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| Publications of Herman Pontzer :chronological alphabetical by type listing:
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@article{fds375873,
Author = {Sercel, AJ and Sturm, G and Gallagher, D and St-Onge, M-P and Kempes,
CP and Pontzer, H and Hirano, M and Picard, M},
Title = {Hypermetabolism and energetic constraints in mitochondrial
disorders.},
Journal = {Nature metabolism},
Volume = {6},
Number = {2},
Pages = {192-195},
Year = {2024},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42255-023-00968-8},
Doi = {10.1038/s42255-023-00968-8},
Key = {fds375873}
}
@article{fds373335,
Author = {Rimbach, R and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Increased physical activity is not related to markers of
cardiometabolic health in two lemur species.},
Journal = {American journal of primatology},
Volume = {86},
Number = {1},
Pages = {e23564},
Year = {2024},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23564},
Abstract = {Insufficient physical activity is a major risk factor for
cardiometabolic disease (i.e., unhealthy weight gain, heart
disease, and diabetes) in humans and may also negatively
affect health of primates in human care. Effects of physical
activity on energy expenditure and cardiometabolic health
are virtually unstudied in nonhuman primates. We
investigated physical activity and metabolic markers in 15
adult ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and 11 Coquerel's
sifakas (Propithecus coquereli) at the Duke Lemur Center
during a period of low activity in winter when the animals
were housed in buildings (with outdoor access) and a period
of high activity when individuals were free-ranging in
large, outdoor, forested enclosures. We compared body mass,
blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol,
physical activity via accelerometry, and total energy
expenditure (TEE) via the doubly labeled water method (in
ring-tailed lemurs only) between both conditions. Both
species were more active and had a lower body mass in
summer. Ring-tailed lemurs had a higher TEE and lower
triglyceride levels in summer, whereas sifaka had higher
triglyceride levels in summer. Individuals that increased
their activity more, also lost more body mass. Individuals
that lost more body mass, also had a positive change in
HDL-cholesterol (i.e., higher values in summer). Changes in
activity were not associated with changes in markers of
metabolic health, body fat percentage and TEE (both
unadjusted and adjusted for body composition). Older age was
associated with lower activity in both species, and
decreased glucose in ring-tailed lemurs, but was otherwise
unrelated to metabolic markers and, for ring-tailed lemurs,
adjusted TEE. Overall, body mass was lower during summer but
the increase in physical activity did not strongly influence
metabolic health or TEE in these populations.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajp.23564},
Key = {fds373335}
}
@article{fds376281,
Author = {McGrosky, A and Swanson, ZS and Rimbach, R and Bethancourt, H and Ndiema, E and Nzunza, R and Braun, DR and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Total daily energy expenditure and elevated water turnover
in a small-scale semi-nomadic pastoralist society from
Northern Kenya},
Journal = {Annals of Human Biology},
Volume = {51},
Number = {1},
Year = {2024},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2024.2310724},
Abstract = {Background: Pastoralists live in challenging environments,
which may be accompanied by unique activity, energy, and
water requirements. Aim: Few studies have examined whether
the demands of pastoralism contribute to differences in
total energy expenditure (TEE) and water turnover (WT)
compared to other lifestyles. Subjects and methods:
Accelerometer-derived physical activity, doubly labelled
water-derived TEE and WT, and anthropometric data were
collected for 34 semi-nomadic Daasanach adults from three
northern Kenyan communities with different levels of
pastoralist activity. Daasanach TEEs and WTs were compared
to those of other small-scale and industrialised
populations. Results: When modelled as a function of
fat-free-mass, fat-mass, age, and sex, TEE did not differ
between Daasanach communities. Daasanach TEE (1564–4172
kcal/day) was not significantly correlated with activity and
91% of TEEs were within the range expected for individuals
from comparison populations. Mean WT did not differ between
Daasanach communities; Daasanach absolute (7.54 litres/day
men; 7.46 litres/day women), mass-adjusted, and TEE-adjusted
WT was higher than most populations worldwide. Conclusions:
The similar mass-adjusted TEE of Daasanach and
industrialised populations supports the hypothesis that
habitual TEE is constrained, with physically demanding
lifestyles necessitating trade-offs in energy allocation.
Elevated WT in the absence of elevated TEE likely reflects a
demanding active lifestyle in a hot, arid
climate.},
Doi = {10.1080/03014460.2024.2310724},
Key = {fds376281}
}
@article{fds374541,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Correction: 'A unified theory for the energy cost of legged
locomotion' (2016), by Pontzer.},
Journal = {Biology letters},
Volume = {19},
Number = {12},
Pages = {20230492},
Year = {2023},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0492},
Doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2023.0492},
Key = {fds374541}
}
@article{fds371433,
Author = {Trumble, BC and Pontzer, H and Stieglitz, J and Cummings, DK and Wood,
B and Emery Thompson and M and Raichlen, D and Beheim, B and Yetish, G and Kaplan, H and Gurven, M},
Title = {Energetic costs of testosterone in two subsistence
populations.},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {35},
Number = {11},
Pages = {e23949},
Year = {2023},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23949},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Testosterone plays a role in mediating
energetic trade-offs between growth, maintenance, and
reproduction. Investments in a high testosterone phenotype
trade-off against other functions, particularly
survival-enhancing immune function and cellular repair; thus
only individuals in good condition can maintain both a high
testosterone phenotype and somatic maintenance. While these
effects are observed in experimental manipulations, they are
difficult to demonstrate in free-living animals,
particularly in humans. We hypothesize that individuals with
higher testosterone will have higher energetic expenditures
than those with lower testosterone.<h4>Methods</h4>Total
energetic expenditure (TEE) was quantified using doubly
labeled water in n = 40 Tsimane forager-horticulturalists
(50% male, 18-87 years) and n = 11 Hadza
hunter-gatherers (100% male, 18-65 years), two populations
living subsistence lifestyles, high levels of physical
activity, and high infectious burden. Urinary testosterone,
TEE, body composition, and physical activity were measured
to assess potential physical and behavioral costs associated
with a high testosterone phenotype.<h4>Results</h4>Endogenous
male testosterone was significantly associated with
energetic expenditure, controlling for fat free mass; a one
standard deviation increase in testosterone is associated
with the expenditure of an additional 96-240 calories per
day.<h4>Discussion</h4>These results suggest that a high
testosterone phenotype, while beneficial for male
reproduction, is also energetically expensive and likely
only possible to maintain in healthy males in robust
condition.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23949},
Key = {fds371433}
}
@article{fds372440,
Author = {Dolan, E and Koehler, K and Areta, J and Longman, DP and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Energy constraint and compensation: Insights from endurance
athletes.},
Journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular &
integrative physiology},
Volume = {285},
Pages = {111500},
Year = {2023},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111500},
Abstract = {The Constrained Model of Total Energy Expenditure predicts
that increased physical activity may not influence total
energy expenditure, but instead, induces compensatory
energetic savings in other processes. Much remains unknown,
however, about concepts of energy expenditure, constraint
and compensation in different populations, and it is unclear
whether this model applies to endurance athletes, who expend
very large amounts of energy during training and
competition. Furthermore, it is well-established that some
endurance athletes consciously or unconsciously fail to meet
their energy requirements via adequate food intake, thus
exacerbating the extent of energetic stress that they
experience. Within this review we A) Describe unique
characteristics of endurance athletes that render them a
useful model to investigate energy constraints and
compensations, B) Consider the factors that may combine to
constrain activity and total energy expenditure, and C)
Describe compensations that occur when activity energy
expenditure is high and unmet by adequate energy intake. Our
main conclusions are as follows: A) Higher activity levels,
as observed in endurance athletes, may indeed increase total
energy expenditure, albeit to a lesser degree than may be
predicted by an additive model, given that some compensation
is likely to occur; B) That while a range of factors may
combine to constrain sustained high activity levels, the
ability to ingest, digest, absorb and deliver sufficient
calories from food to the working muscle is likely the
primary determinant in most situations and C) That energetic
compensation that occurs in the face of high activity
expenditure may be primarily driven by low energy
availability i.e., the amount of energy available for all
biological processes after the demands of exercise have been
met, and not by activity expenditure per
se.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111500},
Key = {fds372440}
}
@article{fds372769,
Author = {Sayre, MK and Anyawire, M and Paolo, B and Mabulla, AZP and Pontzer, H and Wood, BM and Raichlen, DA},
Title = {Lifestyle and patterns of physical activity in Hadza
foragers.},
Journal = {American journal of biological anthropology},
Volume = {182},
Number = {3},
Pages = {340-356},
Year = {2023},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24846},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Physically active lifestyles are
associated with several health benefits. Physical activity
(PA) levels are low in post-industrial populations, but
generally high throughout life in subsistence populations.
The Hadza are a subsistence-oriented foraging population in
Tanzania known for being physically active, but it is
unknown how recent increases in market integration may have
altered their PA patterns. In this study, we examine PA
patterns for Hadza women and men who engage in different
amounts of traditional foraging.<h4>Materials and
methods</h4>One hundred and seventy seven Hadza participants
(51% female, 19-87 years) wore an Axivity accelerometer
(dominant wrist) for ~6 days during dry season months. We
evaluated the effects of age, sex, and lifestyle measures on
four PA measures that capture different aspects of the PA
profile.<h4>Results</h4>Participants engaged in high levels
of both moderate-intensity PA and inactivity. Although PA
levels were negatively associated with age, older
participants were still highly active. We found no
differences in PA between participants living in more
traditional "bush" camps and those living in more settled
"village" camps. Mobility was positively associated with
step counts for female participants, and schooling was
positively associated with inactive time for male
participants.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The similarity in PA
patterns between Hadza participants in different camp types
suggests that high PA levels characterize subsistence
lifestyles generally. The sex-based difference in the
effects of mobility and schooling on PA could be a
reflection of the Hadza's gender-based division of labor, or
indicate that changes to subsistence-oriented lifestyles
impact women and men in different ways.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.24846},
Key = {fds372769}
}
@article{fds372770,
Author = {Best, AW and McGrosky, A and Swanson, Z and Rimbach, R and McConaughy,
K and McConaughy, J and Ocobock, C and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Total Energy Expenditure and Nutritional Intake in
Continuous Multiday Ultramarathon Events.},
Journal = {International journal of sport nutrition and exercise
metabolism},
Volume = {33},
Number = {6},
Pages = {342-348},
Year = {2023},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0063},
Abstract = {Continuous multiday ultramarathon competitions are
increasingly popular and impose extreme energetic and
nutritional demands on competitors. However, few data have
been published on energy expenditure during these events.
Here, we report doubly labeled water-derived measures of
total energy expenditure (in kilocalories per day) and
estimated physical activity level (PAL: total energy
expenditure/basal metabolic rate) collected from five elite
and subelite finishers (four males and one female, age 34.6
± 4.9 years)-and nutritional intake data from the
winner-of the Cocodona 250, a ∼402-km race in Arizona, and
from a fastest-known-time record (one male, age 30 years)
on the ∼1,315-km Arizona Trail. PAL during these events
exceeded four times basal metabolic rate (Cocodona range:
4.34-6.94; Arizona Trail: 5.63). Combining the results with
other doubly labeled water-derived total energy expenditure
data from ultraendurance events show a strong inverse
relationship between event duration and PAL (r2 = .68, p <
.0001). Cocodona race duration was inversely, though not
significantly, associated with PAL (r2 = .70, p = .08).
Water turnover varied widely between athletes and was not
explained by PAL or body mass. The Cocodona race winner met
∼53% of energy demand via dietary intake, 85.6% of which
was carbohydrate, while ∼47% of energy demand was met via
catabolism of body energy stores. Together, these results
illustrate the energetic deficits incurred during
competitive continuous multiday ultramarathon efforts and
implicate macronutrient absorption and/or storage as key
factors in ultramarathon performance.},
Doi = {10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0063},
Key = {fds372770}
}
@article{fds372663,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {The provisioned primate: patterns of obesity across lemurs,
monkeys, apes and humans.},
Journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Series B, Biological sciences},
Volume = {378},
Number = {1888},
Pages = {20220218},
Year = {2023},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0218},
Abstract = {Non-human primates are potentially informative but
underutilized species for investigating obesity. I examined
patterns of obesity across the Primate order, calculating
the ratio of body mass in captivity to that in the wild.
This index, relative body mass, for <i>n</i> = 40 non-human
primates (mean ± s.d.: females: 1.28 ± 0.30, range
0.67-1.78, males: 1.24 ± 0.28, range 0.70-1.97) overlapped
with a reference value for humans (women: 1.52, men: 1.44).
Among non-human primates, relative body mass was unrelated
to dietary niche, and was marginally greater among female
cohorts of terrestrial species. Males and females had
similar relative body masses, but species with greater
sexual size dimorphism (male/female mass) in wild
populations had comparatively larger female body mass in
captivity. Provisioned populations in wild and free-ranging
settings had similar relative body mass to those in research
facilities and zoos. Compared to the wild, captive diets are
unlikely to be low in protein or fat, or high in
carbohydrate, suggesting these macronutrients are not
driving overeating in captive populations. Several primate
species, including chimpanzees, a sister-species to humans,
had relative body masses similar to humans. Humans are not
unique in the propensity to overweight and obesity. This
article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of
obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part
II)'.},
Doi = {10.1098/rstb.2022.0218},
Key = {fds372663}
}
@article{fds372255,
Author = {Speakman, JR and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Quantifying physical activity energy expenditure based on
doubly labelled water and basal metabolism calorimetry: what
are we actually measuring?},
Journal = {Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic
care},
Volume = {26},
Number = {5},
Pages = {401-408},
Year = {2023},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000937},
Abstract = {<h4>Purpose of review</h4>Physical activity impacts energy
balance because of its contribution to total energy
expenditure. Measuring physical activity energy expenditure
(PAEE) is often performed by subtracting the estimated
24 h expenditure on basal metabolism (called basal energy
expenditure or BEE) from the total energy expenditure (TEE)
measured by doubly labelled water minus an estimate of the
thermic effect of food (TEF). Alternatively it can be
measured as the ratio of TEE/BEE, which is commonly called
the physical activity level (PAL).<h4>Recent
findings</h4>PAEE and PAL are widely used in the literature
but their shortcomings are seldom addressed. In this review,
we outline some of the issues with their
use.<h4>Summary</h4>TEE and BEE are both measured with
error. The estimate of PAEE by difference magnifies these
errors and consequently the precision of estimated PAEE is
about 3× worse than TEE and 25-35× worse than BEE. A
second problem is that the component called PAEE is actually
any component of TEE that is not BEE. We highlight how the
diurnal variation of BEE, thermoregulatory expenditure and
elevations of RMR because of stress will all be part of what
is called PAEE and will contribute to a disconnect between
what is measured and what energy expenditure is a
consequence of physical activity. We emphasize caution
should be exerted when interpreting these measurements of
PAEE and PAL.},
Doi = {10.1097/mco.0000000000000937},
Key = {fds372255}
}
@article{fds373008,
Author = {Lea, AJ and Clark, AG and Dahl, AW and Devinsky, O and Garcia, AR and Golden, CD and Kamau, J and Kraft, TS and Lim, YAL and Martins, DJ and Mogoi, D and Pajukanta, P and Perry, GH and Pontzer, H and Trumble, BC and Urlacher, SS and Venkataraman, VV and Wallace, IJ and Gurven, M and Lieberman, DE and Ayroles, JF},
Title = {Applying an evolutionary mismatch framework to understand
disease susceptibility.},
Journal = {PLoS biology},
Volume = {21},
Number = {9},
Pages = {e3002311},
Year = {2023},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002311},
Abstract = {Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are on the rise worldwide.
Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes are
among a long list of "lifestyle" diseases that were rare
throughout human history but are now common. The
evolutionary mismatch hypothesis posits that humans evolved
in environments that radically differ from those we
currently experience; consequently, traits that were once
advantageous may now be "mismatched" and disease causing. At
the genetic level, this hypothesis predicts that loci with a
history of selection will exhibit "genotype by environment"
(GxE) interactions, with different health effects in
"ancestral" versus "modern" environments. To identify such
loci, we advocate for combining genomic tools in partnership
with subsistence-level groups experiencing rapid lifestyle
change. In these populations, comparisons of individuals
falling on opposite extremes of the "matched" to
"mismatched" spectrum are uniquely possible. More broadly,
the work we propose will inform our understanding of
environmental and genetic risk factors for NCDs across
diverse ancestries and cultures.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3002311},
Key = {fds373008}
}
@article{fds368054,
Author = {Swanson, ZS and Nzunza, R and Bethancourt, HJ and Saunders, J and Mutindwa, F and Ndiema, E and Braun, DR and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Early childhood growth in Daasanach pastoralists of Northern
Kenya: Distinct patterns of faltering in linear growth and
weight gain.},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {35},
Number = {4},
Pages = {e23842},
Year = {2023},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23842},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Investigations of early childhood growth
among small-scale populations are essential for
understanding human life history variation and enhancing the
ability to serve such communities through global public
health initiatives. This study characterizes early childhood
growth trajectories and identifies differences in growth
patterns relative to international references among
Daasanach semi-nomadic pastoralist children living in a hot,
arid region of northern Kenya.<h4>Methods</h4>A large sample
of height and weight measures were collected from children
(N = 1756; total observations = 4508;
age = 0-5 years) between 2018 and 2020. Daasanach growth
was compared to international reference standards and
Daasanach-specific centile growth curves and pseudo-velocity
models were generated using generalized additive models for
location scale and size.<h4>Results</h4>Compared to World
Health Organization (WHO) reference, relatively few
Daasanach children were stunted (14.3%), while a large
proportion were underweight (38.5%) and wasted (53.6%).
Additionally, Daasanach children had a distinctive pattern
of growth, marked by an increase in linear growth velocity
after 24 months of age and relatively high linear growth
velocity throughout the rest of early childhood.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These
results identify a unique pattern of early childhood growth
faltering among children in a small-scale population and may
reflect a thermoregulatory adaptation to their hot, arid
environment. As linear growth and weight gain remain
important indicators of health, the results of this study
provide insight into growth velocity variations. This study
has important implications for global public health efforts
to identify and address sources of early growth faltering
and undernutrition in small-scale populations.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23842},
Key = {fds368054}
}
@article{fds374096,
Author = {Speakman, JR and de Jong, JMA and Sinha, S and Westerterp, KR and Yamada, Y and Sagayama, H and Ainslie, PN and Anderson, LJ and Arab, L and Bedu-Addo, K and Blanc, S and Bonomi, AG and Bovet, P and Brage, S and Buchowski, MS and Butte, NF and Camps, SGJA and Cooper, JA and Cooper,
R and Das, SK and Davies, PSW and Dugas, LR and Ekelund, U and Entringer,
S and Forrester, T and Fudge, BW and Gillingham, M and Ghosh, S and Goris,
AH and Gurven, M and Halsey, LG and Hambly, C and Haisma, HH and Hoffman,
D and Hu, S and Joosen, AM and Kaplan, JL and Katzmarzyk, P and Kraus, WE and Kushner, RF and Leonard, WR and Löf, M and Martin, CK and Matsiko, E and Medin, AC and Meijer, EP and Neuhouser, ML and Nicklas, TA and Ojiambo,
RM and Pietiläinen, KH and Plange-Rhule, J and Plasqui, G and Prentice,
RL and Racette, SB and Raichlen, DA and Ravussin, E and Redman, LM and Roberts, SB and Rudolph, MC and Sardinha, LB and Schuit, AJ and Silva,
AM and Stice, E and Urlacher, SS and Valenti, G and Van Etten and LM and Van
Mil, EA and Wood, BM and Yanovski, JA and Yoshida, T and Zhang, X and Murphy-Alford, AJ and Loechl, CU and Kurpad, A and Luke, AH and Pontzer,
H and Rodeheffer, MS and Rood, J and Schoeller, DA and Wong,
WW},
Title = {Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past
three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not
reduced activity expenditure.},
Journal = {Nat Metab},
Volume = {5},
Number = {4},
Pages = {579-588},
Year = {2023},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2},
Abstract = {Obesity is caused by a prolonged positive energy balance1,2.
Whether reduced energy expenditure stemming from reduced
activity levels contributes is debated3,4. Here we show that
in both sexes, total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for
body composition and age declined since the late 1980s,
while adjusted activity energy expenditure increased over
time. We use the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly
Labelled Water database on energy expenditure of adults in
the United States and Europe (n = 4,799) to explore
patterns in total (TEE: n = 4,799), basal (BEE:
n = 1,432) and physical activity energy expenditure
(n = 1,432) over time. In males, adjusted BEE decreased
significantly, but in females this did not reach
significance. A larger dataset of basal metabolic rate
(equivalent to BEE) measurements of 9,912 adults across 163
studies spanning 100 years replicates the decline in BEE
in both sexes. We conclude that increasing obesity in the
United States/Europe has probably not been fuelled by
reduced physical activity leading to lowered TEE. We
identify here a decline in adjusted BEE as a previously
unrecognized factor.},
Doi = {10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2},
Key = {fds374096}
}
@article{fds369976,
Author = {McGrosky, A and Pontzer, H},
Title = {The fire of evolution: energy expenditure and ecology in
primates and other endotherms.},
Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
Volume = {226},
Number = {5},
Pages = {jeb245272},
Year = {2023},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.245272},
Abstract = {Total energy expenditure (TEE) represents the total energy
allocated to growth, reproduction and body maintenance, as
well as the energy expended on physical activity. Early
experimental work in animal energetics focused on the costs
of specific tasks (basal metabolic rate, locomotion,
reproduction), while determination of TEE was limited to
estimates from activity budgets or measurements of subjects
confined to metabolic chambers. Advances in recent decades
have enabled measures of TEE in free-living animals,
challenging traditional additive approaches to understanding
animal energy budgets. Variation in lifestyle and activity
level can impact individuals' TEE on short time scales, but
interspecific differences in TEE are largely shaped by
evolution. Here, we review work on energy expenditure across
the animal kingdom, with a particular focus on endotherms,
and examine recent advances in primate energetics. Relative
to other placental mammals, primates have low TEE, which may
drive their slow pace of life and be an evolved response to
the challenges presented by their ecologies and
environments. TEE variation among hominoid primates appears
to reflect adaptive shifts in energy throughput and
allocation in response to ecological pressures. As the
taxonomic breadth and depth of TEE data expand, we will be
able to test additional hypotheses about how energy budgets
are shaped by environmental pressures and explore the more
proximal mechanisms that drive intra-specific variation in
energy expenditure.},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.245272},
Key = {fds369976}
}
@article{fds368299,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Exercise is essential for health but a poor tool for weight
loss: a reply to Allison and colleagues.},
Journal = {International journal of obesity (2005)},
Volume = {47},
Number = {2},
Pages = {98-99},
Year = {2023},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-022-01248-3},
Doi = {10.1038/s41366-022-01248-3},
Key = {fds368299}
}
@article{fds369846,
Author = {Sadhir, S and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Impact of energy availability and physical activity on
variation in fertility across human populations.},
Journal = {Journal of physiological anthropology},
Volume = {42},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1},
Year = {2023},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00318-3},
Abstract = {Human reproduction is energetically costly, even more so
than other primates. In this review, we consider how the
energy cost of physical activity impacts reproductive tasks.
Daily energy expenditure appears to be constrained, leading
to trade-offs between activity and reproduction expenditures
in physically active populations. High workloads can lead to
suppression of basal metabolic rate and low gestational
weight gain during pregnancy and longer interbirth
intervals. These responses lead to variation in fertility,
including age at first reproduction and interbirth interval.
The influence of energetics is evident even in
industrialized populations, where cultural and economic
factors predominate. With the decoupling of skills
acquisition from food procurement, extrasomatic resources
and investment in individual offspring becomes very costly.
The result is greater investment in fewer offspring. We
present a summary of age at first reproduction and
interbirth interval trends across a diverse, global sample
representing 44 countries and two natural fertility
populations. While economic factors impact fertility, women
in energy-rich, industrialized populations are capable of
greater reproductive output than women in energy-stressed
populations. Thus, energetic factors can be disentangled
from cultural and economic impacts on fertility. Future
research should focus on objective measurements of energy
intake, energy expenditure, and physical activity in a
broader sample of populations to elucidate the role of
energetics in shaping reproductive outcomes and
health.},
Doi = {10.1186/s40101-023-00318-3},
Key = {fds369846}
}
@article{fds367802,
Author = {Rimbach, R and Butler, G and Gupte, PR and Jäger, J and Parker, C and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Gray squirrels consume anthropogenic food waste most often
during winter.},
Journal = {Mammalian biology = Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde},
Volume = {103},
Number = {1},
Pages = {69-81},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00326-3},
Abstract = {Urban habitats provide wildlife with predictable, easily
accessible and abundant food sources in the form of human
food waste. Urban eastern gray squirrels (<i>Sciurus
carolinensis</i>) are commonly observed feeding in trash
bins, but we lack data regarding the type, quantity and
seasonal changes in food waste usage. We observed five trash
bins on an urban university campus during four different
observation periods. We recorded the time squirrels spent on
and inside trash bins and type of retrieved food items. We
also recorded ambient temperature, human presence and trash
bin filling. Moreover, we determined changes in squirrel
population density in a natural and three anthropogenic
habitats during the same periods. Trash bins were fuller
when human presence was higher. The higher human presence,
the more squirrels went on and inside the bin, but there was
no effect on number of retrieved food items. Trash bin usage
by squirrels decreased when ambient temperature and bin
filling increased. Most food items were retrieved during the
coldest observation period, a period of high human presence,
and the majority of retrieved food items were starchy foods
(e.g., bread, French fries). The relationship between the
number of squirrels observed along transects and a measure
of urbanization, the normalized difference built-up index,
was negative in periods with high ambient temperatures and
positive in periods with low ambient temperatures,
indicating winter may be less challenging in urban areas,
likely facilitated by the availability of anthropogenic food
sources, allowing a higher level of activity throughout
winter.<h4>Supplementary information</h4>The online version
contains supplementary material available at
10.1007/s42991-022-00326-3.},
Doi = {10.1007/s42991-022-00326-3},
Key = {fds367802}
}
@article{fds367920,
Author = {Ford, LB and Bethancourt, HJ and Swanson, ZS and Nzunza, R and Wutich,
A and Brewis, A and Young, S and Almeida, DM and Douglass, M and Ndiema,
EK and Braun, DR and Pontzer, H and Rosinger, AY},
Title = {Water insecurity, water borrowing and psychosocial stress
among Daasanach pastoralists in northern
Kenya},
Journal = {Water International},
Volume = {48},
Number = {1},
Pages = {63-86},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2022.2138050},
Abstract = {This article quantifies Daasanach water insecurity
experiences in northern Kenya, examines how water insecurity
is associated with water borrowing and psychosocial stress,
and evaluates if water borrowing mitigates the stress from
water insecurity. Of 133 households interviewed in seven
communities, 94.0% were water insecure and 74.4% borrowed
water three or more times in the prior month. Regression
analyses demonstrate water-borrowing frequency moderates the
relationship between water insecurity and psychosocial
stress. Only those who rarely or never borrowed water
reported greater stress with higher water insecurity. The
coping mechanism of water borrowing may help blunt water
insecurity-related stress.},
Doi = {10.1080/02508060.2022.2138050},
Key = {fds367920}
}
@article{fds373952,
Author = {Swanson, ZS and Bethancourt, H and Nzunza, R and Ndiema, E and Braun,
DR and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer, H},
Title = {The effects of lifestyle change on indicators of
cardiometabolic health in semi-nomadic pastoralists.},
Journal = {Evolution, medicine, and public health},
Volume = {11},
Number = {1},
Pages = {318-331},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad030},
Abstract = {<h4>Background and objectives</h4>Non-communicable disease
risk and the epidemic of cardiometabolic diseases continue
to grow across the expanding industrialized world. Probing
the relationships between evolved human physiology and
modern socioecological conditions is central to
understanding this health crisis. Therefore, we investigated
the relationships between increased market access, shifting
subsistence patterns and cardiometabolic health indicators
within Daasanach semi-nomadic pastoralists who vary in their
engagement in traditional lifestyle and emerging market
behaviors.<h4>Methodology</h4>We conducted cross-sectional
socioecological, demographic and lifestyle stressor surveys
along with health, biomarker and nutrition examinations
among 225 (51.6% female) Daasanach adults in 2019-2020. We
used linear mixed-effects models to test how differing
levels of engagement in market integration and traditional
subsistence activities related to blood pressure (BP), body
composition and blood chemistry.<h4>Results</h4>We found
that systolic and diastolic BP, as well as the probability
of having high BP (hypertension), were negatively associated
with distance to market, a proxy for market integration.
