16},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2005.51.3444},
   Doi = {10.1511/2005.51.3444},
   Key = {fds268153}
}

@article{fds268154,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Being different},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {22},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268154}
}

@article{fds268156,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Painful design},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {113-117},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2005.52.3450},
   Doi = {10.1511/2005.52.3450},
   Key = {fds268156}
}

@article{fds268157,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Look first to failure},
   Journal = {Ieee Engineering Management Review},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {4-5},
   Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
             (IEEE)},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0360-8581},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2005.25170},
   Abstract = {Reengineering anything starts with understanding failure. In
             the logical side, basing a reengineering project on
             successful models should give designers an advantage.
             Unfortunately, what makes things work is often hard to
             express and harder to extract from the design as a whole.
             Things work because they work in a particular configuration,
             at a particular scale, and in a particular culture. Trying
             to reverse engineer and cannibalize a successful system
             sacrifices the synergy of success.},
   Doi = {10.1109/EMR.2005.25170},
   Key = {fds268157}
}

@article{fds268161,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Technology and the humanities},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {304-307},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2005.54.3460},
   Doi = {10.1511/2005.54.3460},
   Key = {fds268161}
}

@article{fds268163,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Shopping by design},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {491-495},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2005.56.3469},
   Doi = {10.1511/2005.56.3469},
   Key = {fds268163}
}

@article{fds268152,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Seeing music},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {22},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268152}
}

@article{fds268150,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Rereading smiles},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {26},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268150}
}

@article{fds268151,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Technology and architecture in an age of
             terrorism},
   Journal = {Technology in Society},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {161-167},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2004.01.020},
   Abstract = {In the wake of the events of September 11, 2001, a number of
             hastily arranged measures were taken to thwart further
             terrorist attacks. Understandably, there was little time to
             design architecturally harmonious airport security stations
             or protective concrete barriers to follow up those that were
             put into service in an ad hoc way. Now that terrorism has
             become a defining condition of our age, it is necessary for
             engineers, architects, and other professionals to rise to
             the occasion and design into buildings and public spaces
             defensive security features that are functionally and
             aesthetically integral, thereby reclaiming somewhat our
             quality of life. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
             reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.techsoc.2004.01.020},
   Key = {fds268151}
}

@article{fds268148,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Refractions changing slides},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {22},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268148}
}

@article{fds268147,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Celebrating engineering achievement},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {22},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268147}
}

@article{fds268149,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Lives of the engineers},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {92},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {410-414},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2004.49.3436},
   Doi = {10.1511/2004.49.3436},
   Key = {fds268149}
}

@article{fds268139,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The evolution of the grocery bag},
   Journal = {American Scholar},
   Volume = {72},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {99},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0003-0937},
   Key = {fds268139}
}

@article{fds268145,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Visiting engineers},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {22},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268145}
}

@article{fds268146,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Introducing engineering},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {20},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268146}
}

@article{fds268142,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Weathering the storm},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {16},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268142}
}

@article{fds268143,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Changing offices},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {18},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268143}
}

@article{fds268144,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Floating bridges},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {91},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {302-307},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2003.26.3350},
   Doi = {10.1511/2003.26.3350},
   Key = {fds268144}
}

@article{fds268141,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Talking fast},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {18},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268141}
}

@article{fds268140,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Losing the tie},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {16},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268140}
}

@article{fds268135,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The origins, founding, and early years of the American
             Society of Civil Engineers: A case study in successful
             failure analysis},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the National Symposium on Civil Engineering
             History},
   Pages = {57-68},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40654(2003)3},
   Abstract = {The story of the founding of the American Society of Civil
             Engineers (ASCE) is widely known. Still it bears retelling
             on the occasion of the sesquicentennial of the Society, for
             it is a story of emulation, of slow and difficult
             beginnings, of halting early progress, of overcoming
             adversity, of learning from failures, and, ultimately, of
             monumental achievement. In short, the story of the founding
             of the ASCE mirrors the story of a great engineering
             project.},
   Doi = {10.1061/40654(2003)3},
   Key = {fds268135}
}

@article{fds268136,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The fall of skyscrapers},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {90},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {16-21},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2002.13.3329},
   Doi = {10.1511/2002.13.3329},
   Key = {fds268136}
}

@article{fds268137,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Benjamin Franklin Bridge},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {90},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {406-411},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2002.33.3325},
   Doi = {10.1511/2002.33.3325},
   Key = {fds268137}
}

@article{fds268138,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Policing the classroom},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {15},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268138}
}

@article{fds268133,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Expecting respect},
   Journal = {Asee Prism},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {16},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1056-8077},
   Key = {fds268133}
}

@article{fds268057,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Success and failure in engineering},
   Journal = {Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {8-15},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1547-7029},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/152981501770352509},
   Abstract = {Failure is a central idea in engineering. In fact, one
             definition of engineering might be that it is the avoidance
             of failure. When a device, machine, or structure is designed
             by an engineer, every way in which it might credibly fail
             must be anticipated to ensure that it is designed to
             function properly. The engineer ensures that these and other
             failures do not occur by analyzing the design on paper, and
             the objective of the analysis is to calculate the intensity
             of forces in the structure and compare them with limiting
             values that define failure. In a suspension bridge, for
             example, the total force on the main cable depends upon the
             geometry and material of the bridge and the traffic it must
             carry. The force that the cable must resist determines how
             large the cable must be if a certain type of steel wire is
             used. There also is strong evidence in the historical record
             that engineers and their antecedents in the crafts and
             trades have always pushed the envelope until failures have
             occurred, giving the advance of technology somewhat of an
             epicyclic character.},
   Doi = {10.1361/152981501770352509},
   Key = {fds268057}
}

@article{fds268130,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {China journal II},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {89},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {306-310},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2001.28.3353},
   Doi = {10.1511/2001.28.3353},
   Key = {fds268130}
}

@article{fds268131,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The importance of engineering history},
   Journal = {International Engineering History and Heritage},
   Pages = {1-7},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40594(265)1},
   Doi = {10.1061/40594(265)1},
   Key = {fds268131}
}

@article{fds268132,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Twin bridges},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {89},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {15-19},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2001.14.3355},
   Doi = {10.1511/2001.14.3355},
   Key = {fds268132}
}

@article{fds268134,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Bath iron works},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {89},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {115-119},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2001.18.3357},
   Doi = {10.1511/2001.18.3357},
   Key = {fds268134}
}

@article{fds268126,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Human factors},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {88},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {304-308},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2000.29.3369},
   Doi = {10.1511/2000.29.3369},
   Key = {fds268126}
}

@article{fds268127,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Making headlines},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {88},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {206-209},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2000.23.3361},
   Doi = {10.1511/2000.23.3361},
   Key = {fds268127}
}

@article{fds268128,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Concrete canoes},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {88},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {390-394},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2000.5.390},
   Doi = {10.1511/2000.5.390},
   Key = {fds268128}
}

@article{fds268129,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Vanities of the Bonfire},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {88},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {486-490},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2000.6.486},
   Doi = {10.1511/2000.6.486},
   Key = {fds268129}
}

@article{fds268122,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Fazlur khan},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {16-20},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1999.16.3381},
   Doi = {10.1511/1999.16.3381},
   Key = {fds268122}
}

@article{fds268123,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Down under},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {114-118},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1999.20.3384},
   Doi = {10.1511/1999.20.3384},
   Key = {fds268123}
}

@article{fds268124,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Drawing bridges},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {302-306},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1999.30.3380},
   Doi = {10.1511/1999.30.3380},
   Key = {fds268124}
}

@article{fds268125,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Daubert and Kumho},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {402-406},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1999.36.3378},
   Doi = {10.1511/1999.36.3378},
   Key = {fds268125}
}

@article{fds268116,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {From Connections to Collections},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {416-420},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.37.3397},
   Doi = {10.1511/1998.37.3397},
   Key = {fds268116}
}

@article{fds268117,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {New and future bridges},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {514-518},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.43.3392},
   Doi = {10.1511/1998.43.3392},
   Key = {fds268117}
}

@article{fds268118,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {John Scott Russell},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {18-21},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.17.3406},
   Doi = {10.1511/1998.17.3406},
   Key = {fds268118}
}

@article{fds268119,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {An Independent Inventor},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {222-225},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.25.3403},
   Doi = {10.1511/1998.25.3403},
   Key = {fds268119}
}

@article{fds268120,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Technology and societies},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {113-117},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.21.3408},
   Doi = {10.1511/1998.21.3408},
   Key = {fds268120}
}

@article{fds268121,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Bilbao},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {320-325},
   Publisher = {Sigma Xi},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/1998.31.3395},
   Doi = {10.1511/1998.31.3395},
   Key = {fds268121}
}

@article{fds268114,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Design competition},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {85},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {511-515},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   Key = {fds268114}
}

@article{fds268115,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Engineers' dreams},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {85},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {310-313},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   Key = {fds268115}
}

@article{fds268112,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The fixed link},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {85},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {10-14},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-0996},
   Key = {fds268112}
}

@article{fds268113,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Bridges of America},
   Journal = {Proceedings, Annual Conference Canadian Society for Civil
             Engineering},
   Volume = {1},
   Pages = {11-16},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {America has more than half a million bridges, ranging from
             nondescript highway overpasses to monumental works of
             structural art, but only a few of them are known by name.
             Although just about everyone has heard of the Brooklyn
             Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge and can tell you where
             they stand, only local residents, attentive tourists or
             bridge aficionados are likely to know where to look for such
             structural jewels as Caveman Bridge or the McCullough
             Memorial Bridge. Of those who can locate these bridges on a
             map, only a small fraction are likely to know that Conde
             McCullough is the name of the engineer and not of a local
             politician. But whether or not they or their engineer are
             well known, masterpieces of bridge engineering are
             everywhere, a legacy of their designers' structural artwork
             that is as much a part of the American scene as are the red
             barns and white churches of the countryside or the tall
             buildings and chasm-like streets of cities.},
   Key = {fds268113}
}

@article{fds268104,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Engineering and history: Manifestations in
             monuments},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the National Symposium on Civil Engineering
             History},
   Pages = {155-161},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {A brief survey of some prominent monuments to engineers and
             engineering in the United States and in Britain suggests a
             stark contrast between the public perception of the history
             of the profession in these two cultures.},
   Key = {fds268104}
}

@article{fds268105,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Engineering a nation Henry Petroski reviews the Innovators
             by David Billington},
   Journal = {New Scientist},
   Volume = {150},
   Number = {2036},
   Pages = {42-43},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0262-4079},
   Key = {fds268105}
}

