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| Evolutionary Anthropology : Publications since January 2023List all publications in the database. :chronological alphabetical combined listing:%% Alberts, Susan C. @article{fds376231, Author = {Anderson, JA and Lin, D and Lea, AJ and Johnston, RA and Voyles, T and Akinyi, MY and Archie, EA and Alberts, SC and Tung, J}, Title = {DNA methylation signatures of early-life adversity are exposure-dependent in wild baboons.}, Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, Volume = {121}, Number = {11}, Pages = {e2309469121}, Publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2309469121}, Abstract = {The early-life environment can profoundly shape the trajectory of an animal's life, even years or decades later. One mechanism proposed to contribute to these early-life effects is DNA methylation. However, the frequency and functional importance of DNA methylation in shaping early-life effects on adult outcomes is poorly understood, especially in natural populations. Here, we integrate prospectively collected data on fitness-associated variation in the early environment with DNA methylation estimates at 477,270 CpG sites in 256 wild baboons. We find highly heterogeneous relationships between the early-life environment and DNA methylation in adulthood: aspects of the environment linked to resource limitation (e.g., low-quality habitat, early-life drought) are associated with many more CpG sites than other types of environmental stressors (e.g., low maternal social status). Sites associated with early resource limitation are enriched in gene bodies and putative enhancers, suggesting they are functionally relevant. Indeed, by deploying a baboon-specific, massively parallel reporter assay, we show that a subset of windows containing these sites are capable of regulatory activity, and that, for 88% of early drought-associated sites in these regulatory windows, enhancer activity is DNA methylation-dependent. Together, our results support the idea that DNA methylation patterns contain a persistent signature of the early-life environment. However, they also indicate that not all environmental exposures leave an equivalent mark and suggest that socioenvironmental variation at the time of sampling is more likely to be functionally important. Thus, multiple mechanisms must converge to explain early-life effects on fitness-related traits.}, Doi = {10.1073/pnas.2309469121}, Key = {fds376231} } @article{fds372757, Author = {Levy, EJ and Lee, A and Long'ida Siodi and I and Helmich, EC and McLean, EM and Malone, EJ and Pickard, MJ and Ranjithkumar, R and Tung, J and Archie, EA and Alberts, SC}, Title = {Early life drought predicts components of adult body size in wild female baboons.}, Journal = {American journal of biological anthropology}, Volume = {182}, Number = {3}, Pages = {357-371}, Year = {2023}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24849}, Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>In many taxa, adverse early-life environments are associated with reduced growth and smaller body size in adulthood. However, in wild primates, we know very little about whether, where, and to what degree trajectories are influenced by early adversity, or which types of early adversity matter most. Here, we use parallel-laser photogrammetry to assess inter-individual predictors of three measures of body size (leg length, forearm length, and shoulder-rump length) in a population of wild female baboons studied since birth.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>Using >2000 photogrammetric measurements of 127 females, we present a cross-sectional growth curve of wild female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) from juvenescence through adulthood. We then test whether females exposed to several important sources of early-life adversity-drought, maternal loss, low maternal rank, or a cumulative measure of adversity-were smaller for their age than females who experienced less adversity. Using the "animal model," we also test whether body size is heritable in this study population.<h4>Results</h4>Prolonged early-life drought predicted shorter limbs but not shorter torsos (i.e., shoulder-rump lengths). Our other measures of early-life adversity did not predict variation in body size. Heritability estimates for body size measures were 36%-67%. Maternal effects accounted for 13%-17% of the variance in leg and forearm length, but no variance in torso length.<h4>Discussion</h4>Our results suggest that baboon limbs, but not torsos, grow plastically in response to maternal effects and energetic early-life stress. Our results also reveal considerable heritability for all three body size measures in this study population.}, Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.24849}, Key = {fds372757} } @article{fds374187, Author = {Lange, EC and Griffin, M and Fogel, AS and Archie, EA and Tung, J and Alberts, SC}, Title = {Environmental, sex-specific and genetic determinants of infant social behaviour in a wild primate.}, Journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, Volume = {290}, Number = {2011}, Pages = {20231597}, Year = {2023}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1597}, Abstract = {Affiliative social bonds are linked to fitness components in many social mammals. However, despite their importance, little is known about how the tendency to form social bonds develops in young animals, or if the timing of development is heritable and thus can evolve. Using four decades of longitudinal observational data from a wild baboon population, we assessed the environmental determinants of an important social developmental milestone in baboons-the age at which a young animal first grooms a conspecific-and we assessed how the rates at which offspring groom their mothers develops during the juvenile period. We found that grooming development differs between the sexes: female infants groom at an earlier age and reach equal rates of grooming with their mother earlier than males. We also found that age at first grooming for both sexes is weakly heritable (<i>h</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.043, 95% CI: 0.002-0.110). These results show that sex differences in grooming emerge at a young age; that strong, equitable social relationships between mothers and daughters begin very early in life; and that age at first grooming is heritable and therefore can be shaped by natural selection.}, Doi = {10.1098/rspb.2023.1597}, Key = {fds374187} } @article{fds371574, Author = {Tung, J and Lange, EC and Alberts, SC and Archie, EA}, Title = {Social and early life determinants of survival from cradle to grave: A case study in wild baboons.}, Journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews}, Volume = {152}, Pages = {105282}, Year = {2023}, Month = {September}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105282}, Abstract = {Field studies of natural mammal populations present powerful opportunities to investigate the determinants of health and aging using fine-grained observations of known individuals across the life course. Here, we synthesize five decades of findings from one such study: the wild baboons of the Amboseli ecosystem in Kenya. First, we discuss the profound associations between early life adversity, adult social conditions, and key aging outcomes in this population, especially survival. Second, we review potential mediators of the relationship between early life adversity and survival in our population. Notably, our tests of two leading candidate mediators-social isolation and glucocorticoid levels-fail to identify a single, strong mediator of early life effects on adult survival. Instead, early adversity, social isolation, and glucocorticoids are independently linked to adult lifespans, suggesting considerable scope for mitigating the negative consequences of early life adversity. Third, we review our work on the evolutionary rationale for early life effects on mortality, which currently argues against clear predictive adaptive responses. Finally, we end by highlighting major themes emerging from the study of sociality, development, and aging in the Amboseli baboons, as well as important open questions for future work.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105282}, Key = {fds371574} } @article{fds371102, Author = {Anderson, JA and Lin, D and Lea, AJ and Johnston, RA and Voyles, T and Akinyi, MY and Archie, EA and Alberts, SC and Tung, J}, Title = {DNA methylation signatures of early life adversity are exposure-dependent in wild baboons.}, Booktitle = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, Year = {2023}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.05.542485}, Doi = {10.1101/2023.06.05.542485}, Key = {fds371102} } @article{fds362962, Author = {Zeng, S and Lange, EC and Archie, EA and Campos, FA and Alberts, SC and Li, F}, Title = {A Causal Mediation Model for Longitudinal Mediators and Survival Outcomes with an Application to Animal Behavior.}, Journal = {Journal of agricultural, biological, and environmental statistics}, Volume = {28}, Number = {2}, Pages = {197-218}, Year = {2023}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13253-022-00490-6}, Abstract = {In animal behavior studies, a common goal is to investigate the causal pathways between an exposure and outcome, and a mediator that lies in between. Causal mediation analysis provides a principled approach for such studies. Although many applications involve longitudinal data, the existing causal mediation models are not directly applicable to settings where the mediators are measured on irregular time grids. In this paper, we propose a causal mediation model that accommodates longitudinal mediators on arbitrary time grids and survival outcomes simultaneously. We take a functional data analysis perspective and view longitudinal mediators as realizations of underlying smooth stochastic processes. We define causal estimands of direct and indirect effects accordingly and provide corresponding identification assumptions. We employ a functional principal component analysis approach to estimate the mediator process and propose a Cox hazard model for the survival outcome that flexibly adjusts the mediator process. We then derive a g-computation formula to express the causal estimands using the model coefficients. The proposed method is applied to a longitudinal data set from the Amboseli Baboon Research Project to investigate the causal relationships between early adversity, adult physiological stress responses, and survival among wild female baboons. We find that adversity experienced in early life has a significant direct effect on females' life expectancy and survival probability, but find little evidence that these effects were mediated by markers of the stress response in adulthood. We further developed a sensitivity analysis method to assess the impact of potential violation to the key assumption of sequential ignorability. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line.}, Doi = {10.1007/s13253-022-00490-6}, Key = {fds362962} } @article{fds370846, Author = {Lange, EC and Zeng, S and Campos, FA and Li, F and Tung, J and Archie, EA and Alberts, SC}, Title = {Early life adversity and adult social relationships have independent effects on survival in a wild primate.}, Journal = {Science advances}, Volume = {9}, Number = {20}, Pages = {eade7172}, Year = {2023}, Month = {May}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade7172}, Abstract = {Adverse conditions in early life can have negative consequences for adult health and survival in humans and other animals. What variables mediate the relationship between early adversity and adult survival? Adult social environments represent one candidate: Early life adversity is linked to social adversity in adulthood, and social adversity in adulthood predicts survival outcomes. However, no study has prospectively linked early life adversity, adult social behavior, and adult survival to measure the extent to which adult social behavior mediates this relationship. We do so in a wild baboon population in Amboseli, Kenya. We find weak mediation and largely independent effects of early adversity and adult sociality on survival. Furthermore, strong social bonds and high social status in adulthood can buffer some negative effects of early adversity. These results support the idea that affiliative social behavior is subject to natural selection through its positive relationship with survival, and they highlight possible targets for intervention to improve human health and well-being.}, Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.ade7172}, Key = {fds370846} } %% Boyer, Douglas M. @article{fds372696, Author = {Maiolino, SA and Chester, SGB and Boyer, DM and Bloch, JI}, Title = {Functional morphology of plesiadapiform distal phalanges and implications for the evolution of arboreality in Paleogene euarchontans}, Journal = {Journal of Mammalian Evolution}, Volume = {30}, Number = {4}, Pages = {1107-1153}, Year = {2023}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-023-09677-1}, Abstract = {With a few exceptions, crown-clade Primates differ from other arboreal mammalian clades by having nails instead of claws on most post-axial digits. Distal phalanx morphology of close extant and fossil relatives of crown-clade Primates provides a context in which to study the evolution of this characteristic feature. Plesiadapiforms are a diverse group of extinct arboreal mammals closely related to crown-clade Primates (together classified as total clade Pan-Primates) that have distal phalanges that are indicative of having supported keratinous claws, with the only documented exception being that of Carpolestes simpsoni which may have had a nail on its hallucal phalanx. To contextualize morphological variation among plesiadapiform distal phalanges, we investigated the influence of behavior and phylogeny on post-axial distal phalanx morphology using a broad sample of extant mammalian taxa (273 distal phalanges from 67 species) compared to those known for plesiadapiforms (26 specimens from 9 species). Results show that plesiadapiform distal phalanges share characteristics with those of both extant generalized arborealists/scansorialists and antipronograde specialists, consistent with previous behavioral reconstructions of frequent vertical clinging and climbing based on other regions of the skeleton. Distal phalanges of Plesiadapis cookei, Plesiadapis tricuspidens, and the “Le Quesnoy plesiadapid” are most similar to those of extant species that clasp branches between claws and the rest of the autopod when climbing. In contrast, known distal phalanges of micromomyids and the plesiadapoid C. simpsoni share some similarities with those of extant taxa that rely more heavily on grasping with digital pads when climbing.}, Doi = {10.1007/s10914-023-09677-1}, Key = {fds372696} } @article{fds371724, Author = {Boulinguez-Ambroise, G and Dunham, N and Phelps, T and Mazonas, T and Nguyen, P and Bradley-Cronkwright, M and Boyer, DM and Yapuncich, GS and Zeininger, A and Schmitt, D and Young, JW}, Title = {Jumping performance in tree squirrels: Insights into primate evolution.}, Journal = {J Hum Evol}, Volume = {180}, Pages = {103386}, Year = {2023}, Month = {July}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103386}, Abstract = {Morphological traits suggesting powerful jumping abilities are characteristic of early crown primate fossils. Because tree squirrels lack certain 'primatelike' grasping features but frequently travel on the narrow terminal branches of trees, they make a viable extant model for an early stage of primate evolution. Here, we explore biomechanical determinants of jumping performance in the arboreal Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis, n = 3) as a greater understanding of the biomechanical strategies that squirrels use to modulate jumping performance could inform theories of selection for increased jumping ability during early primate evolution. We assessed vertical jumping performance by using instrumented force platforms upon which were mounted launching supports of various sizes, allowing us to test the influence of substrate diameter on jumping kinetics and performance. We used standard ergometric methods to quantify jumping parameters (e.g., takeoff velocity, total displacement, peak mechanical power) from force platform data during push-off. We found that tree squirrels display divergent mechanical strategies according to the type of substrate, prioritizing force production on flat ground versus center of mass displacement on narrower poles. As jumping represents a significant part of the locomotor behavior of most primates, we suggest that jumping from small arboreal substrates may have acted as a potential driver of the selection for elongated hindlimb segments in primates, allowing the center of mass to be accelerated over a longer distance-and thereby reducing the need for high substrate reaction forces.