Additionally, body composition varied significantly by
socioeconomic status (SES), with significant positive
associations between BMI and body fat and higher SES among
adults.<h4>Conclusions and implications</h4>While evidence
for evolutionary mismatch and health variation have been
found across a number of populations affected by an
urban/rural divide, these results demonstrate the effects of
market integration and sedentarization on cardiometabolic
health associated with the early stages of lifestyle
changes. Our findings provide evidence for the changes in
health when small-scale populations begin the processes of
sedentarization and market integration that result from
myriad market pressures.},
Doi = {10.1093/emph/eoad030},
Key = {fds373952}
}
@misc{fds374604,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Evolutionary Changes in Physical Activity, Diet, and Energy
Expenditure: Implications for the Prevention of
Obesity},
Volume = {2},
Pages = {11-17},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Obesity - Volume 2: Clinical Applications, Fifth
Edition},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781032551081},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003432807-3},
Abstract = {Obesity and related metabolic diseases are recent phenomena,
products of our increasingly industrialized world. Our
Paleolithic hunter-gatherer ancestors and the subsistence
farming communities that succeeded them were largely
protected from these diseases. Here, we discuss how our
evolutionary legacy as hunter-gatherers leaves us vulnerable
to obesity and cardiometabolic disease in industrialized
societies. Hunting and gathering, as well as subsistence
farming, require high levels of daily physical activity.
Hunter-gatherer diets are remarkably variable across time
and geography, but typically include a balance of plant and
animal foods. Human physiology is therefore adapted to high
levels of daily physical activity and a wide range of diets.
The sedentary behavior and heavily processed foods typical
of modern societies are evolutionarily novel and promote
poor health. Exercise is essential for cardiometabolic
health but is less effective as a weight loss tool, and
societal changes in physical activity do not appear to have
contributed substantially to the modern obesity pandemic.
Instead, recent changes in diet, particularly the growing
prevalence of ultra-processed foods, have likely been the
primary societal drivers of the obesity pandemic.},
Doi = {10.1201/9781003432807-3},
Key = {fds374604}
}
@article{fds374951,
Author = {Parker, CH and Sadhir, S and Swanson, Z and McGrosky, A and Hinz, E and Urlacher, SS and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Effect of influenza vaccination on resting metabolic rate
and c-reactive protein concentrations in healthy young
adults.},
Journal = {PloS one},
Volume = {18},
Number = {12},
Pages = {e0295540},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295540},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Chronic immune activation and severe
inflammatory states are positively associated with resting
metabolic rate (RMR; kcal/day), but the impacts of mild
immune stimuli on metabolism are poorly understood. This
study investigates the within-individual association between
the inflammatory response to influenza vaccination and RMR
in young adults.<h4>Methods</h4>We evaluated RMRs through
indirect calorimetry and circulating c-reactive protein
(CRP) concentrations (mg/L)-a direct measure of
inflammation-via high-sensitivity immunoassays of dried
blood spots (n = 17) at baseline and two- and seven-days
post-vaccine. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests were
used to evaluate the magnitude of the CRP and RMR responses.
Type II Wald chi-square tests of linear mixed-effect models
assessed whether those responses were correlated.<h4>Results</h4>Baseline
CRP was 1.39 ± 1.26 mg/L. On day two post-vaccine, CRP
increased by 1.47 ± 1.37 mg/L (p < 0.0001), representing a
106% increase above baseline values. CRP remained higher on
day seven post-vaccine, 1.32 ± 2.47 mg/L (p = 0.05) above
baseline values. There were no statistically significant
changes in RMR from baseline to day two (p = 0.98) or day
seven (p = 0.21). Change in CRP from baseline did not
predict RMR variation across days (p = 0.46).<h4>Conclusions</h4>We
find no evidence that adult influenza vaccination results in
a corresponding increase in RMR. These results suggest that
the energetic cost of an influenza vaccine's mild
inflammatory stimulus is either too small to detect or is
largely compensated by a temporary downregulation of energy
allocated to other metabolic tasks.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0295540},
Key = {fds374951}
}
@article{fds367867,
Author = {Yamada, Y and Zhang, X and Henderson, MET and Sagayama, H and Pontzer,
H and Watanabe, D and Yoshida, T and Kimura, M and Ainslie, PN and Andersen, LF and Anderson, LJ and Arab, L and Baddou, I and Bedu-Addo,
K and Blaak, EE and Blanc, S and Bonomi, AG and Bouten, CVC and Bovet, P and Buchowski, MS and Butte, NF and Camps, SG and Close, GL and Cooper, JA and Cooper, R and Das, SK and Dugas, LR and Eaton, S and Ekelund, U and Entringer, S and Forrester, T and Fudge, BW and Goris, AH and Gurven, M and Halsey, LG and Hambly, C and El Hamdouchi and A and Hoos, MB and Hu, S and Joonas, N and Joosen, AM and Katzmarzyk, P and Kempen, KP and Kraus, WE and Kriengsinyos, W and Kushner, RF and Lambert, EV and Leonard, WR and Lessan, N and Martin, CK and Medin, AC and Meijer, EP and Morehen, JC and Morton, JP and Neuhouser, ML and Nicklas, TA and Ojiambo, RM and Pietiläinen, KH and Pitsiladis, YP and Plange-Rhule, J and Plasqui,
G and Prentice, RL and Rabinovich, RA and Racette, SB and Raichlen, DA and Ravussin, E and Redman, LM and Reilly, JJ and Reynolds, RM and Roberts,
SB and Schuit, AJ and Sardinha, LB and Silva, AM and Sjödin, AM and Stice,
E and Urlacher, SS and Valenti, G and Van Etten and LM and Van Mil and EA and Wells, JCK and Wilson, G and Wood, BM and Yanovski, JA and Murphy-Alford, AJ and Loechl, CU and Luke, AH and Rood, J and Westerterp, KR and Wong, WW and Miyachi, M and Schoeller, DA and Speakman, JR and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Doubly Labeled Water (DLW) Database Consortium§},
Title = {Variation in human water turnover associated with
environmental and lifestyle factors.},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {378},
Number = {6622},
Pages = {909-915},
Year = {2022},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm8668},
Abstract = {Water is essential for survival, but one in three
individuals worldwide (2.2 billion people) lacks access to
safe drinking water. Water intake requirements largely
reflect water turnover (WT), the water used by the body each
day. We investigated the determinants of human WT in 5604
people from the ages of 8 days to 96 years from 23 countries
using isotope-tracking (2H) methods. Age, body size, and
composition were significantly associated with WT, as were
physical activity, athletic status, pregnancy, socioeconomic
status, and environmental characteristics (latitude,
altitude, air temperature, and humidity). People who lived
in countries with a low human development index (HDI) had
higher WT than people in high-HDI countries. On the basis of
this extensive dataset, we provide equations to predict
human WT in relation to anthropometric, economic, and
environmental factors.},
Doi = {10.1126/science.abm8668},
Key = {fds367867}
}
@article{fds367252,
Author = {Hora, M and Pontzer, H and Struška, M and Entin, P and Sládek,
V},
Title = {Comparing walking and running in persistence
hunting.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {172},
Pages = {103247},
Year = {2022},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103247},
Abstract = {It has been proposed that humans' exceptional locomotor
endurance evolved partly with foraging in hot open habitats
and subsequently about 2 million years ago with persistence
hunting, for which endurance running was instrumental.
However, persistence hunting by walking, if successful,
could select for locomotor endurance even before the
emergence of any running-related traits in human evolution.
Using a heat exchange model validated here in 73 humans and
55 ungulates, we simulated persistence hunts for prey of
three sizes (100, 250, and 400 kg) and three sweating
capacities (nonsweating, low, high) at 6237 combinations of
hunter's velocity (1-5 m s<sup>-1</sup>, intermittent),
air temperature (25-45 °C), relative humidity (30-90%),
and start time (8:00-16:00). Our simulations predicted that
walking would be successful in persistence hunting of low-
and nonsweating prey, especially under hot and humid
conditions. However, simulated persistence hunts by walking
yielded a 30-74% lower success rate than hunts by running or
intermittent running. In addition, despite requiring 10-30%
less energy, successful simulated persistence hunts by
walking were twice as long and resulted in greater
exhaustion of the hunter than hunts by running and
intermittent running. These shortcomings of pursuit by
walking compared to running identified in our simulations
could explain why there is only a single direct description
of persistence hunting by walking among modern
hunter-gatherers. Nevertheless, walking down prey could be a
viable option for hominins who did not possess the
endurance-running phenotype of the proposed first
persistence hunter, Homo erectus. Our simulation results
suggest that persistence hunting could select for both
long-distance walking and endurance running and contribute
to the evolution of locomotor endurance seen in modern
humans.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103247},
Key = {fds367252}
}
@article{fds366134,
Author = {Halsey, LG and Careau, V and Pontzer, H and Ainslie, PN and Andersen,
LF and Anderson, LJ and Arab, L and Baddou, I and Bedu-Addo, K and Blaak,
EE and Blanc, S and Bonomi, AG and Bouten, CVC and Bovet, P and Buchowski,
MS and Butte, NF and Camps, SGJA and Close, GL and Cooper, JA and Das, SK and Cooper, R and Dugas, LR and Ekelund, U and Entringer, S and Forrester,
T and Fudge, BW and Goris, AH and Gurven, M and Hambly, C and Hamdouchi,
AE and Hoos, MB and Hu, S and Joonas, N and Joosen, AM and Katzmarzyk, P and Kempen, KP and Kimura, M and Kraus, WE and Kushner, RF and Lambert, EV and Leonard, WR and Lessan, N and Martin, CK and Medin, AC and Meijer, EP and Morehen, JC and Morton, JP and Neuhouser, ML and Nicklas, TA and Ojiambo, RM and Pietiläinen, KH and Pitsiladis, YP and Plange-Rhule,
J and Plasqui, G and Prentice, RL and Rabinovich, RA and Racette, SB and Raichlen, DA and Ravussin, E and Reynolds, RM and Roberts, SB and Schuit, AJ and Sjödin, AM and Stice, E and Urlacher, SS and Valenti, G and Van Etten and LM and Van Mil and EA and Wilson, G and Wood, BM and Yanovski,
J and Yoshida, T and Zhang, X and Murphy-Alford, AJ and Loechl, CU and Luke, AH and Rood, J and Sagayama, H and Schoeller, DA and Westerterp,
KR and Wong, WW and Yamada, Y and Speakman, JR},
Title = {Variability in energy expenditure is much greater in males
than females.},
Journal = {J Hum Evol},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {103229},
Year = {2022},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103229},
Abstract = {In mammals, trait variation is often reported to be greater
among males than females. However, to date, mainly only
morphological traits have been studied. Energy expenditure
represents the metabolic costs of multiple physical,
physiological, and behavioral traits. Energy expenditure
could exhibit particularly high greater male variation
through a cumulative effect if those traits mostly exhibit
greater male variation, or a lack of greater male variation
if many of them do not. Sex differences in energy
expenditure variation have been little explored. We analyzed
a large database on energy expenditure in adult humans (1494
males and 3108 females) to investigate whether humans have
evolved sex differences in the degree of interindividual
variation in energy expenditure. We found that, even when
statistically comparing males and females of the same age,
height, and body composition, there is much more variation
in total, activity, and basal energy expenditure among
males. However, with aging, variation in total energy
expenditure decreases, and because this happens more rapidly
in males, the magnitude of greater male variation, though
still large, is attenuated in older age groups. Considerably
greater male variation in both total and activity energy
expenditure could be explained by greater male variation in
levels of daily activity. The considerably greater male
variation in basal energy expenditure is remarkable and may
be explained, at least in part, by greater male variation in
the size of energy-demanding organs. If energy expenditure
is a trait that is of indirect interest to females when
choosing a sexual partner, this would suggest that energy
expenditure is under sexual selection. However, we present a
novel energetics model demonstrating that it is also
possible that females have been under stabilizing selection
pressure for an intermediate basal energy expenditure to
maximize energy available for reproduction.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103229},
Key = {fds366134}
}
@article{fds364203,
Author = {Zhang, X and Yamada, Y and Sagayama, H and Ainslie, PN and Blaak, EE and Buchowski, MS and Close, GL and Cooper, JA and Das, SK and Dugas, LR and Gurven, M and El Hamdouchi and A and Hu, S and Joonas, N and Katzmarzyk, P and Kraus, WE and Kushner, RF and Leonard, WR and Martin, CK and Meijer, EP and Neuhouser, ML and Ojiambo, RM and Pitsiladis, YP and Plasqui, G and Prentice, RL and Racette, SB and Ravussin, E and Redman, LM and Reynolds, RM and Roberts, SB and Sardinha, LB and Silva, AM and Stice,
E and Urlacher, SS and Van Mil and EA and Wood, BM and Murphy-Alford, AJ and Loechl, C and Luke, AH and Rood, J and Schoeller, DA and Westerterp, KR and Wong, WW and Pontzer, H and Speakman, JR and IAEA DLW database
consortium},
Title = {Human total, basal and activity energy expenditures are
independent of ambient environmental temperature.},
Journal = {iScience},
Volume = {25},
Number = {8},
Pages = {104682},
Year = {2022},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104682},
Abstract = {Lower ambient temperature (Ta) requires greater energy
expenditure to sustain body temperature. However, effects of
Ta on human energetics may be buffered by environmental
modification and behavioral compensation. We used the IAEA
DLW database for adults in the USA (n = 3213) to determine
the effect of Ta (-10 to +30°C) on TEE, basal (BEE) and
activity energy expenditure (AEE) and physical activity
level (PAL). There were no significant relationships
(p > 0.05) between maximum, minimum and average Ta and
TEE, BEE, AEE and PAL. After adjustment for fat-free mass,
fat mass and age, statistically significant (p < 0.01)
relationships between TEE, BEE and Ta emerged in females but
the effect sizes were not biologically meaningful.
Temperatures inside buildings are regulated at 18-25°C
independent of latitude. Hence, adults in the US modify
their environments to keep TEE constant across a wide range
of external ambient temperatures.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2022.104682},
Key = {fds364203}
}
@article{fds365839,
Author = {Bethancourt, HJ and Swanson, ZS and Nzunza, R and Young, SL and Lomeiku,
L and Douglass, MJ and Braun, DR and Ndiema, EK and Pontzer, H and Rosinger, AY},
Title = {The co-occurrence of water insecurity and food insecurity
among Daasanach pastoralists in northern
Kenya.},
Journal = {Public health nutrition},
Pages = {1-11},
Year = {2022},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980022001689},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Water plays a critical role in the
production of food and preparation of nutritious meals, yet
few studies have examined the relationship between water and
food insecurity. The primary objective of this study,
therefore, was to examine how experiences of household water
insecurity (HWI) relate to experiences of household food
insecurity (HFI) among a pastoralist population living in an
arid, water-stressed region of northern Kenya.<h4>Design</h4>We
implemented the twelve-item Household Water Insecurity
Experiences (HWISE, range 0-36) Scale and the nine-item
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS, range 0-27)
in a cross-sectional survey to measure HWI and HFI,
respectively. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and
intake of meat and dairy in the prior week were collected as
covariates of interest.<h4>Setting</h4>Northern Kenya,
June-July 2019.<h4>Participants</h4>Daasanach pastoralist
households (<i>n</i> 136) from seven communities.<h4>Results</h4>In
the prior 4 weeks, 93·4 % and 98·5 % of households had
experienced moderate-to-severe HWI and HFI, respectively.
Multiple linear regression analyses indicated a strong
association between HWI and HFI. Each point higher HWISE
score was associated with a 0·44-point (95 % CI: 0·22,
0·66, <i>P</i> = 0·003) higher HFIAS score adjusting for
socio-economic status and other covariates.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These
findings demonstrate high prevalence and co-occurrence of
HWI and HFI among Daasanach pastoralists in northern Kenya.
This study highlights the need to address HWI and HFI
simultaneously when developing policies and interventions to
improve the nutritional well-being of populations whose
subsistence is closely tied to water availability and
access.},
Doi = {10.1017/s1368980022001689},
Key = {fds365839}
}
@article{fds361188,
Author = {Rosinger, AY and Bethancourt, HJ and Swanson, ZS and Lopez, K and Kenney, WL and Huanca, T and Conde, E and Nzunza, R and Ndiema, E and Braun, DR and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Cross-cultural variation in thirst perception in hot-humid
and hot-arid environments: Evidence from two small-scale
populations.},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {34},
Number = {6},
Pages = {e23715},
Year = {2022},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23715},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Thirst is an evolved central homeostatic
feedback system that helps regulate body water for survival.
Little research has examined how early development and
exposure to extreme environments and water availability
affect thirst perception, particularly outside Western
settings. Therefore, we compared two indicators of perceived
thirst (current thirst and pleasantness of drinking water)
using visual scales among Tsimane' forager-horticulturalists
in the hot-humid Bolivian Amazon and Daasanach
agro-pastoralists in hot-arid Northern Kenya.<h4>Methods</h4>We
examined how these measures of perceived thirst were
associated with hydration status (urine specific gravity),
ambient temperatures, birth season, age, and
population-specific characteristics for 607 adults
(n = 378 Tsimane', n = 229 Daasanach) aged 18+ using
multi-level mixed-effect regressions.<h4>Results</h4>Tsimane'
had higher perceived thirst than Daasanach. Across
populations, hydration status was unrelated to both measures
of thirst. There was a significant interaction between birth
season and temperature on pleasantness of drinking water,
driven by Kenya data. Daasanach born in the wet season (in
utero during less water availability) had blunted
pleasantness of drinking water at higher temperatures
compared to those born in the dry season (in utero during
greater water availability).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our findings
suggest hydration status is not a reliable predictor of
thirst perceptions in extreme-hot environments with ad
libitum drinking. Rather, our findings, which require
additional confirmation, point to the importance of water
availability during gestation in affecting thirst
sensitivity to heat and water feedback mechanisms,
particularly in arid environments. Thirst regulation will be
increasingly important to understand given climate change
driven exposures to extreme heat and water
insecurity.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23715},
Key = {fds361188}
}
@article{fds363883,
Author = {Pontzer, H and McGrosky, A},
Title = {Balancing growth, reproduction, maintenance, and activity
in evolved energy economies.},
Journal = {Current biology : CB},
Volume = {32},
Number = {12},
Pages = {R709-R719},
Year = {2022},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.018},
Abstract = {Economic models predominate in life history research, which
investigates the allocation of an organism's resources to
growth, reproduction, and maintenance. These approaches
typically employ a heuristic Y model of resource allocation,
which predicts trade-offs among tasks within a fixed budget.
The common currency among tasks is not always specified, but
most models imply that metabolic energy, either from food or
body stores, is the critical resource. Here, we review the
evidence for metabolic energy as the common currency of
growth, reproduction, and maintenance, focusing on studies
in humans and other vertebrates. We then discuss the flow of
energy to competing physiological tasks (physical activity,
maintenance, and reproduction or growth) and its effect on
life history traits. We propose a Ψ model of energy flow to
these tasks, which provides an integrative framework for
examining the influence of environmental factors and the
expansion and contraction of energy budgets in the evolution
of life history strategies.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.018},
Key = {fds363883}
}
@article{fds355703,
Author = {Ocobock, C and Soppela, P and Turunen, M and Stenbäck, V and Herzig,
K-H and Rimbach, R and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Reindeer herders from subarctic Finland exhibit high total
energy expenditure and low energy intake during the autumn
herd roundup.},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {34},
Number = {4},
Pages = {e23676},
Year = {2022},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23676},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>High levels of total energy expenditure
(TEE, kcal/day) have been documented among numerous human
populations such as tropical climate horticulturalists and
high-altitude agriculturalists. However, less work has been
conducted among highly physically active cold climate
populations.<h4>Methods</h4>In October 2018, TEE was
measured using the doubly labeled water (TEE<sub>DLW</sub> ,
N = 10) and flex-heart rate methods (TEE<sub>HR</sub> ,
N = 24) for 6-14 days among reindeer herders
(20-62 years) in northern Finland during an especially
physically demanding, but not seasonally representative,
period of the year for herders-the annual reindeer herd
roundup. Self-reported dietary intake was also collected
during TEE measurement periods. TEE was then compared to
that of hunter gatherer, farming, and market
economies.<h4>Results</h4>During the herd roundup, herders
expended a mean of 4183 ± 949 kcal/day as measured by
the DLW method, which was not significantly different from
TEE<sub>HR</sub> . Mean caloric intake was
1718 ± 709 kcal/day, and was significantly lower than
TEE<sub>DLW</sub> and TEE<sub>HR</sub> (p < .001). Herder
TEE<sub>DLW</sub> was significantly higher than that of
hunter gatherer (p = .0014) and market (p < .0014)
economy populations; however, herder TEE<sub>DLW</sub> was
not different from that of farming populations
(p = .91).<h4>Conclusion</h4>High TEE and low caloric
intake among herders reflect the extreme demands placed on
herders during the annual herd round up. Although
TEE<sub>DLW</sub> was similar between cold climate herders
and hot climate farming populations, there are likely
differences in how that TEE is comprised, reflecting the
local ecologies of these populations.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23676},
Key = {fds355703}
}
@article{fds361302,
Author = {Rimbach, R and Yamada, Y and Sagayama, H and Ainslie, PN and Anderson,
LF and Anderson, LJ and Arab, L and Baddou, I and Bedu-Addo, K and Blaak,
EE and Blanc, S and Bonomi, AG and Bouten, CVC and Bovet, P and Buchowski,
MS and Butte, NF and Camps, SGJA and Close, GL and Cooper, JA and Das, SK and Dugas, LR and Ekelund, U and Entringer, S and Forrester, T and Fudge,
BW and Goris, AH and Gurven, M and Hambly, C and El Hamdouchi and A and Hoos,
MB and Hu, S and Joonas, N and Joosen, AM and Katzmarzyk, P and Kempen, KP and Kimura, M and Kraus, WE and Kushner, RF and Lambert, EV and Leonard, WR and Lessan, N and Martin, CK and Medin, AC and Meijer, EP and Morehen, JC and Morton, JP and Neuhouser, ML and Nicklas, TA and Ojiambo, RM and Pietiläinen, KH and Pitsiladis, YP and Plange-Rhule, J and Plasqui,
G and Prentice, RL and Rabinovich, RA and Racette, SB and Raichlen, DA and Ravussin, E and Reynolds, RM and Roberts, SB and Schuit, AJ and Sjödin,
AM and Stice, E and Urlacher, SS and Valenti, G and Van Etten and LM and Van
Mil, EA and Wells, JCK and Wilson, G and Wood, BM and Yanovski, J and Yoshida, T and Zhang, X and Murphy-Alford, AJ and Loechl, CU and Luke,
AH and Rood, J and Schoeller, DA and Westerterp, KR and Wong, WW and Speakman, JR and Pontzer, H and IAEA DLW Database
Consortium},
Title = {Total energy expenditure is repeatable in adults but not
associated with short-term changes in body
composition.},
Journal = {Nat Commun},
Volume = {13},
Number = {1},
Pages = {99},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27246-z},
Abstract = {Low total energy expenditure (TEE, MJ/d) has been a
hypothesized risk factor for weight gain, but repeatability
of TEE, a critical variable in longitudinal studies of
energy balance, is understudied. We examine repeated doubly
labeled water (DLW) measurements of TEE in 348 adults and 47
children from the IAEA DLW Database (mean ± SD time
interval: 1.9 ± 2.9 y) to assess repeatability of
TEE, and to examine if TEE adjusted for age, sex, fat-free
mass, and fat mass is associated with changes in weight or
body composition. Here, we report that repeatability of TEE
is high for adults, but not children. Bivariate Bayesian
mixed models show no among or within-individual correlation
between body composition (fat mass or percentage) and
unadjusted TEE in adults. For adults aged 20-60 y
(N = 267; time interval: 7.4 ± 12.2 weeks),
increases in adjusted TEE are associated with weight gain
but not with changes in body composition; results are
similar for subjects with intervals >4 weeks (N = 53;
29.1 ± 12.8 weeks). This suggests low TEE is not a risk
factor for, and high TEE is not protective against, weight
or body fat gain over the time intervals
tested.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41467-021-27246-z},
Key = {fds361302}
}
@article{fds361799,
Author = {Willis, EA and Creasy, SA and Saint-Maurice, PF and Keadle, SK and Pontzer, H and Schoeller, D and Troiano, RP and Matthews,
CE},
Title = {Physical Activity and Total Daily Energy Expenditure in
Older US Adults: Constrained versus Additive
Models.},
Journal = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise},
Volume = {54},
Number = {1},
Pages = {98-105},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002759},
Abstract = {<h4>Purpose</h4>This study aimed to examine the shape of the
relationship between physical activity (PA) and total energy
expenditure (TEE) and to explore the role of energy balance
status (negative, stable, positive) in influencing this
association.<h4>Methods</h4>Cross-sectional. Participants
were 584 older adults (50-74 yr) participating in the
Interactive Diet and Activity Tracking in AARP study. TEE
was assessed by doubly labeled water and PA by
accelerometer. The relationship between PA and TEE was
assessed visually and using nonlinear methods (restricted
cubic splines). Percent weight change (>3%) over a 6-month
period was used as a proxy measurement of energy balance
status.<h4>Results</h4>TEE generally increased with
increasing deciles of PA averaging 2354 (SD, 351) kcal·d-1
in the bottom decile to 2693 (SD, 480) kcal·d-1 in the top
decile. Cubic spline models showed an approximate linear
association between PA and TEE (linear relation, P < 0.0001;
curvature, P = 0.920). Results were similar in subgroup
analyses for individuals classified as stable or positive
energy balance. For those in negative energy balance, TEE
was generally flat with increasing deciles of PA averaging
2428 (SD, 285) kcal·d-1 in the bottom decile to 2372 (SD,
560) kcal·d-1 in the top decile.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Energy
balance status seems to play an important role in the
relationship between PA and TEE. When in a positive energy
balance, the relationship between TEE and PA was consistent
with an additive model; however, when energy balance was
negative, TEE seems to be consistent with a constrained
model. These findings support PA for weight gain prevention
by increasing TEE; however, the effect of PA on TEE during
periods of weight loss may be limited. An adequately
powered, prospective study is warranted to confirm these
exploratory findings.},
Doi = {10.1249/mss.0000000000002759},
Key = {fds361799}
}
@article{fds364045,
Author = {Dunham, NT and Koester, DC and Dierenfeld, ES and Rimbach, R and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Balancing the scales: Preliminary investigation of total
energy expenditure and daily metabolizable energy intake in
Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei).},
Journal = {PloS one},
Volume = {17},
Number = {6},
Pages = {e0270570},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270570},
Abstract = {Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) is an
endangered arboreal marsupial native to Papua New Guinea.