@article{fds268109,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Fax and context},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {527-531},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {November},
   Key = {fds268109}
}

@article{fds268111,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Soil mechanics},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {428-432},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {September},
   Key = {fds268111}
}

@article{fds268110,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {The petronas twin towers},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {322-326},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {July},
   Key = {fds268110}
}

@article{fds268108,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Bridges of America},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {215-219},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {May},
   Key = {fds268108}
}

@article{fds268107,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Henry Martyn Robert},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {106-109},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds268107}
}

@article{fds268106,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Harnessing steam},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {15-19},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds268106}
}

@article{fds331175,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Building firm foundations},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {378},
   Number = {6554},
   Pages = {313-314},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/378313a0},
   Doi = {10.1038/378313a0},
   Key = {fds331175}
}

@article{fds268103,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Boeing 777},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {83},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {519-522},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {November},
   Abstract = {In April 1994, the Boeing 777 was unveiled in Everett,
             Washington. The aircraft was completed successfully by
             following the project objectives which were the development
             of an aircraft that would be economical to manufacture and
             operate and that would provide a suitable replacement for
             fleets of aging wide-body jet aircraft. This article
             describes the challenges of the project. In particular, the
             design and capabilities of the aircraft are
             highlighted.},
   Key = {fds268103}
}

@article{fds268102,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Le Pont de Normandie},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {83},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {415-419},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {September},
   Abstract = {The recently completed Le Pont de Normandie bridge, like
             virtually every large bridge is a distinct solution to a
             unique engineering problem and, in a larger historical
             context, Everybridge. Prior to the construction of the
             bridge, several problems that need serious consideration
             emerged. One of these problems is the site of the bridge
             which is a major shipping channel. Introducing piers into
             the water not only would have posed obstacles to ocean-going
             vessels but also would have promoted the accumulation of
             sand. In view of this, a cable-stayed design was chosen as a
             solution. By addressing questions relating to the
             aerodynamic stability of the bridge, the project proceeded
             as expected.},
   Key = {fds268102}
}

@article{fds268100,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Tower bridge},
   Journal = {American Scientist},
   Volume = {83},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {121-124},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {March},
   Abstract = {London's Tower Bridge is one of the most unusual bridges in
             the world. Its form arose from the unique conditions under
             which it was designed and constructed. Built in the 1880s,
             it had been described as a double-leaf bascule with
             suspended side-spans, incorporating two high-level
             footbridges. Construction of the Tower Bridge had to
             consider the historical, topographical and commercial
             constraints imposed by the location. The bridge had to
             either be a high-level crossing, so as not to obstruct
             shipping, or have a movable span. The option of a bridge
             with high clearance would have necessitated long approaches,
             which would have added to the expense, not to mention
             presenting an unwelcome structure beside the Tower of
             London. By incorporating a movable span in the center of the
             bridge, the side spans could be built close to the water and
             hence minimize the approach viaducts on the low
             banks.},
   Key = {fds268100}
}

@article{fds268048,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Failure as source of engineering judgment: Case of John
             Roebling},
   Journal = {Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {171-171},
   Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0887-3828},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1994)8:2(171)},
   Doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1994)8:2(171)},
   Key = {fds268048}
}

@article{fds331176,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Galileo's confirmation of a false hypothesis: A paradigm of
             logical error in design},
   Journal = {Civil Engineering Systems},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {251-263},
   Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
   Year = {1992},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02630259208970652},
   Abstract = {Galileo’s classic analysis of a cantilever beam is
             explicated, and the contemporary persistence of the
             fundamental error he made in it is discussed. The incorrect
             hypothesis that Galileo set forth as his first proposition
             about the behavior of the beam is examined in the context of
             his pioneering analysis, as is the process whereby the
             erroneous basic assumption led to a result that was
             confirmed. The example of Galileo and the cantilever beam is
             presented as a paradigm for human error in engineering
             analysis and design, and it is argued that familiarity with
             such a paradigm among the community of engineering educators
             and practitioners can help reduce design erors and failures.
             © 1992, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights
             reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1080/02630259208970652},
   Key = {fds331176}
}

@article{fds268099,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Preface},
   Journal = {Research in Engineering Design},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1992},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0934-9839},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02032387},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF02032387},
   Key = {fds268099}
}

@article{92060512547,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Vitruvius’s auger and galileo’s bones: Paradigms of
             limits to size in design},
   Journal = {Journal of Mechanical Design},
   Volume = {114},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {23-28},
   Publisher = {ASME International},
   Year = {1992},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2916920},
   Keywords = {Structural Design;},
   Abstract = {Although scale effects have been known since ancient times
             to limit the size of structures, there has been a
             persistence of design errors evidently attributable to an
             ignorance or disregard of this limitation. Two classic case
             studies, one from Vitruvius and one from Galileo, of scale
             effects leading to failures are presented as paradigms for
             this genre of human error, and the repetition of it in a
             variety of major presentday designs is discussed. The value
             of the paradigms is seen to be in making the scale effect
             more prominent in the consciousness of students and young
             practitioners engaged in the process of design, thereby
             reducing the potential for ignoring or forgetting that
             successful designs cannot be scaled up indefinitely. © 1992
             by ASME.},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.2916920},
   Key = {92060512547}
}

@article{fds268097,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Paconius and the pedestal for Apollo: A case study of error
             in conceptual design},
   Journal = {Research in Engineering Design},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {123-128},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0934-9839},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581344},
   Abstract = {A classic case history of an engineering failure related by
             Vitruvius is presented as a paradigm of human error in the
             design process. It is argued that a familiarity among
             designers with such case studies could be instrumental in
             reducing conceptual errors in the design process generally.
             © 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF01581344},
   Key = {fds268097}
}

@article{3939777,
   Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Process zone analysis for the single-edge notched specimen:
             Part II. Process zone growth and crack propagation},
   Journal = {International Journal of Fracture},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {17-28},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0376-9429},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013500},
   Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;},
   Abstract = {Process zone growth and crack propagation in the single-edge
             notched (SEN) specimen are studied using the relations among
             applied load, notional crack and process zone lengths, and
             crack opening displacement derived in the first part of this
             work [1]. Process zone growth is simulated by increasing the
             notional crack length while keeping the traction-free crack
             length constant. A model for crack propagation based on
             either critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) or
             critical process zone length, as criteria for traction-free
             crack extension is proposed. The influence of closing
             pressure distribution, initial traction-free crack length,
             and crack extension criterion on the behavior of load vs.
             CMOD curves is discussed. The present model can be used to
             model load-deformation behavior from initial loading through
             softening to failure of nonlinear materials, as is verified
             by comparing the theoretical and experimentally determined
             load vs. crack mouth opening (CMOD) curves for concrete
             beams. © 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00013500},
   Key = {3939777}
}

@article{3939776,
   Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Process zone analysis for the single-edge notched specimen:
             Part I. Process zone size and crack profile},
   Journal = {International Journal of Fracture},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-16},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0376-9429},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013499},
   Keywords = {bending;crack-edge stress field analysis;},
   Abstract = {A systematic analysis of the process zone is presented.
             Relations among the process zone size, load and crack
             opening displacement (COD) are derived using the weight
             function method and a power function closing pressure
             distribution in the process zone. These relations are
             specialized and used to study the behaviour of the
             single-edge notched (SEN) specimen loaded in tension and in
             bending. This study shows that the method presented here may
             be successfully used to analyze the fracture of finite-size
             specimens. © 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00013499},
   Key = {3939776}
}

@article{fds268098,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Galileo and the marble column: A paradigm of human error in
             design},
   Journal = {Structural Safety},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-11},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0167-4730},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4730(91)90023-3},
   Abstract = {A classic case history of a design change leading to a
             structural failure is presented and interpreted as a
             paradigm for the introduction of human error in design. An
             argument is made for the timeless relevance of poignant case
             histories to reduce the occurrence of human error in modern
             designs and thus increase their reliability. ©
             1991.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0167-4730(91)90023-3},
   Key = {fds268098}
}

@article{3910705,
   Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Weight functions from multiple reference states and crack
             profile derivatives},
   Journal = {Engineering Fracture Mechanics},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {105-111},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0013-7944},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(91)90026-W},
   Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;},
   Abstract = {Two modifications for implementation of the weight function
             method are presented. It is proposed to assume the
             derivative of crack opening displacements instead of the
             crack profile in the form of a series, as is commonly done,
             and to compute the unknown coefficients in the series from
             one or more known stress intensity factors. The new approach
             eliminates differentiations and reduces the number of
             integrations as compared with the commonly used method. The
             new method is tested by exploring the influence of assumed
             reference load cases and combinations of reference cases on
             the accuracy of computed stress intensity factors for a
             variety of applied loads on an edge crack. Use of two known
             stress intensity factors is shown to give excellent accuracy
             of computed weight functions and stress intensity factors,
             well within 1% for most load cases considered. ©
             1991.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0013-7944(91)90026-W},
   Key = {3910705}
}

@article{fds331177,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Human error and the case for case histories in
             design},
   Journal = {Journal of Engineering Design},
   Volume = {2},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {81-88},
   Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09544829108901672},
   Abstract = {Human error in anticipating failure has been an important
             factor in keeping the reliability of engineering designs
             from achieving the theoretically high levels made possible
             by modern methods of analysis and materials. This is due in
             part to a deemphasis on engineering experience and judgement
             in the light of increasingly sophisticated numerical and
             analytical techniques. While mostly couched in terms of
             structural engineering, the present discussion is applicable
             to engineering design in general Recommendations are made as
             to how the vast but underutilized store of experience
             contained in case histories of failures, both ancient and
             modern can be tapped in a systematic way to benefit the
             design process and thereby improve the performance and
             reliability of engineering designs. © 1991, Taylor &
             Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.},
   Doi = {10.1080/09544829108901672},
   Key = {fds331177}
}

@article{fds268095,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Invisible engineer},
   Journal = {Civil Engineering New York, N.Y.},
   Volume = {60},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {46-49},
   Year = {1990},
   Month = {November},
   Abstract = {A hundred years ago, the general public couldn't hear enough
             about the wonders achieved by engineering, yet today's
             professionals are mostly anonymous. Advancing technology and
             the growth of specialized societies have robbed the
             profession of a single voice, a public image as clear-cut as
             a doctor's or lawyer's. For engineers to achieve a more
             visible role in society in the future, we must seize every
             opportunity to tell our story.},
   Key = {fds268095}
}