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103386}, Key = {fds371724} } %% Churchill, Steven E. @article{fds372439, Author = {Bolter, DR and Cameron, N and Hawks, J and Churchill, SE and Berger, L and Bernstein, R and Boughner, JC and Elton, S and Leece, AB and Mahoney, P and Molopyane, K and Monson, TA and Pruetz, J and Schell, L and Stull, KE and Wolfe, CA}, Title = {Addressing the growing fossil record of subadult hominins by reaching across disciplines.}, Journal = {Evolutionary anthropology}, Volume = {32}, Number = {4}, Pages = {180-184}, Year = {2023}, Month = {August}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21995}, Doi = {10.1002/evan.21995}, Key = {fds372439} } @article{fds369843, Author = {Grady, JH and Churchill, SE}, Title = {Projectile point morphology and penetration performance}, Journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2023}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103893}, Abstract = {Prehistoric pointed lithic armatures (used to tip spears, darts, and arrows) vary considerably in mechanically-relevant aspects of their morphology, such as tip cross-sectional shape, cross-sectional perimeter, and cross-sectional area, mechanical advantage, and edge sharpness. The effect of variation in these parameters on penetration performance and lethality, however, is poorly understood. Six 3D-printed points that varied in cross-sectional shape, tip cross-sectional area, tip cross-sectional perimeter, mechanical advantage, and edge sharpness were fired into ballistic gelatin under controlled conditions to evaluate the importance of these variables on point performance. Tip cross-sectional perimeter was found to have the greatest effect on penetration depth in the gelatin, and mechanical advantage was also significantly related to penetration. Cross-sectional shape and tip cross-sectional area were not significantly related to penetration depth, while edge sharpness inversely affected penetration. These results highlight the importance of tip cross-sectional perimeter in the evolution of projectile point design (and reinforce its utility as an indicator of long-range projectile weaponry in the archeological record), but also underscore the multiple constraints that interact when trying to design points to maximize penetration performance, lethality, and durability.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103893}, Key = {fds369843} } @article{fds375393, Author = {Guevara, E and Gopalan, S and Massey, DJ and Adegboyega, M and Zhou, W and Solis, A and Anaya, AD and Churchill, SE and Feldblum, J and Lawler, RR}, Title = {Getting it right: Teaching undergraduate biology to undermine racial essentialism.}, Journal = {Biology methods & protocols}, Volume = {8}, Number = {1}, Pages = {bpad032}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomethods/bpad032}, Abstract = {How we teach human genetics matters for social equity. The biology curriculum appears to be a crucial locus of intervention for either reinforcing or undermining students' racial essentialist views. The Mendelian genetic models dominating textbooks, particularly in combination with racially inflected language sometimes used when teaching about monogenic disorders, can increase middle and high school students' racial essentialism and opposition to policies to increase equity. These findings are of particular concern given the increasing spread of racist misinformation online and the misappropriation of human genomics research by white supremacists, who take advantage of low levels of genetics literacy in the general public. Encouragingly, however, teaching updated information about the geographical distribution of human genetic variation and the complex, multifactorial basis of most human traits, reduces students' endorsement of racial essentialism. The genetics curriculum is therefore a key tool in combating misinformation and scientific racism. Here, we describe a framework and example teaching materials for teaching students key concepts in genetics, human evolutionary history, and human phenotypic variation at the undergraduate level. This framework can be flexibly applied in biology and anthropology classes and adjusted based on time availability. Our goal is to provide undergraduate-level instructors with varying levels of expertise with a set of evidence-informed tools for teaching human genetics to combat scientific racism, including an evolving set of instructional resources, as well as learning goals and pedagogical approaches. Resources can be found at https://noto.li/YIlhZ5. Additionally, we hope to generate conversation about integrating modern genetics into the undergraduate curriculum, in light of recent findings about the risks and opportunities associated with teaching genetics.}, Doi = {10.1093/biomethods/bpad032}, Key = {fds375393} } %% Drea, Christine M. @misc{fds374278, Author = {Bornbusch, SL and Power, ML and Schulkin, J and Drea, CM and Maslanka, MT and Muletz-Wolz, CR}, Title = {Integrating microbiome science and evolutionary medicine into animal health and conservation.}, Journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, Volume = {99}, Number = {2}, Pages = {458-477}, Year = {2024}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.13030}, Abstract = {Microbiome science has provided groundbreaking insights into human and animal health. Similarly, evolutionary medicine - the incorporation of eco-evolutionary concepts into primarily human medical theory and practice - is increasingly recognised for its novel perspectives on modern diseases. Studies of host-microbe relationships have been expanded beyond humans to include a wide range of animal taxa, adding new facets to our understanding of animal ecology, evolution, behaviour, and health. In this review, we propose that a broader application of evolutionary medicine, combined with microbiome science, can provide valuable and innovative perspectives on animal care and conservation. First, we draw on classic ecological principles, such as alternative stable states, to propose an eco-evolutionary framework for understanding variation in animal microbiomes and their role in animal health and wellbeing. With a focus on mammalian gut microbiomes, we apply this framework to populations of animals under human care, with particular relevance to the many animal species that suffer diseases linked to gut microbial dysfunction (e.g. gut distress and infection, autoimmune disorders, obesity). We discuss diet and microbial landscapes (i.e. the microbes in the animal's external environment), as two factors that are (i) proposed to represent evolutionary mismatches for captive animals, (ii) linked to gut microbiome structure and function, and (iii) potentially best understood from an evolutionary medicine perspective. Keeping within our evolutionary framework, we highlight the potential benefits - and pitfalls - of modern microbial therapies, such as pre- and probiotics, faecal microbiota transplants, and microbial rewilding. We discuss the limited, yet growing, empirical evidence for the use of microbial therapies to modulate animal gut microbiomes beneficially. Interspersed throughout, we propose 12 actionable steps, grounded in evolutionary medicine, that can be applied to practical animal care and management. We encourage that these actionable steps be paired with integration of eco-evolutionary perspectives into our definitions of appropriate animal care standards. The evolutionary perspectives proposed herein may be best appreciated when applied to the broad diversity of species under human care, rather than when solely focused on humans. We urge animal care professionals, veterinarians, nutritionists, scientists, and others to collaborate on these efforts, allowing for simultaneous care of animal patients and the generation of valuable empirical data.}, Doi = {10.1111/brv.13030}, Key = {fds374278} } @misc{fds369332, Author = {Grebe, NM and Sheikh, A and Ohannessian, L and Drea, CM}, Title = {Effects of oxytocin receptor blockade on dyadic social behavior in monogamous and non-monogamous Eulemur.}, Journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, Volume = {150}, Pages = {106044}, Year = {2023}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106044}, Abstract = {A prominent body of research spanning disciplines has been focused on the potential underlying role for oxytocin in the social signatures of monogamous mating bonds. Behavioral differences between monogamous and non-monogamous vole species, putatively mediated by oxytocinergic function, constitute a key source of support for this mechanism, but it is unclear to what extent this hormone-behavior linkage extends to the primate order. In a preregistered experiment, we test if oxytocin receptor blockade affects affiliative behavior in mixed-sex pairs of Eulemur, a genus of strepsirrhine primate containing both monogamous and non-monogamous species. Inconsistent with past studies in monogamous voles or monkeys, we do not find confirmatory evidence in Eulemur that monogamous pairs affiliate more than non-monogamous pairs, nor that oxytocin receptor blockade of one pair member selectively corresponds to reduced affiliative or scent-marking behavior in monogamous species. We do, however, find exploratory evidence of a pattern not previously investigated: simultaneously blocking oxytocin receptors in both members of a monogamous pair predicts lower rates of affiliative behavior relative to controls. Our study demonstrates the value of non-traditional animal models in challenging generalizations based on model organisms, and of methodological reform in providing a potential path forward for behavioral oxytocin research.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106044}, Key = {fds369332} } %% Goldberg, Amy @article{fds369942, Author = {Hamid, I and Korunes, KL and Schrider, DR and Goldberg, A}, Title = {Localizing Post-Admixture Adaptive Variants with Object Detection on Ancestry-Painted Chromosomes.}, Journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, Volume = {40}, Number = {4}, Pages = {msad074}, Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)}, Editor = {Rogers, R}, Year = {2023}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msad074}, Abstract = {Gene flow between previously differentiated populations during the founding of an admixed or hybrid population has the potential to introduce adaptive alleles into the new population. If the adaptive allele is common in one source population, but not the other, then as the adaptive allele rises in frequency in the admixed population, genetic ancestry from the source containing the adaptive allele will increase nearby as well. Patterns of genetic ancestry have therefore been used to identify post-admixture positive selection in humans and other animals, including examples in immunity, metabolism, and animal coloration. A common method identifies regions of the genome that have local ancestry "outliers" compared with the distribution across the rest of the genome, considering each locus independently. However, we lack theoretical models for expected distributions of ancestry under various demographic scenarios, resulting in potential false positives and false negatives. Further, ancestry patterns between distant sites are often not independent. As a result, current methods tend to infer wide genomic regions containing many genes as under selection, limiting biological interpretation. Instead, we develop a deep learning object detection method applied to images generated from local ancestry-painted genomes. This approach preserves information from the surrounding genomic context and avoids potential pitfalls of user-defined summary statistics. We find the method is robust to a variety of demographic misspecifications using simulated data. Applied to human genotype data from Cabo Verde, we localize a known adaptive locus to a single narrow region compared with multiple or long windows obtained using two other ancestry-based methods.}, Doi = {10.1093/molbev/msad074}, Key = {fds369942} } %% Guevara, Elaine E. @article{fds373899, Author = {Guevara, E and Gopalan, S and Massey, DJ and Adegboyega, M and Zhou, W and Solis, A and Anaya, AD and Churchill, SE and Feldblum, J and Lawler, RR}, Title = {Getting it right: Teaching undergraduate biology to undermine racial essentialism.}, Journal = {Biology Methods and Protocols}, Volume = {8}, Number = {1}, Pages = {bpad032}, Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomethods/bpad032}, Abstract = {How we teach human genetics matters for social equity. The biology curriculum appears to be a crucial locus of intervention for either reinforcing or undermining students' racial essentialist views. The Mendelian genetic models dominating textbooks, particularly in combination with racially inflected language sometimes used when teaching about monogenic disorders, can increase middle and high school students' racial essentialism and opposition to policies to increase equity. These findings are of particular concern given the increasing spread of racist misinformation online and the misappropriation of human genomics research by white supremacists, who take advantage of low levels of genetics literacy in the general public. Encouragingly, however, teaching updated information about the geographical distribution of human genetic variation and the complex, multifactorial basis of most human traits, reduces students' endorsement of racial essentialism. The genetics curriculum is therefore a key tool in combating misinformation and scientific racism. Here, we describe a framework and example teaching materials for teaching students key concepts in genetics, human evolutionary history, and human phenotypic variation at the undergraduate level. This framework can be flexibly applied in biology and anthropology classes and adjusted based on time availability. Our goal is to provide undergraduate-level instructors with varying levels of expertise with a set of evidence-informed tools for teaching human genetics to combat scientific racism, including an evolving set of instructional resources, as well as learning goals and pedagogical approaches. Resources can be found at https://noto.li/YIlhZ5. Additionally, we hope to generate conversation about integrating modern genetics into the undergraduate curriculum, in light of recent findings about the risks and opportunities associated with teaching genetics.}, Doi = {10.1093/biomethods/bpad032}, Key = {fds373899} } %% Hare, Brian @article{fds369844, Author = {Salomons, H and Smith, KCM and Callahan-Beckel, M and Callahan, M and Levy, K and Kennedy, BS and Bray, EE and Gnanadesikan, GE and Horschler, DJ and Gruen, M and Tan, J and White, P and vonHoldt, BM and MacLean, EL and Hare, B}, Title = {Response to Hansen Wheat et al.: Additional analysis further supports the early emergence of cooperative communication in dogs compared to wolves raised with more human exposure.}, Journal = {Learning & behavior}, Volume = {51}, Number = {2}, Pages = {131-134}, Year = {2023}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-023-00576-2}, Abstract = {Here, we address Hansen Wheat et al.'s commentary in this journal in response to Salomons et al. Current Biology, 31(14), 3137-3144.E11, (2021). We conduct additional analyses in response to Hansen Wheat et al.'s two main questions. First, we examine the claim that it was the move to a human home environment which enabled the dog puppies to outperform the wolf puppies in gesture comprehension tasks. We show that the youngest dog puppies who had not yet been individually placed in raisers' homes were still highly skilled, and outperformed similar-aged wolf puppies who had higher levels of human interaction. Second, we address the claim that willingness to approach a stranger can explain the difference between dog and wolf pups' ability to succeed in gesture comprehension tasks. We explain the various controls in the original study that render this explanation insufficient, and demonstrate via model comparison that the covariance of species and temperament also make this parsing impossible. Overall, our additional analyses and considerations support the domestication hypothesis as laid out by Salomons et al. Current Biology, 31(14), 3137-3144.E11, (2021).