Detailed field studies of its behavior and ecology are
scarce due largely to its occupation of remote cloud forests
and cryptic nature. Although this species has been in human
care since the 1950s, much of its biology is still unknown.
The current ex situ population is not sustainable due to
health and reproductive problems, believed to stem largely
from issues with diet and obesity. To better assess
potential discrepancies between energy requirements and
energy intake, we sought to 1) quantify total energy
expenditure (TEE) of two zoo-housed Matschie's tree
kangaroos (body mass = 9.0-9.7 kg) on a diet composed
largely of leafy browse; 2) quantify food and macronutrient
intake, apparent dry matter macronutrient digestibility, and
metabolizable energy (ME) intake over a 14-month period; and
3) test for seasonal changes in ME intake due to seasonal
differences in the varieties of leafy browse offered. Using
the doubly labeled water method, we determined TEE for the
female (288 kcal day -1) and male (411 kcal day -1).
Resulting mean TEE was well below the expected value for
marsupials and macropods (i.e., ~60% of the expected value
based on body mass). The mean calculated ME intakes for the
female and male were 307 kcal day-1 and 454 kcal day-1,
respectively. There were significant seasonal differences in
ME intakes, driven by reduced intake in the autumn. These
results demonstrate that Matschie's tree kangaroos can be
maintained at healthy body weights and conditions on
fiber-rich and browse-heavy diets. Our findings contribute
important insights into tree kangaroo energetics and
physiology and can be applied to help reformulate the diet
of Matschie's tree kangaroos at captive facilities to
improve population health and sustainability.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0270570},
Key = {fds364045}
}
@article{fds364274,
Author = {Klasson, CL and Sadhir, S and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Daily physical activity is negatively associated with
thyroid hormone levels, inflammation, and immune system
markers among men and women in the NHANES
dataset.},
Journal = {PloS one},
Volume = {17},
Number = {7},
Pages = {e0270221},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270221},
Abstract = {The acute effects of exercise on metabolic energy
expenditure and inflammation are well studied, but the
long-term effects of regular daily physical activity on
metabolic and endocrine effects are less clear. Further,
prior studies investigating the impact of daily physical
activity in large cohorts have generally relied on
self-reported activity. Here, we used the U.S. National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to
investigate the relationship between daily physical activity
and both thyroid and immune activity. Daily physical
activity was assessed through accelerometry or
accelerometry-validated survey responses. Thyroid activity
was assessed from circulating levels of thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4). Immune function was
assessed from circulating cytokines (C-reactive protein
[CRP], immunoglobulin E [IgE], fibrinogen) and blood cell
counts. In general linear models including body mass index,
age, gender, activity and TSH as factors, active adults had
a lower levels of T4 and reduced slope of the TSH:T4
relationship. Similarly, greater physical activity was
associated with lower CRP and fibrinogen levels (but not
IgE) and lower white blood cell, basophil, monocyte,
neutrophil, and eosinophil (but not lymphocyte) counts.
Daily physical activity was also associated with lower
prevalence of clinically elevated CRP, WBC, and lymphocytes
in a dose-response manner. These results underscore the
long-term impact of daily physical activity on both systemic
metabolic activity (thyroid) and on specific physiological
tasks (immune). The regulatory effects of physical activity
on other bodily systems are clinically relevant and should
be incorporated into public health strategies promoting
exercise.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0270221},
Key = {fds364274}
}
@article{fds365596,
Author = {Higgins, S and Pomeroy, A and Bates, LC and Paterson, C and Barone
Gibbs, B and Pontzer, H and Stoner, L},
Title = {Sedentary behavior and cardiovascular disease risk: An
evolutionary perspective.},
Journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
Volume = {13},
Pages = {962791},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.962791},
Abstract = {A ubiquitous aspect of contemporary societies is sedentary
behavior (SB), defined as low intensity activities in a
seated, reclined, or supine posture. Leading public health
agencies, including the World Health Organization, have
recognized the strong association between SB and poor health
outcomes, particularly cardiovascular disease. However,
while public health agencies have begun to advocate for
"reductions" in SB, the current US guidelines are typically
vague and non-specific. There is good reasoning behind this
non-committal advocacy-there is limited mechanistic and
clinical evidence to support policy development. To guide SB
policy development, it is important to first consider the
origins and evolution of SB, including the following: 1) is
SB really a novel/contemporary behavior? i.e., how has this
behavior evolved? 2) how did our ancestors sit and in what
contexts? 3) how does SB interact with 24-hour activity
behaviors, including physical activity and sleep? 4) what
other historical and contemporary facets of life interact
with SB? and 5) in what context do these behaviors occur and
how might they provide different evolutionarily novel
stressors? This perspective article will synthesize the
available evidence that addresses these questions and
stimulate discussion pertaining to the lessons that we can
learn from an historical and evolutionary perspective. Last,
it will outline the gaps in current SB interruption
literature that are hindering development of feasible SB
reduction policy.},
Doi = {10.3389/fphys.2022.962791},
Key = {fds365596}
}
@article{fds361187,
Author = {Kraft, TS and Venkataraman, VV and Wallace, IJ and Crittenden, AN and Holowka, NB and Stieglitz, J and Harris, J and Raichlen, DA and Wood, B and Gurven, M and Pontzer, H},
Title = {The energetics of uniquely human subsistence
strategies.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {374},
Number = {6575},
Pages = {eabf0130},
Year = {2021},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0130},
Abstract = {The suite of derived human traits, including enlarged
brains, elevated fertility rates, and long developmental
periods and life spans, imposes extraordinarily high
energetic costs relative to other great apes. How do human
subsistence strategies accommodate our expanded energy
budgets? We found that relative to other great apes, human
hunter-gatherers and subsistence farmers spend more energy
but less time on subsistence, acquire substantially more
energy per hour, and achieve similar energy efficiencies.
These findings revise our understanding of human energetic
evolution by indicating that humans afford expanded energy
budgets primarily by increasing rates of energy acquisition,
not through energy-saving adaptations such as economical
bipedalism or sophisticated tool use that decrease
subsistence costs and improve the energetic efficiency of
subsistence. We argue that the time saved by human
subsistence strategies provides more leisure time for social
interaction and social learning in central-place locations
and would have been critical for cumulative cultural
evolution.},
Doi = {10.1126/science.abf0130},
Key = {fds361187}
}
@article{fds361189,
Author = {Westerterp, KR and Yamada, Y and Sagayama, H and Ainslie, PN and Andersen, LF and Anderson, LJ and Arab, L and Baddou, I and Bedu-Addo,
K and Blaak, EE and Blanc, S and Bonomi, AG and Bouten, CVC and Bovet, P and Buchowski, MS and Butte, NF and Camps, SGJA and Close, GL and Cooper,
JA and Das, SK and Cooper, R and Dugas, LR and Ekelund, U and Entringer, S and Forrester, T and Fudge, BW and Goris, AH and Gurven, M and Hambly, C and El
Hamdouchi, A and Hoos, MB and Hu, S and Joonas, N and Joosen, AM and Katzmarzyk, P and Kempen, KP and Kimura, M and Kraus, WE and Kushner,
RF and Lambert, EV and Leonard, WR and Lessan, N and Martin, CK and Medin,
AC and Meijer, EP and Morehen, JC and Morton, JP and Neuhouser, ML and Nicklas, TA and Ojiambo, RM and Pietiläinen, KH and Pitsiladis, YP and Plange-Rhule, J and Plasqui, G and Prentice, RL and Rabinovich, RA and Racette, SB and Raichlen, DA and Ravussin, E and Reynolds, RM and Roberts, SB and Schuit, AJ and Sjödin, AM and Stice, E and Urlacher,
SS and Valenti, G and Van Etten and LM and Van Mil and EA and Wells, JCK and Wilson, G and Wood, BM and Yanovski, J and Yoshida, T and Zhang, X and Murphy-Alford, AJ and Loechl, CU and Luke, AH and Pontzer, H and Rood,
J and Schoeller, DA and Wong, WW and Speakman, JR and International
Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database
group},
Title = {Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in
later life.},
Journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
Volume = {114},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1583-1589},
Year = {2021},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab260},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Physical activity may be a way to increase and
maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the
prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass.
OBJECTIVES: A study is presented of the association between
FFM and physical activity in relation to age. METHODS: In a
cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to
physical activity in a large participant group as compiled
in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled
Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age
3-96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE)
and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of
physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation
of FFM from isotope dilution. RESULTS: PAL was a main
determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with
age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76% and 85% of the
variation in FFM in females and males < 18 y old, and 32%
and 47% of the variation in FFM in females and
males ≥ 18 y old, respectively. In participants < 18 y
old, mean FM-adjusted FFM was 1.7 kg (95% CI: 0.1, 3.2 kg)
and 3.4 kg (95% CI: 1.0, 5.6 kg) higher in a very active
participant with PAL = 2.0 than in a sedentary participant
with PAL = 1.5, for females and males, respectively. At
age 18 y, height and FM-adjusted FFM was 3.6 kg (95% CI:
2.8, 4.4 kg) and 4.4 kg (95% CI: 3.2, 5.7 kg) higher, and at
age 80 y 0.7 kg (95% CI: -0.2, 1.7 kg) and 1.0 kg (95% CI:
-0.1, 2.1 kg) higher, in a participant with PAL = 2.0 than
in a participant with PAL = 1.5, for females and males,
respectively. CONCLUSIONS: If these associations are causal,
they suggest physical activity is a major determinant of
body composition as reflected in peak FFM, and that a
physically active lifestyle can only partly protect against
loss of FFM in aging adults.},
Doi = {10.1093/ajcn/nqab260},
Key = {fds361189}
}
@article{fds358810,
Author = {Careau, V and Halsey, LG and Pontzer, H and Ainslie, PN and Andersen,
LF and Anderson, LJ and Arab, L and Baddou, I and Bedu-Addo, K and Blaak,
EE and Blanc, S and Bonomi, AG and Bouten, CVC and Buchowski, MS and Butte,
NF and Camps, SGJA and Close, GL and Cooper, JA and Das, SK and Cooper, R and Dugas, LR and Eaton, SD and Ekelund, U and Entringer, S and Forrester,
T and Fudge, BW and Goris, AH and Gurven, M and Hambly, C and El Hamdouchi,
A and Hoos, MB and Hu, S and Joonas, N and Joosen, AM and Katzmarzyk, P and Kempen, KP and Kimura, M and Kraus, WE and Kushner, RF and Lambert, EV and Leonard, WR and Lessan, N and Martin, CK and Medin, AC and Meijer, EP and Morehen, JC and Morton, JP and Neuhouser, ML and Nicklas, TA and Ojiambo, RM and Pietiläinen, KH and Pitsiladis, YP and Plange-Rhule,
J and Plasqui, G and Prentice, RL and Rabinovich, RA and Racette, SB and Raichlen, DA and Ravussin, E and Reilly, JJ and Reynolds, RM and Roberts, SB and Schuit, AJ and Sjödin, AM and Stice, E and Urlacher,
SS and Valenti, G and Van Etten and LM and Van Mil and EA and Wells, JCK and Wilson, G and Wood, BM and Yanovski, J and Yoshida, T and Zhang, X and Murphy-Alford, AJ and Loechl, CU and Luke, AH and Rood, J and Sagayama,
H and Schoeller, DA and Wong, WW and Yamada, Y and Speakman, JR and IAEA
DLW database group},
Title = {Energy compensation and adiposity in humans.},
Journal = {Curr Biol},
Volume = {31},
Number = {20},
Pages = {4659-4666.e2},
Year = {2021},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.016},
Abstract = {Understanding the impacts of activity on energy balance is
crucial. Increasing levels of activity may bring diminishing
returns in energy expenditure because of compensatory
responses in non-activity energy expenditures.1-3 This
suggestion has profound implications for both the evolution
of metabolism and human health. It implies that a long-term
increase in activity does not directly translate into an
increase in total energy expenditure (TEE) because other
components of TEE may decrease in response-energy
compensation. We used the largest dataset compiled on adult
TEE and basal energy expenditure (BEE) (n = 1,754) of
people living normal lives to find that energy compensation
by a typical human averages 28% due to reduced BEE; this
suggests that only 72% of the extra calories we burn from
additional activity translates into extra calories burned
that day. Moreover, the degree of energy compensation varied
considerably between people of different body compositions.
This association between compensation and adiposity could be
due to among-individual differences in compensation: people
who compensate more may be more likely to accumulate body
fat. Alternatively, the process might occur within
individuals: as we get fatter, our body might compensate
more strongly for the calories burned during activity,
making losing fat progressively more difficult. Determining
the causality of the relationship between energy
compensation and adiposity will be key to improving public
health strategies regarding obesity.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.016},
Key = {fds358810}
}
@article{fds357317,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Wood, BM},
Title = {Effects of Evolution, Ecology, and Economy on Human Diet:
Insights from Hunter-Gatherers and Other Small-Scale
Societies.},
Journal = {Annual review of nutrition},
Volume = {41},
Pages = {363-385},
Year = {2021},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-111120-105520},
Abstract = {We review the evolutionary origins of the human diet and the
effects of ecology economy on the dietary proportion of
plants and animals. Humans eat more meat than other apes, a
consequence of hunting and gathering, which arose ∼2.5 Mya
with the genus <i>Homo</i>. Paleolithic diets likely
included a balance of plant and animal foods and would have
been remarkably variable across time and space. A
plant/animal food balance of 50/50% prevails among
contemporary warm-climate hunter-gatherers, but these
proportions vary widely. Societies in cold climates, and
those that depend more on fishing or pastoralism, tend to
eat more meat. Warm-climate foragers, and groups that engage
in some farming, tend to eat more plants. We present a case
study of the wild food diet of the Hadza, a community of
hunter-gatherers in northern Tanzania, whose diet is high in
fiber, adequate in protein, and remarkably variable over
monthly timescales.},
Doi = {10.1146/annurev-nutr-111120-105520},
Key = {fds357317}
}
@article{fds358684,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Yamada, Y and Sagayama, H and Ainslie, PN and Andersen,
LF and Anderson, LJ and Arab, L and Baddou, I and Bedu-Addo, K and Blaak,
EE and Blanc, S and Bonomi, AG and Bouten, CVC and Bovet, P and Buchowski,
MS and Butte, NF and Camps, SG and Close, GL and Cooper, JA and Cooper, R and Das, SK and Dugas, LR and Ekelund, U and Entringer, S and Forrester, T and Fudge, BW and Goris, AH and Gurven, M and Hambly, C and El Hamdouchi and A and Hoos, MB and Hu, S and Joonas, N and Joosen, AM and Katzmarzyk, P and Kempen, KP and Kimura, M and Kraus, WE and Kushner, RF and Lambert, EV and Leonard, WR and Lessan, N and Martin, C and Medin, AC and Meijer, EP and Morehen, JC and Morton, JP and Neuhouser, ML and Nicklas, TA and Ojiambo, RM and Pietiläinen, KH and Pitsiladis, YP and Plange-Rhule,
J and Plasqui, G and Prentice, RL and Rabinovich, RA and Racette, SB and Raichlen, DA and Ravussin, E and Reynolds, RM and Roberts, SB and Schuit, AJ and Sjödin, AM and Stice, E and Urlacher, SS and Valenti, G and Van Etten and LM and Van Mil and EA and Wells, JCK and Wilson, G and Wood, BM and Yanovski, J and Yoshida, T and Zhang, X and Murphy-Alford, AJ and Loechl, C and Luke, AH and Rood, J and Schoeller, DA and Westerterp, KR and Wong, WW and Speakman, JR and IAEA DLW Database
Consortium},
Title = {Daily energy expenditure through the human life
course.},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {373},
Number = {6556},
Pages = {808-812},
Year = {2021},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abe5017},
Abstract = {Total daily energy expenditure ("total expenditure")
reflects daily energy needs and is a critical variable in
human health and physiology, but its trajectory over the
life course is poorly studied. We analyzed a large, diverse
database of total expenditure measured by the doubly labeled
water method for males and females aged 8 days to 95 years.
Total expenditure increased with fat-free mass in a
power-law manner, with four distinct life stages. Fat-free
mass-adjusted expenditure accelerates rapidly in neonates to
~50% above adult values at ~1 year; declines slowly to adult
levels by ~20 years; remains stable in adulthood (20 to 60
years), even during pregnancy; then declines in older
adults. These changes shed light on human development and
aging and should help shape nutrition and health strategies
across the life span.},
Doi = {10.1126/science.abe5017},
Key = {fds358684}
}
@article{fds358341,
Author = {Rimbach, R and Amireh, A and Allen, A and Hare, B and Guarino, E and Kaufman, C and Salomons, H and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Total energy expenditure of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops
truncatus) of different ages.},
Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
Volume = {224},
Number = {15},
Pages = {jeb242218},
Year = {2021},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.242218},
Abstract = {Marine mammals are thought to have an energetically
expensive lifestyle because endothermy is costly in marine
environments. However, measurements of total energy
expenditure (TEE; kcal day-1) are available only for a
limited number of marine mammals, because large body size
and inaccessible habitats make TEE measurements expensive
and difficult to obtain for many taxa. We measured TEE in 10
adult common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) living
in natural seawater lagoons at two facilities (Dolphin
Research Center and Dolphin Quest) using the doubly labeled
water method. We assessed the relative effects of body mass,
age and physical activity on TEE. We also examined whether
TEE of bottlenose dolphins, and more generally of marine
mammals, differs from that expected for their body mass
compared with other eutherian mammals, using phylogenetic
least squares (PGLS) regressions. There were no differences
in body mass or TEE (unadjusted TEE and TEE adjusted for
fat-free mass) between dolphins from the two facilities. Our
results show that adjusted TEE decreased and fat mass
increased with age. Different measures of activity were not
related to age, body fat or adjusted TEE. Both PGLS and the
non-phylogenetic linear regression indicate that marine
mammals have an elevated TEE compared with that of
terrestrial mammals. However, bottlenose dolphins expended
17.1% less energy than other marine mammals of similar body
mass. The two oldest dolphins (>40 years) showed a lower
TEE, similar to the decline in TEE seen in older humans. To
our knowledge, this is the first study to show an
age-related metabolic decline in a large non-human
mammal.},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.242218},
Key = {fds358341}
}
@article{fds357552,
Author = {Rimbach, R and Amireh, A and Allen, A and Hare, B and Guarino, E and Kaufman, C and Salomons, H and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Total energy expenditure of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops
truncatus) of different ages.},
Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
Year = {2021},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.242218},
Abstract = {Marine mammals are thought to have an energetically
expensive lifestyle because endothermy is costly in marine
environments. However, measurements of total energy
expenditure (TEE; kcal/day) are available only for a limited
number of marine mammals, because large body size and
inaccessible habitats make TEE measurements expensive and
difficult for many taxa. We measured TEE in 10 adult common
bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) living in natural
seawater lagoons at two facilities (Dolphin Research Center
and Dolphin Quest) using the doubly labeled water method. We
assessed the relative effects of body mass, age, and
physical activity on TEE. We also examined whether TEE of
bottlenose dolphins, and more generally marine mammals,
differs from that expected for their body mass compared to
other eutherian mammals, using phylogenetic least squares
(PGLS) regressions. There were no differences in body mass
or TEE (unadjusted TEE and TEE adjusted for fat free mass
(FFM)) between dolphins from both facilities. Our results
show that Adjusted TEE decreased and fat mass (FM) increased
with age. Different measures of activity were not related to
age, body fat or Adjusted TEE. Both PGLS and the
non-phylogenetic linear regression indicate that marine
mammals have an elevated TEE compared to terrestrial
mammals. However, bottlenose dolphins expended 17.1% less
energy than other marine mammals of similar body mass. The
two oldest dolphins (>40 years) showed a lower TEE, similar
to the decline in TEE seen in older humans. To our
knowledge, this is the first study to show an age-related
metabolic decline in a large non-human mammal.},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.242218},
Key = {fds357552}
}
@article{fds358685,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Energetic and endurance constraints on great ape
quadrupedalism and the benefits of hominin
bipedalism.},
Journal = {Evolutionary anthropology},
Volume = {30},
Number = {4},
Pages = {253-261},
Year = {2021},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21911},
Abstract = {Bipedal walking was one of the first key behavioral traits
that defined the evolution of early hominins. While it is
not possible to identify specific selection pressures
underlying bipedal evolution, we can better understand how
the adoption of bipedalism may have benefited our hominin
ancestors. Here, we focus on how bipedalism relaxes
constraints on nonhuman primate quadrupedal limb mechanics,
providing key advantages during hominin evolution. Nonhuman
primate quadrupedal kinematics, especially in our closest
living relatives, the great apes, are dominated by highly
flexed limb joints, often associated with high energy costs,
and are constrained by the need to reduce loads on mobile,
but less stable forelimb joints. Bipedal walking would have
allowed greater hind limb joint extension, which is
associated with reduced energy costs and increased
endurance. We suggest that relaxing these constraints
provided bipedal hominins important benefits associated with
long distance foraging and mobility.},
Doi = {10.1002/evan.21911},
Key = {fds358685}
}
@article{fds355698,
Author = {Jones, JH and Pisor, AC and Douglass, KG and Bird, RB and Ready, E and Hazel, A and Hackman, J and Kramer, KL and Kohler, TA and Pontzer, H and Towner, MC},
Title = {How can evolutionary and biological anthropologists engage
broader audiences?},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {33},
Number = {4},
Pages = {e23592},
Year = {2021},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23592},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>With our diverse training, theoretical
and empirical toolkits, and rich data, evolutionary and
biological anthropologists (EBAs) have much to contribute to
research and policy decisions about climate change and other
pressing social issues. However, we remain largely absent
from these critical, ongoing efforts. Here, we draw on the
literature and our own experiences to make recommendations
for how EBAs can engage broader audiences, including the
communities with whom we collaborate, a more diverse
population of students, researchers in other disciplines and
the development sector, policymakers, and the general
public. These recommendations include: (1) playing to our
strength in longitudinal, place-based research, (2)
collaborating more broadly, (3) engaging in greater public
communication of science, (4) aligning our work with
open-science practices to the extent possible, and (5)
increasing diversity of our field and teams through
intentional action, outreach, training, and
mentorship.<h4>Conclusions</h4>We EBAs need to put ourselves
out there: research and engagement are complementary, not
opposed to each other. With the resources and workable
examples we provide here, we hope to spur more EBAs to
action.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23592},
Key = {fds355698}
}
@article{fds355707,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Hotter and sicker: External energy expenditure and the
tangled evolutionary roots of anthropogenic climate change
and chronic disease.},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {33},
Number = {4},
Pages = {e23579},
Year = {2021},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23579},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>The dual crises of climate change and
chronic, or non-communicable, disease (NCD) have emerged
worldwide as the global economy has industrialized over the
past two centuries.<h4>Aims</h4>In this synthesis I examine
humans' dependence on external (non-metabolic) energy
expenditure (e.g., fire, fossil fuels) as a common, root
cause in these modern crises.<h4>Materials and
methods</h4>Using fossil, archeological, and historical
evidence I show that the human lineage has been dependent on
external energy sources since the control of fire in the
Paleolithic. This reliance has grown with the development of
agriculture, the use of wind- and water-power, and the most
recently with industrialization and the transition to fossil
fuels. To place industrialization in context I develop a
Rule of 50, whereby individuals in industrialized economies
consume roughly 50-times more external energy and
manufacture roughly 50-times more material than do
hunter-gatherers.<h4>Results</h4>Industrialization and
mechanization, powered by fossil fuels, have promoted
centralization and processing in food production, reduced
physical activity, and increased air pollution (including
greenhouse gas emissions). These developments have led in
turn to NCD and climate change.<h4>Discussion and
conclusion</h4>Climate change and NCD are connected both to
one another and to our species' deep evolutionary dependence
on external energy. Transitioning to carbon-free energy is
essential to reduce the existential risks of climate change,
but will likely have only modest effects on NCD. With the
impending exhaustion of oil, coal, and natural gas reserves,
developing replacements for fossil fuels is also critical to
maintaining our species' external energy
portfolio.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23579},
Key = {fds355707}
}
@article{fds357316,
Author = {Kozma, EE and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Determinants of climbing energetic costs in
humans.},
Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
Volume = {224},
Number = {13},
Pages = {jeb234567},
Year = {2021},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.234567},
Abstract = {Previous studies in primates and other animals have shown
that mass-specific cost of transport (J kg-1 m-1) for
climbing is independent of body size across species, but
little is known about within-species allometry of climbing
costs or the effects of difficulty and velocity. Here, we
assessed the effects of velocity, route difficulty and
anatomical variation on the energetic cost of climbing
within humans. Twelve experienced rock climbers climbed on
an indoor wall over a range of difficulty levels and
velocities, with energy expenditure measured via
respirometry. We found no effect of body mass or limb
proportions on mass-specific cost of transport among
subjects. Mass-specific cost of transport was negatively
correlated with climbing velocity. Increased route
difficulty was associated with slower climbing velocities
and thus higher costs, but there was no statistically
significant effect of route difficulty on energy expenditure
independent of velocity. Finally, human climbing costs
measured in this study were similar to published values for
other primates, suggesting arboreal adaptations have a
negligible effect on climbing efficiency.},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.234567},
Key = {fds357316}
}
@article{fds355697,
Author = {Rosinger, AY and Bethancourt, H and Swanson, ZS and Nzunza, R and Saunders, J and Dhanasekar, S and Kenney, WL and Hu, K and Douglass, MJ and Ndiema, E and Braun, DR and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Drinking water salinity is associated with hypertension and
hyperdilute urine among Daasanach pastoralists in Northern
Kenya.},
Journal = {The Science of the total environment},
Volume = {770},
Pages = {144667},
Year = {2021},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144667},
Abstract = {Water salinity is a growing global environmental health
concern. However, little is known about the relation between
water salinity and chronic health outcomes in non-coastal,
lean populations. Daasanach pastoralists living in northern
Kenya traditionally rely on milk, yet are experiencing
socioecological changes and have expressed concerns about
the saltiness of their drinking water. Therefore, this
cross-sectional study conducted water quality analyses to
examine how water salinity, along with lifestyle factors
like milk intake, was associated with hypertension (blood
pressure BP ≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg
diastolic) and hyperdilute urine (urine specific gravity
<1.003 g/mL, indicative of altered kidney function). We
collected health biomarkers and survey data from 226
non-pregnant adults (46.9% male) aged 18+ from 134
households in 2019 along with participant observations in
2020. The salinity (total concentration of all dissolved
salts) of reported drinking water from hand-dug wells in dry
river beds, boreholes, and a pond ranged from 120 to
520 mg/L. Water from Lake Turkana and standpipes, which was
only periodically used for consumption when no other
drinking sources are available, ranged from 1100 to
2300 mg/L. Multiple logistic regression models with
standard errors clustered on households indicate that each
additional 100 mg/L of drinking water salinity was
associated with 45% (95% CI: 1.09-1.93, P = 0.010)
increased odds of hypertension and 33% (95% CI: 0.97-1.83,
P = 0.075) increased odds of hyperdilute urine adjusted
for confounders. Results were robust to multiple
specifications of the models and sensitivity analyses. Daily
milk consumption was associated with 61-63% (P < 0.01)
lower odds of both outcomes. This considerable protective
effect of milk intake may be due to the high potassium,
magnesium, and calcium contents or the protective lifestyle
considerations of moving with livestock. Our study results
demonstrate that drinking water salinity may have critical
health implications for blood pressure and kidney function
even among lean, active pastoralists.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144667},
Key = {fds355697}
}
@article{fds355115,
Author = {Wood, BM and Harris, JA and Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Sayre, K and Sancilio, A and Berbesque, C and Crittenden, AN and Mabulla, A and McElreath, R and Cashdan, E and Jones, JH},
Title = {Gendered movement ecology and landscape use in Hadza
hunter-gatherers.},
Journal = {Nature human behaviour},
Volume = {5},
Number = {4},
Pages = {436-446},
Year = {2021},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01002-7},
Abstract = {Understanding how gendered economic roles structure space
use is critical to evolutionary models of foraging
behaviour, social organization and cognition. Here, we
examine hunter-gatherer spatial behaviour on a very large
scale, using GPS devices worn by Hadza foragers to record
2,078 person-days of movement. Theory in movement ecology
suggests that the density and mobility of targeted foods
should predict spatial behaviour and that strong gender
differences should arise in a hunter-gatherer context. As
predicted, we find that men walked further per day, explored
more land, followed more sinuous paths and were more likely
to be alone. These data are consistent with the ecology of
male- and female-targeted foods and suggest that male
landscape use is more navigationally challenging in this
hunter-gatherer context. Comparisons of Hadza space use with
space use data available for non-human primates suggest that
the sexual division of labour likely co-evolved with
increased sex differences in spatial behaviour and landscape
use.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41562-020-01002-7},
Key = {fds355115}
}
@article{fds355436,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Brown, MH and Wood, BM and Raichlen, DA and Mabulla, AZP and Harris, JA and Dunsworth, H and Hare, B and Walker, K and Luke, A and Dugas, LR and Schoeller, D and Plange-Rhule, J and Bovet, P and Forrester, TE and Thompson, ME and Shumaker, RW and Rothman, JM and Vogel, E and Sulistyo, F and Alavi, S and Prasetyo, D and Urlacher, SS and Ross, SR},
Title = {Evolution of water conservation in humans.},
Journal = {Current biology : CB},
Volume = {31},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1804-1810.e5},
Year = {2021},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.045},
Abstract = {To sustain life, humans and other terrestrial animals must
maintain a tight balance of water gain and water loss each
day.<sup>1-3</sup> However, the evolution of human water
balance physiology is poorly understood due to the absence
of comparative measures from other hominoids. While humans
drink daily to maintain water balance, rainforest-living
great apes typically obtain adequate water from their food
and can go days or weeks without drinking<sup>4-6</sup>.