@article{fds268094,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Growing role for the 'invisible profession'?},
   Journal = {Design News (Boston)},
   Volume = {46},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {132-134},
   Year = {1990},
   Month = {June},
   Abstract = {The myriad successes of engineering have rendered the
             profession invisible in the midst of an abundance of
             technological innovation. And that's a switch from the
             situation at the end of the 19th century, when the engineer
             was the model innovator and the hero of society. The great
             industrial expositions of that era presented engineers'
             works to be admired by people from all walks of life, and
             engineers presented lectures on their works. A revival of
             the engineering profession is under way to change the
             perception of engineers.},
   Key = {fds268094}
}

@article{fds268096,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {James Nasmyth},
   Journal = {Mechanical Engineering},
   Volume = {112},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {40-46},
   Year = {1990},
   Month = {February},
   Abstract = {This paper discusses how James Nasmyth, a 19th century
             engineer, used engineering drawing as a tool to invent the
             steam hammer and other machine tools. Applications of his
             work includes shipbuilding.},
   Key = {fds268096}
}

@article{fds268093,
   Author = {Wang, Y and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Fatigue crack propagation in concrete},
   Journal = {International Journal of Fracture},
   Volume = {41},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {R55-R58},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
   Year = {1989},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0376-9429},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018663},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00018663},
   Key = {fds268093}
}

@article{fds268092,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Failure as a unifying theme in design},
   Journal = {Design Studies},
   Volume = {10},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {214-218},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1989},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0142-694X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-694X(89)90004-5},
   Abstract = {The concept of failure, which plays a central role in
             successful design, is viewed as a unifying principle of the
             whole design process. This idea is elaborated upon and
             illustrated for the problem of designing a hypothetical
             bridge, which is presented as a paradigm. Brief case studies
             of some real bridges are employed to reinforce the argument,
             and the danger of designing by emulating success are
             cautioned against. © 1989.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0142-694X(89)90004-5},
   Key = {fds268092}
}

@article{fds268101,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Failure as source of engineering judgment: Case of john
             Roebling},
   Journal = {Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {46-58},
   Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)},
   Year = {1989},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1993)7:1(46)},
   Abstract = {The proper use of the concepts and realities of failure is
             essential for successful design practice, which involves
             proper engineering judgment. Among the most valuable sources
             of good design judgment are case studies of how great
             engineers designed against failure. John Roebling is among
             the engineers whose works provide excellent models of good
             judgment and the explicit use of the knowledge of failures
             in designing successful structures. Roebling's use of
             failure concepts and case studies to avoid failure in his
             own designs provides a paradigm for good engineering
             practice generally. Although the analytical state of the art
             has certainly advanced since Roebling's time, the basic
             ideas of good engineering practice are no different now than
             they were in the 19th century. It therefore follows that a
             study of the methods of model engineers like Roebling can
             help develop judgment in modern engineers and thereby reduce
             the occurrence of failures in modern designs. ©
             ASCE.},
   Doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1993)7:1(46)},
   Key = {fds268101}
}

@article{3098135,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {SUCCESSFUL DESIGN AS FAILURE ANALYSIS.},
   Pages = {46-48},
   Address = {Washington, DC, USA},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {December},
   Keywords = {systems analysis;},
   Abstract = {The role of failure considerations in successful design is
             discussed. The argument is illustrated for the case of the
             suspension bridge.},
   Key = {3098135}
}

@article{fds268091,
   Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF NOTCHED CONCRETE CYLINDER.},
   Journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics},
   Volume = {ll3},
   Number = {l0},
   Pages = {l55l-1564},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {October},
   Abstract = {Observed failure modes of portland cement concrete cylinders
             are reported and discussed, and K//I//q (fracture toughness)
             as calculated from both the maximum load and from the load
             at the end of the linear part of the load versus crack mouth
             opening displacement (CMOD) plots are compared. Values of
             K//I//q have been found to increase with increasing initial
             notch length. It is concluded that this is a consequence of
             the more ductile behavior due to increased microcracking of
             specimens with longer notches relative to those with shorter
             ones. Maximum linear load and initial notch length yield
             K//I//q values less dependent on initial notch length, thus
             suggesting that the notched cylinder may provide a good
             standard fracture mechanics specimen to measure the fracture
             toughness associated with the onset of microcracking ahead
             of a macrocrack.},
   Key = {fds268091}
}

@article{88010005061,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Ojdrovic, RP},
   Title = {The concrete cylinder: stress analysis and failure
             modes},
   Journal = {International Journal of Fracture},
   Volume = {34},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {263-279},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0376-9429},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013082},
   Keywords = {CONCRETE TESTING - Pressure Effects;STRESSES -
             Analysis;FAILURE ANALYSIS;},
   Abstract = {The rationale for using the circular cylindrical specimen
             for determining the tensile strength of concrete is
             reviewed, and the stress fields and fracture modes
             associated with the familiar splitting test and a
             pressurized cylinder test are discussed. Special attention
             is paid to contradictory reports and unresolved issues in
             the literature as to exactly how the fracture of a concrete
             cylinder develops and progresses under increasing load. The
             effect of a macrocrack on the stress field within a cylinder
             is introduced as a means of understanding the progressive
             fracture of a cylindrical specimen. In particular, it is
             argued that, while the idealized stress field in an unflawed
             cylinder may explain how and where the first macrocrack
             develops in a cylindrical specimen, it is the stress field
             modified by the presence of the macrocrack that must be
             considered to understand subsequent behavior. This point of
             view enables us to take a unified view of a variety of
             different observations about the indirect tensile mode of
             failure. The axial tensile failure of a concrete cylinder
             loaded by radial pressure is also considered in the context
             of classical elastic stress analysis. Whereas this failure
             mode has been described as "paradoxical" in the literature,
             we demonstrate that the induced tensile stress field is
             indeed of sufficient magnitude to explain the axial failure
             under radial pressure by an elementary strength of materials
             argument. © 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00013082},
   Key = {88010005061}
}

@article{fds268047,
   Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Fracture behavior of notched concrete cylinder},
   Journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics},
   Volume = {113},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1551-1564},
   Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0733-9399},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1987)113:10(1551)},
   Abstract = {Even after more than 20 years of research in the field of
             fracture mechanics applied to concrete, the influence of
             notch length on specimen behavior and fracture toughness,
             KIq, based on the experimental evidence, is not clear. In an
             effort to study this influence, we have employed a notched
             cylinder specimen geometry. Observed failure modes of
             portland cement concrete cylinders are reported and
             discussed, and KIq as calculated from both the maximum load
             and from the load at the end of the linear part of the load
             versus crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) plots are
             compared. Values of Ktq have been found to increase with
             increasing initial notch length. It is concluded that this
             is a consequence of the more ductile behavior due to
             increased microcracking of specimens with longer notches
             relative to those with shorter ones. Maximum linear load and
             initial notch length yield Klq values less dependent on
             initial notch length, thus suggesting that the notched
             cylinder may provide a good standard fracture mechanics
             specimen to measure the fracture toughness associated with
             the onset of microcracking ahead of a macrocrack. ©
             ASCE.},
   Doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1987)113:10(1551)},
   Key = {fds268047}
}

@article{87120201465,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {DESIGN AS OBVIATING FAILURE.},
   Pages = {49-53},
   Address = {Boston, MA, USA},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {January},
   Keywords = {BRIDGES, SUSPENSION - Failure;ENGINEERING -
             Design;ENGINEERING EDUCATION;},
   Abstract = {The systematic avoidance of failure is what characterizes
             rational design. Thus historical case studies of failures
             are full of important information for successful design, and
             the designer who is unfamiliar with the history of failures
             risks repeating old mistakes. Rather than being discussed
             merely in generalities in this paper, these ideas are
             explained in the context of the specific structural
             engineering example of bridges.},
   Key = {87120201465}
}

@article{fds268090,
   Author = {Petroski, H and Kayello, S},
   Title = {Measures and mismeasures of the applied mechanics
             literature},
   Journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
   Volume = {31},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {323-333},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0040-1625},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(87)90061-8},
   Abstract = {A 1975 study of the archival literature of applied mechanics
             showed it to be following a classic growth pattern for a
             scientific field. The present study, with ten years'
             additional data, tests some extrapolations of the 1975 data
             and finds them wanting. How such well-behaved data can prove
             unreliable for forecasting is explored. ©
             1987.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0040-1625(87)90061-8},
   Key = {fds268090}
}

@article{88010001792,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {On the fracture of pencil points},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
   Volume = {54},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {730-733},
   Publisher = {ASME International},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173100},
   Keywords = {GRAPHITE - Fracture;},
   Abstract = {To ask how and why a pencil point breaks is essentially to
             ask the same fundamental questions that Galileo (1638) did
             in his seminal work on the strength of materials three and a
             half centuries ago. Yet the problem of the fracture of a
             pencil point seems to have a sparse literature. In the 1979
             paper, Cronquist observed that broken-off conical pencil
             points always appear to be virtually identical in size and
             shape, and he presented an elementary strength-of-materials
             analysis to explain the phenomenon. In his paper on broken
             pencil points Cowin takes into account a more general
             loading than did Cronquist, but while still working within
             the context of strength of materials. The purpose of the
             paper is to give some background on the problem, to explain
             an aspect of the fracture that remains unanswered, and to
             extend the analysis of the fracture of pencil points to a
             broader class of points. Refs.},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.3173100},
   Key = {88010001792}
}

@article{2970619,
   Author = {Moseley, MD and Ojdrovic, RP and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Influence of aggregate size on fracture toughness of
             concrete},
   Journal = {Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {207-210},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0167-8442},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8442(87)90038-3},
   Keywords = {concrete;cracks;ductility;fracture toughness;notch
             strength;},
   Abstract = {Employing an extension of the splitting tensile by using a
             notched cylinder specimen, we have studied effects of
             initial notch length and maximum aggregate size on fracture
             toughness of concrete. Experimental results show that
             maximum aggregate size does influence ductility, with
             increasingly ductile behavior associated with increasing
             aggregate size. The results also support previous work in
             that initial notch length and maximum load do not yield a
             constant value for fracture toughness, whereas maximum
             linear load and initial notch length minimize the effects of
             slow crack growth and do produce a more constant value. ©
             1987.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0167-8442(87)90038-3},
   Key = {2970619}
}