}, Doi = {10.3758/s13420-023-00576-2}, Key = {fds369844} } %% Holmes, Megan A. @article{fds375368, Author = {Laird, MF and Kanno, CM and Yoakum, CB and Fogaça, MD and Taylor, AB and Ross, CF and Chalk-Wilayto, J and Holmes, MA and Terhune, CE and de Oliveira, JA}, Title = {Ontogenetic changes in bite force and gape in tufted capuchins.}, Journal = {J Exp Biol}, Volume = {226}, Number = {15}, Year = {2023}, Month = {August}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.245972}, Abstract = {Bite force and gape are two important performance metrics of the feeding system, and these metrics are inversely related for a given muscle size because of fundamental constraints in sarcomere length-tension relationships. How these competing performance metrics change in developing primates is largely unknown. Here, we quantified in vivo bite forces and gapes across ontogeny and examined these data in relation to body mass and cranial measurements in captive tufted capuchins, Sapajus spp. Bite force and gape were also compared across geometric and mechanical properties of mechanically challenging foods to investigate relationships between bite force, gape and food accessibility (defined here as the ability to breach shelled nuts). Bite forces at a range of gapes and feeding behavioral data were collected from a cross-sectional ontogenetic series of 20 captive and semi-wild tufted capuchins at the Núcleo de Procriação de Macacos-Prego Research Center in Araçatuba, Brazil. These data were paired with body mass, photogrammetric measures of jaw length and facial width, and food geometric and material properties. Tufted capuchins with larger body masses had absolutely higher in vivo bite forces and gapes, and animals with wider faces had absolutely higher bite forces. Bite forces and gapes were significantly smaller in juveniles compared with subadults and adults. These are the first primate data to empirically demonstrate the gapes at which maximum active bite force is generated and to demonstrate relationships to food accessibility. These data advance our understanding of how primates meet the changing performance demands of the feeding system during development.}, Doi = {10.1242/jeb.245972}, Key = {fds375368} } %% Kay, Richard F. @misc{fds371042, Author = {Morse, PE and Pampush, JD and Kay, RF}, Title = {Dental topography of the Oligocene anthropoids Aegyptopithecus zeuxis and Apidium phiomense: Paleodietary insights from analysis of wear series.}, Journal = {Journal of human evolution}, Volume = {180}, Pages = {103387}, Year = {2023}, Month = {July}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103387}, Abstract = {Fossil primate dietary inference is enhanced when ascertained through multiple, distinct proxies. Dental topography can be used to assess changes in occlusal morphology with macrowear, providing insight on tooth use and function across the lifespans of individuals. We measured convex Dirichlet normal energy-a dental topography metric reflecting occlusal sharpness of features such as cusps and crests-in macrowear series of the second mandibular molars of two African anthropoid taxa from ∼30 Ma (Aegyptopithecus zeuxis and Apidium phiomense). Wear was quantified via three proxies: occlusal dentine exposure, inverse relief index, and inverse occlusal relief. The same measurements were calculated on macrowear series of four extant platyrrhine taxa (Alouatta, Ateles, Plecturocebus, and Sapajus apella) to provide an analogical framework for dietary inference in the fossil taxa. We predicted that Ae. zeuxis and Ap. phiomense would show similar patterns in topographic change with wear to one another and to extant platyrrhine frugivores like Ateles and Plecturocebus. The fossil taxa have similar distributions of convex Dirichlet normal energy to one another, and high amounts of concave Dirichlet normal energy 'noise' in unworn molars-a pattern shared with extant hominids that may distort dietary interpretations. Inverse relief index was the most useful wear proxy for comparison among the taxa in this study which possess disparate enamel thicknesses. Contrary to expectations, Ae. zeuxis and Ap. phiomense both resemble S. apella in exhibiting an initial decline in convex Dirichlet normal energy followed by an increase at the latest stages of wear as measured by inverse relief index, lending support to previous suggestions that hard-object feeding played a role in their dietary ecology. Based on these results and previous analyses of molar shearing quotients, microwear, and enamel microstructure, we suggest that Ae. zeuxis had a pitheciine-like strategy of seed predation, whereas Ap. phiomense potentially consumed berry-like compound fruits with hard seeds.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103387}, Key = {fds371042} } %% Kenyon-Flatt, Brittany @article{fds373336, Author = {Kenyon-Flatt, B and von Cramon-Taubadel, N}, Title = {Intrageneric taxonomic distinction based on morphological variation in the macaque (Macaca) skeleton.}, Journal = {Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)}, Volume = {307}, Number = {1}, Pages = {118-140}, Year = {2024}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.25283}, Abstract = {Taxonomic classification is important for understanding the natural world, yet current methods for species assessment often focus on craniodental morphology rather than the entire skeleton. Moreover, it is currently unknown how much variation could, or should, exist intragenerically. Here, we tested whether taxonomy can be accurately predicted based on patterns of morphological variation in macaques (H<sub>1</sub> ) and whether postcranial bones reflect subgeneric macaque taxonomy similarly, or better, than the cranium (H<sub>2</sub> ). Data included 3D scans of cranial and postcranial bones for eight macaque species (Macaca arctoides, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca fuscata, Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina, Macaca nigra, Macaca radiata, and Macaca sylvanus). Fixed anatomical and semilandmarks were applied to scans of eight skeletal elements (crania = 45; mandible = 31; scapula = 66; humerus = 38; radius = 33; os coxa = 28; femur = 40; tibia = 40). For each skeletal element, regression analyses were performed to minimize the effects of sexual dimorphism. Between-groups principal components analysis was used to visualize the major patterns of among-species morphological variation, while the strength of correct taxon classification was measured with discriminant function analysis. Results suggested accepting the alternate hypothesis that different macaque species can be distinguished morphologically. Both cranial and many postcranial elements appeared to possess a taxonomic signal, and the limb bones-especially the upper limb-are reported to be more useful for taxonomic assessment than previously realized. Theoretically, certain behaviors and/or ecogeographical factors, as well as phylogeny, influenced skeletal morphology in macaques, likely contributing to taxonomic distinctions among different species.}, Doi = {10.1002/ar.25283}, Key = {fds373336} } %% Little, Sarah @article{fds370605, Author = {Little-Letsinger, SE and Hamilton, SE}, Title = {Leveraging mice with diverse microbial exposures for advances in osteoimmunology}, Journal = {Frontiers in Endocrinology}, Volume = {14}, Publisher = {Frontiers Media SA}, Year = {2023}, Month = {May}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1168552}, Abstract = {<jats:p>The skeletal and immune systems are intricately intertwined within the bone marrow microenvironment, a field of study termed osteoimmunology. Osteoimmune interactions are key players in bone homeostasis and remodeling. Despite the critical role of the immune system in bone health, virtually all animal research in osteoimmunology, and more broadly bone biology, relies on organisms with naïve immune systems. Drawing on insights from osteoimmunology, evolutionary anthropology, and immunology, this perspective proposes the use of a novel translational model: the dirty mouse. Dirty mice, characterized by diverse exposures to commensal and pathogenic microbes, have mature immune systems comparable to adult humans, while the naïve immune system of specific-pathogen free mice is akin to a neonate. Investigation into the dirty mouse model will likely yield important insights in our understanding of bone diseases and disorders. A high benefit of this model is expected for diseases known to have a connection between overactivation of the immune system and negative bone outcomes, including aging and osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV/AIDS, obesity and diabetes, bone marrow metastases, and bone cancers.</jats:p>}, Doi = {10.3389/fendo.2023.1168552}, Key = {fds370605} } @article{fds373372, Author = {Little-Letsinger, SE}, Title = {Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein poorly predicts bone mineral density: A NHANES 2017-2020 analysis.}, Journal = {PloS one}, Volume = {18}, Number = {10}, Pages = {e0288212}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288212}, Abstract = {A reliable, widely available method to detect osteoporosis prior to fracture is needed. Serum levels of C-reactive protein may independently predict low bone mineral density (BMD) and high fracture risk. Existing empirical data focus on sexually and/or racially homogenous populations. This study tests the hypotheses that: C-reactive protein (1) negatively correlates with BMD and (2) fracture history, and (3) independently predicts BMD and fracture history in a diverse population. NHANES 2017-2020 pre-pandemic cycle data were analyzed in R studio. Strength and direction of relationships (-1 to +1) between variables were determined using Kendall's rank correlation coefficient (τ). Linear models were optimized to predict femoral neck or lumbar spine BMD. C-reactive protein positively correlated with femoral (τ = 0.09, p<0.0001) and spine BMD (τ = 0.10, p<0.0001). Individuals identifying as female demonstrated more robust, but still weak, correlations between C-reactive protein and femoral neck (τ = 0.15, p<0.0001; male, τ = 0.06, p = 0.051) and spine BMD (τ = 0.16, p<0.0001; male, τ = 0.06, p = 0.04). C-reactive protein positively correlated with fracture history (τ = 0.083, p = 0.0009). C-reactive protein significantly predicted femoral neck (R2 = 0.022, p = 0.0001) and spine BMD (R2 = 0.028, p<0.0001) and fracture history (R2 = 0.015, p<0.0001). Exploratory analyses identified weight was the single best predictor for femoral neck (R2 = 0.24, p<0.0001) and spine BMD (R2 = 0.21, p<0.0001). In sum, C-reactive protein statistically correlates with and predicts femoral neck and spine BMD, but the magnitude is too low to be biologically meaningful. While weight is a more robust predictor, individuals who are overweight or obese account for nearly half of all osteoporotic fractures, limiting the predictive power of this variable at identifying individuals at risk for osteoporosis. Identification of a robust predictor of fracture risk in a diverse population and across of range of body weights and compositions is needed.}, Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0288212}, Key = {fds373372} } %% McGrosky, Amanda @article{fds367946, Author = {McGrosky, A and Swanson, ZS and Rimbach, R and Bethancourt, H and Ndiema, E and Nzunza, R and Braun, DR and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Total daily energy expenditure and elevated water turnover in a small-scale semi-nomadic pastoralist society from Northern Kenya.}, Journal = {Annals of human biology}, Volume = {51}, Number = {1}, Pages = {2310724}, Year = {2024}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2024.2310724}, Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Pastoralists live in challenging environments, which may be accompanied by unique activity, energy, and water requirements.<h4>Aim</h4>Few studies have examined whether the demands of pastoralism contribute to differences in total energy expenditure (TEE) and water turnover (WT) compared to other lifestyles.<h4>Subjects and methods</h4>Accelerometer-derived physical activity, doubly labelled water-derived TEE and WT, and anthropometric data were collected for 34 semi-nomadic Daasanach adults from three northern Kenyan communities with different levels of pastoralist activity. Daasanach TEEs and WTs were compared to those of other small-scale and industrialised populations.<h4>Results</h4>When modelled as a function of fat-free-mass, fat-mass, age, and sex, TEE did not differ between Daasanach communities. Daasanach TEE (1564-4172 kcal/day) was not significantly correlated with activity and 91% of TEEs were within the range expected for individuals from comparison populations. Mean WT did not differ between Daasanach communities; Daasanach absolute (7.54 litres/day men; 7.46 litres/day women), mass-adjusted, and TEE-adjusted WT was higher than most populations worldwide.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The similar mass-adjusted TEE of Daasanach and industrialised populations supports the hypothesis that habitual TEE is constrained, with physically demanding lifestyles necessitating trade-offs in energy allocation. Elevated WT in the absence of elevated TEE likely reflects a demanding active lifestyle in a hot, arid climate.}, Doi = {10.1080/03014460.2024.2310724}, Key = {fds367946} } @article{fds372771, Author = {Best, AW and McGrosky, A and Swanson, Z and Rimbach, R and McConaughy, K and McConaughy, J and Ocobock, C and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Total Energy Expenditure and Nutritional Intake in Continuous Multiday Ultramarathon Events.}, Journal = {International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism}, Volume = {33}, Number = {6}, Pages = {342-348}, Year = {2023}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0063}, Abstract = {Continuous multiday ultramarathon competitions are increasingly popular and impose extreme energetic and nutritional demands on competitors. However, few data have been published on energy expenditure during these events. Here, we report doubly labeled water-derived measures of total energy expenditure (in kilocalories per day) and estimated physical activity level (PAL: total energy expenditure/basal metabolic rate) collected from five elite and subelite finishers (four males and one female, age 34.6 ± 4.9 years)-and nutritional intake data from the winner-of the Cocodona 250, a ∼402-km race in Arizona, and from a fastest-known-time record (one male, age 30 years) on the ∼1,315-km Arizona Trail. PAL during these events exceeded four times basal metabolic rate (Cocodona range: 4.34-6.94; Arizona Trail: 5.63). Combining the results with other doubly labeled water-derived total energy expenditure data from ultraendurance events show a strong inverse relationship between event duration and PAL (r2 = .68, p < .0001). Cocodona race duration was inversely, though not significantly, associated with PAL (r2 = .70, p = .08). Water turnover varied widely between athletes and was not explained by PAL or body mass. The Cocodona race winner met ∼53% of energy demand via dietary intake, 85.6% of which was carbohydrate, while ∼47% of energy demand was met via catabolism of body energy stores. Together, these results illustrate the energetic deficits incurred during competitive continuous multiday ultramarathon efforts and implicate macronutrient absorption and/or storage as key factors in ultramarathon performance.}, Doi = {10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0063}, Key = {fds372771} } @article{fds369977, Author = {McGrosky, A and Pontzer, H}, Title = {The fire of evolution: energy expenditure and ecology in primates and other endotherms.}, Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, Volume = {226}, Number = {5}, Pages = {jeb245272}, Year = {2023}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.245272}, Abstract = {Total energy expenditure (TEE) represents the total energy allocated to growth, reproduction and body maintenance, as well as the energy expended on physical activity. Early experimental work in animal energetics focused on the costs of specific tasks (basal metabolic rate, locomotion, reproduction), while determination of TEE was limited to estimates from activity budgets or measurements of subjects confined to metabolic chambers. Advances in recent decades have enabled measures of TEE in free-living animals, challenging traditional additive approaches to understanding animal energy budgets. Variation in lifestyle and activity level can impact individuals' TEE on short time scales, but interspecific differences in TEE are largely shaped by evolution. Here, we review work on energy expenditure across the animal kingdom, with a particular focus on endotherms, and examine recent advances in primate energetics. Relative to other placental mammals, primates have low TEE, which may drive their slow pace of life and be an evolved response to the challenges presented by their ecologies and environments. TEE variation among hominoid primates appears to reflect adaptive shifts in energy throughput and allocation in response to ecological pressures. As the taxonomic breadth and depth of TEE data expand, we will be able to test additional hypotheses about how energy budgets are shaped by environmental pressures and explore the more proximal mechanisms that drive intra-specific variation in energy expenditure.}, Doi = {10.1242/jeb.245272}, Key = {fds369977} } %% Myers, Barry S. @booklet{Kliewer93, Author = {M. A. Kliewer and L. Gray and J. Paver and W. D. Richardson and J. B. Vogler and J. H. Mcelhaney and B. S. Myers}, Title = {Acute spinal ligament disruption - mr-imaging with anatomic correlation}, Journal = {Jmri-journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging}, Volume = {3}, Number = {6}, Pages = {855 -- 861}, Year = {1993}, ISSN = {1053-1807}, Abstract = {Disruption of spinal ligaments can lead to instability that jeopardizes the spinal cord and nerve roots. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can directly image spinal ligaments; however, the sensitivity with which this modality demonstrates ligament injury has, to the authors' knowledge, not been reported. On a biomechanical testing machine, 28 cadaveric spines were subjected to controlled injury that resulted in ligament tears. The spines were then imaged with plain radiography, computed tomography, and MR imaging (1.5 T). The images were analyzed for evidence of ligament injury before dissection of the specimen. Forty-one of 52 (79\%) ligament tears of various types were correctly identified at MR imaging. Disruptions of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments were most conspicuous and were detected in all seven cases in which they were present (no false-positive or false-negative results); disruptions of the ligamentum flavum, capsular ligaments, and interspinous ligaments could also be identified but less reliably (three false-positive and 11 false-negative results). That MR imaging can reliably and directly allow assessment of spinal ligament disruption In this in vitro model suggests its potential utility for this assessment in patients.}, Key = {Kliewer93} } %% Nunn, Charles L @article{fds375220, Author = {Dubrulle, J and Kauffman, K and Soarimalala, V and Randriamoria, T and Goodman, SM and Herrera, J and Nunn, C and Tortosa, P}, Title = {Effect of habitat degradation on hantavirus infection among introduced and endemic small mammals of Madagascar.}, Journal = {bioRxiv}, Year = {2023}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.24.573235}, Abstract = {Hantaviruses are globally distributed zoonotic pathogens capable of causing fatal disease in humans. Rodents and other small mammals are the typical reservoirs of hantaviruses, though the particular host varies regionally. Addressing the risk of hantavirus spillover from animal reservoirs to humans requires identifying the local mammal reservoirs and the predictors of infection in those animals, such as their population density and habitat characteristics. We screened native and non-native small mammals and bats in northeastern Madagascar for hantavirus infection to investigate the influence of habitat, including effects of human land use on viral prevalence. We trapped 227 bats and 1663 small mammals over 5 successive years in and around Marojejy National Park across a range of habitat types including villages, agricultural fields, regrowth areas, and secondary and semi-intact forests. Animals sampled included endemic tenrecs (Tenrecidae), rodents (Nesomyidae) and bats (6 families), along with non-native rodents (Muridae) and shrews (Soricidae). A hantavirus closely related to the previously described Anjozorobe virus infected 9.5% of Rattus rattus sampled. We did not detect hantaviruses in any other species. Habitat degradation had a complex impact on hantavirus prevalence in our study system: more intensive land use increase the abundance of R. rattus. The average body size of individuals varied between agricultural and nonagricultural land-use types, which in turn affected infection prevalence. Smaller R.rattus had lower probability of infection and were captured more commonly in villages and forests. Thus, infection prevalence was highest in agricultural areas. These findings provide new insights to the gradients of hantavirus exposure risk for humans in areas undergoing rapid land use transformations associated with agricultural practices.}, Doi = {10.1101/2023.12.24.573235}, Key = {fds375220} } @article{fds365838, Author = {Werner, CS and Kasan, K and Geyer, JK and Elmasri, M and Farrell, MJ and Nunn, CL}, Title = {Using phylogeographic link-prediction in primates to prioritize human parasite screening.}, Journal = {American journal of biological anthropology}, Volume = {182}, Number = {4}, Pages = {583-594}, Publisher = {WILEY}, Year = {2023}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24604}, Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>The ongoing risk of emerging infectious disease has renewed calls for understanding the origins of zoonoses and identifying future zoonotic disease threats. Given their close phylogenetic relatedness and geographic overlap with humans, non-human primates (NHPs) have been the source of many infectious diseases throughout human evolution. NHPs harbor diverse parasites, with some infecting only a single host species while others infect species from multiple families.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>We applied a novel link-prediction method to predict undocumented instances of parasite sharing between humans and NHPs. Our model makes predictions based on phylogenetic distances and geographic overlap among NHPs and humans in six countries with high NHP diversity: Columbia, Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, China and Indonesia.<h4>Results</h4>Of the 899 human parasites documented in the Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network (GIDEON) database for these countries, 12% were shared with at least one other NHP species. The link prediction model identified an additional 54 parasites that are likely to infect humans but were not reported in GIDEON. These parasites were mostly host generalists, yet their phylogenetic host breadth varied substantially.<h4>Discussion</h4>As human activities and populations encroach on NHP habitats, opportunities for parasite sharing between human and non-human primates will continue to increase. Our study identifies specific infectious organisms to monitor in countries with high NHP diversity, while the comparative analysis of host generalism, parasite taxonomy, and transmission mode provides insights to types of parasites that represent high zoonotic risk.}, Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.24604}, Key = {fds365838} } @article{fds370084, Author = {Evans, MV and Ramiadantsoa, T and Kauffman, K and Moody, J and Nunn, CL and Rabezara, JY and Raharimalala, P and Randriamoria, TM and Soarimalala, V and Titcomb, G and Garchitorena, A and Roche, B}, Title = {Sociodemographic Variables Can Guide Prioritized Testing Strategies for Epidemic Control in Resource-Limited Contexts.}, Journal = {The Journal of infectious diseases}, Volume = {228}, Number = {9}, Pages = {1189-1197}, Year = {2023}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiad076}, Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Targeted surveillance allows public health authorities to implement testing and isolation strategies when diagnostic resources are limited, and can be implemented via the consideration of social network topologies. However, it remains unclear how to implement such surveillance and control when network data are unavailable.<h4>Methods</h4>We evaluated the ability of sociodemographic proxies of degree centrality to guide prioritized testing of infected individuals compared to known degree centrality. Proxies were estimated via readily available sociodemographic variables (age, gender, marital status, educational attainment, household size). We simulated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemics via a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered individual-based model on 2 contact networks from rural Madagascar to test applicability of these findings to low-resource contexts.<h4>Results</h4>Targeted testing using sociodemographic proxies performed similarly to targeted testing using known degree centralities. At low testing capacity, using proxies reduced infection burden by 22%-33% while using 20% fewer tests, compared to random testing. By comparison, using known degree centrality reduced the infection burden by 31%-44% while using 26%-29% fewer tests.<h4>Conclusions</h4>We demonstrate that incorporating social network information into epidemic control strategies is an effective countermeasure to low testing capacity and can be implemented via sociodemographic proxies when social network data are unavailable.}, Doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiad076}, Key = {fds370084} } @article{fds372662, Author = {Creighton, MJA and Nunn, CL}, Title = {Explaining the primate extinction crisis: predictors of extinction risk and active threats.}, Journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, Volume = {290}, Number = {2006}, Pages = {20231441}, Year = {2023}, Month = {September}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1441}, Abstract = {Explaining why some species are disproportionately impacted by the extinction crisis is of critical importance for conservation biology as a science and for proactively protecting species that are likely to become threatened in the future. Using the most current data on threat status, population trends, and threat types for 446 primate species, we advance previous research on the determinants of extinction risk by including a wider array of phenotypic traits as predictors, filling gaps in these trait data using multiple imputation, and investigating the mechanisms that connect organismal traits to extinction risk. Our Bayesian phylogenetically controlled analyses reveal that insular species exhibit higher threat status, while those that are more omnivorous and live in larger groups have lower threat status. The same traits are not linked to risk when repeating our analyses with older IUCN data, which may suggest that the traits influencing species risk are changing as anthropogenic effects continue to transform natural landscapes. We also show that non-insular, larger-bodied, and arboreal species are more susceptible to key threats responsible for primate population declines. Collectively, these results provide new insights to the determinants of primate extinction and identify the mechanisms (i.e. threats) that link traits to extinction risk.}, Doi = {10.1098/rspb.2023.1441}, Key = {fds372662} } @article{fds369334, Author = {Herrera, JP and Moody, J and Nunn, CL}, Title = {Predicting primate-parasite associations using exponential random graph models.}, Journal = {The Journal of animal ecology}, Volume = {92}, Number = {3}, Pages = {710-722}, Year = {2023}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13883}, Abstract = {Ecological associations between hosts and parasites are influenced by host exposure and susceptibility to parasites, and by parasite traits, such as transmission mode. Advances in network analysis allow us to answer questions about the causes and consequences of traits in ecological networks in ways that could not be addressed in the past. We used a network-based framework (exponential random graph models or ERGMs) to investigate the biogeographic, phylogenetic and ecological characteristics of hosts and parasites that affect the probability of interactions among nonhuman primates and their parasites. Parasites included arthropods, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and helminths. We investigated existing hypotheses, along with new predictors and an expanded host-parasite database that included 213 primate nodes, 763 parasite nodes and 2319 edges among them. Analyses also investigated phylogenetic relatedness, sampling effort and spatial overlap among hosts. In addition to supporting some previous findings, our ERGM approach demonstrated that more threatened hosts had fewer parasites, and notably, that this effect was independent of hosts also having a smaller geographic range. Despite having fewer parasites, threatened host species shared more parasites with other hosts, consistent with loss of specialist parasites and threat arising from generalist parasites that can be maintained in other, non-threatened hosts. Viruses, protozoa and helminths had broader host ranges than bacteria, or fungi, and parasites that infect non-primates had a higher probability of infecting more primate species. The value of the ERGM approach for investigating the processes structing host-parasite networks provided a more complete view on the biogeographic, phylogenetic and ecological traits that influence parasite species richness and parasite sharing among hosts. The results supported some previous analyses and revealed new associations that warrant future research, thus revealing how hosts and parasites interact to form ecological networks.}, Doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13883}, Key = {fds369334} } @article{fds369845, Author = {Nunn, CL}, Title = {COVID-19 and Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health.}, Journal = {Evolution, medicine, and public health}, Volume = {11}, Number = {1}, Pages = {41-43}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad002}, Doi = {10.1093/emph/eoad002}, Key = {fds369845} } %% Pontzer, Herman @article{fds375873, Author = {Sercel, AJ and Sturm, G and Gallagher, D and St-Onge, M-P and Kempes, CP and Pontzer, H and Hirano, M and Picard, M}, Title = {Hypermetabolism and energetic constraints in mitochondrial disorders.}, Journal = {Nature metabolism}, Volume = {6}, Number = {2}, Pages = {192-195}, Year = {2024}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42255-023-00968-8}, Doi = {10.1038/s42255-023-00968-8}, Key = {fds375873} } @article{fds376281, Author = {McGrosky, A and Swanson, ZS and Rimbach, R and Bethancourt, H and Ndiema, E and Nzunza, R and Braun, DR and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Total daily energy expenditure and elevated water turnover in a small-scale semi-nomadic pastoralist society from Northern Kenya.}, Journal = {Annals of human biology}, Volume = {51}, Number = {1}, Pages = {2310724}, Year = {2024}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2024.2310724}, Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Pastoralists live in challenging environments, which may be accompanied by unique activity, energy, and water requirements.<h4>Aim</h4>Few studies have examined whether the demands of pastoralism contribute to differences in total energy expenditure (TEE) and water turnover (WT) compared to other lifestyles.<h4>Subjects and methods</h4>Accelerometer-derived physical activity, doubly labelled water-derived TEE and WT, and anthropometric data were collected for 34 semi-nomadic Daasanach adults from three northern Kenyan communities with different levels of pastoralist activity. Daasanach TEEs and WTs were compared to those of other small-scale and industrialised populations.