Here, we compare isotope-depletion measures of water
turnover (L/d) in zoo- and rainforest-sanctuary-housed apes
(chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) with 5
diverse human populations, including a hunter-gatherer
community in a semi-arid savannah. Across the entire sample,
water turnover was strongly related to total energy
expenditure (TEE, kcal/d), physical activity, climate
(ambient temperature and humidity), and fat free mass. In
analyses controlling for those factors, water turnover was
30% to 50% lower in humans than in other apes despite
humans' greater sweating capacity. Water turnover in zoo and
sanctuary apes was similar to estimated turnover in wild
populations, as was the ratio of water intake to dietary
energy intake (∼2.8 mL/kcal). However, zoo and sanctuary
apes ingested a greater ratio of water to dry matter of
food, which might contribute to digestive problems in
captivity. Compared to apes, humans appear to target a lower
ratio of water/energy intake (∼1.5 mL/kcal). Water stress
due to changes in climate, diet, and behavior apparently led
to previously unknown water conservation adaptations in
hominin physiology.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.045},
Key = {fds355436}
}
@article{fds355114,
Author = {Urlacher, SS and Snodgrass, JJ and Dugas, LR and Madimenos, FC and Sugiyama, LS and Liebert, MA and Joyce, CJ and Terán, E and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Childhood Daily Energy Expenditure Does Not Decrease with
Market Integration and Is Not Related to Adiposity in
Amazonia.},
Journal = {The Journal of nutrition},
Volume = {151},
Number = {3},
Pages = {695-704},
Year = {2021},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa361},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Childhood overweight and obesity (OW/OB)
is increasingly centered in low- and middle-income countries
(LMICs) as rural populations experience market integration
and lifeway change. Most explanatory studies have relied on
imprecise estimates of children's energy expenditure,
restricting understanding of the relative effects of changes
in diet and energy expenditure on the development of OW/OB
in transitioning contexts.<h4>Objectives</h4>This study used
gold-standard measurements of children's energy expenditure
to investigate the changes that underlie OW/OB and the
nutrition/epidemiologic transition.<h4>Methods</h4>Cross-sectional
data were collected from "rural" (n = 43) Shuar
forager-horticulturalist children and their "peri-urban"
(n = 34) Shuar counterparts (age 4-12 y) in Amazonian
Ecuador. Doubly labeled water measurements of total energy
expenditure (TEE; kcal/d), respirometry measurements of
resting energy expenditure (REE; kcal/d), and measures of
diet, physical activity, immune activity, and market
integration were analyzed primarily using regression
models.<h4>Results</h4>Peri-urban children had higher body
fat percentage (+8.1%, P < 0.001), greater consumption of
market-acquired foods (multiple P < 0.001), lower
concentrations of immune activity biomarkers (multiple P
< 0.05), and lower REE (-108 kcal/d, P = 0.002) than
rural children. Despite these differences, peri-urban
children's TEE was indistinguishable from that of rural
children (P = 0.499). Moreover, although sample-wide IgG
concentrations and household incomes predicted REE (both P
< 0.05), no examined household, immune activity, or
physical activity measures were related to children's
overall TEE (all P > 0.09). Diet and energy expenditure
associations with adiposity demonstrate that only reported
consumption of market-acquired "protein" and "carbohydrate"
foods predicted children's body fat levels (multiple P
< 0.05).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Despite underlying patterns in
REE, Shuar children's TEE is not reliably related to market
integration and-unlike dietary measures-does not predict
adiposity. These findings suggest a leading role of changing
dietary intake in transitions to OW/OB in
LMICs.},
Doi = {10.1093/jn/nxaa361},
Key = {fds355114}
}
@article{fds355706,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Metabolism myths},
Journal = {New Scientist},
Volume = {249},
Number = {3323},
Pages = {32-36},
Year = {2021},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00332-8},
Abstract = {To discover the truth about diet and exercise, we need to
look at our evolutionary past, says anthropologist Herman
Pontzer},
Doi = {10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00332-8},
Key = {fds355706}
}
@article{fds355708,
Author = {Speakman, JR and Yamada, Y and Sagayama, H and Berman, ESF and Ainslie,
PN and Andersen, LF and Anderson, LJ and Arab, L and Baddou, I and Bedu-Addo, K and Blaak, EE and Blanc, S and Bonomi, AG and Bouten, CVC and Bovet, P and Buchowski, MS and Butte, NF and Camps, SGJA and Close, GL and Cooper, JA and Creasy, SA and Das, SK and Cooper, R and Dugas, LR and Ebbeling, CB and Ekelund, U and Entringer, S and Forrester, T and Fudge,
BW and Goris, AH and Gurven, M and Hambly, C and El Hamdouchi and A and Hoos,
MB and Hu, S and Joonas, N and Joosen, AM and Katzmarzyk, P and Kempen, KP and Kimura, M and Kraus, WE and Kushner, RF and Lambert, EV and Leonard, WR and Lessan, N and Ludwig, DS and Martin, CK and Medin, AC and Meijer, EP and Morehen, JC and Morton, JP and Neuhouser, ML and Nicklas, TA and Ojiambo, RM and Pietiläinen, KH and Pitsiladis, YP and Plange-Rhule,
J and Plasqui, G and Prentice, RL and Rabinovich, RA and Racette, SB and Raichlen, DA and Ravussin, E and Reynolds, RM and Roberts, SB and Schuit, AJ and Sjödin, AM and Stice, E and Urlacher, SS and Valenti, G and Van Etten and LM and Van Mil and EA and Wells, JCK and Wilson, G and Wood, BM and Yanovski, J and Yoshida, T and Zhang, X and Murphy-Alford, AJ and Loechl, CU and Melanson, EL and Luke, AH and Pontzer, H and Rood, J and Schoeller, DA and Westerterp, KR and Wong, WW and IAEA DLW database
group},
Title = {A standard calculation methodology for human doubly labeled
water studies.},
Journal = {Cell Rep Med},
Volume = {2},
Number = {2},
Pages = {100203},
Year = {2021},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100203},
Abstract = {The doubly labeled water (DLW) method measures total energy
expenditure (TEE) in free-living subjects. Several equations
are used to convert isotopic data into TEE. Using the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) DLW database
(5,756 measurements of adults and children), we show
considerable variability is introduced by different
equations. The estimated rCO2 is sensitive to the dilution
space ratio (DSR) of the two isotopes. Based on performance
in validation studies, we propose a new equation based on a
new estimate of the mean DSR. The DSR is lower at low body
masses (<10 kg). Using data for 1,021 babies and infants,
we show that the DSR varies non-linearly with body mass
between 0 and 10 kg. Using this relationship to predict DSR
from weight provides an equation for rCO2 over this size
range that agrees well with indirect calorimetry (average
difference 0.64%; SD = 12.2%). We propose adoption of these
equations in future studies.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100203},
Key = {fds355708}
}
@article{fds350297,
Author = {Bethancourt, HJ and Swanson, ZS and Nzunza, R and Huanca, T and Conde,
E and Kenney, WL and Young, SL and Ndiema, E and Braun, D and Pontzer, H and Rosinger, AY},
Title = {Hydration in relation to water insecurity, heat index, and
lactation status in two small-scale populations in hot-humid
and hot-arid environments.},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {33},
Number = {1},
Pages = {e23447},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23447},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>This study compared the prevalence of
concentrated urine (urine specific gravity ≥1.021), an
indicator of hypohydration, across Tsimane'
hunter-forager-horticulturalists living in hot-humid lowland
Bolivia and Daasanach agropastoralists living in hot-arid
Northern Kenya. It tested the hypotheses that household
water and food insecurity would be associated with higher
odds of hypohydration.<h4>Methods</h4>This study collected
spot urine samples and corresponding weather data along with
data on household water and food insecurity, demographics,
and health characteristics among 266 Tsimane' households (N
= 224 men, 235 women, 219 children) and 136 Daasanach
households (N = 107 men, 120 women, 102 children).<h4>Results</h4>The
prevalence of hypohydration among Tsimane' men (50.0%) and
women (54.0%) was substantially higher (P < .001) than
for Daasanach men (15.9%) and women (17.5%); the prevalence
of hypohydration among Tsimane' (37.0%) and Daasanach
(31.4%) children was not significantly different (P = .33).
Multiple logistic regression models suggested positive but
not statistically significant trends between household water
insecurity and odds of hypohydration within populations, yet
some significant joint effects of water and food insecurity
were observed. Heat index (2°C) was associated with a 23%
(95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.40, P = .001), 34%
(95% CI: 1.18-1.53, P < .0005), and 23% (95% CI:
1.04-1.44, P = .01) higher odds of hypohydration among
Tsimane' men, women, and children, respectively, and a 48%
(95% CI: 1.02-2.15, P = .04) increase in the odds among
Daasanach women. Lactation status was also associated with
hypohydration among Tsimane' women (odds ratio = 3.35, 95%
CI: 1.62-6.95, P = .001).<h4>Conclusion</h4>These results
suggest that heat stress and reproductive status may have a
greater impact on hydration status than water insecurity
across diverse ecological contexts.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23447},
Key = {fds350297}
}
@article{fds355699,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {External Energy Exploitation and the Shared Evolutionary
Roots of Climate Change and Chronic Disease},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {174},
Pages = {85-86},
Year = {2021},
Key = {fds355699}
}
@article{fds355700,
Author = {Klasson, C and Sadhir, S and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Daily Physical Activity is Associated with Suppressed Immune
Activity in US Adults},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {174},
Pages = {56-56},
Year = {2021},
Key = {fds355700}
}
@article{fds355701,
Author = {Swanson, ZS and Bethancourt, H and Saunders, J and Nzunza, R and Ndiema,
E and Braun, D and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Distinct patterns of early childhood growth represent
variation in life history strategy among Daasanach
pastoralists living in Northern Kenya},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {174},
Pages = {101-102},
Year = {2021},
Key = {fds355701}
}
@article{fds355702,
Author = {Sadhir, S and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Interbirth interval and age at first reproduction in
populations with disparate energy status},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {174},
Pages = {91-91},
Year = {2021},
Key = {fds355702}
}
@article{fds355704,
Author = {Rimbach, R and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Effects of physical activity and relatedness on metabolic
phenotype in ring-tailed lemurs},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {174},
Pages = {90-90},
Year = {2021},
Key = {fds355704}
}
@article{fds355705,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Metabolism myths},
Journal = {NEW SCIENTIST},
Volume = {245},
Number = {3323},
Pages = {32-36},
Year = {2021},
Key = {fds355705}
}
@article{fds353322,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Ranging Ecology: The View from Above.},
Journal = {Current biology : CB},
Volume = {30},
Number = {22},
Pages = {R1378-R1380},
Year = {2020},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.029},
Abstract = {Animals use a variety of strategies to navigate their world,
but few are thought to have detailed mental maps of their
landscapes. New research with our closest relatives suggests
chimpanzees may use cognitive maps to find the most energy
efficient routes.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.029},
Key = {fds353322}
}
@article{fds355116,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Rimbach, R and Paltan, J and Ivory, EL and Kendall,
CJ},
Title = {Air temperature and diet influence body composition and
water turnover in zoo-living African elephants (Loxodonta
africana).},
Journal = {Royal Society open science},
Volume = {7},
Number = {11},
Pages = {201155},
Year = {2020},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201155},
Abstract = {African elephants, the largest land animal, face particular
physiological challenges in captivity and the wild. Captive
elephants can become over- or under-conditioned with
inadequate exercise and diet management. Few studies have
quantified body composition or water turnover in elephants,
and none to date have examined longitudinal responses to
changes in diet or air temperature. Using the stable isotope
deuterium oxide (<sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O), we
investigated changes in body mass, estimated fat-free mass
(FFM, including fat-free gut content) and body fat in
response to a multi-year intervention that reduced dietary
energy density for adult African elephants housed at the
North Carolina Zoo. We also examined the relationship
between air temperature and water turnover. Deuterium
dilution and depletion rates were assayed via blood samples
and used to calculate body composition and water turnover in
two male and three female African elephants at six intervals
over a 3-year period. Within the first year after the
dietary intervention, there was an increase in overall body
mass, a reduction in body fat percentage and an increase in
FFM. However, final values of both body fat percentage and
FFM were similar to initial values. Water turnover (males:
359 ± 9 l d<sup>-1</sup>; females: 241 ± 28 l
d<sup>-1</sup>) was consistent with the allometric scaling
of water use in other terrestrial mammals. Water turnover
increased with outdoor air temperature. Our study highlights
the physiological water dependence of elephants and shows
that individuals have to drink every 2-3 days to avoid
critical water loss of approximately 10% body mass in hot
conditions.},
Doi = {10.1098/rsos.201155},
Key = {fds355116}
}
@article{fds355117,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Rimbach, R and Paltan, J and Ivory, EL and Kendall,
CJ},
Title = {Air temperature and diet influence body composition and
water turnover in zoo-living African elephants (Loxodonta
africana): Water turnover in African elephants},
Journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
Volume = {7},
Number = {11},
Year = {2020},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201155},
Abstract = {African elephants, the largest land animal, face particular
physiological challenges in captivity and the wild. Captive
elephants can become over- or under-conditioned with
inadequate exercise and diet management. Few studies have
quantified body composition or water turnover in elephants,
and none to date have examined longitudinal responses to
changes in diet or air temperature. Using the stable isotope
deuterium oxide (2 H 2 O), we investigated changes in body
mass, estimated fat-free mass (FFM, including fat-free gut
content) and body fat in response to a multi-year
intervention that reduced dietary energy density for adult
African elephants housed at the North Carolina Zoo. We also
examined the relationship between air temperature and water
turnover. Deuterium dilution and depletion rates were
assayed via blood samples and used to calculate body
composition and water turnover in two male and three female
African elephants at six intervals over a 3-year period.
Within the first year after the dietary intervention, there
was an increase in overall body mass, a reduction in body
fat percentage and an increase in FFM. However, final values
of both body fat percentage and FFM were similar to initial
values. Water turnover (males: 359 ± 9 l d -1; females: 241
± 28 l d -1) was consistent with the allometric scaling of
water use in other terrestrial mammals. Water turnover
increased with outdoor air temperature. Our study highlights
the physiological water dependence of elephants and shows
that individuals have to drink every 2-3 days to avoid
critical water loss of approximately 10% body mass in hot
conditions.},
Doi = {10.1098/rsos.201155},
Key = {fds355117}
}
@article{fds355118,
Author = {Sayre, MK and Pontzer, H and Alexander, GE and Wood, BM and Pike, IL and Mabulla, AZP and Raichlen, DA},
Title = {Ageing and physical function in East African foragers and
pastoralists.},
Journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Series B, Biological sciences},
Volume = {375},
Number = {1811},
Pages = {20190608},
Year = {2020},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0608},
Abstract = {Human lifespans are exceptionally long compared with those
of other primates. A key element in exploring the evolution
of human longevity is understanding how modern humans grow
older. Our current understanding of common age-related
changes in human health and function stems mostly from
studies in industrialized societies, where older adulthood
is often associated with an increased incidence of chronic
diseases. However, individuals who engage in different
lifestyles across industrialized and non-industrialized
contexts may display variance in age-related changes in
health and function. Here, we explore aspects of physical
function in a non-industrialized context using three
objective measures of physical function. We assessed
physical activity levels, walking endurance and muscle
strength in two East African populations: Hadza
hunter-gatherers in Tanzania and Pokot pastoralists in
Kenya. Both Hadza and Pokot participants displayed
significant age-related differences in most, but not all,
functional measures. Our results suggest that some
age-related differences in physical function seen in
industrialized contexts could be consistently experienced by
most humans, while other age-related differences may vary
across populations. Studies of ageing should expand to
include a broad range of populations so we can create a more
comprehensive understanding of how senescence varies across
different lifestyle contexts. This article is part of the
theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing
process'.},
Doi = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0608},
Key = {fds355118}
}
@article{fds355119,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, D},
Title = {How to sit},
Journal = {New Scientist},
Volume = {247},
Number = {3291},
Pages = {28-32},
Year = {2020},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(20)31249-5},
Abstract = {Far from being a fast track to ill-health, sitting can be
good for us, find Herman Pontzer and David Raichlen. The
trick is how you do it},
Doi = {10.1016/S0262-4079(20)31249-5},
Key = {fds355119}
}
@article{fds350298,
Author = {Bethancourt, H and Swanson, Z and Huanca, T and Conde, E and Saunders,
J and Dhanasekar, S and Young, S and Nzunza, R and Pontzer, H and Rosinger,
A},
Title = {Prevalence and predictors of dehydration across distinct
water insecure contexts: The Water Insecurity, Stress, and
Hydration (WISH) study among Tsimane' in lowland Bolivia and
Daasanach in northern Kenya},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY},
Volume = {32},
Pages = {1 pages},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds350298}
}
@article{fds350299,
Author = {Swanson, ZS and Bethancourt, H and Saunders, J and Dhanasekar, S and Nzunza, R and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer, H},
Title = {The effect of lifestyle variation on health and life history
in Daasanach pastoralists of Northern Kenya},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY},
Volume = {32},
Pages = {1 pages},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds350299}
}
@article{fds350300,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Zderic, TW and Harris, JA and Mabulla,
AZP and Hamilton, MT and Wood, BM},
Title = {Sitting, squatting, and the evolutionary biology of human
inactivity.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {117},
Number = {13},
Pages = {7115-7121},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911868117},
Abstract = {Recent work suggests human physiology is not well adapted to
prolonged periods of inactivity, with time spent sitting
increasing cardiovascular disease and mortality risk. Health
risks from sitting are generally linked with reduced levels
of muscle contractions in chair-sitting postures and
associated reductions in muscle metabolism. These
inactivity-associated health risks are somewhat paradoxical,
since evolutionary pressures tend to favor energy-minimizing
strategies, including rest. Here, we examined inactivity in
a hunter-gatherer population (the Hadza of Tanzania) to
understand how sedentary behaviors occur in a nonindustrial
economic context more typical of humans' evolutionary
history. We tested the hypothesis that nonambulatory rest in
hunter-gatherers involves increased muscle activity that is
different from chair-sitting sedentary postures used in
industrialized populations. Using a combination of
objectively measured inactivity from thigh-worn
accelerometers, observational data, and electromygraphic
data, we show that hunter-gatherers have high levels of
total nonambulatory time (mean ± SD = 9.90 ± 2.36 h/d),
similar to those found in industrialized populations.