@article{87040056635,
   Author = {Ojdrovic, RP and Stojimirovic, AL and Petroski,
             HJ},
   Title = {Effect of age on splitting tensile strength and fracture
             resistance of concrete},
   Journal = {Cement and Concrete Research},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {70-76},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0008-8846},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(87)90060-3},
   Keywords = {CONCRETE - Aging;},
   Abstract = {Concrete cylinders aged 1,2,3,5,7,14 and 28 days were loaded
             to failure in indirect tension. Similar cylinders, but with
             a central notch cast in the diametral plane of loading, were
             also loaded to fracture. The splitting tensile strength of
             the notched cylinders was determined, and its behavior with
             age was compared with that of unnotched cylinders. Apparent
             fracture toughness values were calculated as a function of
             age. It appears that strength and fracture resistance follow
             similar aging patterns for the concrete tested. ©
             1987.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0008-8846(87)90060-3},
   Key = {87040056635}
}

@article{fds327668,
   Author = {Petroski, H and Kayello, S},
   Title = {Is applied mechanics a mature field?},
   Journal = {Applied Mechanics Reviews},
   Volume = {40},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {307},
   Publisher = {ASME International},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149531},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.3149531},
   Key = {fds327668}
}

@article{86040045749,
   Author = {Chang, HY and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {On detecting a crack by tapping a beam},
   Journal = {International Journal of Pressure Vessels and
             Piping},
   Volume = {22},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {41-55},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1986},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0308-0161},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(86)90043-8},
   Keywords = {STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - Dynamic Response;MATHEMATICAL
             TRANSFORMATIONS - Fourier Transforms;},
   Abstract = {A simple model for the cracked elastic beam is employed to
             simulate its response to a sharp tap at an arbitrary
             location. Explicit expressions for the Fourier components of
             the response of a simply-supported beam make it possible to
             explore various strategies for detecting the crack via
             signature analysis and to provide rational explanations for
             some characteristic responses of cracked beams. ©
             1986.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0308-0161(86)90043-8},
   Key = {86040045749}
}

@article{87010015549,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {PLASTIC RESPONSE TO IMPACT OF BEAMS WITH CRACKS: SIMPLE
             MODELS FOR CRACKED PIPING.},
   Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural
             Mechanics in Reactor Technology},
   Volume = {G},
   Pages = {233-237},
   Address = {Brussels, Belg},
   Year = {1985},
   Month = {December},
   Keywords = {STEEL - Crack Propagation;NUCLEAR REACTORS;BEAMS AND
             GIRDERS;MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES - Boundary Value
             Problems;PLASTICITY;},
   Abstract = {Simple applied mechanics models of beams with cracks can be
             very useful in exploring the effects of various parameters
             on the structural dynamics of cracked piping. The size and
             location of cracks, the ratio of impacting mass to pipe
             mass, and the loading and support conditions are some of the
             important variables that can be treated analytically in
             order to identify worst case conditions for more
             sophisticated analysis via large computer models. The
             preliminary use of simple analytical models is discussed,
             and an example is given whereby the worst case location of a
             crack in a cantilever beam subject to impact is
             calculated.},
   Key = {87010015549}
}

@article{2513881,
   Author = {Ojdrovic, R and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {The cracked brazilian specimen for fracture toughness
             testing of concrete},
   Journal = {International Journal of Fracture},
   Volume = {27},
   Number = {3-4},
   Pages = {R75-R80},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1985},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0376-9429},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017975},
   Keywords = {concrete;fracture toughness testing;notch
             testing;},
   Abstract = {Because of the many desirable characteristics of the stress
             field in a cylindrical specimen, a cylinder with a notch on
             the vertical diameter and loaded as in the splitting test is
             proposed as an ideal specimen for fracture toughness
             experiments with concrete},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00017975},
   Key = {2513881}
}

@article{85070091435,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Verma, A},
   Title = {Plastic response of cantilevers with stable
             cracks},
   Journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics},
   Volume = {111},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {839-853},
   Publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)},
   Year = {1985},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1985)111:7(839)},
   Keywords = {PLASTICITY - Analysis;MATERIALS - Crack Propagation;STRUCTURAL
             DESIGN - Loads;},
   Abstract = {Simple analytical models and experiments are employed to
             demonstrate the structural response of a cantilever beam
             with a stable crack subjected to impact loading. The mode of
             plastic deformation is shown to depend very strongly upon
             the size and location of the crack; and the permanent damage
             suffered by a cracked beam is found to be significantly
             different in magnitude and character from that of a
             correspondingly-loaded uncracked beam. ©
             ASCE.},
   Doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1985)111:7(839)},
   Key = {85070091435}
}

@article{85060076631,
   Author = {Kumar, S and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Plastic response to impact of a simply supported beam with a
             stable crack},
   Journal = {International Journal of Impact Engineering},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {27-40},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1985},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0734-743X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-743X(85)90023-5},
   Keywords = {METALS TESTING - Impact;MATHEMATICAL MODELS;FRACTURE
             MECHANICS;},
   Abstract = {A rigid perfectly plastic model is developed to study the
             effects of a central crack on the plastic response of a beam
             subjected to a central transverse impact load. The governing
             differential equations are expressed in terms of
             non-dimensional parameters representing the crack size, beam
             to projectile mass ration, and energy input. The equations
             are solved numerically to obtain general solutions, and the
             effects of the parameters on the final permanent deformation
             are isolated and studied to identify the relative
             significance of each parameter. © 1985.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0734-743X(85)90023-5},
   Key = {85060076631}
}

@article{85070091103,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Simple models for the stability of a crack in a cantilever
             beam subject to impact},
   Journal = {Engineering Fracture Mechanics},
   Volume = {21},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {377-381},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1985},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0013-7944},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(85)90025-6},
   Keywords = {STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - Dynamic Response;MATERIALS TESTING -
             Impact;},
   Abstract = {The use of simple models to study the structural dynamics
             and crack stability of a cracked cantilever beam subject to
             impact is demonstrated. A rigid-perfectly plastic material
             model is used, and the J-integral and tearing modulus
             concepts are employed in simple forms. Concise algebraic
             expressions provide means for validating some of the
             assumptions made, and they are shown to be capable of
             capturing the salient phenomena involved in the problem. ©
             1985.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0013-7944(85)90025-6},
   Key = {85070091103}
}

@article{fds268081,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {FRACTURE MECHANICS AND FATIGUE IN OFFSHORE
             STRUCTURES.},
   Journal = {Dyn of Offshore Struct},
   Pages = {449-498},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {The contemporary macroscopic view of fatigue damage as crack
             growth from inadvertently introduced flaws to
             critical-length cracks provides a powerful analytical
             methodology for the structural engineer. This chapter
             outlines the fundamentals of this relatively young
             engineering science with a view toward applying it to
             designing against fatigue and fracture in modern offshore
             structures. Subjects covered include crack opening mode,
             fracture toughness, fatigue life, crack growth models,
             preexisting flaws, fatigue crack growth rate, calculation
             examples, deterministic and probabilistic analyses,
             sensitivity of fatigue damage calculations, recommended
             practice, and others. Refs.},
   Key = {fds268081}
}

@article{fds268086,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {TEACHING TECHNOLOGY TO NONTECHNOLOGISTS.},
   Journal = {High Technology},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {12-14},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {A program is considered that will introduce such topics as
             engineering, computers, and applied mathematics into
             traditionally nonquantitative liberal arts curricula. Steps
             are recommended how implement this program not only to
             students but also to the liberal arts faculty of small
             colleges. Development of new courses that are suitable for
             liberal arts students and engineering students alike and
             that could be attended by both if offered at a university
             with an engineering school is one solution. A course on the
             principles of engineering design is also considered. Another
             approach to a course for engineering and non-engineering
             students might be to take newsworthy technological issues
             and analyze them in considerable, but not inaccessible,
             technical depth.},
   Key = {fds268086}
}

@article{85030030577,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {On the cracked Bell},
   Journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {485-493},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0022-460X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(84)90635-7},
   Keywords = {FRACTURE MECHANICS - Mathematical Models;},
   Abstract = {A simple model based on energy methods of applied mechanics
             is developed and employed to study the effect of clapper
             location on the initiation and growth of cracks in bells.
             The origins of cracks in the Liberty Bell and Big Ben are
             discussed, and the simple model is employed to explain why
             remedial measures on Big Ben, though perhaps not optimal,
             have prolonged its life. © 1984.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(84)90635-7},
   Key = {85030030577}
}

@article{fds268085,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {OFFSHORE ENGINEERING: OIL FROM TROUBLED WATERS.},
   Journal = {Technology Review},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {53-76},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {July},
   Abstract = {Engineers are striving to design new drilling rigs and
             production platforms that are even more reliable and at the
             same time less expensive. Offshore wells accounted for
             roughly 12 percent of domestic production of crude oil in
             1983. But the U. S. Geological Survey estimates that 34
             percent of the nation's future oil discoveries will be made
             offshore, and some industry estimates run even higher. At an
             average cost of about 450 per foot, offshore drilling is
             four or five times as expensive as land-based operations,
             but the promise of large undersea fields makes the quest
             cost-effective.},
   Key = {fds268085}
}

@article{2232502,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Comments on "Free vibration of beams with abrupt changes in
             cross-section"},
   Journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {157-158},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0022-460X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(84)90356-0},
   Keywords = {cracks;vibrating bodies;vibrations;},
   Abstract = {Petroski comments on Sato's paper (ibid., vol.89, p.59,
             1983) about the free vibration of nonuniform beams, and the
             effects of cracks on the natural frequency. Sato then
             replies to these comments},
   Doi = {10.1016/0022-460X(84)90356-0},
   Key = {2232502}
}

@article{fds268082,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Fracture mechanics and fatigue in offshore
             structures.},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {Considers the basic principles of fracture mechanics,
             covering the definition of stress intensity factor and
             stress concentration factor. Tabulates representative
             formulas for these factors. Examines the modes of crack
             opening and the concept of plane strain fracture toughness.
             Fatigue life determination by S-N curves fails to take
             account of crack growth. Discusses crack growth models, the
             problem of existing flows, fatigue crack growth rate
             prediction and factors affecting the rate of crack growth.
             Examines deterministic and probabilistic analyses with
             consideration of fatigue analysis, cumulative damage and
             dynamic effects. Examples are given. (C.J.U.)},
   Key = {fds268082}
}

@article{fds268083,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Fracture mechanics and fatigue in offshore
             structures.},
   Pages = {449-498},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {The fundamentals of the theory of fatigue damage, as crack
             growth from flows to critical length cracks, are examined.
             Representative formulas for stress concentration factors in
             various joints used in offshore structures are tabulated.
             Modes of crack opening, fracture toughness, and fatigue life
             are defined. Crack growth models are discussed in detail,
             followed by equations and theory for deterministic and
             probalistic analyses. Spectral analysis techniques are
             emphasized and the sensitivity of fatigue damage
             calculations and recommended practice are briefly
             considered. (A.J.)},
   Key = {fds268083}
}