<h4>Results</h4>When modelled as a function of fat-free-mass, fat-mass, age, and sex, TEE did not differ between Daasanach communities. Daasanach TEE (1564-4172 kcal/day) was not significantly correlated with activity and 91% of TEEs were within the range expected for individuals from comparison populations. Mean WT did not differ between Daasanach communities; Daasanach absolute (7.54 litres/day men; 7.46 litres/day women), mass-adjusted, and TEE-adjusted WT was higher than most populations worldwide.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The similar mass-adjusted TEE of Daasanach and industrialised populations supports the hypothesis that habitual TEE is constrained, with physically demanding lifestyles necessitating trade-offs in energy allocation. Elevated WT in the absence of elevated TEE likely reflects a demanding active lifestyle in a hot, arid climate.}, Doi = {10.1080/03014460.2024.2310724}, Key = {fds376281} } @article{fds373335, Author = {Rimbach, R and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Increased physical activity is not related to markers of cardiometabolic health in two lemur species.}, Journal = {American journal of primatology}, Volume = {86}, Number = {1}, Pages = {e23564}, Year = {2024}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23564}, Abstract = {Insufficient physical activity is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic disease (i.e., unhealthy weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes) in humans and may also negatively affect health of primates in human care. Effects of physical activity on energy expenditure and cardiometabolic health are virtually unstudied in nonhuman primates. We investigated physical activity and metabolic markers in 15 adult ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and 11 Coquerel's sifakas (Propithecus coquereli) at the Duke Lemur Center during a period of low activity in winter when the animals were housed in buildings (with outdoor access) and a period of high activity when individuals were free-ranging in large, outdoor, forested enclosures. We compared body mass, blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, physical activity via accelerometry, and total energy expenditure (TEE) via the doubly labeled water method (in ring-tailed lemurs only) between both conditions. Both species were more active and had a lower body mass in summer. Ring-tailed lemurs had a higher TEE and lower triglyceride levels in summer, whereas sifaka had higher triglyceride levels in summer. Individuals that increased their activity more, also lost more body mass. Individuals that lost more body mass, also had a positive change in HDL-cholesterol (i.e., higher values in summer). Changes in activity were not associated with changes in markers of metabolic health, body fat percentage and TEE (both unadjusted and adjusted for body composition). Older age was associated with lower activity in both species, and decreased glucose in ring-tailed lemurs, but was otherwise unrelated to metabolic markers and, for ring-tailed lemurs, adjusted TEE. Overall, body mass was lower during summer but the increase in physical activity did not strongly influence metabolic health or TEE in these populations.}, Doi = {10.1002/ajp.23564}, Key = {fds373335} } @article{fds374541, Author = {Pontzer, H}, Title = {Correction: 'A unified theory for the energy cost of legged locomotion' (2016), by Pontzer.}, Journal = {Biology letters}, Volume = {19}, Number = {12}, Pages = {20230492}, Year = {2023}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0492}, Doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2023.0492}, Key = {fds374541} } @article{fds371433, Author = {Trumble, BC and Pontzer, H and Stieglitz, J and Cummings, DK and Wood, B and Emery Thompson and M and Raichlen, D and Beheim, B and Yetish, G and Kaplan, H and Gurven, M}, Title = {Energetic costs of testosterone in two subsistence populations.}, Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council}, Volume = {35}, Number = {11}, Pages = {e23949}, Year = {2023}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23949}, Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Testosterone plays a role in mediating energetic trade-offs between growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Investments in a high testosterone phenotype trade-off against other functions, particularly survival-enhancing immune function and cellular repair; thus only individuals in good condition can maintain both a high testosterone phenotype and somatic maintenance. While these effects are observed in experimental manipulations, they are difficult to demonstrate in free-living animals, particularly in humans. We hypothesize that individuals with higher testosterone will have higher energetic expenditures than those with lower testosterone.<h4>Methods</h4>Total energetic expenditure (TEE) was quantified using doubly labeled water in n = 40 Tsimane forager-horticulturalists (50% male, 18-87 years) and n = 11 Hadza hunter-gatherers (100% male, 18-65 years), two populations living subsistence lifestyles, high levels of physical activity, and high infectious burden. Urinary testosterone, TEE, body composition, and physical activity were measured to assess potential physical and behavioral costs associated with a high testosterone phenotype.<h4>Results</h4>Endogenous male testosterone was significantly associated with energetic expenditure, controlling for fat free mass; a one standard deviation increase in testosterone is associated with the expenditure of an additional 96-240 calories per day.<h4>Discussion</h4>These results suggest that a high testosterone phenotype, while beneficial for male reproduction, is also energetically expensive and likely only possible to maintain in healthy males in robust condition.}, Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23949}, Key = {fds371433} } @article{fds372440, Author = {Dolan, E and Koehler, K and Areta, J and Longman, DP and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Energy constraint and compensation: Insights from endurance athletes.}, Journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology}, Volume = {285}, Pages = {111500}, Year = {2023}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111500}, Abstract = {The Constrained Model of Total Energy Expenditure predicts that increased physical activity may not influence total energy expenditure, but instead, induces compensatory energetic savings in other processes. Much remains unknown, however, about concepts of energy expenditure, constraint and compensation in different populations, and it is unclear whether this model applies to endurance athletes, who expend very large amounts of energy during training and competition. Furthermore, it is well-established that some endurance athletes consciously or unconsciously fail to meet their energy requirements via adequate food intake, thus exacerbating the extent of energetic stress that they experience. Within this review we A) Describe unique characteristics of endurance athletes that render them a useful model to investigate energy constraints and compensations, B) Consider the factors that may combine to constrain activity and total energy expenditure, and C) Describe compensations that occur when activity energy expenditure is high and unmet by adequate energy intake. Our main conclusions are as follows: A) Higher activity levels, as observed in endurance athletes, may indeed increase total energy expenditure, albeit to a lesser degree than may be predicted by an additive model, given that some compensation is likely to occur; B) That while a range of factors may combine to constrain sustained high activity levels, the ability to ingest, digest, absorb and deliver sufficient calories from food to the working muscle is likely the primary determinant in most situations and C) That energetic compensation that occurs in the face of high activity expenditure may be primarily driven by low energy availability i.e., the amount of energy available for all biological processes after the demands of exercise have been met, and not by activity expenditure per se.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111500}, Key = {fds372440} } @article{fds372769, Author = {Sayre, MK and Anyawire, M and Paolo, B and Mabulla, AZP and Pontzer, H and Wood, BM and Raichlen, DA}, Title = {Lifestyle and patterns of physical activity in Hadza foragers.}, Journal = {American journal of biological anthropology}, Volume = {182}, Number = {3}, Pages = {340-356}, Year = {2023}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24846}, Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Physically active lifestyles are associated with several health benefits. Physical activity (PA) levels are low in post-industrial populations, but generally high throughout life in subsistence populations. The Hadza are a subsistence-oriented foraging population in Tanzania known for being physically active, but it is unknown how recent increases in market integration may have altered their PA patterns. In this study, we examine PA patterns for Hadza women and men who engage in different amounts of traditional foraging.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>One hundred and seventy seven Hadza participants (51% female, 19-87 years) wore an Axivity accelerometer (dominant wrist) for ~6 days during dry season months. We evaluated the effects of age, sex, and lifestyle measures on four PA measures that capture different aspects of the PA profile.<h4>Results</h4>Participants engaged in high levels of both moderate-intensity PA and inactivity. Although PA levels were negatively associated with age, older participants were still highly active. We found no differences in PA between participants living in more traditional "bush" camps and those living in more settled "village" camps. Mobility was positively associated with step counts for female participants, and schooling was positively associated with inactive time for male participants.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The similarity in PA patterns between Hadza participants in different camp types suggests that high PA levels characterize subsistence lifestyles generally. The sex-based difference in the effects of mobility and schooling on PA could be a reflection of the Hadza's gender-based division of labor, or indicate that changes to subsistence-oriented lifestyles impact women and men in different ways.}, Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.24846}, Key = {fds372769} } @article{fds372770, Author = {Best, AW and McGrosky, A and Swanson, Z and Rimbach, R and McConaughy, K and McConaughy, J and Ocobock, C and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Total Energy Expenditure and Nutritional Intake in Continuous Multiday Ultramarathon Events.}, Journal = {International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism}, Volume = {33}, Number = {6}, Pages = {342-348}, Year = {2023}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0063}, Abstract = {Continuous multiday ultramarathon competitions are increasingly popular and impose extreme energetic and nutritional demands on competitors. However, few data have been published on energy expenditure during these events. Here, we report doubly labeled water-derived measures of total energy expenditure (in kilocalories per day) and estimated physical activity level (PAL: total energy expenditure/basal metabolic rate) collected from five elite and subelite finishers (four males and one female, age 34.6 ± 4.9 years)-and nutritional intake data from the winner-of the Cocodona 250, a ∼402-km race in Arizona, and from a fastest-known-time record (one male, age 30 years) on the ∼1,315-km Arizona Trail. PAL during these events exceeded four times basal metabolic rate (Cocodona range: 4.34-6.94; Arizona Trail: 5.63). Combining the results with other doubly labeled water-derived total energy expenditure data from ultraendurance events show a strong inverse relationship between event duration and PAL (r2 = .68, p < .0001). Cocodona race duration was inversely, though not significantly, associated with PAL (r2 = .70, p = .08). Water turnover varied widely between athletes and was not explained by PAL or body mass. The Cocodona race winner met ∼53% of energy demand via dietary intake, 85.6% of which was carbohydrate, while ∼47% of energy demand was met via catabolism of body energy stores. Together, these results illustrate the energetic deficits incurred during competitive continuous multiday ultramarathon efforts and implicate macronutrient absorption and/or storage as key factors in ultramarathon performance.}, Doi = {10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0063}, Key = {fds372770} } @article{fds372663, Author = {Pontzer, H}, Title = {The provisioned primate: patterns of obesity across lemurs, monkeys, apes and humans.}, Journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, Volume = {378}, Number = {1888}, Pages = {20220218}, Year = {2023}, Month = {October}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0218}, Abstract = {Non-human primates are potentially informative but underutilized species for investigating obesity. I examined patterns of obesity across the Primate order, calculating the ratio of body mass in captivity to that in the wild. This index, relative body mass, for <i>n</i> = 40 non-human primates (mean ± s.d.: females: 1.28 ± 0.30, range 0.67-1.78, males: 1.24 ± 0.28, range 0.70-1.97) overlapped with a reference value for humans (women: 1.52, men: 1.44). Among non-human primates, relative body mass was unrelated to dietary niche, and was marginally greater among female cohorts of terrestrial species. Males and females had similar relative body masses, but species with greater sexual size dimorphism (male/female mass) in wild populations had comparatively larger female body mass in captivity. Provisioned populations in wild and free-ranging settings had similar relative body mass to those in research facilities and zoos. Compared to the wild, captive diets are unlikely to be low in protein or fat, or high in carbohydrate, suggesting these macronutrients are not driving overeating in captive populations. Several primate species, including chimpanzees, a sister-species to humans, had relative body masses similar to humans. Humans are not unique in the propensity to overweight and obesity. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.}, Doi = {10.1098/rstb.2022.0218}, Key = {fds372663} } @article{fds372255, Author = {Speakman, JR and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Quantifying physical activity energy expenditure based on doubly labelled water and basal metabolism calorimetry: what are we actually measuring?}, Journal = {Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care}, Volume = {26}, Number = {5}, Pages = {401-408}, Year = {2023}, Month = {September}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000937}, Abstract = {<h4>Purpose of review</h4>Physical activity impacts energy balance because of its contribution to total energy expenditure. Measuring physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) is often performed by subtracting the estimated 24 h expenditure on basal metabolism (called basal energy expenditure or BEE) from the total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labelled water minus an estimate of the thermic effect of food (TEF). Alternatively it can be measured as the ratio of TEE/BEE, which is commonly called the physical activity level (PAL).<h4>Recent findings</h4>PAEE and PAL are widely used in the literature but their shortcomings are seldom addressed. In this review, we outline some of the issues with their use.<h4>Summary</h4>TEE and BEE are both measured with error. The estimate of PAEE by difference magnifies these errors and consequently the precision of estimated PAEE is about 3× worse than TEE and 25-35× worse than BEE. A second problem is that the component called PAEE is actually any component of TEE that is not BEE. We highlight how the diurnal variation of BEE, thermoregulatory expenditure and elevations of RMR because of stress will all be part of what is called PAEE and will contribute to a disconnect between what is measured and what energy expenditure is a consequence of physical activity. We emphasize caution should be exerted when interpreting these measurements of PAEE and PAL.