However, nonambulatory time in Hadza adults often occurs in
postures like squatting, and we show that these "active
rest" postures require higher levels of lower limb muscle
activity than chair sitting. Based on our results, we
introduce the Inactivity Mismatch Hypothesis and propose
that human physiology is likely adapted to more consistently
active muscles derived from both physical activity and from
nonambulatory postures with higher levels of muscle
contraction. Interventions built on this model may help
reduce the negative health impacts of inactivity in
industrialized populations.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1911868117},
Key = {fds350300}
}
@article{fds350301,
Author = {Swanson, ZS and Bethancourt, H and Saunders, J and Nzunza, R and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Distinct early growth trajectory among Daasanach
pastoralists of Northern Kenya},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {278-278},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds350301}
}
@article{fds350302,
Author = {Rimbach, R and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Follow my lead: energy expenditures in utero resemble
maternal allometry in humans and chimpanzees},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {235-235},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds350302}
}
@article{fds350303,
Author = {Urlacher, SS and Sharma, A and Gilbert, JA and Pontzer, H and Snodgrass,
JJ and Gildner, TE and Madimenos, FC and Liebert, MA and Sugiyama, LS and Dugas, LR},
Title = {Childhood gut microbiome composition among the Amazonian
Shuar: Testing links to changing diet, lifestyle, energy
expenditure, and health},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {290-291},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds350303}
}
@article{fds350304,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {High energy apes on a hot planet: the challenge of fueling
an increasingly energy hungry hominin},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {221-221},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds350304}
}
@article{fds350305,
Author = {Hora, M and Pontzer, H and Defrate, LE and Charles, HC and Sladek, V and Mcginnis, A},
Title = {Effect of gait and velocity on in-vivo tibial loading in
humans},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {124-124},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds350305}
}
@article{fds350306,
Author = {Ford, LB and Bethancourt, H and Swanson, Z and Young, S and Nzunze, R and Pontzer, H and Rosinger, AY},
Title = {Human biology among daasanach pastoralists in northern
kenya: Water insecurity, water borrowing, and psychosocial
stress},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {88-88},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds350306}
}
@article{fds350307,
Author = {Kozma, EE and Morgan, DB and Sanz, CM and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Climbing and Canopy access in Human Foragers is not limited
by Grip Strength or Endurance},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {148-148},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds350307}
}
@article{fds350308,
Author = {Saunders, J and Swanson, ZS and Bethancourt, H and Dhanasekar, S and Nzunza, R and Rosinger, AY and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Human Biology and the Koobi Fora Field School: New Work with
the Daasanach, a Small-Scale Pastoralist
Population},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {248-248},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds350308}
}
@article{fds350309,
Author = {Webb, NM and Harcourt-Smith, WEH and Pontzer, H and Haeusler, M and Grabowski, M},
Title = {How to make a bipedal primate: 1 part phylogeny, 2 parts
selection and a pinch of body size},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {303-303},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds350309}
}
@article{fds350310,
Author = {Rosinger, AY and Bethancourt, H and Swanson, ZS and Saunders, J and Dhanasekar, S and Kenney, WL and Young, SL and Nzunza, R and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Dam health effects: Drinking water salinity is a key risk
factor for hypertension and dilute urine among Daasanach
pastoralists in Northern Kenya},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {171},
Pages = {239-239},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds350310}
}
@article{fds370085,
Author = {Wood, BM and Pontzer, H and Harris, JA and Mabulla, AZP and Hamilton,
MT and Zderic, TW and Beheim, BA and Raichlen, DA},
Title = {Step Counts From Satellites: Methods for Integrating
Accelerometer and GPS Data for More Accurate Measures of
Pedestrian Travel},
Journal = {Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour},
Volume = {3},
Number = {1},
Pages = {58-66},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmpb.2019-0016},
Abstract = {The rapid adoption of lightweight activity tracking sensors
demonstrates that precise measures of physical activity hold
great value for a wide variety of applications. The
corresponding growth of physical activity data creates an
urgent need for methods to integrate such data. In this
paper, we demonstrate methods for 1) synchronizing
accelerometer and Global Positioning System (GPS) data with
optimal corrections for device-related time drift, and 2)
producing principled estimates of step counts from GPS data.
These methods improve the accuracy of time-resolved physical
activity measures and permit pedestrian travel from either
sensor to be expressed in terms of a common currency, step
counts. We show that sensor-based estimates of step length
correspond well with expectations based on independent
measures, and functional relationships between step length,
height, and movement speed expected from biomechanical
models. Using 123 person-days of data in which Hadza
hunter-gatherers wore both GPS devices and accelerometers,
we find that GPS-based estimates of daily step counts have a
good correspondence with accelerometer-recorded values. A
multivariate linear model predicting daily step counts from
distance walked, mean movement speed, and height has an R2
value of 0.96 and a mean absolute percent error of 16.8%
(mean absolute error = 1,354 steps; mean steps per day =
15,800; n = 123). To best represent step count estimation
error, we fit a Bayesian model and plot the distributions of
step count estimates it generates. Our methods more
accurately situate accelerometer-based measures of physical
activity in space and time, and provide new avenues for
comparative research in biomechanics and human movement
ecology.},
Doi = {10.1123/jmpb.2019-0016},
Key = {fds370085}
}
@article{fds350311,
Author = {Stoner, L and Pontzer, H and Barone Gibbs and B and Moore, JB and Castro,
N and Skidmore, P and Lark, S and Williams, MA and Hamlin, MJ and Faulkner,
J},
Title = {Fitness and Fatness Are Both Associated with Cardiometabolic
Risk in Preadolescents.},
Journal = {The Journal of pediatrics},
Volume = {217},
Pages = {39-45.e1},
Year = {2020},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.09.076},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>To determine the associations between
cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and fatness
(overweight-obesity) with cardiometabolic disease risk among
preadolescent children.<h4>Study design</h4>This
cross-sectional study recruited 392 children (50% female,
8-10 years of age). Overweight-obesity was classified
according to 2007 World Health Organization criteria for
body mass index. High CRF was categorized as a maximum
oxygen uptake, determined using a shuttle run test,
exceeding 35 mL·kg<sup>-1</sup>·minute<sup>-1</sup> in
girls and 42 mL·kg<sup>-1</sup>·minute<sup>-1</sup> in
boys. Eleven traditional and novel cardiometabolic risk
factors were measured including lipids, glucose, glycated
hemoglobin, peripheral and central blood pressure, and
arterial wave reflection. Factor analysis identified
underlying cardiometabolic disease risk factors and a
cardiometabolic disease risk summary score. Two-way analysis
of covariance determined the associations between CRF and
fatness with cardiometabolic disease risk
factors.<h4>Results</h4>Factor analysis revealed four
underlying factors: blood pressure, cholesterol, vascular
health, and carbohydrate-metabolism. Only CRF was
significantly (P = .001) associated with the blood
pressure factor. Only fatness associated with vascular
health (P = .010) and carbohydrate metabolism (P = .005)
factors. For the cardiometabolic disease risk summary score,
there was an interaction effect. High CRF was associated
with decreased cardiometabolic disease risk in
overweight-obese but not normal weight children
(P = .006). Conversely, high fatness was associated with
increased cardiometabolic disease risk in low fit but not
high fit children (P < .001).<h4>Conclusions</h4>In
preadolescent children, CRF and fatness explain different
components of cardiometabolic disease risk. However, high
CRF may moderate the relationship between fatness and
cardiometabolic disease risk.<h4>Trial registration</h4>ACTRN 12614000433606.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.09.076},
Key = {fds350311}
}
@article{fds350312,
Author = {Hora, M and Pontzer, H and Wall-Scheffler, CM and Sládek,
V},
Title = {Dehydration and persistence hunting in Homo
erectus.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {138},
Pages = {102682},
Year = {2020},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102682},
Abstract = {Persistence hunting has been suggested to be a key strategy
for meat acquisition in Homo erectus. However, prolonged
locomotion in hot conditions is associated with considerable
water losses due to sweating. Consequently, dehydration has
been proposed to be a critical limiting factor, effectively
curtailing the usefulness of persistence hunting prior to
the invention of water containers. In this study, we aimed
to determine the extent to which dehydration limited
persistence hunting in H. erectus. We simulated ambient
conditions and spatiotemporal characteristics of nine
previously reported persistence hunts in the Kalahari. We
used a newly developed and validated heat exchange model to
estimate the water loss in H. erectus and a recent Kalahari
hunter. Water loss equivalent to 10% of the hunter's body
mass was considered the physiological limit of a hunt with
no drinking. Our criterion for ruling dehydration out of
being a limit for persistence hunting was the ability to
hunt without drinking for at least 5 h, as this was the
longest duration reported for a successful persistence hunt
of large prey. Our results showed that H. erectus would
reach the dehydration limit in 5.5-5.7 h of persistence
hunting at the reported Kalahari conditions, which we argue
represent a conservative model also for Early Pleistocene
East Africa. Maximum hunt duration without drinking was
negatively related to the relative body surface area of the
hunter. Moreover, H. erectus would be able to persistence
hunt over 5 h without drinking despite possible deviations
from modern-like heat dissipation capacity, aerobic
capacity, and locomotor economy. We conclude that
H. erectus could persistence hunt large prey without the
need to carry water.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102682},
Key = {fds350312}
}
@article{fds350313,
Author = {Swanson, ZS and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Water turnover among human populations: Effects of
environment and lifestyle.},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {32},
Number = {1},
Pages = {e23365},
Year = {2020},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23365},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>To discuss the environmental and
lifestyle determinants of water balance in humans and
identify the gaps in current research regarding water use
across populations.<h4>Methods</h4>We investigated
intraspecific variation in water turnover by comparing data
derived from a large number of human populations measured
using either dietary survey or isotope tracking. We also
used published data from a broad sample of mammalian species
to identify the interspecific relationship between body mass
and water turnover.<h4>Results</h4>Water facilitates nearly
all physiological tasks and water turnover is strongly
related to body size among mammals (r2=0.90). Within humans,
however, the effect of body size is small. Instead, water
intake and turnover vary with lifestyle and environmental
conditions. Notably, despite living physically active lives
in conditions that should increase water demands, the
available measures of water intake and turnover among
small-scale farming and pastoralist communities are broadly
similar to those in less active, industrialized
populations.<h4>Conclusions</h4>More work is required to
better understand the environmental, behavioral, and
cultural determinants of water turnover in humans living
across a variety of ecosystems and lifestyles. The results
of such work are made more vital by the climate crisis,
which threatens the water security of millions around the
globe.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23365},
Key = {fds350313}
}
@article{fds350314,
Author = {Urlacher, SS and Snodgrass, JJ and Dugas, LR and Sugiyama, LS and Liebert, MA and Joyce, CJ and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Constraint and trade-offs regulate energy expenditure during
childhood.},
Journal = {Science advances},
Volume = {5},
Number = {12},
Pages = {eaax1065},
Year = {2019},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1065},
Abstract = {Children's metabolic energy expenditure is central to
evolutionary and epidemiological frameworks for
understanding variation in human phenotype and health.
Nonetheless, the impact of a physically active lifestyle and
heavy burden of infectious disease on child metabolism
remains unclear. Using energetic, activity, and biomarker
measures, we show that Shuar forager-horticulturalist
children of Amazonian Ecuador are ~25% more physically
active and, in association with immune activity, have ~20%
greater resting energy expenditure than children from
industrial populations. Despite these differences, Shuar
children's total daily energy expenditure, measured using
doubly labeled water, is indistinguishable from
industrialized counterparts. Trade-offs in energy allocation
between competing physiological tasks, within a constrained
energy budget, appear to shape childhood phenotypic
variation (e.g., patterns of growth). These trade-offs may
contribute to the lifetime obesity and metabolic health
disparities that emerge during rapid economic
development.},
Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aax1065},
Key = {fds350314}
}
@article{fds346486,
Author = {Horiuchi, M and Kirihara, Y and Fukuoka, Y and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Sex differences in respiratory and circulatory cost during
hypoxic walking: potential impact on oxygen
saturation.},
Journal = {Scientific reports},
Volume = {9},
Number = {1},
Pages = {9550},
Year = {2019},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44844-6},
Abstract = {Energy expenditure (EE) during treadmill walking under
normal conditions (normobaric normoxia, 21% O<sub>2</sub>)
and moderate hypoxia (13% O<sub>2</sub>) was measured. Ten
healthy young men and ten healthy young women walked on a
level (0°) gradient a range of speeds (0.67-1.67 m s<sup>-1</sup>).
During walking, there were no significant differences in
reductions in arterial oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>)
between the sexes. The hypoxia-induced increase in EE, heart
rate (HR [bpm]) and ventilation ([Formula: see text] [L
min<sup>-1</sup>]) were calculated. Using a multivariate
model that combined EE, [Formula: see text], and HR to
predict ΔSpO<sub>2</sub> (hypoxia-induced reduction), a
very strong fit model both for men (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.900,
P < 0.001) and for women was obtained
(r<sup>2</sup> = 0.957, P < 0.001). The
contributions of EE, VE, and HR to ΔSpO<sub>2</sub> were
markedly different between men and women. [Formula: see
text] and EE had a stronger effect on ΔSpO<sub>2</sub> in
women ([Formula: see text]: 4.1% in women vs. 1.7% in men;
EE: 28.1% in women vs. 15.8% in men), while HR had a greater
effect in men (82.5% in men and 67.9% in women). These
findings suggested that high-altitude adaptation in response
to hypoxemia has different underlying mechanisms between men
and women. These results can help to explain how to adapt
high-altitude for men and women, respectively.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-44844-6},
Key = {fds346486}
}
@article{fds346487,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Step on it},
Journal = {New Scientist},
Volume = {242},
Number = {3234},
Pages = {34-37},
Year = {2019},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(19)31086-3},
Abstract = {We know exercise is good for us. But how much do we need?
Anthropologist Herman Pontzer has the answer},
Doi = {10.1016/S0262-4079(19)31086-3},
Key = {fds346487}
}
@article{fds346488,
Author = {Thurber, C and Dugas, LR and Ocobock, C and Carlson, B and Speakman, JR and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained
maximal human energy expenditure.},
Journal = {Science advances},
Volume = {5},
Number = {6},
Pages = {eaaw0341},
Year = {2019},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0341},
Abstract = {The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are
unclear but are of interest because they constrain
reproduction, thermoregulation, and physical activity. Here,
we show that sustained expenditure in humans, measured as
maximum sustained metabolic scope (SusMS), is a function of
event duration. We compiled measurements of total energy
expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) from human
endurance events and added new data from adults running ~250
km/week for 20 weeks in a transcontinental race. For events
lasting 0.5 to 250+ days, SusMS decreases curvilinearly with
event duration, plateauing below 3× BMR. This relationship
differs from that of shorter events (e.g., marathons).
Incorporating data from overfeeding studies, we find
evidence for an alimentary energy supply limit in humans of
~2.5× BMR; greater expenditure requires drawing down the
body's energy stores. Transcontinental race data suggest
that humans can partially reduce TEE during long events to
extend endurance.},
Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aaw0341},
Key = {fds346488}
}
@article{fds346489,
Author = {Horiuchi, M and Kirihara, YH and Fukuoka, Y and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Sex Differences In Respiratory And Circulatory Cost And
Arterial Oxygen Saturation During Hypoxic
Walking},
Journal = {Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise},
Volume = {51},
Number = {6S},
Pages = {458-458},
Publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},
Year = {2019},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000561874.25337.90},
Doi = {10.1249/01.mss.0000561874.25337.90},
Key = {fds346489}
}
@article{fds342247,
Author = {Gurven, M and Trumble, B and Stieglitz, J and Cummings, D and Kaplan, H and Blackwell, AD and Yetish, G and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Methodological differences cannot explain associations
between health, anthropometrics, and excess resting
metabolic rate.},
Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
Volume = {169},
Number = {1},
Pages = {197-198},
Year = {2019},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23811},
Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.23811},
Key = {fds342247}
}
@article{fds342246,
Author = {Rosinger, AY and Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Tanner,
SN and Sands, JM},
Title = {Age-related decline in urine concentration may not be
universal: Comparative study from the U.S. and two
small-scale societies.},
Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
Volume = {168},
Number = {4},
Pages = {705-716},
Year = {2019},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23788},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Evidence from industrialized populations
suggests that urine concentrating ability declines with age.
However, lifestyle factors including episodic protein intake
and low hypertension may help explain differences between
populations. Whether this age-related decline occurs among
small-scale populations with active lifestyles and
non-Western diets is unknown. We test the universality of
age-related urine concentration decline.<h4>Materials and
methods</h4>We used urine specific gravity (Usg) and urine
osmolality (Uosm) data from 15,055 U.S. nonpregnant adults
without kidney failure aged 18-80 in 2007-2012 participating
in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES). We tested the relationship of age on urine
concentration biomarkers with multiple linear regressions
using survey commands. We compared results to longitudinal
data on Usg from 116 Tsimane' forager-horticulturalists (266
observations) adults aged 18-83 in 2013-2014 from Lowland
Bolivia, and to 38 Hadza hunter-gatherers (156 observations)
aged 18-75 in 2010-2015 from Tanzania using random-effects
panel linear regressions.<h4>Results</h4>Among U.S. adults,
age was significantly negatively associated with Usg
(Adjusted beta [B] = -0.0009 g/mL/10 years;
SE = 0.0001; p < 0.001) and Uosm (B = -28.1
mOsm/kg/10 yr; SE = 2.4; p < 0.001). In contrast,
among Tsimane' (B = 0.0003 g/mL/10 yr;
SE = 0.0002; p = 0.16) and Hadza
(B = -0.0004 g/mL/10 yr; SE = 0.0004;
p = 0.29) age was not associated with Usg. Older
Tsimane' and Hadza exhibited similar within-individual
variability in Usg equivalent to younger
adults.<h4>Discussion</h4>While U.S. adults exhibited
age-related declines in urine concentration, Tsimane' and
Hadza adults did not exhibit the same statistical decline in
Usg. Mismatches between evolved physiology and modern
environments in lifestyle may affect kidney physiology and
disease risk.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.23788},
Key = {fds342246}
}
@article{fds337776,
Author = {Ocobock, C and Overbeck, A and Carlson, C and Royer, C and Mervenne, A and Thurber, C and Dugas, LR and Carlson, B and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Sustained high levels of physical activity lead to improved
performance among "Race Across the USA" athletes.},
Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
Volume = {168},
Number = {4},
Pages = {789-794},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2019},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23781},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>To investigate physiological and
performance adaptations associated with extremely high daily
sustained physical activity levels, we followed six runners
participating in the 2015 Race Across the USA. Participants
completed over 42.2 km a day for 140 days, covering nearly
5,000 km. This analysis examines the improvement in
running speed and potential adaptation in mean submaximal
heart rate (SHR) throughout the race.<h4>Methods</h4>Data
were collected during three 1-week long periods
corresponding to the race beginning, middle, and end and
included heart rates (HRs), body mass, running distances and
speeds. HR data were collected using ActiTrainer HR
monitors. Running speeds and distances were also recorded
throughout the entire race.<h4>Results</h4>Athletes ran
significantly faster as the race progressed (p < .001),
reducing their mean marathon time by over 63 min. Observed
mean SHR during the middle of the race was significantly
lower than at the beginning (p = .003); however, there
was no significant difference between mean SHR at the middle
and end of the race (p = .998).<h4>Conclusion</h4>These
results indicate an early training effect in SHR during the
first half of the race, which suggests that other
physiological and biomechanical mechanisms were responsible
for the continued improvement in running speed and
adaptation to the high levels of sustained physical
activity.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.23781},
Key = {fds337776}
}
@article{fds342248,
Author = {Hora, M and Pontzer, H and Sladek, V},
Title = {Persistence hunting in Levant: Both Neandertals and modern
humans could run down a horse},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {168},
Pages = {107-107},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds342248}
}
@article{fds342249,
Author = {Kozma, EE and Pontzer, H and Sanz, C and Morgan, D},
Title = {Arboreal Positional Behavior in Humans, Chimpanzees, and
Gorillas},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {168},
Pages = {131-131},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds342249}
}
@article{fds342250,
Author = {Swanson, ZS and Pontzer, H and Luke, A and Dugas, LR and Steiper,
ME},
Title = {The effect of the alpha-actinin 3 (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism
and mtDNA on energy expenditure in modern
humans},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {168},
Pages = {242-243},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds342250}
}
@article{fds342251,
Author = {Sayre, MK and Pontzer, H and Wood, BA and Alexander, GA and Raichlen,
DA},
Title = {Influence of physical activity on aging and frailty in human
foragers},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {168},
Pages = {217-217},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds342251}
}
@article{fds342252,
Author = {Wood, BM and Harris, JA and Vashro, L and Sayre, MK and Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Sancilio, A and Berbesque, JC and Crittenden, AN and Mabulla, AZP and Jones, JH and Cashdan, E},
Title = {Hadza Hunter-Gatherers Exhibit Gender Differences in Space
Use and Spatial Cognition Consistent with the Ecology of
Male and Female Targeted Foods},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {168},
Pages = {273-274},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds342252}
}
@article{fds342253,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Brown, MH and Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Luke, A and Dugas, LR and Ross, SR},
Title = {Water throughput in humans and apes},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY},
Volume = {31},
Number = {2},
Pages = {1 pages},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds342253}
}
@article{fds342254,
Author = {Urlacher, SS and Snodgrass, JJ and Dugas, LR and Madimenos, FC and Sugiyama, LS and Pontzer, H},
Title = {The energetic ecology of childhood: Tradeoffs in energy
allocation and the impact of market integration on ontogeny
and health},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY},
Volume = {31},
Number = {2},
Pages = {1 pages},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds342254}
}
@article{fds342255,
Author = {Levy, SB and Sancilio, A and Christopher, L and Madimenos, FC and Urlacher, SS and Snodgrass, JJ and Sugiyama, LS and Pontzer, H and Bribiescas, RG},
Title = {An assessment of urinary triiodothyronine (T3) levels as a
biomarker of thyroid hormone action: preliminary data from
the Shuar Health and Life History Project},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY},
Volume = {31},
Number = {2},
Pages = {1 pages},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds342255}
}
@article{fds342881,
Author = {Christopher, L and Madimenos, FC and Bribiescas, RG and Urlacher, SS and Snodgrass, JJ and Sugiyama, LS and Pontzer, H},
Title = {High energy requirements and water throughput of adult Shuar
forager-horticulturalists of Amazonian Ecuador.},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {31},
Number = {2},
Pages = {e23223},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23223},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>We measured total energy expenditure
(TEE; kcal/d) and water throughput (L/d) among Shuar
forager-horticulturalists from Amazonian Ecuador to compare
their daily energy and water demands to adults in other
small-scale and industrialized populations.<h4>Methods</h4>TEE
and water throughput were measured using the doubly labeled
water method among 15 Shuar adults (eight women, seven men;
age range 18-60 years) living in a relatively remote
village. We used multiple regression to assess the effects
of anthropometric variables (body size, fat free mass, age,
and sex) on TEE and water throughput. We also compared Shuar
TEE and water throughput to those of other small-scale and
industrialized societies.<h4>Results</h4>TEE among Shuar
adults (men: 4141 ± 645 kcal/d, women: 2536 ±
281 kcal/d) was most strongly correlated with fat free
mass. Estimated physical activity levels (PAL) calculated as
(TEE/estimated BMR), were greater for men (2.34 ± 0.29)
than women (1.83 ± 0.14, P < 0.001). Water
throughput was also greater among Shuar men
(9.37 ± 2.34 L/d) than women (4.76 ± 0.36 L/d,
P < 0.001). Shuar TEE and water throughput were elevated
compared to adults in industrialized populations.<h4>Discussion</h4>TEE
and PAL of Shuar men are among the highest recorded during
normal daily life, and likely reflect both high levels of
physical activity and cultural dietary practices. Drinking
large amounts of chicha, a traditional carbohydrate-rich
drink made from manioc, likely contributes to the high
levels of water throughput among Shuar men, and may
contribute to elevated TEE.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23223},
Key = {fds342881}
}
@misc{fds346490,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Webber, JT and Pontzer, H},
Title = {The evolution of the human endurance phenotype},
Pages = {135-147},
Booktitle = {Routledge Handbook of Sport and Exercise Systems
Genetics},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781138504851},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315146287-11},
Abstract = {Aerobic activities are those which can be sustained entirely
by oxygen-based metabolism. The rate of oxygen consumption
during an activity, called VO2, is often used as a measure
of energy for aerobic activities. Activity costs tend to
increase with body size, and so to account for differences
in body size, energy expenditure during an activity is often
expressed as metabolic equivalents, the ratio of activity
energy expenditure to basal metabolic rate. Comparative
biology offers a valuable methodological approach to examine
evolutionary physiology in living taxa. By comparing
performance or morphology in humans and our closest living
relatives, the great apes can better understand how, and
potentially when, major changes in evolutionary physiology
occurred. Reconstructions of locomotion and behavior in the
earliest hominins generally suggest that, although they
walked bipedally, in many respects they more closely
resemble nonhuman great apes in activity patterns and
behavior.},
Doi = {10.4324/9781315146287-11},
Key = {fds346490}
}
@article{fds350315,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {EVOLVED TO EXERCISE},
Journal = {SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN},
Volume = {320},
Number = {1},
Pages = {24-31},
Publisher = {SPRINGER},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds350315}
}
@article{fds350316,
Author = {Speakman, JR and Pontzer, H and Rood, J and Sagayama, H and Schoeller,
DA and Westerterp, KR and Wong, WW and Yamada, Y and Loechl, C and Murphy-Alford, AJ},
Title = {The International Atomic Energy Agency International Doubly
Labelled Water Database: Aims, Scope and
Procedures.},
Journal = {Annals of nutrition & metabolism},
Volume = {75},
Number = {2},
Pages = {114-118},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503668},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>The doubly labelled water (DLW) method is
an isotope-based technique that quantifies total energy
expenditure (TEE) over periods of 1-3 weeks from the
differential elimination of stable isotopes of oxygen and
hydrogen. The method was invented in the 1950s, but limited
ability to measure low isotope enrichments combined with the
high cost of isotopes meant it only became feasible to use
in humans in the 1980s. It is still relatively expensive to
use, and alone small samples are unable to tackle some of
the important questions surrounding energy balance such as
how have expenditures changed over time and how do
expenditures differ with age, between sexes and in different
environments?<h4>Summary</h4>By combining information across
studies, answers to such questions may be possible. The
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) DLW database was
established to pool DLW data across multiple studies. It was
initiated by the main labs currently using the method and is
hosted by the IAEA. At present, the database contains 6,621
measures of TEE by DLW from individuals in 23 countries,
along with various additional data on the study
participants. Key Messages: The IAEA DLW database is a key
resource enabling future studies of energy
demands.},
Doi = {10.1159/000503668},
Key = {fds350316}
}
@article{fds342256,
Author = {Machanda, Z and Brazeau, N and Castillo, E and Otarola-Castillo, E and Pontzer, H and Emery Thompson and M and Muller, M and Wrangham,
R},
Title = {MUSCULOSKELETAL GROWTH IN WILD CHIMPANZEES WITH IMPLICATIONS
FOR SOCIAL BEHAVIOR},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY},
Volume = {80},
Pages = {1 pages},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2018},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds342256}
}
@article{fds342257,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Wood, BM and Raichlen, DA},
Title = {Hunter-gatherers as models in public health.},
Journal = {Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International
Association for the Study of Obesity},
Volume = {19 Suppl 1},
Pages = {24-35},
Year = {2018},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obr.12785},
Abstract = {Hunter-gatherer populations are remarkable for their
excellent metabolic and cardiovascular health and thus are
often used as models in public health, in an effort to
understand the root, evolutionary causes of non-communicable
diseases. Here, we review recent work on health, activity,
energetics and diet among hunter-gatherers and other
small-scale societies (e.g. subsistence farmers,
horticulturalists and pastoralists), as well as recent
fossil and archaeological discoveries, to provide a more
comprehensive perspective on lifestyle and health in these
populations. We supplement these analyses with new data from
the Hadza, a hunter-gatherer population in northern
Tanzania. Longevity among small-scale populations approaches
that of industrialized populations, and metabolic and
cardiovascular disease are rare. Obesity prevalence is very
low (<5%), and mean body fat percentage is modest (women:
24-28%, men: 9-18%). Activity levels are high, exceeding
100 min d<sup>-1</sup> of moderate and vigorous physical
activity, but daily energy expenditures are similar to
industrialized populations. Diets in hunter-gatherer and
other small-scale societies tend to be less energy dense and
richer in fibre and micronutrients than modern diets but are
not invariably low carbohydrate as sometimes argued. A more
integrative understanding of hunter-gatherer health and
lifestyle, including elements beyond diet and activity, will
improve public health efforts in industrialized
populations.},
Doi = {10.1111/obr.12785},
Key = {fds342257}
}
@article{fds342258,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Method and rationale for recalculating dilution spaces to a
single, common time point in doubly labeled water
studies.},
Journal = {European journal of clinical nutrition},
Volume = {72},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1620-1624},
Year = {2018},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0361-1},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>The doubly labeled water (DLW) method has
become widely used in studies of energy expenditure and body
composition. Researchers differ in the analytical methods
used to calculate the dilution spaces for deuterium and
oxygen-18. Some determine dilution spaces using isotope
enrichments extrapolated to the instant of dosing with DLW
(slope-intercept method), but others use measured
enrichments from body water samples obtained 3-10 h after
dosing (plateau method). These differences limit the
comparability of analyses across labs.<h4>Methods</h4>I
derive a simple mathematical approach for recalculating
reported dilution spaces to any time point post dosing,
using reported dilution spaces and rates of isotope
depletion. Simulated data are used to examine the effects of
different dilution space protocols.<h4>Results</h4>Recalculating
dilution spaces enables researchers to determine outcome
variables of interest (e.g., total body water, energy
expenditure, and water throughput) from different labs under
a unified protocol for determining dilution spaces, and
improves comparisons among studies.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Differences
between dilution space protocols can lead to substantial
differences in outcome variables of interest in DLW studies.