@article{fds268084,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Offshore engineering: oil from troubled waters.},
   Journal = {Technology Review},
   Volume = {87},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {52-76},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {Looks at the changing technology of oil-rig design and
             future prospects as oil exploration moves into deeper
             waters. Structural failure becomes more acute as rigs get
             larger and wave heights and energy increase.
             -R.Land},
   Key = {fds268084}
}

@article{2367235,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {WORST-CASE CRACKS IN DUCTILE CANTILEVERS STRUCK TRANSVERSELY
             AT THE TIP.},
   Journal = {International Journal of Fracture},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {r29-r31},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01152321},
   Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;},
   Abstract = {Given a ductile cantilever beam subject to dynamic forces
             acting transversely at its tip, what crack location and
             orientation will result in the greatest likelihood of
             instability? Such a question arises in assessing the
             integrity of a cracked piping loop under pipe whip or impact
             loading, and the influence of the crack on the mode of
             deformation makes the answer less than obvious. While it may
             be clear that the worst-case crack orientation will be one
             for which the crack front experiences the greatest tensile
             stress, where along the beam such a crack will undergo the
             greatest crack-opening displacement may be less trivial a
             question. The cantilever beam with attached tip mass is a
             familiar configuration in applied mechanics, and its
             analysis provides fundamental insight into such important
             practical problems as damage due to impact and pipe
             whip.},
   Doi = {10.1007/bf01152321},
   Key = {2367235}
}

@article{84080136555,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {The permanent deformation of a cracked cantilever struck
             transversely at its tip},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
   Volume = {51},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {329-334},
   Publisher = {ASME International},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3167621},
   Keywords = {MATERIALS - Crack Propagation;},
   Abstract = {The presence of even a stable crack in a ductile cantilever
             can have a dramatic effect on the structural response of the
             beam. Not only can the magnitude of the permanent plastic
             deformation be significantly increased but also the final
             shape of the damaged beam can be dramatically affected by
             the size and location of the crack. Such effects are
             quantified by analyzing a simple model of the cracked beam
             with an attached tip mass. © 1984 by ASME.},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.3167621},
   Key = {84080136555}
}

@article{2364381,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Size effects in fracture mechanics: Implications for fast
             reactor subassembly analysis and safety},
   Journal = {Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {95-102},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0167-8442},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8442(84)90023-5},
   Keywords = {fission reactor safety;fracture;materials
             testing;},
   Abstract = {There is a size effect in fracture mechanics, and this leads
             to some paradoxical behavior of flawed engineering
             structures of which the safety analyst should be aware. In
             order to quantify the size effect and its implications for
             highly-irradiated LMFBR subassembly ducts subject to
             overpressurization, a two-criterion approach to fracture is
             employed and two duct designs are considered. It is
             concluded that brittle fracture may be more likely to occur
             in the case of thicker ducts, and that fracture-free
             operating experience with smaller ducts does not insure the
             stability of cracks in the thicker wall. ©
             1984.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0167-8442(84)90023-5},
   Key = {2364381}
}

@article{84100169353,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS FOR VIBRATING
             CYLINDERS WITH AXIAL CRACKS.},
   Journal = {Res Mechanica: International Journal of Structural Mechanics
             and Materials Science},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {295-302},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {January},
   Keywords = {STRESSES - Elasticity;STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - Dynamic
             Response;},
   Abstract = {A simple model for the cracked cylindrical shell is employed
             to explain how dynamic values of the elastic
             stress-intensity factor may exceed twice their corresponding
             static values. Static stress-intensity factor calibrations
             are available in handbooks and compendia and there exist
             various numerical and analytical techniques to compute the
             mode-one stress-intensity factor K//I for unique
             configurations. Although some researchers have considered
             wave propagation effects on crack tip stresses in beams and
             tensile strips, information about the long-time behavior of
             the quantity K//I in finite geometries under dynamic loading
             conditions is less commonly encountered in the literature.
             Recently Petroski and Glazik considered the time-dependent
             behavior of K//I for a variety of cylindrical shells with
             cracks, and it has been possible to generalize about this
             response when vibrational effects dominate the
             problem.},
   Key = {84100169353}
}

@article{84110188444,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Stability of a crack in a cantilever beam undergoing large
             plastic deformation after impact},
   Journal = {International Journal of Pressure Vessels and
             Piping},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {285-298},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0308-0161},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(84)90019-X},
   Keywords = {METALS TESTING - Impact;PIPE - Stresses;},
   Abstract = {A simple model is employed to determine the dynamic response
             of a rigid-perfectly plastic cantilever beam with an
             attached tip mass and a crack, taking into account the
             weakening effect of the crack. The crack is assumed to be
             located at the base of the beam, and an initial velocity is
             imparted to the tip mass. The subsequent stability of the
             crack is considered by calculating the tearing modulus based
             on the J-integral associated with the deflecting beam. For
             the example of circumferential cracks in thin-walled piping,
             whose idealized geometry models some stress corrosion cracks
             found in service, radial propagation and instability are
             found to be more likely than circumferential. Once a crack
             penetrates the wall, however, stability in the
             circumferential direction is found to depend in a complex
             way upon loading and crack geometry. © 1984.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0308-0161(84)90019-X},
   Key = {84110188444}
}

@article{fds332660,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Fracture mechanics and fatigue in offshore
             structures.},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {Considers the basic principles of fracture mechanics,
             covering the definition of stress intensity factor and
             stress concentration factor. Tabulates representative
             formulas for these factors. Examines the modes of crack
             opening and the concept of plane strain fracture toughness.
             Fatigue life determination by S-N curves fails to take
             account of crack growth. Discusses crack growth models, the
             problem of existing flows, fatigue crack growth rate
             prediction and factors affecting the rate of crack growth.
             Examines deterministic and probabilistic analyses with
             consideration of fatigue analysis, cumulative damage and
             dynamic effects. Examples are given. (C.J.U.)},
   Key = {fds332660}
}

@article{fds332661,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Fracture mechanics and fatigue in offshore
             structures.},
   Year = {1984},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {The fundamentals of the theory of fatigue damage, as crack
             growth from flows to critical length cracks, are examined.
             Representative formulas for stress concentration factors in
             various joints used in offshore structures are tabulated.
             Modes of crack opening, fracture toughness, and fatigue life
             are defined. Crack growth models are discussed in detail,
             followed by equations and theory for deterministic and
             probalistic analyses. Spectral analysis techniques are
             emphasized and the sensitivity of fatigue damage
             calculations and recommended practice are briefly
             considered. (A.J.)},
   Key = {fds332661}
}

@article{2313624,
   Author = {Petroski, H.J.},
   Title = {Dynamic behavior of stress-intensity factors for vibrating
             cylinders with axial cracks},
   Journal = {Res Mech. (UK)},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {295 - 302},
   Year = {1984},
   Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;vibrating
             bodies;},
   Abstract = {A simple model for the cracked cylindrical shell is employed
             to explain how dynamic values of the elastic
             stress-intensity factor may exceed twice their corresponding
             static values},
   Key = {2313624}
}

@article{85120188768,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Verma, A},
   Title = {ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF DUCTILE PIPING CONTAINING STABLE
             CRACKS.},
   Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural
             Mechanics in Reactor Technology},
   Pages = {8 -},
   Address = {Chicago, IL, USA},
   Year = {1983},
   Month = {December},
   Keywords = {STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - Dynamic Response;},
   Abstract = {In order to develop an understanding of the generic effects
             of cracks on the structural behavior of piping loops, the
             more fundamental problem of the cracked perfectly-plastic
             beam has been studied under various end and loading
             conditions. Results show that while the magnitude of beam
             response can be sensitive to relatively small (less than
             10-20% reduction in load-carrying cross section) cracks
             located midway between supports, the effects of end
             conditions are small for such cracks. However, for large
             cracks located less symmetrically the beam response can be
             highly dependent upon the end conditions and the size and
             location of a crack.},
   Key = {85120188768}
}

@article{83090130710,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Structural dynamics of piping with stable cracks. Some
             simple models},
   Journal = {International Journal of Pressure Vessels and
             Piping},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-18},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1983},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0308-0161},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(83)90046-7},
   Keywords = {BEAMS AND GIRDERS - Plasticity;METALS AND ALLOYS - Crack
             Propagation;},
   Abstract = {The effects of cracks on structural response are illustrated
             through simple analytical models for cracked elastic and
             rigid-perfectly plastic beams. Such models can
             capture-essential mechanical phenomena and enable generic
             problems to be studied in order to identify worst-case
             scenarios. Stable cracks are shown to alter not only the
             magnitude of response but also the modes of plastic
             deformation. The effects of boundary conditions, as well as
             crack location and size, are shown to be amenable to study
             via simple models. © 1983.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0308-0161(83)90046-7},
   Key = {83090130710}
}

@article{fds331178,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {A short history of nuclear editing},
   Journal = {Physics Today},
   Volume = {36},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {9-110},
   Publisher = {AIP Publishing},
   Year = {1983},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2915378},
   Doi = {10.1063/1.2915378},
   Key = {fds331178}
}

@article{fds268078,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {Structural failure and metal fatigue: Flaws can improve
             design},
   Journal = {Journal of Products Liability},
   Volume = {5},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {401-409},
   Year = {1982},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0363-0404},
   Key = {fds268078}
}

@article{fds268079,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {POLITICIANS ARE NOT TECHNOLOGISTS: TECHNOLOGISTS ARE NOT
             POLITICIANS.},
   Journal = {Issues in Engineering: Journal of Professional Activities,
             Proceedings of the Asce},
   Volume = {108},
   Number = {EI2},
   Pages = {162-165},
   Year = {1982},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {The view that there are too few engineers in the legislative
             branch of government is confirmed. It is argued that the
             lack of scientists and engineers in elected public offices
             creates an imbalance of professional perspectives which will
             affect decision making on public policy on technological
             issues ranging from engineering education to advanced
             weapons systems. It is also shown, however, that the
             interplay between society and technology will gradually
             become more balanced.},
   Key = {fds268079}
}

@article{82100134590,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND INTEGRITY OF FAST REACTOR PIPING
             CONTAINING CRACKS.},
   Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural
             Mechanics in Reactor Technology},
   Pages = {6 -},
   Address = {Paris, Fr},
   Year = {1981},
   Month = {December},
   Keywords = {NUCLEAR REACTORS, FAST;},
   Key = {82100134590}
}