}, Doi = {10.1097/mco.0000000000000937}, Key = {fds372255} } @article{fds373008, Author = {Lea, AJ and Clark, AG and Dahl, AW and Devinsky, O and Garcia, AR and Golden, CD and Kamau, J and Kraft, TS and Lim, YAL and Martins, DJ and Mogoi, D and Pajukanta, P and Perry, GH and Pontzer, H and Trumble, BC and Urlacher, SS and Venkataraman, VV and Wallace, IJ and Gurven, M and Lieberman, DE and Ayroles, JF}, Title = {Applying an evolutionary mismatch framework to understand disease susceptibility.}, Journal = {PLoS biology}, Volume = {21}, Number = {9}, Pages = {e3002311}, Year = {2023}, Month = {September}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002311}, Abstract = {Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are on the rise worldwide. Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes are among a long list of "lifestyle" diseases that were rare throughout human history but are now common. The evolutionary mismatch hypothesis posits that humans evolved in environments that radically differ from those we currently experience; consequently, traits that were once advantageous may now be "mismatched" and disease causing. At the genetic level, this hypothesis predicts that loci with a history of selection will exhibit "genotype by environment" (GxE) interactions, with different health effects in "ancestral" versus "modern" environments. To identify such loci, we advocate for combining genomic tools in partnership with subsistence-level groups experiencing rapid lifestyle change. In these populations, comparisons of individuals falling on opposite extremes of the "matched" to "mismatched" spectrum are uniquely possible. More broadly, the work we propose will inform our understanding of environmental and genetic risk factors for NCDs across diverse ancestries and cultures.}, Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3002311}, Key = {fds373008} } @article{fds368054, Author = {Swanson, ZS and Nzunza, R and Bethancourt, HJ and Saunders, J and Mutindwa, F and Ndiema, E and Braun, DR and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Early childhood growth in Daasanach pastoralists of Northern Kenya: Distinct patterns of faltering in linear growth and weight gain.}, Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council}, Volume = {35}, Number = {4}, Pages = {e23842}, Year = {2023}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23842}, Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Investigations of early childhood growth among small-scale populations are essential for understanding human life history variation and enhancing the ability to serve such communities through global public health initiatives. This study characterizes early childhood growth trajectories and identifies differences in growth patterns relative to international references among Daasanach semi-nomadic pastoralist children living in a hot, arid region of northern Kenya.<h4>Methods</h4>A large sample of height and weight measures were collected from children (N = 1756; total observations = 4508; age = 0-5 years) between 2018 and 2020. Daasanach growth was compared to international reference standards and Daasanach-specific centile growth curves and pseudo-velocity models were generated using generalized additive models for location scale and size.<h4>Results</h4>Compared to World Health Organization (WHO) reference, relatively few Daasanach children were stunted (14.3%), while a large proportion were underweight (38.5%) and wasted (53.6%). Additionally, Daasanach children had a distinctive pattern of growth, marked by an increase in linear growth velocity after 24 months of age and relatively high linear growth velocity throughout the rest of early childhood.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These results identify a unique pattern of early childhood growth faltering among children in a small-scale population and may reflect a thermoregulatory adaptation to their hot, arid environment. As linear growth and weight gain remain important indicators of health, the results of this study provide insight into growth velocity variations. This study has important implications for global public health efforts to identify and address sources of early growth faltering and undernutrition in small-scale populations.}, Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23842}, Key = {fds368054} } @article{fds374096, Author = {Speakman, JR and de Jong, JMA and Sinha, S and Westerterp, KR and Yamada, Y and Sagayama, H and Ainslie, PN and Anderson, LJ and Arab, L and Bedu-Addo, K and Blanc, S and Bonomi, AG and Bovet, P and Brage, S and Buchowski, MS and Butte, NF and Camps, SGJA and Cooper, JA and Cooper, R and Das, SK and Davies, PSW and Dugas, LR and Ekelund, U and Entringer, S and Forrester, T and Fudge, BW and Gillingham, M and Ghosh, S and Goris, AH and Gurven, M and Halsey, LG and Hambly, C and Haisma, HH and Hoffman, D and Hu, S and Joosen, AM and Kaplan, JL and Katzmarzyk, P and Kraus, WE and Kushner, RF and Leonard, WR and Löf, M and Martin, CK and Matsiko, E and Medin, AC and Meijer, EP and Neuhouser, ML and Nicklas, TA and Ojiambo, RM and Pietiläinen, KH and Plange-Rhule, J and Plasqui, G and Prentice, RL and Racette, SB and Raichlen, DA and Ravussin, E and Redman, LM and Roberts, SB and Rudolph, MC and Sardinha, LB and Schuit, AJ and Silva, AM and Stice, E and Urlacher, SS and Valenti, G and Van Etten and LM and Van Mil, EA and Wood, BM and Yanovski, JA and Yoshida, T and Zhang, X and Murphy-Alford, AJ and Loechl, CU and Kurpad, A and Luke, AH and Pontzer, H and Rodeheffer, MS and Rood, J and Schoeller, DA and Wong, WW}, Title = {Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure.}, Journal = {Nat Metab}, Volume = {5}, Number = {4}, Pages = {579-588}, Year = {2023}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2}, Abstract = {Obesity is caused by a prolonged positive energy balance1,2. Whether reduced energy expenditure stemming from reduced activity levels contributes is debated3,4. Here we show that in both sexes, total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for body composition and age declined since the late 1980s, while adjusted activity energy expenditure increased over time. We use the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labelled Water database on energy expenditure of adults in the United States and Europe (n = 4,799) to explore patterns in total (TEE: n = 4,799), basal (BEE: n = 1,432) and physical activity energy expenditure (n = 1,432) over time. In males, adjusted BEE decreased significantly, but in females this did not reach significance. A larger dataset of basal metabolic rate (equivalent to BEE) measurements of 9,912 adults across 163 studies spanning 100 years replicates the decline in BEE in both sexes. We conclude that increasing obesity in the United States/Europe has probably not been fuelled by reduced physical activity leading to lowered TEE. We identify here a decline in adjusted BEE as a previously unrecognized factor.}, Doi = {10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2}, Key = {fds374096} } @article{fds369976, Author = {McGrosky, A and Pontzer, H}, Title = {The fire of evolution: energy expenditure and ecology in primates and other endotherms.}, Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, Volume = {226}, Number = {5}, Pages = {jeb245272}, Year = {2023}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.245272}, Abstract = {Total energy expenditure (TEE) represents the total energy allocated to growth, reproduction and body maintenance, as well as the energy expended on physical activity. Early experimental work in animal energetics focused on the costs of specific tasks (basal metabolic rate, locomotion, reproduction), while determination of TEE was limited to estimates from activity budgets or measurements of subjects confined to metabolic chambers. Advances in recent decades have enabled measures of TEE in free-living animals, challenging traditional additive approaches to understanding animal energy budgets. Variation in lifestyle and activity level can impact individuals' TEE on short time scales, but interspecific differences in TEE are largely shaped by evolution. Here, we review work on energy expenditure across the animal kingdom, with a particular focus on endotherms, and examine recent advances in primate energetics. Relative to other placental mammals, primates have low TEE, which may drive their slow pace of life and be an evolved response to the challenges presented by their ecologies and environments. TEE variation among hominoid primates appears to reflect adaptive shifts in energy throughput and allocation in response to ecological pressures. As the taxonomic breadth and depth of TEE data expand, we will be able to test additional hypotheses about how energy budgets are shaped by environmental pressures and explore the more proximal mechanisms that drive intra-specific variation in energy expenditure.}, Doi = {10.1242/jeb.245272}, Key = {fds369976} } @article{fds368299, Author = {Pontzer, H}, Title = {Exercise is essential for health but a poor tool for weight loss: a reply to Allison and colleagues.}, Journal = {International journal of obesity (2005)}, Volume = {47}, Number = {2}, Pages = {98-99}, Year = {2023}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-022-01248-3}, Doi = {10.1038/s41366-022-01248-3}, Key = {fds368299} } @article{fds369846, Author = {Sadhir, S and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Impact of energy availability and physical activity on variation in fertility across human populations.}, Journal = {Journal of physiological anthropology}, Volume = {42}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1}, Year = {2023}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00318-3}, Abstract = {Human reproduction is energetically costly, even more so than other primates. In this review, we consider how the energy cost of physical activity impacts reproductive tasks. Daily energy expenditure appears to be constrained, leading to trade-offs between activity and reproduction expenditures in physically active populations. High workloads can lead to suppression of basal metabolic rate and low gestational weight gain during pregnancy and longer interbirth intervals. These responses lead to variation in fertility, including age at first reproduction and interbirth interval. The influence of energetics is evident even in industrialized populations, where cultural and economic factors predominate. With the decoupling of skills acquisition from food procurement, extrasomatic resources and investment in individual offspring becomes very costly. The result is greater investment in fewer offspring. We present a summary of age at first reproduction and interbirth interval trends across a diverse, global sample representing 44 countries and two natural fertility populations. While economic factors impact fertility, women in energy-rich, industrialized populations are capable of greater reproductive output than women in energy-stressed populations. Thus, energetic factors can be disentangled from cultural and economic impacts on fertility. Future research should focus on objective measurements of energy intake, energy expenditure, and physical activity in a broader sample of populations to elucidate the role of energetics in shaping reproductive outcomes and health.}, Doi = {10.1186/s40101-023-00318-3}, Key = {fds369846} } @article{fds367802, Author = {Rimbach, R and Butler, G and Gupte, PR and Jäger, J and Parker, C and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Gray squirrels consume anthropogenic food waste most often during winter.}, Journal = {Mammalian biology = Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde}, Volume = {103}, Number = {1}, Pages = {69-81}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00326-3}, Abstract = {Urban habitats provide wildlife with predictable, easily accessible and abundant food sources in the form of human food waste. Urban eastern gray squirrels (<i>Sciurus carolinensis</i>) are commonly observed feeding in trash bins, but we lack data regarding the type, quantity and seasonal changes in food waste usage. We observed five trash bins on an urban university campus during four different observation periods. We recorded the time squirrels spent on and inside trash bins and type of retrieved food items. We also recorded ambient temperature, human presence and trash bin filling. Moreover, we determined changes in squirrel population density in a natural and three anthropogenic habitats during the same periods. Trash bins were fuller when human presence was higher. The higher human presence, the more squirrels went on and inside the bin, but there was no effect on number of retrieved food items. Trash bin usage by squirrels decreased when ambient temperature and bin filling increased. Most food items were retrieved during the coldest observation period, a period of high human presence, and the majority of retrieved food items were starchy foods (e.g., bread, French fries). The relationship between the number of squirrels observed along transects and a measure of urbanization, the normalized difference built-up index, was negative in periods with high ambient temperatures and positive in periods with low ambient temperatures, indicating winter may be less challenging in urban areas, likely facilitated by the availability of anthropogenic food sources, allowing a higher level of activity throughout winter.<h4>Supplementary information</h4>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42991-022-00326-3.}, Doi = {10.1007/s42991-022-00326-3}, Key = {fds367802} } @article{fds367920, Author = {Ford, LB and Bethancourt, HJ and Swanson, ZS and Nzunza, R and Wutich, A and Brewis, A and Young, S and Almeida, DM and Douglass, M and Ndiema, EK and Braun, DR and Pontzer, H and Rosinger, AY}, Title = {Water insecurity, water borrowing and psychosocial stress among Daasanach pastoralists in northern Kenya}, Journal = {Water International}, Volume = {48}, Number = {1}, Pages = {63-86}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2022.2138050}, Abstract = {This article quantifies Daasanach water insecurity experiences in northern Kenya, examines how water insecurity is associated with water borrowing and psychosocial stress, and evaluates if water borrowing mitigates the stress from water insecurity. Of 133 households interviewed in seven communities, 94.0% were water insecure and 74.4% borrowed water three or more times in the prior month. Regression analyses demonstrate water-borrowing frequency moderates the relationship between water insecurity and psychosocial stress. Only those who rarely or never borrowed water reported greater stress with higher water insecurity. The coping mechanism of water borrowing may help blunt water insecurity-related stress.}, Doi = {10.1080/02508060.2022.2138050}, Key = {fds367920} } @article{fds373952, Author = {Swanson, ZS and Bethancourt, H and Nzunza, R and Ndiema, E and Braun, DR and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer, H}, Title = {The effects of lifestyle change on indicators of cardiometabolic health in semi-nomadic pastoralists.}, Journal = {Evolution, medicine, and public health}, Volume = {11}, Number = {1}, Pages = {318-331}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad030}, Abstract = {<h4>Background and objectives</h4>Non-communicable disease risk and the epidemic of cardiometabolic diseases continue to grow across the expanding industrialized world. Probing the relationships between evolved human physiology and modern socioecological conditions is central to understanding this health crisis. Therefore, we investigated the relationships between increased market access, shifting subsistence patterns and cardiometabolic health indicators within Daasanach semi-nomadic pastoralists who vary in their engagement in traditional lifestyle and emerging market behaviors.<h4>Methodology</h4>We conducted cross-sectional socioecological, demographic and lifestyle stressor surveys along with health, biomarker and nutrition examinations among 225 (51.6% female) Daasanach adults in 2019-2020. We used linear mixed-effects models to test how differing levels of engagement in market integration and traditional subsistence activities related to blood pressure (BP), body composition and blood chemistry.<h4>Results</h4>We found that systolic and diastolic BP, as well as the probability of having high BP (hypertension), were negatively associated with distance to market, a proxy for market integration. Additionally, body composition varied significantly by socioeconomic status (SES), with significant positive associations between BMI and body fat and higher SES among adults.