When comparing results of DLW studies that employ different
dilution space protocols, dilution spaces should be
recalculated for a common time point, and outcome variables
recalculated as needed, prior to comparison across
studies.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41430-018-0361-1},
Key = {fds342258}
}
@article{fds339328,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Energy Constraint as a Novel Mechanism Linking Exercise and
Health.},
Journal = {Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)},
Volume = {33},
Number = {6},
Pages = {384-393},
Year = {2018},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00027.2018},
Abstract = {Humans and other species adapt dynamically to changes in
daily physical activity, maintaining total energy
expenditure within a narrow range. Chronic exercise thus
suppresses other physiological activity, including immunity,
reproduction, and stress response. This exercise-induced
downregulation improves health at moderate levels of
physical activity but can be detrimental at extreme
workloads.},
Doi = {10.1152/physiol.00027.2018},
Key = {fds339328}
}
@article{fds337752,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Alternative Energy Physiological evolution in the human
lineage},
Journal = {NATURAL HISTORY},
Volume = {126},
Number = {8},
Pages = {37-39},
Publisher = {NATURAL HISTORY MAGAZINE},
Year = {2018},
Month = {September},
Key = {fds337752}
}
@article{fds337753,
Author = {Gagnon, CM and Steiper, ME and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Elite swimmers do not exhibit a body mass index trade-off
across a wide range of event distances.},
Journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences},
Volume = {285},
Number = {1882},
Pages = {20180684},
Year = {2018},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0684},
Abstract = {There is a trade-off reflected in the contrasting phenotypes
of elite long-distance runners, who are typically leaner,
and elite sprinters, who are usually more heavily muscled.
It is unclear, however, whether and how swimmers' bodies
vary across event distances from the 50 m swim, which is
about a 20-30 s event, to the 10 000 m marathon swim, which
is about a 2 h event. We examined data from the 2012
Olympics to test whether swimmers' phenotypes differed
across event distances. We show that across all swimming
event distances, from the 50 m sprint to the 10 000 m
marathon, swimmers converge on a single optimal body mass
index (BMI) in men's and women's events, in marked contrast
with the strong inverse relationship between BMI and event
distance found in runners. The absence of a speed-endurance
trade-off in the body proportions of swimmers indicates a
fundamental difference in design pressures and performance
capability in terrestrial versus aquatic
environments.},
Doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.0684},
Key = {fds337753}
}
@article{fds337754,
Author = {Finestone, EM and Brown, MH and Ross, SR and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Great ape walking kinematics: Implications for hominoid
evolution.},
Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
Volume = {166},
Number = {1},
Pages = {43-55},
Year = {2018},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23397},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Great apes provide a point of reference
for understanding the evolution of locomotion in hominoids
and early hominins. We assessed (1) the extent to which
great apes use diagonal sequence, diagonal couplet gaits,
like other primates, (2) the extent to which gait and
posture vary across great apes, and (3) the role of body
mass and limb proportions on ape quadrupedal
kinematics.<h4>Methods</h4>High-speed digital video of
zoo-housed bonobos (Pan paniscus, N = 8), chimpanzees
(Pan troglodytes, N = 13), lowland gorillas (Gorilla
gorilla, N = 13), and orangutans (Pongo spp. N = 6)
walking over-ground at self-selected speeds were used to
determine the timing of limb touch-down, take-off, and to
measure joint and segment angles at touch-down, midstance,
and take-off.<h4>Results</h4>The great apes in our study
showed broad kinematic and spatiotemporal similarity in
quadrupedal walking. Size-adjusted walking speed was the
strongest predictor of gait variables. Body mass had a
negligible effect on variation in joint and segment angles,
but stride frequency did trend higher among larger apes in
analyses including size-adjusted speed. In contrast to most
other primates, great apes did not favor diagonal sequence
footfall patterns, but exhibited variable gait patterns that
frequently shifted between diagonal and lateral
sequences.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Similarities in the terrestrial
walking kinematics of extant great apes likely reflect their
similar post-cranial anatomy and proportions. Our results
suggest that the walking kinematics of orthograde,
suspensory Miocene ape species were likely similar to living
great apes, and highlight the utility of videographic and
behavioral data in interpreting primate skeletal
morphology.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.23397},
Key = {fds337754}
}
@article{fds342259,
Author = {Willis, EA and Saint-Maurice, PF and Pontzer, H and Matthews,
CE},
Title = {Is More Physical Activity Always Better? Constrained vs
Additive Total Energy Expenditure Models.},
Journal = {MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE},
Volume = {50},
Number = {5},
Pages = {841-841},
Publisher = {LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS},
Year = {2018},
Month = {May},
Key = {fds342259}
}
@article{fds337755,
Author = {Urlacher, SS and Ellison, PT and Sugiyama, LS and Pontzer, H and Eick,
G and Liebert, MA and Cepon-Robins, TJ and Gildner, TE and Snodgrass,
JJ},
Title = {Tradeoffs between immune function and childhood growth among
Amazonian forager-horticulturalists.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {115},
Number = {17},
Pages = {E3914-E3921},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717522115},
Abstract = {Immune function is an energetically costly physiological
activity that potentially diverts calories away from less
immediately essential life tasks. Among developing
organisms, the allocation of energy toward immune function
may lead to tradeoffs with physical growth, particularly in
high-pathogen, low-resource environments. The present study
tests this hypothesis across diverse timeframes, branches of
immunity, and conditions of energy availability among
humans. Using a prospective mixed-longitudinal design, we
collected anthropometric and blood immune biomarker data
from 261 Amazonian forager-horticulturalist Shuar children
(age 4-11 y old). This strategy provided baseline measures
of participant stature, s.c. body fat, and humoral and
cell-mediated immune activity as well as subsample
longitudinal measures of linear growth (1 wk, 3 mo, 20 mo)
and acute inflammation. Multilevel analyses demonstrate
consistent negative effects of immune function on growth,
with children experiencing up to 49% growth reduction during
periods of mildly elevated immune activity. The direct
energetic nature of these relationships is indicated by
(<i>i</i>) the manifestation of biomarker-specific negative
immune effects only when examining growth over timeframes
capturing active competition for energetic resources,
(<i>ii</i>) the exaggerated impact of particularly costly
inflammation on growth, and (<i>iii</i>) the ability of
children with greater levels of body fat (i.e., energy
reserves) to completely avoid the growth-inhibiting effects
of acute inflammation. These findings provide evidence for
immunologically and temporally diverse body fat-dependent
tradeoffs between immune function and growth during
childhood. We discuss the implications of this work for
understanding human developmental energetics and the
biological mechanisms regulating variation in human
ontogeny, life history, and health.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1717522115},
Key = {fds337755}
}
@article{fds337759,
Author = {Eyre, J and Pontzer, H},
Title = {The Effect of bi-iliac breadth on thermoregulation during
running},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {165},
Pages = {80-81},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337759}
}
@article{fds337757,
Author = {Castillo, ER and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Locomotor-respiratory dynamics and gait frequency tuning in
humans},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {165},
Pages = {43-44},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337757}
}
@article{fds337758,
Author = {Urlacher, SS and Snodgrass, JJ and Dugas, LR and Sugiyama, LS and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Direct measures of total and resting energy expenditure
among Shuar forager-horticulturalist children: Evolutionary
and epidemiological implications},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {165},
Pages = {281-281},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337758}
}
@article{fds337756,
Author = {Kozma, EE and Webb, NM and Harcourt-Smith, WEH and Raichlen, DA and D'Août, K and Brown, MH and Finestone, EM and Ross, SR and Aerts, P and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Hip extensor mechanics and the evolution of walking and
climbing capabilities in humans, apes, and fossil
hominins.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {115},
Number = {16},
Pages = {4134-4139},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715120115},
Abstract = {The evolutionary emergence of humans' remarkably economical
walking gait remains a focus of research and debate, but
experimentally validated approaches linking locomotor
capability to postcranial anatomy are limited. In this
study, we integrated 3D morphometrics of hominoid pelvic
shape with experimental measurements of hip kinematics and
kinetics during walking and climbing, hamstring activity,
and passive range of hip extension in humans, apes, and
other primates to assess arboreal-terrestrial trade-offs in
ischium morphology among living taxa. We show that
hamstring-powered hip extension during habitual walking and
climbing in living apes and humans is strongly predicted,
and likely constrained, by the relative length and
orientation of the ischium. Ape pelves permit greater
extensor moments at the hip, enhancing climbing capability,
but limit their range of hip extension, resulting in a
crouched gait. Human pelves reduce hip extensor moments but
permit a greater degree of hip extension, which greatly
improves walking economy (i.e., distance traveled/energy
consumed). Applying these results to fossil pelves suggests
that early hominins differed from both humans and extant
apes in having an economical walking gait without
sacrificing climbing capability. <i>Ardipithecus</i> was
capable of nearly human-like hip extension during bipedal
walking, but retained the capacity for powerful, ape-like
hip extension during vertical climbing. Hip extension
capability was essentially human-like in <i>Australopithecus
afarensis</i> and <i>Australopithecus africanus</i>,
suggesting an economical walking gait but reduced mechanical
advantage for powered hip extension during
climbing.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1715120115},
Key = {fds337756}
}
@article{fds337760,
Author = {Swanson, ZS and Pontzer, H and Luke, A and Dugas, LR and Steiper,
ME},
Title = {The effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D
polymorphism on energy expenditure in modern
humans},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {165},
Pages = {268-268},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337760}
}
@article{fds337761,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Hamilton, MT and Harris, JA and Hsu, C-H and Keadle,
SK and Klimentidis, YC and Marx, TJ and Matthews, CE and Pontzer, H and Sayre, MK and Wood, BM and Zderic, TW and Alexander,
GE},
Title = {Fractal patterns of physical activity in hunter-gatherers
suggest universal scaling of daily movement in
humans},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {165},
Pages = {218-219},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337761}
}
@article{fds337762,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Basdeo, T and Harris, JA and Mabulla,
AZP and Wood, BM},
Title = {Mechanics of archery among Hadza hunter-gatherers},
Journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports},
Volume = {16},
Pages = {57-64},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2017},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.09.025},
Abstract = {The development of the bow and arrow was an important
milestone in the evolution of foraging technology.
Experimental approaches to interpreting lithics and other
archeological evidence for early archery have led to
important insights into their manufacture and use, but these
studies are limited by a lack of data on the mechanics of
traditional archery among living hunter-gatherers. Here, we
investigated archery mechanics among the Hadza, a population
of traditional hunter-gatherers living in Tanzania, who
build and use their own bows and arrows to hunt wild game
for food. Ten Hadza men participated in an archery
competition with targets set at 15, 30, and 50 m, similar to
the range of target distances during hunting. We used a
spring scale to calibrate the draw force for each bow, and a
high-speed digital video to record shooting mechanics and
arrow velocity for each shot. Arrow velocity (45.1 ± 7.0
m/s− 1) and estimated kinetic energy (36.9 ± 13.4 J) were
greater than typically employed in experimental archeology
studies. Draw forces (311 ± 98 N) were also greater,
equivalent to ~ 70% of men's body weight. Approximately 70%
of the strain energy from the drawn bow was converted to
arrow kinetic energy upon release, similar to published
efficiencies for modern recurve bows. Arrow kinetic energy
and draw force were similar for 15 m and 30 m targets, but
increased marginally for the 50 m target, suggesting that
Hadza men adjust arrow trajectory for targets at short and
middle distances, but may increase draw force and hence
arrow energy for distant targets.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.09.025},
Key = {fds337762}
}
@article{fds337763,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {DEMOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF HADZA
HUNTER‐GATHERERS By NicholasBlurton Jones508 pp. (2016).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. $130.00
(paperback)},
Journal = {American Journal of Human Biology},
Volume = {29},
Number = {6},
Pages = {e23053-e23053},
Publisher = {Wiley},
Year = {2017},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23053},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.23053},
Key = {fds337763}
}
@article{fds337764,
Author = {Horiuchi, M and Fukuoka, Y and Handa, Y and Abe, D and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Measuring the Energy of Ventilation and Circulation during
Human Walking using Induced Hypoxia.},
Journal = {Scientific reports},
Volume = {7},
Number = {1},
Pages = {4938},
Year = {2017},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05068-8},
Abstract = {Energy expenditure (EE) during walking includes energy costs
to move and support the body and for respiration and
circulation. We measured EE during walking under three
different oxygen concentrations. Eleven healthy, young, male
lowlanders walked on a treadmill at seven gait speeds
(0.67-1.83 m s<sup>-1</sup>) on a level gradient under
normobaric normoxia (room air, 21% O<sub>2</sub>), moderate
hypoxia (15% O<sub>2</sub>), and severe hypoxia (11%
O<sub>2</sub>). By comparing the hypoxia-induced elevation
in heart rate (HR [bpm]), ventilation (V<sub>E</sub> [L
min<sup>-1</sup>]) with the change in energy expenditure (EE
[W]) at each speed, we were able to determine circulatory
and respiratory costs. In a multivariate model combining HR
and V<sub>E</sub>, respiratory costs were
0.44 ± 0.15 W per each L min<sup>-1</sup> increase in
V<sub>E</sub>, and circulatory costs were
0.24 ± 0.05 W per each bpm increase in HR (model
adjusted r<sup>2</sup> = 0.97, p < 0.001). These
V<sub>E</sub> costs were substantially lower than previous
studies that ignored the contribution of HR to
cardiopulmonary work. Estimated HR costs were consistent
with, although somewhat higher than, measures derived from
catheterization studies. Cardiopulmonary costs accounted for
23% of resting EE, but less than 5% of net walking costs
(i.e., with resting EE subtracted).},
Doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-05068-8},
Key = {fds337764}
}
@article{fds337765,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Economy and Endurance in Human Evolution.},
Journal = {Current biology : CB},
Volume = {27},
Number = {12},
Pages = {R613-R621},
Year = {2017},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.031},
Abstract = {The evolutionary pressures shaping humans' unique bipedal
locomotion have been a focus of research since Darwin, but
the origins of humans' economical walking gait and endurance
running capabilities remain unclear. Here, I review the
anatomical and physiological determinants of locomotor
economy (e.g., limb length and posture) and endurance (e.g.,
muscle volume and fiber type) and investigate their
development in the hominin fossil record. The earliest
hominins were bipedal but retained ape-like features in the
hind limb that would have limited their walking economy
compared to living humans. Moreover, the evolution of
bipedalism and the loss of the forelimbs in weight support
and propulsion would have reduced locomotor endurance in
the earliest hominins and likely restricted ranging.
Australopithecus evinced longer hind limbs, extended limb
posture, and a stiff midfoot, suggesting improved,
human-like economy, but were likely still limited in their
endurance compared to modern humans. The appearance of
skeletal traits related to endurance (e.g., larger limb
joints, spring-like plantar arch) in Homo was somewhat
mosaic, with the full endurance suite apparent only ∼1
million years ago. The development of endurance capabilities
in Homo appears to parallel the evolutionary increase in
brain size, cognitive sophistication, and metabolic
rate.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.031},
Key = {fds337765}
}
@article{fds337766,
Author = {Edwards, W and Lonsdorf, EV and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Total energy expenditure in captive capuchins (Sapajus
apella).},
Journal = {American journal of primatology},
Volume = {79},
Number = {5},
Year = {2017},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22638},
Abstract = {Primates have markedly lower total energy expenditure (TEE;
kcal/day) than other placental mammals, expending
approximately 50% less energy for their mass than
non-primate eutherians. However, little is known regarding
interspecific variation of energy expenditure within
platyrrhine primates. We investigated TEE in captive tufted
capuchins (Sapajus apella, n = 8, ages 7-36), a
frugivorous platyrrhine, to compare TEE with other placental
mammals and primates. We tested the hypothesis that
large-brained capuchins would exhibit greater TEE than other
platyrrhines that are less encephalized. We used the doubly
labeled water (DLW) method to measure TEE over 7-11 days,
during which physical activity data were recorded via focal
observation. TEE was strongly correlated with fat free mass,
but sex, age, and rates of walking and climbing were not
correlated with variation in TEE in multivariate analyses
controlling for fat free mass. We found evidence that daily
physical activity was negatively correlated with body fat
percentage. Capuchin TEE was similar (P = 0.67) to
other, less encephalized platyrrhines (Callithrix and
Alouatta) and 54% lower than other placental mammals, in
analyses controlling for body mass. These results suggest
that brain size and physical activity do not necessarily
influence variation in daily energy expenditure across
primate species.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajp.22638},
Key = {fds337766}
}
@article{fds337767,
Author = {Urlacher, SS and Snodgrass, JJ and Kramer, KL and Konecna, M and Pontzer, H and Sugiyama, LS},
Title = {Objectively Measured Childhood Physical Activity among
Small-scale Populations},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {162},
Pages = {389-389},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337767}
}
@article{fds337768,
Author = {Schneider, AL and Burghardt, NS and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Reduced Immune Investment with Energy Stress: Evidence from
a Mouse Model},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {162},
Pages = {349-349},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337768}
}
@article{fds337769,
Author = {Otarola-Castillo, ER and Castillo, ER and Hora, M and Torquato, MG and Warrener, AG and Pontzer, H},
Title = {walkR: A Software Package to Analyze the Biomechanics of
Human Locomotion},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {162},
Pages = {306-306},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337769}
}
@article{fds337770,
Author = {Ramirez, KR and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Intrinsic Manual Proportions affect the Biomechanics of
Suspension},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {162},
Pages = {326-326},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337770}
}
@article{fds337771,
Author = {Kozma, EE and Webb, NM and Harcourt-Smith, WEH and Raichlen, DA and D'Aout, K and Brown, MH and Finestone, E and Ross, SR and Aerts, P and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Mechanics of Hip Extension Characterize Arboreal-Terrestrial
Trade-offs in Hominin Evolution},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {162},
Pages = {251-251},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337771}
}
@article{fds337772,
Author = {Swanson, ZS and Webb, NM and Pontzer, H and Desilva, JM and Harcourt-Smith, WEH},
Title = {Finite Element Modeling of Talar Loading in Modern Humans
with Application to the Hominin Fossil Record},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {162},
Pages = {374-375},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337772}
}
@article{fds337773,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {How Much Food do Animals Need to Walk, Run, and Climb? This
Much},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {162},
Pages = {320-320},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337773}
}
@article{fds337774,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Harris, JA and Zderic, TW and Hamilton,
MT and Wood, BM},
Title = {Objectively measured physical activity in a hunting and
gathering population},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {162},
Pages = {326-326},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337774}
}
@article{fds337775,
Author = {Lieberman, DE and Barak, MM and Rolian, CP and Raichlen, DA and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Testing hypotheses about hominin locomotor evolution using
models not analogies},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {162},
Pages = {262-263},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337775}
}
@article{fds337777,
Author = {Gagnon, C and Steiper, M and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Body mass index varies with event distances among elite
runners but not swimmers},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY},
Volume = {29},
Number = {2},
Pages = {2 pages},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337777}
}
@article{fds337778,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Harris, JA and Mabulla, AZP and Marlowe,
FW and Josh Snodgrass and J and Eick, G and Colette Berbesque and J and Sancilio, A and Wood, BM},
Title = {Physical activity patterns and biomarkers of cardiovascular
disease risk in hunter-gatherers.},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {29},
Number = {2},
Year = {2017},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22919},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous
physical activity (MVPA) is a strong predictor of
cardiovascular health, yet few humans living in
industrialized societies meet current recommendations (150
min/week). Researchers have long suggested that human
physiological requirements for aerobic exercise reflect an
evolutionary shift to a hunting and gathering foraging
strategy, and a recent transition to more sedentary
lifestyles likely represents a mismatch with our past in
terms of physical activity. The goal of this study is to
explore this mismatch by characterizing MVPA and
cardiovascular health in the Hadza, a modern hunting and
gathering population living in Northern Tanzania.<h4>Methods</h4>We
measured MVPA using continuous heart rate monitoring in 46
participants recruited from two Hadza camps. As part of a
larger survey of health in the Hadza, we measured blood
pressure (n = 198) and biomarkers of cardiovascular
health (n = 23) including C-reactive protein,
cholesterol (Total, HDL, and LDL), and triglycerides.<h4>Results</h4>We
show that Hadza participants spend large amounts of time in
MVPA (134.92 ± 8.6 min/day), and maintain these
activity levels across the lifespan. In fact, the Hadza
engage in over 14 times as much MVPA as subjects
participating in large epidemiological studies in the United
States. We found no evidence of risk factors for
cardiovascular disease in this population (low prevalence of
hypertension across the lifespan, optimal levels for
biomarkers of cardiovascular health).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our
results provide evidence that the hunting and gathering
foraging strategy involves high levels of MVPA, supporting
the evolutionary medicine model for the relationship between
MVPA and cardiovascular health.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.22919},
Key = {fds337778}
}
@article{fds337779,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {The crown joules: energetics, ecology, and evolution in
humans and other primates.},
Journal = {Evolutionary anthropology},
Volume = {26},
Number = {1},
Pages = {12-24},
Year = {2017},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21513},
Abstract = {Biological diversity is metabolic diversity: Differences in
anatomy, physiology, life history, and activity reflect
differences in energy allocation and expenditure among
traits and tasks. Traditional frameworks in primatology,
human ecology, public health, and paleoanthropology view
daily energy expenditure as being more variable within than
between species, changing with activity level but
essentially fixed for a given body size. Growing evidence
turns this view on its head. Total energy expenditure
(kcal/d), varies relatively little within species, despite
variation in physical activity; it varies considerably among
species even after controlling for the effect of body size.
Embracing this emerging paradigm requires rethinking
potential trade-offs in energy allocation within and between
species, assessing evidence of metabolic acceleration within
lineages, and abandoning activity-based estimates of total
energy expenditure. Difficult and exciting work lies ahead
in the effort to untangle the ecological and evolutionary
pressures shaping primate metabolic diversity.},
Doi = {10.1002/evan.21513},
Key = {fds337779}
}
@article{fds337780,
Author = {Sparrow, LM and Pellatt, E and Yu, SS and Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Rolian, C},
Title = {Gait changes in a line of mice artificially selected for
longer limbs.},
Journal = {PeerJ},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {e3008},
Year = {2017},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3008},
Abstract = {In legged terrestrial locomotion, the duration of stance
phase, i.e., when limbs are in contact with the substrate,
is positively correlated with limb length, and negatively
correlated with the metabolic cost of transport. These
relationships are well documented at the interspecific
level, across a broad range of body sizes and travel speeds.
However, such relationships are harder to evaluate within
species (i.e., where natural selection operates), largely
for practical reasons, including low population variance in
limb length, and the presence of confounding factors such as
body mass, or training. Here, we compared spatiotemporal
kinematics of gait in Longshanks, a long-legged mouse line
created through artificial selection, and in random-bred,
mass-matched Control mice raised under identical conditions.