@article{82030001592,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Simple static and dynamic models for the cracked elastic
             beam},
   Journal = {International Journal of Fracture},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {R71-R76},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
   Year = {1981},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0376-9429},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036201},
   Keywords = {FRACTURE MECHANICS;},
   Abstract = {The straight beam is a fundamental structural element, and
             it is important to understand the basic mechanical phenomena
             involved in the structural response of beams containing
             cracks. In order to gain insight into the phenomena, the
             implications of a simple model for the cracked beam have
             been studied. While models as simple as the one introduced
             cannot be expected to give answers correct to several
             decimal places, they can provide fundamental insight and
             give order of magnitude results that are often sufficient
             for engineering purposes.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00036201},
   Key = {82030001592}
}

@article{fds268077,
   Author = {Petroski, H},
   Title = {REFLECTIONS ON A SLIDE RULE.},
   Journal = {Technology Review},
   Volume = {83},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {34-35},
   Year = {1981},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {The author regrets that the electronic calculator has
             succeeded the slide rule because the now-obsolete slide
             rule, although far less accurate than the electronic
             calculator, made the student reflect.},
   Key = {fds268077}
}

@article{81030007248,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Glazik, JL and Achenbach, JD},
   Title = {Construction of a dynamic weight function from a
             finite-element solution for a cracked beam},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
   Volume = {47},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {51-56},
   Publisher = {ASME International},
   Year = {1980},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153637},
   Keywords = {MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES - Finite Element
             Method;},
   Abstract = {An elastodynamic weight function for a cracked beam is shown
             to be determined by the elastodynamic stress intensity
             factor corresponding to a single crack-face loading of the
             beam. This weight function suffices to determine the
             time-dependent stress intensity factor corresponding to
             other dynamic loadings of the same cracked beam. The example
             of a center-cracked pinned-pinned beam serves to illustrate
             and verify the technique. The weight function is constructed
             from finite element results for the case of a step pressure
             distributed uniformly along the beam, and the case of a step
             load concentrated at the crack plane serves as an
             illustration of the efficacy of the weight function so
             constructed. © 1980 by ASME.},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.3153637},
   Key = {81030007248}
}

@article{1660179,
   Author = {Glazik, J.L., Jr. and Petroski, H.J.},
   Title = {The dynamic response of cracked fast reactor subassembly
             ducts},
   Journal = {Nucl. Technol. (USA)},
   Volume = {51},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {317 - 31},
   Year = {1980},
   Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;elastic waves;fission
             reactor safety;},
   Abstract = {The dynamic elastic response of flawed and unflawed fast
             reactor subassembly ducts has been studied. Finite elements
             were used for a plane-strain analysis of hexagonal ducts
             containing either internal corner cracks or external mudflat
             cracks. Two geometric loading conditions were considered:
             uniform internal pressurization, and point loads applied at
             opposite mudflats. The time dependence of these loads was
             chosen as a Heaviside step function for the worst-case
             situation and as a triangular pulse to simulate the more
             likely condition. The presence of cracks in the duct walls
             alters the dynamic response of the duct. Although the
             vibrational mode associated with the response of an
             uncracked duct is always present, the appearance of
             different flexural modes and their frequencies depend on the
             number, depth, and location of cracks. The influence of the
             modal participation on the crack-tip stress-intensity factor
             is complex, but upper bounds are estimated for the dynamic
             effects},
   Key = {1660179}
}

@article{1733991,
   Author = {Petroski, and J, H and Glazik, and L, J and Jr},
   Title = {The response of cracked cylindrical shells},
   Journal = {Trans. Asme, J. Appl. Mech. (Usa)},
   Volume = {47},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {444-446},
   Year = {1980},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153690},
   Keywords = {bending;crack-edge stress field analysis;series
             (mathematics);},
   Abstract = {The linear elastic plane-strain problem of a thin
             cylindrical shell with any number of cracks equally spaced
             around the circumference of the shell has been considered.
             The weakening effects of the cracks have been modeled to
             induce the bending modes of deformation, and it is possible
             to draw qualitative and quantitative conclusions about the
             nature of the bending. The results obtained via Fourier
             series techniques compare favorably with finite-element
             analyses of the cracked geometry and provide an economical
             means of interpolating between and extrapolating from a
             limited number of finite-element solutions},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.3153690},
   Key = {1733991}
}

@article{1660178,
   Author = {Petroski, and J, H and Glazik, and L, J and Jr},
   Title = {Effects of cracks on the response of circular cylindrical
             shells},
   Journal = {Nucl. Technol. (Usa)},
   Volume = {51},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {303-316},
   Year = {1980},
   Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;elasticity;fission reactor
             safety;},
   Abstract = {A simple model for the cracked cylindrical shell gives
             insight into the effects of cracks on structural response.
             The model provides analytical expressions for plane-strain
             bending deformations induced by the cracks and enables
             qualitative and quantitative generalizations to be made
             about the effects of different sizes and numbers of cracks
             and different loading conditions. These bending
             deformations, which are absent in a uniformly pressurized
             flawless shell, can dominate the response of a deeply
             cracked shell. The simple model may be calibrated with only
             two static deflection measurements made on a real shell or
             determined from a finite element model. Then the dynamic
             response is easily established for arbitrary time-dependent
             loadings. The predictions of the simple model are in
             agreement with finite element results and provide
             conservative bounds on the additional elastic bending
             deflections induced by cracks in reactor vessels, piping,
             and other shell-like components},
   Key = {1660178}
}

@article{1388930,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Dugdale plastic zone sizes for edge cracks},
   Journal = {International Journal of Fracture},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {217-230},
   Year = {1979},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0376-9429},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033221},
   Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;plasticity;},
   Abstract = {A simple technique is presented for determining the size of
             the Dugdale plastic zone in two-dimensional edge crack
             problems. The technique employs a representation from which
             the weight function may be derived, and the only data
             required are a single elastic stress intensity factor
             calibration for the geometry of interest and the elastic
             stress field in the uncracked body. At most three numerical
             quadratures provide sufficient information to specify the
             coefficients in an algebraic expression for the plastic zone
             size. The technique is illustrated for the examples of edge
             cracks in semi-infinite sheets, tensile strips, curved
             beams, and cracked rings. Numerical results agree with
             existing solutions. © 1979 Sijthoff & Noordhoff
             International Publishers.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00033221},
   Key = {1388930}
}

@article{81030002555,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Glazik, JL},
   Title = {VIBRATION RESPONSE OF CRACKED CYLINDRICAL COMPONENTS OF FAST
             REACTORS.},
   Journal = {Proceedings Ieee Region 6 Conference},
   Pages = {324-333},
   Address = {Seattle, WA, USA},
   Year = {1979},
   Month = {January},
   Keywords = {DOMES AND SHELLS - Vibrations;},
   Abstract = {Effects of long axial cracks on the radial vibration
             response of cylindrical shells are described, and some
             implications for fast reactor analysis and safety are
             discussed. A simple model for the cracked shell is employed,
             and this model provides analytical expressions from which
             one can determine the effects of different
             parameters.},
   Key = {81030002555}
}

@article{fds353334,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {EFFECTS OF CRACKS ON THE RESPONSE OF SHELL
             STRUCTURES.},
   Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural
             Mechanics in Reactor Technology},
   Volume = {E},
   Year = {1979},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {A simple model that predicts the effects of axial cracks on
             the elastic deformation of thin cylindrical shells has been
             developed. This model provides an efficient tool for
             performing parametric studies and for interpolating,
             extrapolating, and generalizing finite element analyses. The
             simple model described in this paper provides a useful tool
             for understanding the phenomena involved in the response of
             cracked shells and for identifying situations where
             unacceptably large deformations may result in the presence
             of cracks.},
   Key = {fds353334}
}

@article{fds353335,
   Author = {Glazik, JL and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CRACKED HEXAGONAL SUBASSEMBLY
             DUCTS.},
   Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural
             Mechanics in Reactor Technology},
   Volume = {E},
   Year = {1979},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {The hexagonal subassembly ducts (hexcans) of current Liquid
             Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) designs are typically
             made of 20% coldworked Type 316 stainless steel. Prolonged
             exposure of this initially tough and ductile material to a
             fast neutron flux at high temperatures can result in severe
             embrittlement. This paper examines the dynamic elastic
             response of flawed and unflawed fast reactor sub-assembly
             ducts. A plane-strain finite element analysis was performed
             for ducts containing internal corner cracks, as well as
             external midflat cracks.},
   Key = {fds353335}
}

@article{fds353336,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Yamada, H},
   Title = {FRACTURE EXPERIMENTS WITH CRACKED AND EMBRITTLED HEXCAN
             SECTIONS.},
   Journal = {Transactions of the International Conference on Structural
             Mechanics in Reactor Technology},
   Volume = {E},
   Year = {1979},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {Crack-like flaws that might exist in hexagonal subassembly
             ducts are not generally expected to initiate brittle
             fracture, but there is reason to be concerned about the
             integrity of cracked hexcans that have been severely
             embrittled by fast-neutron irradiation. In order to check
             the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics
             analysis to such ducts, a program of experiments with
             deliberately cracked and embrittled hexcan sections has been
             undertaken. In this paper, a comparison of analytical
             predictions and experimental results are made and
             discussed.},
   Key = {fds353336}
}

@article{79120002681,
   Author = {Petroski, H. J.},
   Title = {DUGDALE PLASTIC ZONE SIZES FOR EDGE CRACKS.},
   Journal = {International Journal of Fracture},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {217 - 230},
   Year = {1979},
   Keywords = {FRACTURE MECHANICS - Elastoplasticity;MATHEMATICAL
             TECHNIQUES - Finite Element Method;},
   Abstract = {A simple technique is presented for determining the size of
             the Dugdale plastic zone in two-dimensional edge crack
             problems. The technique employs a representation from which
             the weight function may be derived, and the only data
             required are a single elastic stress intensity factor
             calibration for the geometry of interest and the elastic
             stress field in the uncracked body. At most three numerical
             quadratures provide sufficient information to specify the
             coefficients in an algebraic expression for the plastic zone
             size. The technique is illustrated for the examples of edge
             cracks in semi-infinite sheets, tensile strips, curved
             beams, and cracked rings. Numerical results agree with
             existing solutions.},
   Key = {79120002681}
}

@article{1461118,
   Author = {Glazik, and L, J and Jr, and Petroski, and J, H},
   Title = {[Fast reactor safety] The response of cracked hexagonal
             subassembly ducts to impact loading},
   Journal = {Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. (Usa)},
   Volume = {32},
   Pages = {511-512},
   Address = {Atlanta, GA, USA},
   Year = {1979},
   Keywords = {crack-edge stress field analysis;elasticity;finite element
             analysis;fission reactor safety;},
   Abstract = {Examines the dynamic elastic response of flawed and unflawed
             fast reactor subassembly ducts. A plane-strain finite
             element analysis was performed for ducts containing either
             internal corner cracks or external mudflat
             cracks},
   Key = {1461118}
}