<h4>Conclusions and implications</h4>While evidence for evolutionary mismatch and health variation have been found across a number of populations affected by an urban/rural divide, these results demonstrate the effects of market integration and sedentarization on cardiometabolic health associated with the early stages of lifestyle changes. Our findings provide evidence for the changes in health when small-scale populations begin the processes of sedentarization and market integration that result from myriad market pressures.}, Doi = {10.1093/emph/eoad030}, Key = {fds373952} } @article{fds374951, Author = {Parker, CH and Sadhir, S and Swanson, Z and McGrosky, A and Hinz, E and Urlacher, SS and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Effect of influenza vaccination on resting metabolic rate and c-reactive protein concentrations in healthy young adults.}, Journal = {PloS one}, Volume = {18}, Number = {12}, Pages = {e0295540}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295540}, Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Chronic immune activation and severe inflammatory states are positively associated with resting metabolic rate (RMR; kcal/day), but the impacts of mild immune stimuli on metabolism are poorly understood. This study investigates the within-individual association between the inflammatory response to influenza vaccination and RMR in young adults.<h4>Methods</h4>We evaluated RMRs through indirect calorimetry and circulating c-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (mg/L)-a direct measure of inflammation-via high-sensitivity immunoassays of dried blood spots (n = 17) at baseline and two- and seven-days post-vaccine. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests were used to evaluate the magnitude of the CRP and RMR responses. Type II Wald chi-square tests of linear mixed-effect models assessed whether those responses were correlated.<h4>Results</h4>Baseline CRP was 1.39 ± 1.26 mg/L. On day two post-vaccine, CRP increased by 1.47 ± 1.37 mg/L (p < 0.0001), representing a 106% increase above baseline values. CRP remained higher on day seven post-vaccine, 1.32 ± 2.47 mg/L (p = 0.05) above baseline values. There were no statistically significant changes in RMR from baseline to day two (p = 0.98) or day seven (p = 0.21). Change in CRP from baseline did not predict RMR variation across days (p = 0.46).<h4>Conclusions</h4>We find no evidence that adult influenza vaccination results in a corresponding increase in RMR. These results suggest that the energetic cost of an influenza vaccine's mild inflammatory stimulus is either too small to detect or is largely compensated by a temporary downregulation of energy allocated to other metabolic tasks.}, Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295540}, Key = {fds374951} } @misc{fds374604, Author = {Pontzer, H}, Title = {Evolutionary Changes in Physical Activity, Diet, and Energy Expenditure: Implications for the Prevention of Obesity}, Volume = {2}, Pages = {11-17}, Booktitle = {Handbook of Obesity - Volume 2: Clinical Applications, Fifth Edition}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9781032551081}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003432807-3}, Abstract = {Obesity and related metabolic diseases are recent phenomena, products of our increasingly industrialized world. Our Paleolithic hunter-gatherer ancestors and the subsistence farming communities that succeeded them were largely protected from these diseases. Here, we discuss how our evolutionary legacy as hunter-gatherers leaves us vulnerable to obesity and cardiometabolic disease in industrialized societies. Hunting and gathering, as well as subsistence farming, require high levels of daily physical activity. Hunter-gatherer diets are remarkably variable across time and geography, but typically include a balance of plant and animal foods. Human physiology is therefore adapted to high levels of daily physical activity and a wide range of diets. The sedentary behavior and heavily processed foods typical of modern societies are evolutionarily novel and promote poor health. Exercise is essential for cardiometabolic health but is less effective as a weight loss tool, and societal changes in physical activity do not appear to have contributed substantially to the modern obesity pandemic. Instead, recent changes in diet, particularly the growing prevalence of ultra-processed foods, have likely been the primary societal drivers of the obesity pandemic.}, Doi = {10.1201/9781003432807-3}, Key = {fds374604} } %% Pusey, Anne @article{fds371700, Author = {Mouginot, M and Cheng, L and Wilson, ML and Feldblum, JT and Städele, V and Wroblewski, EE and Vigilant, L and Hahn, BH and Li, Y and Gilby, IC and Pusey, AE and Surbeck, M}, Title = {Reproductive inequality among males in the genus Pan.}, Journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences}, Volume = {378}, Number = {1883}, Pages = {20220301}, Year = {2023}, Month = {August}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0301}, Abstract = {Reproductive inequality, or reproductive skew, drives natural selection, but has been difficult to assess, particularly for males in species with promiscuous mating and slow life histories, such as bonobos (<i>Pan paniscus</i>) and chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>). Although bonobos are often portrayed as more egalitarian than chimpanzees, genetic studies have found high male reproductive skew in bonobos. Here, we discuss mechanisms likely to affect male reproductive skew in <i>Pan</i>, then re-examine skew patterns using paternity data from published work and new data from the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo and Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Using the multinomial index (<i>M</i>), we found considerable overlap in skew between the species, but the highest skew occurred among bonobos. Additionally, for two of three bonobo communities, but no chimpanzee communities, the highest ranking male had greater siring success than predicted by priority-of-access. Thus, an expanded dataset covering a broader demographic range confirms that bonobos have high male reproductive skew. Detailed comparison of data from <i>Pan</i> highlights that reproductive skew models should consider male-male dynamics including the effect of between-group competition on incentives for reproductive concessions, but also female grouping patterns and factors related to male-female dynamics including the expression of female choice. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary ecology of inequality'.}, Doi = {10.1098/rstb.2022.0301}, Key = {fds371700} } @article{fds371292, Author = {Bonnin, N and Piel, AK and Brown, RP and Li, Y and Connell, AJ and Avitto, AN and Boubli, JP and Chitayat, A and Giles, J and Gundlapally, MS and Lipende, I and Lonsdorf, EV and Mjungu, D and Mwacha, D and Pintea, L and Pusey, AE and Raphael, J and Wich, SA and Wilson, ML and Wroblewski, EE and Hahn, BH and Stewart, FA}, Title = {Barriers to chimpanzee gene flow at the south-east edge of their distribution.}, Journal = {Molecular Ecology}, Volume = {32}, Number = {14}, Pages = {3842-3858}, Year = {2023}, Month = {July}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.16986}, Abstract = {Populations on the edge of a species' distribution may represent an important source of adaptive diversity, yet these populations tend to be more fragmented and are more likely to be geographically isolated. Lack of genetic exchanges between such populations, due to barriers to animal movement, can not only compromise adaptive potential but also lead to the fixation of deleterious alleles. The south-eastern edge of chimpanzee distribution is particularly fragmented, and conflicting hypotheses have been proposed about population connectivity and viability. To address this uncertainty, we generated both mitochondrial and MiSeq-based microsatellite genotypes for 290 individuals ranging across western Tanzania. While shared mitochondrial haplotypes confirmed historical gene flow, our microsatellite analyses revealed two distinct clusters, suggesting two populations currently isolated from one another. However, we found evidence of high levels of gene flow maintained within each of these clusters, one of which covers an 18,000 km<sup>2</sup> ecosystem. Landscape genetic analyses confirmed the presence of barriers to gene flow with rivers and bare habitats highly restricting chimpanzee movement. Our study demonstrates how advances in sequencing technologies, combined with the development of landscape genetics approaches, can resolve ambiguities in the genetic history of critical populations and better inform conservation efforts of endangered species.}, Doi = {10.1111/mec.16986}, Key = {fds371292} } @article{fds370863, Author = {Ross, CT and Hooper, PL and Smith, JE and Jaeggi, AV and Smith, EA and Gavrilets, S and Zohora, FT and Ziker, J and Xygalatas, D and Wroblewski, EE and Wood, B and Winterhalder, B and Willführ, KP and Willard, AK and Walker, K and von Rueden, C and Voland, E and Valeggia, C and Vaitla, B and Urlacher, S and Towner, M and Sum, C-Y and Sugiyama, LS and Strier, KB and Starkweather, K and Major-Smith, D and Shenk, M and Sear, R and Seabright, E and Schacht, R and Scelza, B and Scaggs, S and Salerno, J and Revilla-Minaya, C and Redhead, D and Pusey, A and Purzycki, BG and Power, EA and Pisor, A and Pettay, J and Perry, S and Page, AE and Pacheco-Cobos, L and Oths, K and Oh, S-Y and Nolin, D and Nettle, D and Moya, C and Migliano, AB and Mertens, KJ and McNamara, RA and McElreath, R and Mattison, S and Massengill, E and Marlowe, F and Madimenos, F and Macfarlan, S and Lummaa, V and Lizarralde, R and Liu, R and Liebert, MA and Lew-Levy, S and Leslie, P and Lanning, J and Kramer, K and Koster, J and Kaplan, HS and Jamsranjav, B and Hurtado, AM and Hill, K and Hewlett, B and Helle, S and Headland, T and Headland, J and Gurven, M and Grimalda, G and Greaves, R and Golden, CD and Godoy, I and Gibson, M and Mouden, CE and Dyble, M and Draper, P and Downey, S and DeMarco, AL and Davis, HE and Crabtree, S and Cortez, C and Colleran, H and Cohen, E and Clark, G and Clark, J and Caudell, MA and Carminito, CE and Bunce, J and Boyette, A and Bowles, S and Blumenfield, T and Beheim, B and Beckerman, S and Atkinson, Q and Apicella, C and Alam, N and Mulder, MB}, Title = {Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals.}, Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, Volume = {120}, Number = {22}, Pages = {e2220124120}, Year = {2023}, Month = {May}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2220124120}, Abstract = {To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women's fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species-including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms.}, Doi = {10.1073/pnas.2220124120}, Key = {fds370863} } @article{fds370926, Author = {Weiss, A and Feldblum, JT and Altschul, DM and Collins, DA and Kamenya, S and Mjungu, D and Foerster, S and Gilby, IC and Wilson, ML and Pusey, AE}, Title = {Personality traits, rank attainment, and siring success throughout the lives of male chimpanzees of Gombe National Park.}, Journal = {Peerj}, Volume = {11}, Pages = {e15083}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15083}, Abstract = {Personality traits in many taxa correlate with fitness. Several models have been developed to try to explain how variation in these traits is maintained. One model proposes that variation persists because it is linked to trade-offs between current and future adaptive benefits. Tests of this model's predictions, however, are scant in long-lived species. To test this model, we studied male chimpanzees living in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We operationalized six personality traits using ratings on 19 items. We used 37 years of behavioral and genetic data to assemble (1) daily rank scores generated from submissive vocalizations and (2) records of male siring success. We tested whether the association between two personality traits, Dominance and Conscientiousness, and either rank or reproductive success, varied over the life course. Higher Dominance and lower Conscientiousness were associated with higher rank, but the size and direction of these relationships did not vary over the life course. In addition, independent of rank at the time of siring, higher Dominance and lower Conscientiousness were related to higher siring success. Again, the size and direction of these relationships did not vary over the life course. The trade-off model, therefore, may not hold in long-lived and/or slowly reproducing species. These findings also demonstrate that ratings are a valid way to measure animal personality; they are related to rank and reproductive success. These traits could therefore be used to test alternative models, including one that posits that personality variation is maintained by environmental heterogeneity, in studies of multiple chimpanzee communities.}, Doi = {10.7717/peerj.15083}, Key = {fds370926} } %% Sadhir, Srishti @article{fds369686, Author = {Sadhir, S and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Impact of energy availability and physical activity on variation in fertility across human populations.}, Journal = {Journal of physiological anthropology}, Volume = {42}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1}, Year = {2023}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00318-3}, Abstract = {Human reproduction is energetically costly, even more so than other primates. In this review, we consider how the energy cost of physical activity impacts reproductive tasks. Daily energy expenditure appears to be constrained, leading to trade-offs between activity and reproduction expenditures in physically active populations. High workloads can lead to suppression of basal metabolic rate and low gestational weight gain during pregnancy and longer interbirth intervals. These responses lead to variation in fertility, including age at first reproduction and interbirth interval. The influence of energetics is evident even in industrialized populations, where cultural and economic factors predominate. With the decoupling of skills acquisition from food procurement, extrasomatic resources and investment in individual offspring becomes very costly. The result is greater investment in fewer offspring. We present a summary of age at first reproduction and interbirth interval trends across a diverse, global sample representing 44 countries and two natural fertility populations. While economic factors impact fertility, women in energy-rich, industrialized populations are capable of greater reproductive output than women in energy-stressed populations. Thus, energetic factors can be disentangled from cultural and economic impacts on fertility. Future research should focus on objective measurements of energy intake, energy expenditure, and physical activity in a broader sample of populations to elucidate the role of energetics in shaping reproductive outcomes and health.}, Doi = {10.1186/s40101-023-00318-3}, Key = {fds369686} } @article{fds374542, Author = {Parker, CH and Sadhir, S and Swanson, Z and McGrosky, A and Hinz, E and Urlacher, SS and Pontzer, H}, Title = {Effect of influenza vaccination on resting metabolic rate and c-reactive protein concentrations in healthy young adults.}, Journal = {PloS one}, Volume = {18}, Number = {12}, Pages = {e0295540}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295540}, Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Chronic immune activation and severe inflammatory states are positively associated with resting metabolic rate (RMR; kcal/day), but the impacts of mild immune stimuli on metabolism are poorly understood. This study investigates the within-individual association between the inflammatory response to influenza vaccination and RMR in young adults.<h4>Methods</h4>We evaluated RMRs through indirect calorimetry and circulating c-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (mg/L)-a direct measure of inflammation-via high-sensitivity immunoassays of dried blood spots (n = 17) at baseline and two- and seven-days post-vaccine. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests were used to evaluate the magnitude of the CRP and RMR responses. Type II Wald chi-square tests of linear mixed-effect models assessed whether those responses were correlated.