We used a gait treadmill to test the hypothesis that
Longshanks have longer stance phases and stride lengths, and
decreased stride frequencies in both fore- and hind limbs,
compared with Controls. Our results indicate that gait
differs significantly between the two groups. Specifically,
and as hypothesized, stance duration and stride length are
8-10% greater in Longshanks, while stride frequency is 8%
lower than in Controls. However, there was no difference in
the touch-down timing and sequence of the paws between the
two lines. Taken together, these data suggest that, for a
given speed, Longshanks mice take significantly fewer,
longer steps to cover the same distance or running time
compared to Controls, with important implications for other
measures of variation among individuals in whole-organism
performance, such as the metabolic cost of
transport.},
Doi = {10.7717/peerj.3008},
Key = {fds337780}
}
@article{fds337781,
Author = {Hora, M and Soumar, L and Pontzer, H and Sládek,
V},
Title = {Body size and lower limb posture during walking in
humans.},
Journal = {PloS one},
Volume = {12},
Number = {2},
Pages = {e0172112},
Year = {2017},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172112},
Abstract = {We test whether locomotor posture is associated with body
mass and lower limb length in humans and explore how body
size and posture affect net joint moments during walking. We
acquired gait data for 24 females and 25 males using a
three-dimensional motion capture system and
pressure-measuring insoles. We employed the general linear
model and commonality analysis to assess the independent
effect of body mass and lower limb length on flexion angles
at the hip, knee, and ankle while controlling for sex and
velocity. In addition, we used inverse dynamics to model the
effect of size and posture on net joint moments. At early
stance, body mass has a negative effect on knee flexion (p <
0.01), whereas lower limb length has a negative effect on
hip flexion (p < 0.05). Body mass uniquely explains 15.8% of
the variance in knee flexion, whereas lower limb length
uniquely explains 5.4% of the variance in hip flexion. Both
of the detected relationships between body size and posture
are consistent with the moment moderating postural
adjustments predicted by our model. At late stance, no
significant relationship between body size and posture was
detected. Humans of greater body size reduce the flexion of
the hip and knee at early stance, which results in the
moderation of net moments at these joints.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0172112},
Key = {fds337781}
}
@article{fds337782,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {The Exercise Paradox.},
Journal = {Scientific American},
Volume = {316},
Number = {2},
Pages = {26-31},
Year = {2017},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0217-26},
Doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0217-26},
Key = {fds337782}
}
@article{fds337783,
Author = {Gurven, MD and Trumble, BC and Stieglitz, J and Yetish, G and Cummings,
D and Blackwell, AD and Beheim, B and Kaplan, HS and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {High resting metabolic rate among Amazonian
forager-horticulturalists experiencing high pathogen
burden.},
Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
Volume = {161},
Number = {3},
Pages = {414-425},
Year = {2016},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23040},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Resting metabolic rate (RMR) reflects
energetic costs of homeostasis and accounts for 60 to 75% of
total energy expenditure (TEE). Lean mass and physical
activity account for much RMR variability, but the impact of
prolonged immune activation from infection on human RMR is
unclear in naturalistic settings. We evaluate the effects of
infection on mass-corrected RMR among Bolivian
forager-horticulturalists, and assess whether RMR declines
more slowly with age than in hygienic sedentary populations,
as might be expected if older adults experience high
pathogen burden.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>RMR was
measured by indirect calorimetry (Fitmate MED, Cosmed) in
1,300 adults aged 20 to 90 and TEE was measured using doubly
labeled water (n = 40). Immune biomarkers, clinical
diagnoses, and anthropometrics were collected by the Tsimane
Health and Life History Project.<h4>Results</h4>Tsimane have
higher RMR and TEE than people in sedentary industrialized
populations. Tsimane RMR is 18 to 47% (women) and 22 to 40%
(men) higher than expected using six standard prediction
equations. Tsimane mass-corrected TEE is similarly elevated
compared to Westerners. Elevated leukocytes and helminths
are associated with excess RMR in multivariate regressions,
and jointly result in a predicted excess RMR of 10 to 15%.
After age 40, RMR declines by 69 kcal/decade
(p < .0001). Controlling for lean mass and height
accounts for 71% of age-related RMR decline, and adding
indicators of infection minimally affects the age slope. The
residual level of age-related decline from age 40 is 1.2%
per decade.<h4>Conclusion</h4>High pathogen burden may lead
to higher metabolic costs, which may be offset by smaller
body mass or other energy-sparing mechanisms.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.23040},
Key = {fds337783}
}
@article{fds337784,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Behavior: Knowing When to Walk Away, Knowing When to
Run.},
Journal = {Current biology : CB},
Volume = {26},
Number = {15},
Pages = {R717-R718},
Year = {2016},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.048},
Abstract = {A new model has been proposed indicating that humans and
other animals weigh the metabolic cost of pursuit in
deciding how fast to move toward a given reward, providing a
powerful framework for understanding behavior.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.048},
Key = {fds337784}
}
@article{fds337785,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Brown, MH and Raichlen, DA and Dunsworth, H and Hare, B and Walker, K and Luke, A and Dugas, LR and Durazo-Arvizu, R and Schoeller,
D and Plange-Rhule, J and Bovet, P and Forrester, TE and Lambert, EV and Thompson, ME and Shumaker, RW and Ross, SR},
Title = {Metabolic acceleration and the evolution of human brain size
and life history.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {533},
Number = {7603},
Pages = {390-392},
Year = {2016},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17654},
Abstract = {Humans are distinguished from the other living apes in
having larger brains and an unusual life history that
combines high reproductive output with slow childhood growth
and exceptional longevity. This suite of derived traits
suggests major changes in energy expenditure and allocation
in the human lineage, but direct measures of human and ape
metabolism are needed to compare evolved energy strategies
among hominoids. Here we used doubly labelled water
measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE; kcal day(-1))
in humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans to
test the hypothesis that the human lineage has experienced
an acceleration in metabolic rate, providing energy for
larger brains and faster reproduction without sacrificing
maintenance and longevity. In multivariate regressions
including body size and physical activity, human TEE
exceeded that of chimpanzees and bonobos, gorillas and
orangutans by approximately 400, 635 and 820 kcal day(-1),
respectively, readily accommodating the cost of humans'
greater brain size and reproductive output. Much of the
increase in TEE is attributable to humans' greater basal
metabolic rate (kcal day(-1)), indicating increased organ
metabolic activity. Humans also had the greatest body fat
percentage. An increased metabolic rate, along with changes
in energy allocation, was crucial in the evolution of human
brain size and life history.},
Doi = {10.1038/nature17654},
Key = {fds337785}
}
@article{fds337786,
Author = {Yetish, G and Kaplan, H and Gurven, M and Wood, B and Pontzer, H and Manger, PR and Wilson, C and McGregor, R and Siegel,
JM},
Title = {Response to de la Iglesia et al.},
Journal = {Current biology : CB},
Volume = {26},
Number = {7},
Pages = {R273-R274},
Year = {2016},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.057},
Abstract = {We wish to respond to the commentary of de la Iglesia et al.
[1]. Studies comparing sleep in different communities have
different goals. One frequent goal has been to determine how
sleep is affected by manipulating specific 'modern'
conditions. Many studies have investigated the effect of
artificial light and electronic entertainment. Such studies
have clearly shown that light, particularly blue light,
delays sleep onset [2]. Studying the effect of artificial
light on sleep was not a goal of our study.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.057},
Key = {fds337786}
}
@article{fds337787,
Author = {Laird, MF and Vogel, ER and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Chewing efficiency and occlusal functional morphology in
modern humans.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {93},
Pages = {1-11},
Year = {2016},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.11.005},
Abstract = {The reduction of occlusal dimensions in early Homo is often
proposed to be a functional adaptation to diet. With their
smaller occlusal surfaces, species of early Homo are
suggested to have reduced food-processing abilities,
particularly for foods with high material properties (e.g.,
increased toughness). Here, we employ chewing efficiency as
a measure of masticatory performance to test the
relationships between masticatory function and food
properties. We predicted that humans are more efficient when
processing foods of lower toughness and Young's modulus
values, and that subjects with larger occlusal surfaces will
be less efficient when processing foods with higher
toughness and Young's modulus, as the greater area spreads
out the overall bite force applied to food particles.
Chewing efficiency was measured in 26 adults using
high-speed motion capture and surface electromyography. The
dentition of each subject was cast and the occlusal surface
was quantified using dental topographic analysis. Toughness
and displacement-limited index were negatively correlated
with chewing efficiency, but Young's modulus was not.
Increased occlusal two-dimensional area and surface area
were positively correlated with chewing efficiency for all
foods. Thus, larger occlusal surface areas were more
efficient when processing foods of greater toughness. These
results suggest that the reduction in occlusal area in early
Homo was associated with a reduction in chewing efficiency,
particularly for foods with greater toughness. Further, the
larger occlusal surfaces of earlier hominins such as
Australopithecus would have likely increased chewing
efficiency and increased the probability of fracture when
processing tough foods.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.11.005},
Key = {fds337787}
}
@article{fds337791,
Author = {Edwards, W and Pontzer, H and Lonsdorf, E},
Title = {Energy expenditure and physical activity levels in captive
tufted capuchins (Cebus apella)},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {159},
Pages = {136-136},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337791}
}
@article{fds337792,
Author = {Kozma, EE and Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Determinants of Energetic Costs of Climbing in
Humans},
Journal = {INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY},
Volume = {56},
Pages = {E116-E116},
Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337792}
}
@article{fds337793,
Author = {Kozma, EE and Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Energetics and Muscle Use of Human Climbing},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {159},
Pages = {196-196},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337793}
}
@article{fds337794,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Harris, JA and Wood,
BM},
Title = {Energetics and Economics of Foraging in Humans and other
Apes},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {159},
Pages = {255-255},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337794}
}
@article{fds337795,
Author = {Thurber, C and Carlson, B and Ocobock, C and Dugas, L and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Metabolic Limits and Adaptation in Humans: Daily Energy
Expenditure in Race Across the USA Athletes},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {159},
Pages = {314-315},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337795}
}
@article{fds337796,
Author = {Finestone, EM and Brown, MH and Ross, SR and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Videographic analysis of kinematics in great apes: To what
extent are gait and posture conserved?},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {159},
Pages = {143-143},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337796}
}
@article{fds337788,
Author = {Thurber, C and Carlson, B and Ocobock, C and Dugas, L and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Metabolic limits and adaptation in humans: Daily energy
expenditure in Race Across the USA athletes.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY},
Volume = {28},
Number = {2},
Pages = {298-298},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337788}
}
@article{fds337789,
Author = {Laird, MF and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Gape cycle kinematic variance and occlusal topography in
modern humans},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {159},
Pages = {200-200},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337789}
}
@article{fds337790,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Harris, JA and Zderic, TW and Hamilton,
MT and Wood, BM},
Title = {Sitting, squatting, and the evolution of human
inactivity},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {159},
Pages = {261-262},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337790}
}
@article{fds337797,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Durazo-Arvizu, R and Dugas, LR and Plange-Rhule, J and Bovet, P and Forrester, TE and Lambert, EV and Cooper, RS and Schoeller,
DA and Luke, A},
Title = {Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and Metabolic
Adaptation to Physical Activity in Adult
Humans.},
Journal = {Current biology : CB},
Volume = {26},
Number = {3},
Pages = {410-417},
Year = {2016},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046},
Abstract = {Current obesity prevention strategies recommend increasing
daily physical activity, assuming that increased activity
will lead to corresponding increases in total energy
expenditure and prevent or reverse energy imbalance and
weight gain [1-3]. Such Additive total energy expenditure
models are supported by exercise intervention and
accelerometry studies reporting positive correlations
between physical activity and total energy expenditure [4]
but are challenged by ecological studies in humans and other
species showing that more active populations do not have
higher total energy expenditure [5-8]. Here we tested a
Constrained total energy expenditure model, in which total
energy expenditure increases with physical activity at low
activity levels but plateaus at higher activity levels as
the body adapts to maintain total energy expenditure within
a narrow range. We compared total energy expenditure,
measured using doubly labeled water, against physical
activity, measured using accelerometry, for a large (n =
332) sample of adults living in five populations [9]. After
adjusting for body size and composition, total energy
expenditure was positively correlated with physical
activity, but the relationship was markedly stronger over
the lower range of physical activity. For subjects in the
upper range of physical activity, total energy expenditure
plateaued, supporting a Constrained total energy expenditure
model. Body fat percentage and activity intensity appear to
modulate the metabolic response to physical activity. Models
of energy balance employed in public health [1-3] should be
revised to better reflect the constrained nature of total
energy expenditure and the complex effects of physical
activity on metabolic physiology.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046},
Key = {fds337797}
}
@article{fds337798,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {A unified theory for the energy cost of legged
locomotion.},
Journal = {Biology letters},
Volume = {12},
Number = {2},
Pages = {20150935},
Year = {2016},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0935},
Abstract = {Small animals are remarkably efficient climbers but
comparatively poor runners, a well-established phenomenon in
locomotor energetics that drives size-related differences in
locomotor ecology yet remains poorly understood. Here, I
derive the energy cost of legged locomotion from two
complementary components of muscle metabolism,
Activation-Relaxation and Cross-bridge cycling. A
mathematical model incorporating these costs explains
observed patterns of locomotor cost both within and between
species, across a broad range of animals (insects to
ungulates), for a wide range of substrate slopes including
level running and vertical climbing. This ARC model unifies
work- and force-based models for locomotor cost and
integrates whole-organism locomotor cost with cellular
muscle physiology, creating a predictive framework for
investigating evolutionary and ecological pressures shaping
limb design and ranging behaviour.},
Doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2015.0935},
Key = {fds337798}
}
@article{fds337799,
Author = {Yetish, G and Kaplan, H and Gurven, M and Wood, B and Pontzer, H and Manger, PR and Wilson, C and McGregor, R and Siegel,
JM},
Title = {Natural sleep and its seasonal variations in three
pre-industrial societies.},
Journal = {Current biology : CB},
Volume = {25},
Number = {21},
Pages = {2862-2868},
Year = {2015},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.046},
Abstract = {How did humans sleep before the modern era? Because the
tools to measure sleep under natural conditions were
developed long after the invention of the electric devices
suspected of delaying and reducing sleep, we investigated
sleep in three preindustrial societies [1-3]. We find that
all three show similar sleep organization, suggesting that
they express core human sleep patterns, most likely
characteristic of pre-modern era Homo sapiens. Sleep
periods, the times from onset to offset, averaged
6.9-8.5 hr, with sleep durations of 5.7-7.1 hr, amounts
near the low end of those industrial societies [4-7]. There
was a difference of nearly 1 hr between summer and winter
sleep. Daily variation in sleep duration was strongly linked
to time of onset, rather than offset. None of these groups
began sleep near sunset, onset occurring, on average,
3.3 hr after sunset. Awakening was usually before sunrise.
The sleep period consistently occurred during the nighttime
period of falling environmental temperature, was not
interrupted by extended periods of waking, and terminated,
with vasoconstriction, near the nadir of daily ambient
temperature. The daily cycle of temperature change, largely
eliminated from modern sleep environments, may be a potent
natural regulator of sleep. Light exposure was maximal in
the morning and greatly decreased at noon, indicating that
all three groups seek shade at midday and that light
activation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is maximal in the
morning. Napping occurred on <7% of days in winter and <22%
of days in summer. Mimicking aspects of the natural
environment might be effective in treating certain modern
sleep disorders.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.046},
Key = {fds337799}
}
@article{fds337800,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Energy Expenditure in Humans and Other Primates: A New
Synthesis},
Journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
Volume = {44},
Number = {1},
Pages = {169-187},
Publisher = {ANNUAL REVIEWS},
Year = {2015},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-013925},
Abstract = {This review examines the proximate, ecological, and
evolutionary determinants of energy expenditure in humans
and primates, with an emphasis on empirical measurements of
total energy expenditure (TEE). Body size is the main
proximate determinant of TEE, both within and between
species; physical activity, genetic variation, and endocrine
regulation explain substantially less of the variation in
TEE. Basal metabolism is the single largest component of
TEE, far exceeding the cost of physical activity, digestion,
growth and reproduction, and thermoregulation in most
instances. Notably, differences in physical activity do not
generally result in corresponding differences in TEE,
undermining the utility of activity-based factorial
estimates of TEE. Instead, empirical measurements of energy
expenditure in humans and other primates suggest that the
body adapts dynamically to long-term changes in physical
activity, maintaining TEE within an evolved, and relatively
narrow, physiological range. ©},
Doi = {10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-013925},
Key = {fds337800}
}
@article{fds337801,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Emery Thompson and M and Racette, SB and Mabulla, AZP and Marlowe, FW},
Title = {Energy expenditure and activity among Hadza
hunter-gatherers.},
Journal = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of
the Human Biology Council},
Volume = {27},
Number = {5},
Pages = {628-637},
Year = {2015},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22711},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Studies of total energy expenditure,
(TEE; kcal/day) among traditional populations have
challenged current models relating habitual physical
activity to daily energy requirements. Here, we examine the
relationship between physical activity and TEE among
traditional Hadza hunter-gatherers living in northern
Tanzania.<h4>Methods</h4>Hadza adults were studied at two
camps, with minimal intervention so as to monitor energy
expenditure and activity during normal daily life. We
measured daily walking distance and walking speed using
wearable GPS units for 41 adults. For a subset of 30 adults,
we measured TEE using doubly labeled water, three indices of
work load (foraging return rate, maternal status, and number
of dependent children), and urinary biomarkers of metabolic
activity and stress (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, cortisol, and
testosterone).<h4>Results</h4>Fat-free mass was the single
strongest predictor of TEE among Hadza adults (r(2)
= 0.66, P < 0.001). Hadza men used greater daily
walking distances and faster walking speeds compared with
that of Hadza women, but neither sex nor any measure of
physical activity or work load were correlated with TEE in
analyses controlling for fat-free mass. Compared with
developed, industrial populations, Hadza adults had similar
TEE but elevated levels of metabolic stress as measured by
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Our results
indicate that daily physical activity may not predict TEE
within traditional hunter-gatherer populations like the
Hadza. Instead, adults with high levels of habitual physical
activity may adapt by reducing energy allocation to other
physiological activity.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.22711},
Key = {fds337801}
}
@article{fds337802,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and the Evolutionary
Biology of Energy Balance.},
Journal = {Exercise and sport sciences reviews},
Volume = {43},
Number = {3},
Pages = {110-116},
Year = {2015},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jes.0000000000000048},
Abstract = {The human body adapts dynamically to maintain total energy
expenditure (TEE) within a narrow physiological range.
Rather than increasing with physical activity in a
dose-dependent manner, experimental and ecological evidence
suggests the hypothesis that TEE is a relatively constrained
product of our evolved physiology.},
Doi = {10.1249/jes.0000000000000048},
Key = {fds337802}
}
@article{fds337803,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Brown, MH and Dunsworth, HM and Ross,
SR},
Title = {Humans, the high-energy ape: hominoid energetics and life
history evolution},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {156},
Pages = {255-255},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2015},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337803}
}
@article{fds337804,
Author = {Trumble, BC and Cummings, D and Beheim, B and Stieglitz, J and Yetish,
G and Pontzer, H and Kaplan, H and Gurven, M},
Title = {Energetic costs of testosterone: higher testosterone is
associated with greater lean muscle mass and total energetic
expenditure among Tsimane forager-horticulturalists},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {156},
Pages = {307-308},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2015},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337804}
}
@article{fds337805,
Author = {Ramirez, KR and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Estimates of fossil hominin quadriceps physiological cross
sectional area from patellar dimensions},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {156},
Pages = {261-261},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2015},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337805}
}
@article{fds337806,
Author = {Machanda, Z and Brazeau, NF and Castillo, E and Otarola-Castillo, E and Pontzer, H and Thompson, ME and Muller, M and Wrangham,
RW},
Title = {Musculoskeletal growth patterns in wild chimpanzees (Pan
troglodytes)},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {156},
Pages = {209-209},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2015},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337806}
}
@article{fds337807,
Author = {Laird, MF and Pontzer, H and Vogel, ER},
Title = {Chewing efficiency variation with food material properties
and masticatory morphology in humans},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {156},
Pages = {197-197},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2015},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337807}
}
@article{fds337808,
Author = {Warrener, AG and Lewton, KL and Pontzer, H and Lieberman,
DE},
Title = {A wider pelvis does not increase locomotor cost in humans,
with implications for the evolution of childbirth.},
Journal = {PloS one},
Volume = {10},
Number = {3},
Pages = {e0118903},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118903},
Abstract = {The shape of the human female pelvis is thought to reflect
an evolutionary trade-off between two competing demands: a
pelvis wide enough to permit the birth of large-brained
infants, and narrow enough for efficient bipedal locomotion.
This trade-off, known as the obstetrical dilemma, is invoked
to explain the relative difficulty of human childbirth and
differences in locomotor performance between men and women.
The basis for the obstetrical dilemma is a standard static
biomechanical model that predicts wider pelves in females
increase the metabolic cost of locomotion by decreasing the
effective mechanical advantage of the hip abductor muscles
for pelvic stabilization during the single-leg support phase
of walking and running, requiring these muscles to produce
more force. Here we experimentally test this model against a
more accurate dynamic model of hip abductor mechanics in men
and women. The results show that pelvic width does not
predict hip abductor mechanics or locomotor cost in either
women or men, and that women and men are equally efficient
at both walking and running. Since a wider birth canal does
not increase a woman's locomotor cost, and because selection
for successful birthing must be strong, other factors
affecting maternal pelvic and fetal size should be
investigated in order to help explain the prevalence of
birth complications caused by a neonate too large to fit
through the birth canal.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0118903},
Key = {fds337808}
}
@article{fds337809,
Author = {Wood, BM and Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Marlowe,
FW},
Title = {Mutualism and manipulation in Hadza-honeyguide
interactions},
Journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
Volume = {35},
Number = {6},
Pages = {540-546},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2014},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.07.007},
Abstract = {We investigated the ecology and evolution of interspecific
cooperation between the Greater Honeyguide bird, Indicator
indicator, and human hunter-gatherers, the Hadza of northern
Tanzania. We found that honeyguides increased the Hadza's
rate of finding bee nests by 560%, and that the birds led
men to significantly higher yielding nests than those found
without honeyguides. We estimate that 8-10% of the Hadza's
total diet was acquired with the help of honeyguides.
Contrary to most depictions of the human-honeyguide
relationship, the Hadza did not actively repay honeyguides,
but instead, hid, buried, and burned honeycomb, with the
intent of keeping the bird hungry and thus more likely to
guide again. Such manipulative behavior attests to the
importance of social intelligence in hunter-gatherer
foraging strategies. We present an evolutionary model for
human-honeyguide interactions guided by the behavioral
ecology of bees, non-human primates, and
hunter-gatherers.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.07.007},
Key = {fds337809}
}
@article{fds337811,
Author = {Raubenheimer, D and Rothman, JM and Pontzer, H and Simpson,
SJ},
Title = {Macronutrient contributions of insects to the diets of
hunter-gatherers: a geometric analysis.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {71},
Pages = {70-76},
Year = {2014},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.007},
Abstract = {We present a geometric model for examining the macronutrient
contributions of insects in the diets of pre-agricultural
humans, and relate the findings to some contemporary
societies that regularly eat insects. The model integrates
published data on the macronutrient composition of insects
and other foods in the diets of humans, recommended human
macronutrient intakes, and estimated macronutrient intakes
to examine the assumption that insects provided to
pre-agricultural humans an invertebrate equivalent of
vertebrate-derived meats, serving primarily as a source of
protein. Our analysis suggests that insects vary more widely
in their macronutrient content than is likely to be the case
for most wild vertebrate meats, spanning a broad range of
protein, fat and carbohydrate concentrations. Potentially,
therefore, in terms of their proportional macronutrient
composition, insects could serve as equivalents not only of
wild meat, but of a range of other foods including some
shellfish, nuts, pulses, vegetables and even fruits.
Furthermore, humans might systematically manipulate the
composition of edible insects to meet specific needs through
pre-ingestive processing, such as cooking and selective
removal of body parts. We present data suggesting that in
modern societies for which protein is the more limiting
macronutrient, pre-ingestive processing of edible insects
might serve to concentrate protein. It is likely, however,
that the dietary significance of insects was different for
Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who were more limited in
non-protein energy. Our conclusions are constrained by
available data, but highlight the need for further studies,
and suggest that our model provides an integrative framework
for conceiving these studies.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.007},
Key = {fds337811}
}
@article{fds337813,
Author = {Kozma, EE and Pontzer, H and Webb, N and Harcourt-Smith,
W},
Title = {Hamstrings, moment arms, and gait mechanics in early
hominins},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {153},
Pages = {160-160},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2014},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337813}
}
@article{fds337814,
Author = {Glasgow, AM and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Effects of honey consumption and latitude on hunter-gatherer
nutritional profiles},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {153},
Pages = {125-125},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2014},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337814}
}
@article{fds337815,
Author = {Thomas, OO and Harcourt-Smith, WEH and Pontzer,
H},
Title = {Exploring the relationship between anthropoid cuboid
morphology and expressed locomotor behavior},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {153},
Pages = {253-253},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2014},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337815}
}
@article{fds337816,
Author = {Darr, MR and Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA},
Title = {A comparison of mediolateral ground forces in humans and
chimpanzees},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {153},
Pages = {102-102},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2014},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337816}
}
@article{fds337812,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Racette, SB and Delany, JP and Mabulla, AZP and Marlowe, FW and Isler, K and Dunsworth, HM and Schroepfer-Walker, KK and Hare, B and Shumaker, RW and Lonsdorf, EV and Ross, SR},
Title = {Daily water turn over in humans, apes, and fossil
hominins},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {153},
Pages = {210-210},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2014},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337812}
}
@article{fds337817,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Gordon, AD and Schroepfer-Walker, KK and Hare, B and O'Neill, MC and Muldoon, KM and Dunsworth, HM and Wood, BM and Isler, K and Burkart, J and Irwin, M and Shumaker, RW and Lonsdorf, EV and Ross, SR},
Title = {Primate energy expenditure and life history.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {111},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1433-1437},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316940111},
Abstract = {Humans and other primates are distinct among placental
mammals in having exceptionally slow rates of growth,
reproduction, and aging. Primates' slow life history
schedules are generally thought to reflect an evolved
strategy of allocating energy away from growth and
reproduction and toward somatic investment, particularly to
the development and maintenance of large brains. Here we
examine an alternative explanation: that primates' slow life
histories reflect low total energy expenditure (TEE)
(kilocalories per day) relative to other placental mammals.
We compared doubly labeled water measurements of TEE among
17 primate species with similar measures for other placental
mammals. We found that primates use remarkably little energy
each day, expending on average only 50% of the energy
expected for a placental mammal of similar mass. Such large
differences in TEE are not easily explained by differences
in physical activity, and instead appear to reflect systemic
metabolic adaptation for low energy expenditures in
primates. Indeed, comparisons of wild and captive primate
populations indicate similar levels of energy expenditure.
Broad interspecific comparisons of growth, reproduction, and
maximum life span indicate that primates' slow metabolic
rates contribute to their characteristically slow life
histories.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1316940111},
Key = {fds337817}
}
@article{fds337818,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Early hominin paleoecology. Edited by MattSponheimer, Julia
A.Lee‐Thorp, Kaye E.Reed, and PeterUngar. 368 pp. Boulder,
CO: University Press of Colorado. 2013. $70.00 (cloth),
$56.00 (e‐book).},
Journal = {American Journal of Human Biology},
Volume = {26},
Number = {1},
Pages = {103-103},
Publisher = {Wiley},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22486},
Doi = {10.1002/ajhb.22486},
Key = {fds337818}
}
@article{fds337819,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Rodman, PS},
Title = {Bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in chimpanzees.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {66},
Pages = {64-82},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.10.002},
Abstract = {Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) habitually walk both bipedally
and quadrupedally, and have been a common point of reference
for understanding the evolution of bipedal locomotion in
early ape-like hominins. Here we compare the kinematics,
kinetics, and energetics of bipedal and quadrupedal walking
and running in a sample of five captive chimpanzees.