@article{78060004092,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Achenbach, JD},
   Title = {Computation of the weight function from a stress intensity
             factor},
   Journal = {Engineering Fracture Mechanics},
   Volume = {10},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {257-266},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1978},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0013-7944},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(78)90009-7},
   Keywords = {MATERIALS - Crack Propagation;},
   Abstract = {A simple representation for the crack-face displacement is
             employed to compute a weight function solely from stress
             intensity factors for a reference loading configuration.
             Crack face displacements given by the representation are
             shown to be in good agreement with analytical results for
             cracked tensile strips, and stress intensity factors
             computed from the weight function agree well with those for
             edge cracks in half planes, radial cracks from circular
             holes, and radially cracked rings. The technique involves
             only simple quadrature and its efficacy is demonstrated by
             the example computations. © 1978.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0013-7944(78)90009-7},
   Key = {78060004092}
}

@article{78090001967,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {DUGDALE PLASTIC ZONE SIZES FOR EDGE CRACKS.},
   Journal = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers
             (Paper)},
   Number = {78 -PVP-98},
   Pages = {9 -},
   Year = {1978},
   Month = {January},
   Keywords = {MATERIALS - Crack Propagation;MATHEMATICAL
             TECHNIQUES;},
   Abstract = {A simple technique is presented for determining the size of
             the Dugdale plastic zone in two-dimensional edge crack
             problems. The technique employs a representation from which
             the weight function may be derived, and the only data
             required are a single elastic stress intensity factor
             calibration for the geometry of interest and the elastic
             stress field in the uncracked body. At most three numerical
             quadratures provide sufficient information to specify the
             coefficients in an algebraic expression for the plastic zone
             size. The technique is illustrated for the examples of edge
             cracks in semi-infinite sheets, tensile strips, curved
             beams, and cracked rings. Numerical results agree with
             existing solutions.},
   Key = {78090001967}
}

@article{1241686,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Glazik, JL},
   Title = {Effects of cracks in irradiation-embrittled hexagonal
             subassembly ducts},
   Journal = {Nuclear Engineering and Design},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {51-68},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1978},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0029-5493},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(78)90051-1},
   Keywords = {cracks;embrittlement;fission reactor safety;fission reactor
             theory and design;fracture toughness;neutron
             effects;},
   Abstract = {Plane-strain stress intensity factors for hexagonal
             subassembly ducts with a crack in a corner or midflat are
             presented in convenient graphical form for representative
             LMFBR hexcan dimensions. Calibrations based on several
             different models of the round hexcan corner and a finite
             element analysis of a uniformly pressurized hexcan with a
             corner crack corroborate each other. A weight function for
             this geometry is validated, and simple analytical tools are
             demonstrated to be adequate for parametric studies of
             cracked hexagonal ducts. The effects of different numbers of
             cracks, different locations for cracks, and different
             loading modes are discussed and some comments are made on
             the application of linear elastic fracture mechanics to
             cracked hexagonal ducts which have suffered a high degree of
             fast-neutron irradiation embrittlement. ©
             1978.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0029-5493(78)90051-1},
   Key = {1241686}
}

@article{79030007430,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Achenbach, JD},
   Title = {COMPUTATION OF THE WEIGHT FUNCTION FROM A STRESS INTENSITY
             FACTOR.},
   Journal = {Rep (Anl 77 82) (Contract W 31 109 Eng 38)},
   Pages = {28 -},
   Year = {1977},
   Month = {October},
   Keywords = {ENERGY;},
   Abstract = {A simple representation for the crack-face displacement is
             used to compute a weight function solely from stress
             intensity factors for a reference loading configuration.
             Crack-face displacements given by the representation are
             shown to be in good agreement with analytical results for
             cracked tensile strips, and stress intensity factors
             computed from the weight function agree well with those for
             edge cracks in half-planes, radial cracks from circular
             holes, and radially cracked rings. The technique involves
             only simple quadrature, and its efficacy is demonstrated by
             the example computations. The weight funcion for a corner
             crack in an LMFBR hexagonal subassembly duct is constructed
             from stress-intensity-factor results for the uniformly
             overpressurized case, and it is shown how this may be used
             to determine the stress intensity factors for other loading
             cases.},
   Key = {79030007430}
}

@article{fds268072,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Trends in the applied mechanics literature},
   Journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
   Volume = {10},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {309-318},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1977},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0040-1625},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(77)90027-0},
   Abstract = {Generalizations about the field and literature of applied
             mechanics are made on the basis of the growth of the Journal
             of Applied Mechanics (JAM) and Applied Mechanics Reviews
             (AMR) through 1975. The data show that the field is
             currently doubling its size about once every 10 years and
             that there is a definite increase in multiple-author papers.
             © 1977.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0040-1625(77)90027-0},
   Key = {fds268072}
}

@article{1087536,
   Author = {Hill, CD and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Superposition of finite deformations in Mooney-Rivlin
             materials},
   Journal = {Journal of Elasticity},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {113-123},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
   Year = {1977},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041086},
   Keywords = {elastic deformation;},
   Abstract = {Six controllable states are known to exist for all
             homogeneous, isotropic, incompressible, elastic bodies. It
             is shown that certain pairs of these controllable states may
             be superposed in Mooney-Rivlin materials thereby
             constructing new controllable states for these materials. ©
             1977 Noordhoff International Publishing.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00041086},
   Key = {1087536}
}

@article{1112721,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Elastic plastic analysis of pressurized ducts with rounded
             corners},
   Journal = {Nuclear Technology},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {671-676},
   Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
   Year = {1977},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/NT77-A31876},
   Keywords = {elastoplasticity;fission reactor fuel;fission reactor theory
             and design;},
   Abstract = {The strength of a reactor subassembly duct depends on its
             cross section and its material properties. Straight- and
             curved-beam theories have been used to analyze ducts with
             elastic-perfectly-plastic material behaviour, and this
             analysis has bee found to be suitable and convenient for
             parametric studies. The strengths of hexcans with different
             corner radii have been compared, and the stiffening effect
             of increasing radius has been quantified. The relative
             strengths of different duct cross sections have also been
             determined},
   Doi = {10.13182/NT77-A31876},
   Key = {1112721}
}

@article{fds343272,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Achenbach, JD},
   Title = {COMPUTATION OF THE WEIGHT FUNCTION FROM A STRESS INTENSITY
             FACTOR.},
   Journal = {Rep (Anl 77 82) (Contract W 31 109 Eng 38)},
   Year = {1977},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {A simple representation for the crack-face displacement is
             used to compute a weight function solely from stress
             intensity factors for a reference loading configuration.
             Crack-face displacements given by the representation are
             shown to be in good agreement with analytical results for
             cracked tensile strips, and stress intensity factors
             computed from the weight function agree well with those for
             edge cracks in half-planes, radial cracks from circular
             holes, and radially cracked rings. The technique involves
             only simple quadrature, and its efficacy is demonstrated by
             the example computations. The weight funcion for a corner
             crack in an LMFBR hexagonal subassembly duct is constructed
             from stress-intensity-factor results for the uniformly
             overpressurized case, and it is shown how this may be used
             to determine the stress intensity factors for other loading
             cases.},
   Key = {fds343272}
}

@article{fds353337,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Glazik, JL and Achenbach, JD},
   Title = {STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS FOR IRRADIATION-EMBRITTLED
             HEXAGONAL SUBASSEMBLY DUCTS.},
   Journal = {Struct Anal of React Fuel Elem},
   Volume = {D},
   Year = {1977},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {Plane strain stress intensity factors for corner-cracked
             hexcans 116 mm across flats and with 3 mm walls have been
             determined and corroborated by several independent
             techniques. These results are expected to be applicable to
             LMFBR hexcans irradiated to high fluences whose ductility
             and fracture toughness have been reduced and whose yield
             strength has been increased to such levels that linear
             elastic fracture mechanics applies. Generally speaking,
             these material properties must be altered to an extent that
             the plastic zone size is considerably smaller than the
             hexcan wall thickness.},
   Key = {fds353337}
}

@article{78010007302,
   Author = {Petroski, H. J.},
   Title = {ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF PRESSURIZED DUCTS WITH ROUNDED
             CORNERS.},
   Journal = {Nuclear Technology},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {-},
   Year = {1977},
   Keywords = {NUCLEAR REACTORS;},
   Abstract = {The strength of a reactor subassembly duct depends on its
             cross section and its material properties. Straight- and
             curved-beam theories have been used to analyze ducts with
             elastic-perfectly-plastic material behavior, and this
             analysis has been found to be suitable and convenient for
             parametric studies. The strengths of hexcans with different
             corner radii have been compared, and the stiffening effect
             of increasing radius has been quantified. The relative
             strengths of different duct cross sections have also been
             determined.},
   Key = {78010007302}
}

@article{1151821,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Cracked hexagonal ducts [LMFBR safety]},
   Journal = {Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. (Usa)},
   Volume = {26},
   Pages = {215},
   Address = {New York, NY, USA},
   Year = {1977},
   Keywords = {brittle fracture;crack-edge stress field analysis;fission
             reactor fuel;fission reactor materials;fission reactor
             safety;tensile strength;},
   Abstract = {Two loading cases have been considered for a hexcan of 3-mm
             wall, 4.5-mm inside corner radius, and 116-mm flat-to-flat
             outside dimension. These cases are: (a) uniform internal
             pressure, and (b) a pair of concentrated forces applied to
             opposite mudflats. These cases are relevant to LMFBR safety
             problems associated with overpressurization and with the
             failure of fuel pins. In case (a) the maximum tensile stress
             at the hexcan corners is about twice as large as that at the
             mudflats, but in case (b) the maximum stresses under the
             loads are 15% greater than those at remote corners. The
             stress intensity factors associated with very shallow axial
             cracks of equal depth at these locations have approximately
             the same relative values as the maximum stresses. For larger
             cracks of unequal sizes, an inside corner crack shown to be
             definitely worse than an outside mudflat crack. The worst
             location for a crack for the case of a hexcan loaded locally
             and mudflats appears to be directly under a load, but the
             same size crack at remote corners may be only slightly less
             severe},
   Key = {1151821}
}