<h4>Results</h4>Baseline CRP was 1.39 ± 1.26 mg/L. On day two post-vaccine, CRP increased by 1.47 ± 1.37 mg/L (p < 0.0001), representing a 106% increase above baseline values. CRP remained higher on day seven post-vaccine, 1.32 ± 2.47 mg/L (p = 0.05) above baseline values. There were no statistically significant changes in RMR from baseline to day two (p = 0.98) or day seven (p = 0.21). Change in CRP from baseline did not predict RMR variation across days (p = 0.46).<h4>Conclusions</h4>We find no evidence that adult influenza vaccination results in a corresponding increase in RMR. These results suggest that the energetic cost of an influenza vaccine's mild inflammatory stimulus is either too small to detect or is largely compensated by a temporary downregulation of energy allocated to other metabolic tasks.}, Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295540}, Key = {fds374542} } %% Salomons, Hannah @article{fds369685, Author = {Salomons, H and Smith, KCM and Callahan-Beckel, M and Callahan, M and Levy, K and Kennedy, BS and Bray, EE and Gnanadesikan, GE and Horschler, DJ and Gruen, M and Tan, J and White, P and vonHoldt, BM and MacLean, EL and Hare, B}, Title = {Response to Hansen Wheat et al.: Additional analysis further supports the early emergence of cooperative communication in dogs compared to wolves raised with more human exposure.}, Journal = {Learning & Behavior}, Volume = {51}, Number = {2}, Pages = {131-134}, Year = {2023}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-023-00576-2}, Abstract = {Here, we address Hansen Wheat et al.'s commentary in this journal in response to Salomons et al. Current Biology, 31(14), 3137-3144.E11, (2021). We conduct additional analyses in response to Hansen Wheat et al.'s two main questions. First, we examine the claim that it was the move to a human home environment which enabled the dog puppies to outperform the wolf puppies in gesture comprehension tasks. We show that the youngest dog puppies who had not yet been individually placed in raisers' homes were still highly skilled, and outperformed similar-aged wolf puppies who had higher levels of human interaction. Second, we address the claim that willingness to approach a stranger can explain the difference between dog and wolf pups' ability to succeed in gesture comprehension tasks. We explain the various controls in the original study that render this explanation insufficient, and demonstrate via model comparison that the covariance of species and temperament also make this parsing impossible. Overall, our additional analyses and considerations support the domestication hypothesis as laid out by Salomons et al. Current Biology, 31(14), 3137-3144.E11, (2021).}, Doi = {10.3758/s13420-023-00576-2}, Key = {fds369685} } %% Schmitt, Daniel O. @article{fds376019, Author = {Schmitt, D and Sparling, TL and Queen, RM}, Title = {The effect of total ankle arthroplasty on mechanical energy exchange.}, Journal = {Journal of biomechanics}, Volume = {164}, Pages = {111941}, Year = {2024}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.111941}, Abstract = {Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is a common surgical solution for patients with debilitating arthritis of the ankle. Prior to surgery patients experience high levels of pain and fatigue and low mechanical energy recovery. It is not known if TAA restores healthy levels of mechanical energy recovery in this patient population. This study was designed to determine whether mechanical energy recovery was restored following TAA. Ground reaction forces during self-selected speed walking were collected from patients with symptomatic, unilateral ankle arthritis (N = 29) before and one and two years after primary, unilateral TAA. The exchange of potential (PE) and kinetic (KE) energy was examined, and direction of change (%congruity) and energy exchange (%recovery) between the two curves was calculated, with those subjects with low congruity experiencing high energy recovery. Linear regressions were used to examine the impact of walking speed, congruity, and amplitude of the center of mass (COM) displacement on %recovery, while ANOVA and ANCOVA models were used to compare energy recovery and congruity across the three time points. Gender, BMI, and age at surgery had no effect in this study. TAA improved walking speed (p = 0.001), increased energy recovery (p = 0.020), and decreased congruity (p = 0.002), and these levels were maintained over at least two years. Differences in congruity were independent of walking speed. In some patients, especially those who are severely debilitated by ankle arthritis, TAA is effective in restoring mechanical energy recovery to levels similar to an asymptomatic population of a similar age recorded by other studies.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.111941}, Key = {fds376019} } @article{fds370862, Author = {Boulinguez-Ambroise, G and Dunham, N and Phelps, T and Mazonas, T and Nguyen, P and Bradley-Cronkwright, M and Boyer, DM and Yapuncich, GS and Zeininger, A and Schmitt, D and Young, JW}, Title = {Jumping performance in tree squirrels: Insights into primate evolution.}, Journal = {J Hum Evol}, Volume = {180}, Pages = {103386}, Year = {2023}, Month = {July}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103386}, Abstract = {Morphological traits suggesting powerful jumping abilities are characteristic of early crown primate fossils. Because tree squirrels lack certain 'primatelike' grasping features but frequently travel on the narrow terminal branches of trees, they make a viable extant model for an early stage of primate evolution. Here, we explore biomechanical determinants of jumping performance in the arboreal Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis, n = 3) as a greater understanding of the biomechanical strategies that squirrels use to modulate jumping performance could inform theories of selection for increased jumping ability during early primate evolution. We assessed vertical jumping performance by using instrumented force platforms upon which were mounted launching supports of various sizes, allowing us to test the influence of substrate diameter on jumping kinetics and performance. We used standard ergometric methods to quantify jumping parameters (e.g., takeoff velocity, total displacement, peak mechanical power) from force platform data during push-off. We found that tree squirrels display divergent mechanical strategies according to the type of substrate, prioritizing force production on flat ground versus center of mass displacement on narrower poles. As jumping represents a significant part of the locomotor behavior of most primates, we suggest that jumping from small arboreal substrates may have acted as a potential driver of the selection for elongated hindlimb segments in primates, allowing the center of mass to be accelerated over a longer distance-and thereby reducing the need for high substrate reaction forces.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103386}, Key = {fds370862} } @article{fds371432, Author = {Queen, RM and Schmitt, D}, Title = {Reflections on Presurgical and Postsurgical Gait Mechanics After 50 Years of Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Perspectives on the Next Decade of Advancement.}, Journal = {Foot and ankle clinics}, Volume = {28}, Number = {1}, Pages = {99-113}, Year = {2023}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2022.10.005}, Abstract = {Although not the most prevalent form of lower limb pathology, ankle arthritis is one of the most painful and life-limiting forms of arthritis. Developing from overuse and various traumatic injuries, the effect of ankle arthritis on gait mechanics and effective treatment options for ankle arthritis remain an area of extensive inquiry. Although nonsurgical options are common (physical therapy, limited weight-bearing, and steroidal injections), surgical options are popular with patients. Fusion remains a common approach to stabilize the joint and relieve pain. However, starting in the early 1970s, total ankle arthroplasty was proposed as an alternative to fusion.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.fcl.2022.10.005}, Key = {fds371432} } @article{fds369333, Author = {Garrett, SG and Simmons Muckler and VC and Schmitt, DO and Hartwell, EH and Thompson, JA and Falyar, CR}, Title = {Improving Anesthesia Providers' Needle Cricothyrotomy Success With Ultrasound-Guidance: A Cadave Quality Improvement Project.}, Journal = {AANA journal}, Volume = {91}, Number = {1}, Pages = {15-21}, Year = {2023}, Month = {February}, Abstract = {Difficult and failed airway management remains a significant cause of anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. Failed airway management guidelines include performing a cricothyrotomy as a final step. Correct identification of the cricothyroid membrane (CTM) is essential for safe and accurate cricothyrotomy execution. Ten certified registered nurse anesthetists were assessed for ultrasound-guided (USG) needle cricothyrotomy competency following an online and hands-on education session using a human cadaver and then assessed 60 days later, without additional education or preparation. Both knowledge and confidence improved significantly when assessed immediately after education (P < .05) and were maintained when assessed 60 days later. Overall skill performance declined slightly from post-training although the decline was not statistically significant (P = .373). Overall needle placement time and distance from the CTM improved, despite improper transducer and image orientation by most participants. A one-hour hybrid educational program can significantly improve ultrasound and cricothyrotomy knowledge and confidence for 60 days. Transducer orientation may not be a significant contributor to performing proper USG needle cricothyrotomy.}, Key = {fds369333} } %% Selig, Keegan R. @article{fds376240, Author = {Selig, KR and López-Torres, S and Burrows, AM and Silcox, MT and Meng, J}, Title = {Dental caries in living and extinct strepsirrhines with insights into diet.}, Journal = {Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)}, Publisher = {WILEY}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.25420}, Abstract = {Dental caries is one of the most common diseases afflicting modern humans and occurs in both living and extinct non-human primates, as well as other mammalian species. Compared to other primates, less is known about the etiology or frequency of caries among the Strepsirrhini. Given the link between caries and diet, caries frequency may be informative about the dietary ecology of a given animal. Understanding rates of caries in wild populations is also critical to assessing dental health in captive populations. Here, we examine caries frequency in a sample of 36 extant strepsirrhine species (n = 316 individuals) using odontological collections of wild-, non-captive animals housed at the American Museum of Natural History by counting the number of specimens characterized by the disease. Additionally, in the context of studying caries lesions in strepsirrhines, case studies were also conducted to test if similar lesions were found in their fossil relatives. In particular, two fossil strepsirrhine species were analyzed: the earliest Late Eocene Karanisia clarki, and the subfossil lemur Megaladapis madagascariensis. Our results suggest that caries affects 13.92% of the extant individuals we examined. The frugivorous and folivorous taxa were characterized by the highest overall frequency of caries, whereas the insectivores, gummivores, and omnivores had much lower caries frequencies. Our results suggest that caries may be common among wild populations of strepsirrhines, and in fact is more prevalent than in many catarrhines and platyrrhines. These findings have important implications for understanding caries, diet, and health in living and fossil taxa.}, Doi = {10.1002/ar.25420}, Key = {fds376240} } @article{fds375221, Author = {Selig, KR}, Title = {Hypoconulid loss in cercopithecins: Functional and developmental considerations.}, Journal = {Journal of human evolution}, Volume = {187}, Pages = {103479}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {2024}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103479}, Abstract = {Cercopithecins differ from papionins in lacking a M<sub>3</sub> hypoconulid. Although this loss may be related to dietary differences, the functional and developmental ramifications of hypoconulid loss are currently unclear. The following makes use of dental topographic analysis to quantify shape variation in a sample of cercopithecin M<sub>3</sub>s, as well as in a sample of Macaca, which has a hypoconulid. To help understand the consequences of hypoconulid loss, Macaca M<sub>3</sub>s were virtually cropped to remove the hypoconulid and were also subjected to dental topographic analysis. The patterning cascade model and the inhibitory cascade model attempt to explain variation in cusp pattern and molar proportions, respectively. These models have both previously been used to explain patterns of variation in cercopithecines, but have not been examined in the context of hypoconulid loss. For example, previous work suggests that earlier developing cusps impact the development of later developing cusps (i.e., the hypoconulid) and that cercopithecines do not conform to the predictions of the inhibitory cascade model in that the size of the molars is not linear moving distally. Results of the current study suggest that the loss of the hypoconulid is associated with a reduction in dental topography among cercopithecins, which is potentially related to diet, although the connection to diet is not necessarily clear. Results also suggest that the loss of the hypoconulid can be explained by the patterning cascade model, and that hypoconulid loss explains the apparent lack of support for the inhibitory cascade model among cercopithecines. These findings highlight the importance of a holistic approach to studying variation in molar proportions and developmental models.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103479}, Key = {fds375221} } @article{fds371619, Author = {Selig, KR}, Title = {Form, function, and tissue proportions of the mustelid carnassial molar}, Journal = {Mammal Research}, Volume = {68}, Number = {4}, Pages = {637-646}, Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, Year = {2023}, Month = {October}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-023-00705-2}, Abstract = {Mustelids are an ecologically diverse group of mammals that span several dietary niches. Compared to other mammalian clades, however, less is known about how the morphology of the dentition reflects these dietary differences. The following examines dental form in the beech marten (Martes foina), the river otter (Lontra canadensis), the wolverine (Gulo gulo), and the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Lower carnassial molar morphology is examined using methods for dental topographic analysis, enamel thickness measurement, and pulp volume measurement to assess this form-function relationship. It is predicted that mustelids will covary in their dental form with their diet, where dental topography will reflect the reliance on tough or soft foods, enamel thickness will vary as a product of hard-object feeding, and pulp volume will vary as a product of dietary abrasiveness/hard-object feeding. Results suggest that mustelid dental form reflects the dietary ecology of each species; however, pulp volume does not covary with diet as it does in anthropoid primates, for example. These animals represent a morphocline of increasing specialization in carnassial form leading from the plesiomorphic marten to the highly specialized sea otter. These results provide further evidence of convergence among mammals where molar form is largely driven by diet. These results also provide insight into how taxa such as the sea otter and wolverine are adapted to dealing with diets that include bivalves and bones, respectively, through decreased dental topography and thickened enamel.}, Doi = {10.1007/s13364-023-00705-2}, Key = {fds371619} } %% Simons, Elwyn L. @article{fds185143, Title = {Seiffert E.R., Simons E.L., & Attia Y. (2003) Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos. Nature 422: 421-424. PDF | ||
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