@article{fds340845,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Achenbach, JD},
   Title = {STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR CORNER-CRACKED SUBASSEMBLY
             DUCTS.},
   Journal = {Proc of the Int Meet on Fast React Saf and Relat
             Phys},
   Volume = {3},
   Pages = {1409-1418},
   Year = {1976},
   Month = {January},
   Abstract = {Plane strain stress intensity factors for cracks along the
             inside corners of internally pressurized hexagonal
             subassembly ducts have been calculated by various methods
             and compared. The objective of the work is to characterize
             the tensile stress field at the tip of a crack in an
             embrittled LMFBR subassembly duct corner.},
   Key = {fds340845}
}

@article{fds268071,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {On the finite deformation and heating of thermoelastic
             spherical sectors},
   Journal = {International Journal of Non Linear Mechanics},
   Volume = {10},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {327-332},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1975},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0020-7462},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7462(75)90008-6},
   Abstract = {The possibility of holding certain non-uniform temperature
             fields in finitely deformed spherical sectors is considered.
             An exact solution in spherical coordinates to the coupled
             equations of thermoelasticity for Fourier-like materials is
             given. © 1975.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0020-7462(75)90008-6},
   Key = {fds268071}
}

@article{773843,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {On the finite torsion and radial heating of thermoelastic
             cylinders},
   Journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {741-749},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1975},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0020-7683},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(75)90024-4},
   Keywords = {numerical analysis;thermoelasticity;torsion;},
   Abstract = {The non-linear response to finite torsion accompanied by
             arbitrary radial heating of a cylinder of incompressible
             thermoelastic material with temperature-independent heat
             flux response is shown to be characterized completely by
             constitutive data collected from a block of the same
             material in a state of simple shear with uniform heating
             normal to the plane of shear. © 1975.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0020-7683(75)90024-4},
   Key = {773843}
}

@article{798662,
   Author = {Chen, DD and Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Controllable states of elastic heat conductors obeying a
             fourier law},
   Journal = {International Journal of Engineering Science},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {9-10},
   Pages = {799-814},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1975},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0020-7225},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7225(75)90081-6},
   Keywords = {thermoelasticity;},
   Abstract = {Exact solutions to the equations of general thermoelasticity
             are derived for a class of homogeneous, isotropic,
             incompressible materials characterized by a quite general
             temperature-dependent free energy function and three
             material constants governing heat-flux response. Various
             combinations of inflation, torsion, extension, and shearing
             deformations of annular wedges are found to be controllable
             when coupled with certain radial or axial temperature
             gradients. A precise list of the controllable states is
             given in section 9. © 1975.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0020-7225(75)90081-6},
   Key = {798662}
}

@article{801693,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Departures from Fourier's law},
   Journal = {Zeitschrift F�R Angewandte Mathematik Und
             Physik},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {119-124},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
   Year = {1975},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0044-2275},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01596284},
   Keywords = {heat conduction;},
   Abstract = {The constitutive equations for three heat conductors which
             depart from Fourier's Law in non-classical ways are derived.
             © 1975 Birkhäuser-Verlag.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF01596284},
   Key = {801693}
}

@article{789842,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Thermomechanical states with controllable invariant
             relations},
   Journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis},
   Volume = {56},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {294-309},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1974},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0003-9527},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248143},
   Keywords = {deformation;thermoelasticity;},
   Abstract = {Constitutive information derived from experiments based on
             controllable states of elastic heat conductors may be
             applied to the study of certain problems in non-linear
             thermoelasticity. Thermomechanical states involving large
             deformations possessing non-constant strain invariants and
             general temperature fields that are associated with the same
             incomplete controllable-state data are derived and it is
             found that various combinations of bending, inflating,
             extending, and straightening of blocks and annular wedges,
             coupled with temperature gradients in various directions,
             and the inflation of spherical shells, with radial heating,
             involve invariant combinations of strain and temperature
             gradients that are related in exactly the same way as those
             of the controllable states. Therefore, these associated
             states may be analyzed to varying degrees with the partial
             constitutive data derived from controllable states to
             determine their possibility or to calculate the body force
             and heat generation fields necessary to effect them in given
             thermoelastic materials},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00248143},
   Key = {789842}
}

@article{675968,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {On the use of incomplete constitutive information in
             thermoelasticity},
   Journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {229-245},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {1974},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0003-9527},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251386},
   Keywords = {classical mechanics of continuous media;thermoelasticity;},
   Abstract = {The extent to which non-linear thermoelastic constitutive
             data may be determined by controllable states is delineated,
             and thermomechanical states that may be analyzed completely
             with such incomplete data are catalogued. These include
             non-homogeneous finite deformations coupled with quite
             general temperature fields in plane, cylindrical and
             spherical geometries. Two problems involving the states are
             worked out as examples. © 1974 Springer-Verlag.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00251386},
   Key = {675968}
}

@article{618910,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {On controllable heat flux fields and the determination of
             temperature-dependent thermal conductivities},
   Journal = {Q. Appl. Math. (Usa)},
   Volume = {31},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {313-319},
   Year = {1973},
   Keywords = {thermal conductivity;},
   Abstract = {It is shown that controllable heat flux fields do exist for
             this class of materials, and demonstrated how the knowledge
             of such fields enables one to design experimental programs
             which are universally applicable to the determination of
             nonlinear thermal conductivities. The controllable states
             are seen to be derivable from a potential, but, unlike the
             classical linear case, the potential is a scalar field
             distinct from the temperature field in the heat
             conductor},
   Key = {618910}
}

@article{557362,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {Mathematics in continuum mechanics},
   Journal = {Int. J. Math. Educ. Sci. Technol. (Uk)},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {227-231},
   Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
   Year = {1973},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020739730040301},
   Keywords = {algebra;classical mechanics of continuous media;mathematical
             analysis;teaching;},
   Abstract = {Undergraduate mathematics is shown to play an important role
             in research in modern continuum mechanics. Concise examples
             of analysis are drawn from recent applications to non-linear
             heat conduction problems, and it is shown how modern algebra
             is used in describing material behaviour. The reader is
             directed to journals and books in which mathematics and
             continuum mechanics are practically synonymous},
   Doi = {10.1080/0020739730040301},
   Key = {557362}
}

@article{459990,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Stern, M},
   Title = {On the approximation of the thermal conductivity of rigid
             heat conductors as a Cauchy Problem},
   Journal = {Zeitschrift F�R Angewandte Mathematik Und
             Physik},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {270-276},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
   Year = {1972},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0044-2275},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01593091},
   Keywords = {functions;thermal conductivity;},
   Abstract = {It is shown that the material response function of a
             nonlinear rigid heat conductor may be viewed as the solution
             to a Cauchy Problem. The measurements necessary to determine
             sufficient initial and characteristic data are indicated. ©
             1972 Birkhäuser Verlag.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF01593091},
   Key = {459990}
}

@article{475039,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {ON SPHERING THERMOELASTIC ANNULI.},
   Journal = {Arch Mech Arch Mech Stosow},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {547-554},
   Year = {1972},
   Month = {January},
   Keywords = {thermoelasticity;},
   Abstract = {The degree to which a certain controllable state of elastic
             heat conductors provides constitutive information is
             discussed, and it is shown how such information may be
             employed to solve a problem in nonlinear thermoelasticity.
             In particular, the tractions, heat fluxes, and other fields
             necessary to hold an initially flat annulus in the
             configuration of a heated, pierced spherical cap are
             exhibited.},
   Key = {475039}
}

@article{fds331179,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {On the Insufficiency of Controllable States to Characterize
             a Class of Rigid Heat Conductors},
   Journal = {Zamm Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Mathematik Und
             Mechanik},
   Volume = {51},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {481-482},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {1971},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19710510610},
   Doi = {10.1002/zamm.19710510610},
   Key = {fds331179}
}

@article{234300,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {On characterizing rigid heat conductors},
   Journal = {Zeitschrift F�R Angewandte Mathematik Und
             Physik},
   Volume = {21},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1085-1087},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
   Year = {1970},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0044-2275},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01594867},
   Keywords = {heat conduction;},
   Abstract = {The author shows that, even when sufficient controllable
             states exist for a class of materials, there may be rational
             and practicable means by which material response functions
             may be determined completely without appealing to the
             concept of controllable states},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF01594867},
   Key = {234300}
}

@article{fds304890,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Carlson, DE},
   Title = {Some exact solutions to the equations of nonlinear
             thermoelasticity},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Mechanics},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1151-1154},
   Publisher = {ASME International},
   Year = {1970},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3408678},
   Abstract = {Two independent exact solutions to the coupled, nonlinear
             equations of general thermoelasticity are presented in the
             context of definite body shapes. The stress and temperature
             fields throughout the bodies are exhibited in terms of the
             material response functions which characterize individual
             conductors. © 1970 by ASME.},
   Doi = {10.1115/1.3408678},
   Key = {fds304890}
}

@article{241011,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Carlson, DE},
   Title = {Some exact solutions to the equations of nonlinear
             thermoelasticity},
   Journal = {Trans. Asme, E, J. Appl. Mech. (Usa)},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1151-1154},
   Year = {1970},
   Keywords = {thermoelasticity;},
   Abstract = {Two independent exact solutions to the coupled, nonlinear
             equations of general thermoelasticity are presented in the
             context of definite body shapes. The stress and temperature
             fields throughout the bodies are exhibited in terms of the
             material response functions which characterize individual
             conductors},
   Key = {241011}
}

@article{fds268069,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ},
   Title = {On the use of steady linear temperature fields to
             characterize a class of rigid heat conductors},
   Journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {342-350},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
   Year = {1969},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-9527},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247681},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00247681},
   Key = {fds268069}
}

@article{1968A46245,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Carlson, DE},
   Title = {Controllable states of rigid heat conductors},
   Journal = {Zeitschrift F�R Angewandte Mathematik Und
             Physik},
   Volume = {19},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {372-376},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
   Year = {1968},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0044-2275},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01601480},
   Keywords = {heat conduction;},
   Abstract = {The stationary temperature fields which can be set up in all
             isotropic, homogeneous, rigid bodies without external heat
             supply are determined. When the heat flow depends only on
             the temperature and temperature gradients, the temperature
             field must be uniform. If the heat flow depends only upon
             the temperature gradient, the temperature field must be
             helical. Examples for the last case are given. (11
             Refs.).},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF01601480},
   Key = {1968A46245}
}

@article{fds268068,
   Author = {Petroski, HJ and Carlson, DE},
   Title = {Controllable states of elastic heat conductors},
   Journal = {Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis},
   Volume = {31},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {127-150},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
   Year = {1968},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0003-9527},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281374},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF00281374},
   Key = {fds268068}
}


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