Kinematics were recorded using sagittal-plane digital
high-speed video of treadmill trials. Kinetics were recorded
via a forceplate. Metabolic energy cost was measured via
steady-state oxygen consumption during treadmill trials.
Consistent with previous work on chimpanzees and other
hominoids, we found that the spatiotemporal characteristics,
joint angles, ground reaction forces, and metabolic cost of
bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion are similar in
chimpanzees. Notable differences include hip and trunk
angles, which reflected a more orthograde trunk posture
during bipedalism, and mediolateral ground reaction forces,
which were larger during bipedal walking. Stride frequencies
were also higher (and step lengths shorter) during bipedal
trials. Bipedal and quadrupedal walking among chimpanzees
was similar to that reported for bonobos, gibbons, and other
primates. The similarity in cost between bipedal and
quadrupedal trials suggests that the adoption of bipedal
walking would have had no effect on walking costs for early
ape-like hominins. However, habitual bipedalism may have
favored modifications of the hip to allow a more orthograde
posture, and of the hind limb abductor mechanisms to
efficiently exert mediolateral ground forces.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.10.002},
Key = {fds337819}
}
@article{fds337820,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Gordon, AD and Mabulla, AZP and Marlowe,
FW and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Evidence of Levy walk foraging patterns in human
hunter-gatherers.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {111},
Number = {2},
Pages = {728-733},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318616111},
Abstract = {When searching for food, many organisms adopt a
superdiffusive, scale-free movement pattern called a Lévy
walk, which is considered optimal when foraging for
heterogeneously located resources with little prior
knowledge of distribution patterns [Viswanathan GM, da Luz
MGE, Raposo EP, Stanley HE (2011) The Physics of Foraging:
An Introduction to Random Searches and Biological
Encounters]. Although memory of food locations and higher
cognition may limit the benefits of random walk strategies,
no studies to date have fully explored search patterns in
human foraging. Here, we show that human hunter-gatherers,
the Hadza of northern Tanzania, perform Lévy walks in
nearly one-half of all foraging bouts. Lévy walks occur
when searching for a wide variety of foods from animal prey
to underground tubers, suggesting that, even in the most
cognitively complex forager on Earth, such patterns are
essential to understanding elementary foraging mechanisms.
This movement pattern may be fundamental to how humans
experience and interact with the world across a wide range
of ecological contexts, and it may be adaptive to food
distribution patterns on the landscape, which previous
studies suggested for organisms with more limited cognition.
Additionally, Lévy walks may have become common early in
our genus when hunting and gathering arose as a major
foraging strategy, playing an important role in the
evolution of human mobility.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1318616111},
Key = {fds337820}
}
@article{fds337810,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Suchman, K and Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Mabulla,
AZP and Marlowe, FW},
Title = {Foot strike patterns and hind limb joint angles during
running in Hadza hunter-gatherers},
Journal = {Journal of Sport and Health Science},
Volume = {3},
Number = {2},
Pages = {95-101},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.010},
Abstract = {Background: Investigations of running gait among barefoot
and populations have revealed a diversity of foot strike
behaviors, with some preferentially employing a rearfoot
strike (RFS) as the foot touches down while others employ a
midfoot strike (MFS) or forefoot strike (FFS). Here, we
report foot strike behavior and joint angles among
traditional Hadza hunter-gatherers living in Northern
Tanzania. Methods: Hadza adults ( n=26) and juveniles (
n=14) ran at a range of speeds (adults: mean 3.4±0.7m/s,
juveniles: mean 3.2±0.5 m/s) over an outdoor trackway while
being recorded via high-speed digital video. Foot strike
type (RFS, MFS, or FFS) and hind limb segment angles at foot
strike were recorded. Results: Hadza men preferentially
employed MFS (86.7% of men), while Hadza women and juveniles
preferentially employed RFS (90.9% and 85.7% of women and
juveniles, respectively). No FFS was recorded. Speed, the
presence of footwear (sandals vs. barefoot), and trial
duration had no effect on foot strike type. Conclusion:
Unlike other habitually barefoot populations which prefer
FFS while running, Hadza men preferred MFS, and Hadza women
and juveniles preferred RFS. Sex and age differences in foot
strike behavior among Hadza adults may reflect differences
in running experience, with men learning to prefer MFS as
they accumulate more running experience. © 2014 Shanghai
University of Sport.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.010},
Key = {fds337810}
}
@article{fds337821,
Author = {Foster, AD and Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Muscle force production during bent-knee, bent-hip walking
in humans.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {65},
Number = {3},
Pages = {294-302},
Year = {2013},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.012},
Abstract = {Researchers have long debated the locomotor posture used by
the earliest bipeds. While many agree that by 3-4 Ma
(millions of years ago), hominins walked with an
extended-limb human style of bipedalism, researchers are
still divided over whether the earliest bipeds walked like
modern humans, or walked with a more bent-knee, bent-hip
(BKBH) ape-like form of locomotion. Since more flexed
postures are associated with higher energy costs,
reconstructing early bipedal mechanics has implications for
the selection pressures that led to upright walking. The
purpose of this study is to determine how modern human
anatomy functions in BKBH walking to clarify the links
between morphology and energy costs in different mechanical
regimes. Using inverse dynamics, we calculated muscle force
production at the major limb joints in humans walking in two
modes, both with extended limbs and BKBH. We found that in
BKBH walking, humans must produce large muscle forces at the
knee to support body weight, leading to higher estimated
energy costs. However, muscle forces at the hip remained
similar in BKBH and extended limb walking, suggesting that
anatomical adaptations for hip extension in humans do not
necessarily diminish the effective mechanical advantage at
the hip in more flexed postures. We conclude that the key
adaptations for economical walking, regardless of joint
posture, seem to center on maintaining low muscle forces at
the hip, primarily by keeping low external moments at the
hip. We explore the implications of these results for
interpreting locomotor energetics in early hominins,
including australopithecines and Ardipithecus
ramidus.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.012},
Key = {fds337821}
}
@article{fds337822,
Author = {Ocobock, C and Pontzer, H and Gookin, J},
Title = {Measuring and predicting daily energy expenditure of highly
active humans in natural environments.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {150},
Pages = {210-210},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337822}
}
@article{fds337823,
Author = {Webb, NM and Harcourt-Smith, WEH and Pontzer, H},
Title = {An analysis of the Ardipithecus ramidus pelvis
reconstruction using 3D geometric morphometric
techniques.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {150},
Pages = {287-287},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337823}
}
@article{fds337824,
Author = {Laird, MF and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Occlusal surfaces and chewing efficiency in modern
humans.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {150},
Pages = {176-177},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337824}
}
@article{fds337825,
Author = {Darr, MR and Pontzer, H and Warrener, A},
Title = {The bicondylar angle in modern humans and its relationship
to joint stresses and locomotor economy},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {150},
Pages = {108-108},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337825}
}
@article{fds337826,
Author = {Green, SA and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Comparing forelimb skeletal anatomy in gray squirrels and
primates},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {150},
Pages = {136-136},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337826}
}
@article{fds337827,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Gordon, AD and Schroepfer, KK and Hare,
B and Dunsworth, HM and Wood, BM and Irwin, MT and Shumaker, RW and Lonsdorf, EV and Ross, SR},
Title = {Primate energy expenditure and life history.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {150},
Pages = {223-223},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337827}
}
@article{fds337828,
Author = {Barak, MM and Lieberman, DE and Raichlen, D and Pontzer, H and Warrener,
AG and Hublin, J-J},
Title = {Trabecular evidence for a human-like gait in
Australopithecus africanus.},
Journal = {PloS one},
Volume = {8},
Number = {11},
Pages = {e77687},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077687},
Abstract = {Although the earliest known hominins were apparently upright
bipeds, there has been mixed evidence whether particular
species of hominins including those in the genus
Australopithecus walked with relatively extended hips, knees
and ankles like modern humans, or with more flexed lower
limb joints like apes when bipedal. Here we demonstrate in
chimpanzees and humans a highly predictable and sensitive
relationship between the orientation of the ankle joint
during loading and the principal orientation of trabecular
bone struts in the distal tibia that function to withstand
compressive forces within the joint. Analyses of the
orientation of these struts using microCT scans in a sample
of fossil tibiae from the site of Sterkfontein, of which two
are assigned to Australopithecus africanus, indicate that
these hominins primarily loaded their ankles in a relatively
extended posture like modern humans and unlike chimpanzees.
In other respects, however, trabecular properties in Au
africanus are distinctive, with values that mostly fall
between those of chimpanzees and humans. These results
indicate that Au. africanus, like Homo, walked with an
efficient, extended lower limb.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0077687},
Key = {fds337828}
}
@article{fds337829,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Shapiro, LJ},
Title = {A new look at the Dynamic Similarity Hypothesis: the
importance of swing phase.},
Journal = {Biology open},
Volume = {2},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1032-1036},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.20135165},
Abstract = {The Dynamic Similarity Hypothesis (DSH) suggests that when
animals of different size walk at similar Froude numbers
(equal ratios of inertial and gravitational forces) they
will use similar size-corrected gaits. This application of
similarity theory to animal biomechanics has contributed to
fundamental insights in the mechanics and evolution of a
diverse set of locomotor systems. However, despite its
popularity, many mammals fail to walk with dynamically
similar stride lengths, a key element of gait that
determines spontaneous speed and energy costs. Here, we show
that the applicability of the DSH is dependent on the
inertial forces examined. In general, the inertial forces
are thought to be the centripetal force of the inverted
pendulum model of stance phase, determined by the length of
the limb. If instead we model inertial forces as the
centripetal force of the limb acting as a suspended pendulum
during swing phase (determined by limb center of mass
position), the DSH for stride length variation is fully
supported. Thus, the DSH shows that inter-specific
differences in spatial kinematics are tied to the evolution
of limb mass distribution patterns. Selection may act on
morphology to produce a given stride length, or
alternatively, stride length may be a "spandrel" of
selection acting on limb mass distribution.},
Doi = {10.1242/bio.20135165},
Key = {fds337829}
}
@article{fds337830,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Ecological energetics in early Homo},
Journal = {Current Anthropology},
Volume = {53},
Number = {SUPPL. 6},
Pages = {S346-S358},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {2012},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/667402},
Abstract = {Models for the origin of the genus Homo propose that
increased quality of diet led to changes in ranging ecology
and selection for greater locomotor economy, speed, and
endurance. Here, I examine the fossil evidence for
postcranial change in early Homo and draw on comparative
data from living mammals to assess whether increased diet
quality has led to selection for improved locomotor
performance in other lineages. Body mass estimates indicate
early Homo, both males and females, were approximately 33%
larger than australopiths, consistent with archeological
evidence indicating an ecological change with the origins of
our genus. However, many of the postcranial features thought
to be derived in Homo, including longer hind limbs, are
present in Australopithecus, challenging the hypothesis that
early Homo is marked by significant change in walking and
running performance. Analysis of energy budgets across
mammals suggests that the larger body mass and increased
diet quality in early Homo may reflect an increase in the
hominin energy budget. Expanding the energy budget would
enable greater investment in reproduction without decreasing
energy available for larger brains or increased activity.
Food sharing and increased adiposity, which decrease
variance in food energy availability, may have been integral
to this metabolic strategy. © 2012 by The Wenner-Gren
Foundation for Anthropological Research.All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1086/667402},
Key = {fds337830}
}
@article{fds337831,
Author = {Dunsworth, HM and Warrener, AG and Deacon, T and Ellison, PT and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Metabolic hypothesis for human altriciality.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {109},
Number = {38},
Pages = {15212-15216},
Year = {2012},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205282109},
Abstract = {The classic anthropological hypothesis known as the
"obstetrical dilemma" is a well-known explanation for human
altriciality, a condition that has significant implications
for human social and behavioral evolution. The hypothesis
holds that antagonistic selection for a large neonatal brain
and a narrow, bipedal-adapted birth canal poses a problem
for childbirth; the hominin "solution" is to truncate
gestation, resulting in an altricial neonate. This
explanation for human altriciality based on pelvic
constraints persists despite data linking human life history
to that of other species. Here, we present evidence that
challenges the importance of pelvic morphology and mechanics
in the evolution of human gestation and altriciality.
Instead, our analyses suggest that limits to maternal
metabolism are the primary constraints on human gestation
length and fetal growth. Although pelvic remodeling and
encephalization during hominin evolution contributed to the
present parturitional difficulty, there is little evidence
that pelvic constraints have altered the timing of
birth.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1205282109},
Key = {fds337831}
}
@article{fds337832,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Relating ranging ecology, limb length, and locomotor economy
in terrestrial animals.},
Journal = {Journal of theoretical biology},
Volume = {296},
Pages = {6-12},
Year = {2012},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.11.018},
Abstract = {Ecomorphological analyses have identified a number of
important evolutionary trends in vertebrate limb design, but
the relationships between daily travel distance, locomotor
ecology, and limb length in terrestrial animals remain
poorly understood. In this paper I model the net rate of
energy intake as a function of foraging efficiency, and thus
of locomotor economy; improved economy leads to greater net
energy intake. However, the relationship between locomotor
economy and net intake is highly dependent on foraging
efficiency; only species with low foraging efficiencies
experience strong selection pressure for improved locomotor
economy and increased limb length. Examining 237 terrestrial
species, I find that nearly all taxa obtain sufficiently
high foraging efficiencies that selection for further
increases in economy is weak. Thus selection pressures for
increased economy and limb length among living terrestrial
animals may be relatively weak and similar in magnitude
across ecologically diverse species. The Economy Selection
Pressure model for locomotor economy may be useful in
investigating the evolution of limb design in early
terrestrial taxa and the coevolution of foraging ecology and
locomotor anatomy in lineages with low foraging
efficiencies.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.11.018},
Key = {fds337832}
}
@article{fds337833,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Wood, BM and Mabulla, AZP and Marlowe,
FW},
Title = {Aerobic activity in the Hadza hunter-foragers of
Tanzania},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {147},
Pages = {243-243},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337833}
}
@article{fds337834,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Relating foraging ecology to locomotor economy and limb
length in living apes and fossil hominins},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {147},
Pages = {239-239},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337834}
}
@article{fds337835,
Author = {Laird, MF and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Biomechanical relationships between chewing efficiency and
dental morphology in modern humans.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {147},
Pages = {188-188},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337835}
}
@article{fds337836,
Author = {Schroepfer, KK and Hare, B and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Energy expenditure in semi free-ranging chimpanzees measured
using doubly labeled water.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {147},
Pages = {263-263},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337836}
}
@article{fds337837,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Mabulla, AZP and Racette,
SB and Marlowe, FW},
Title = {Hunter-gatherer energetics and human obesity.},
Journal = {PloS one},
Volume = {7},
Number = {7},
Pages = {e40503},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040503},
Abstract = {Western lifestyles differ markedly from those of our
hunter-gatherer ancestors, and these differences in diet and
activity level are often implicated in the global obesity
pandemic. However, few physiological data for
hunter-gatherer populations are available to test these
models of obesity. In this study, we used the doubly-labeled
water method to measure total daily energy expenditure
(kCal/day) in Hadza hunter-gatherers to test whether
foragers expend more energy each day than their Western
counterparts. As expected, physical activity level, PAL, was
greater among Hadza foragers than among Westerners.
Nonetheless, average daily energy expenditure of traditional
Hadza foragers was no different than that of Westerners
after controlling for body size. The metabolic cost of
walking (kcal kg(-1) m(-1)) and resting (kcal kg(-1) s(-1))
were also similar among Hadza and Western groups. The
similarity in metabolic rates across a broad range of
cultures challenges current models of obesity suggesting
that Western lifestyles lead to decreased energy
expenditure. We hypothesize that human daily energy
expenditure may be an evolved physiological trait largely
independent of cultural differences.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0040503},
Key = {fds337837}
}
@article{fds337838,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Scott, JR and Lordkipanidze, D and Ungar,
PS},
Title = {Dental microwear texture analysis and diet in the Dmanisi
hominins.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {61},
Number = {6},
Pages = {683-687},
Year = {2011},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.08.006},
Abstract = {Reconstructions of foraging behavior and diet are central to
our understanding of fossil hominin ecology and evolution.
Current hypotheses for the evolution of the genus Homo
invoke a change in foraging behavior to include higher
quality foods. Recent microwear texture analyses of fossil
hominin teeth have suggested that the evolution of Homo
erectus may have been marked by a transition to a more
variable diet. In this study, we used microwear texture
analysis to examine the occlusal surface of 2 molars from
Dmanisi, a 1.8 million year old fossil hominin site in the
Republic of Georgia. The Dmanisi molars were characterized
by a moderate degree of surface complexity (Asfc), low
textural fill volume (Tfv), and a relatively low scale of
maximum complexity (Smc), similar to specimens of early
African H. erectus. While caution must be used in drawing
conclusions from this small sample (n = 2), these results
are consistent with continuity in diet as H. erectus
expanded into Eurasia.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.08.006},
Key = {fds337838}
}
@article{fds337839,
Author = {Orkin, JD and Pontzer, H},
Title = {The Narrow Niche hypothesis: gray squirrels shed new light
on primate origins.},
Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
Volume = {144},
Number = {4},
Pages = {617-624},
Year = {2011},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21450},
Abstract = {Current hypotheses for primate origins propose that nails
and primate-like grasping hands and feet were important
early adaptations for feeding in fine branches. Comparative
research in this area has focused on instances of
convergence in extant animals, showing that species with
primate-like morphology feed predominantly from terminal
branches. Little has been done to test whether animals
without primate-like morphology engage in similar behavior.
We tested the fine-branch niche hypothesis for primate
origins by observing branch use in Eastern gray squirrels,
Sciurus carolinensis, a species lacking primate grasping
adaptations that has been understudied in the context of
primate origins. We hypothesized that because gray squirrels
lack primate-like grasping adaptations, they would avoid
feeding and foraging in terminal branches. Instantaneous
focal animal sampling was used to examine the locomotor and
postural behaviors used while feeding and foraging. Our
results demonstrate habitual and effective usage of terminal
branches by gray squirrels while feeding and foraging,
primarily on tree seeds (e.g., oak, maple, and elm).
Discriminant function analysis indicates that gray squirrels
feed and forage like primates, unlike some other tree
squirrel species. Given the absence of primate-like features
in gray squirrels, we suggest that although selection for
fine-branch foraging may be a necessary condition for
primate origins, it is not sufficient. We propose an
alternative model of primate origins. The Narrow Niche
hypothesis suggests that the primate morphological suite
evolved not only from selection pressure for fine branch
use, but also from a lack of engagement in other
activities.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.21450},
Key = {fds337839}
}
@article{fds337840,
Author = {Maki, JM and Pontzer, H},
Title = {The relative contributions of the body and the throwing arm
to throwing velocity in softball and baseball
players},
Journal = {INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY},
Volume = {51},
Pages = {E223-E223},
Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC},
Year = {2011},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337840}
}
@article{fds337841,
Author = {Ocobock, C and Pontzer, H and Gookin, J and Baynes,
S},
Title = {A new multivariate model for predicting daily energy
expenditure in active human populations},
Journal = {INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY},
Volume = {51},
Pages = {E102-E102},
Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC},
Year = {2011},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds337841}
}
@article{fds337842,
Author = {Dunsworth, H and Warrener, A and Pontzer, H},
Title = {LIFE HISTORY JUST ISN'T HIP: HUMAN EVOLUTION WITHOUT AN
'OBSTETRIC DILEMMA'},
Journal = {JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY},
Volume = {31},
Pages = {102-102},
Publisher = {SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337842}
}
@article{fds337843,
Author = {Wood, BM and Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Jones, JH and Mabulla, AZP and Marlowe, FW},
Title = {Keeping their friends close? Contrasting models of social
association in Hadza hunter-gatherers},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {144},
Pages = {314-314},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337843}
}
@article{fds337844,
Author = {Ocobock, C and Pontzer, H and Gookin, J and Baynes,
S},
Title = {Daily energy expenditure in highly active humans in a
natural temperate environment.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {144},
Pages = {227-227},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337844}
}
@article{fds337845,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Pontzer, H and Mabulla, AZP and Marlowe,
FW},
Title = {Levy walks in hunter-gatherers: when are random walks an
optimal search strategy?},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {144},
Pages = {246-247},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337845}
}
@article{fds337846,
Author = {Dunsworth, H and Pontzer, H and Deacon, T},
Title = {Energetics-not pelvic constraints-determine human gestation
length and altriciality},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {144},
Pages = {129-129},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337846}
}
@article{fds337847,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM and Mabulla, AZP and Marlowe,
FW},
Title = {Hadza forager energetics and the evolution of the human
metabolic strategy.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Volume = {144},
Pages = {242-242},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337847}
}
@article{fds337848,
Author = {Cowgill, LW and Warrener, A and Pontzer, H and Ocobock,
C},
Title = {Waddling and toddling: the biomechanical effects of an
immature gait.},
Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
Volume = {143},
Number = {1},
Pages = {52-61},
Year = {2010},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21289},
Abstract = {Femoral shape changes during the course of human growth,
transitioning from a subcircular tube to a teardrop-shaped
diaphysis with a posterior pilaster. Differences between
immature and mature bipedalism and body shape may generate
different loads, which, in turn, may influence femoral
modeling and remodeling during the course of the human
lifespan. This study uses two different approaches to
evaluate the hypotheses that differences in gait between
young and mature walkers result in differences in ground
reaction forces (GRFs) and that the differences in loading
regimes between young children and adults will be reflected
in the geometric structure of the midshaft femur. The
results of this analysis indicate that GRFs differ between
young walkers and adults in that normalized mediolateral
(ML) forces are significantly higher in younger age groups.
In addition, these differences between children and adults
in the relative level of ML bending force are reflected in
changes in femoral geometry during growth. During the
earlier stages of human development, immature femoral
diaphyses are heavily reinforced in approximately ML plane.
The differences in gait between mature and immature walkers,
and hence the differences in femoral shape, are likely
partially a product of a minimal bicondylar angle and
relatively broad body in young children.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.21289},
Key = {fds337848}
}
@article{fds337849,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Shumaker, RW and Ocobock, C and Wich,
SA},
Title = {Metabolic adaptation for low energy throughput in
orangutans.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {107},
Number = {32},
Pages = {14048-14052},
Year = {2010},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1001031107},
Abstract = {Energy is the fundamental currency of life--needed for
growth, repair, and reproduction--but little is known about
the metabolic physiology and evolved energy use strategies
of the great apes, our closest evolutionary relatives. Here
we report daily energy use in free-living orangutans (Pongo
spp.) and test whether observed differences in energy
expenditure among orangutans, humans, and other mammals
reflect known differences in life history. Using the doubly
labeled water method, we measured daily energy expenditure
(kCal/d) in orangutans living in a large indoor/outdoor
habitat at the Great Ape Trust. Despite activity levels
similar to orangutans in the wild, Great Ape Trust
orangutans used less energy, relative to body mass, than
nearly any eutherian mammal ever measured, including
sedentary humans. Such an extremely low rate of energy use
has not been observed previously in primates, but is
consistent with the slow growth and low rate of reproduction
in orangutans, and may be an evolutionary response to severe
food shortages in their native Southeast Asian rainforests.
These results hold important implications for the management
of orangutan populations in captivity and in the wild, and
underscore the flexibility and interdependence of
physiological, behavioral, and life history strategies in
the evolution of apes and humans.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1001031107},
Key = {fds337849}
}
@article{fds337850,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Rolian, C and Rightmire, GP and Jashashvili, T and Ponce
de León, MS and Lordkipanidze, D and Zollikofer,
CPE},
Title = {Locomotor anatomy and biomechanics of the Dmanisi
hominins.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {58},
Number = {6},
Pages = {492-504},
Year = {2010},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.006},
Abstract = {The Dmanisi hominins inhabited a northern temperate habitat
in the southern Caucasus, approximately 1.8 million years
ago. This is the oldest population of hominins known outside
of Africa. Understanding the set of anatomical and
behavioral traits that equipped this population to exploit
their seasonal habitat successfully may shed light on the
selection pressures shaping early members of the genus Homo
and the ecological strategies that permitted the expansion
of their range outside of the African subtropics. The
abundant stone tools at the site, as well as taphonomic
evidence for butchery, suggest that the Dmanisi hominins
were active hunters or scavengers. In this study, we examine
the locomotor mechanics of the Dmanisi hind limb to test the
hypothesis that the inclusion of meat in the diet is
associated with an increase in walking and running economy
and endurance. Using comparative data from modern humans,
chimpanzees, and gorillas, as well as other fossil hominins,
we show that the Dmanisi hind limb was functionally similar
to modern humans, with a longitudinal plantar arch,
increased limb length, and human-like ankle morphology.
Other aspects of the foot, specifically metatarsal
morphology and tibial torsion, are less derived and similar
to earlier hominins. These results are consistent with
hypotheses linking hunting and scavenging to improved
walking and running performance in early Homo. Primitive
retentions in the Dmanisi foot suggest that locomotor
evolution continued through the early Pleistocene.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.006},
Key = {fds337850}
}
@article{fds337851,
Author = {Joganic, JL and Pontzer, H and Verrelli, BC},
Title = {The hungry brain: An assessment of liver size correlation
with brain size as it relates to energy storage trade-offs
across primate evolution.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {135-135},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2010},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337851}
}
@article{fds337852,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Wood, BM},
Title = {Hominoid daily energy expenditure and the Human
Paradox.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {191-191},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2010},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337852}
}
@article{fds337853,
Author = {Ocobock, C and Pontzer, H and Erez, T and Maki, J},
Title = {Climatic and physiological constraints on human body size
and shape.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {180-180},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2010},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337853}
}
@article{fds337864,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Allen, V and Hutchinson, JR},
Title = {Biomechanics of running indicates endothermy in bipedal
dinosaurs.},
Journal = {PloS one},
Volume = {4},
Number = {11},
Pages = {e7783},
Year = {2009},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007783},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>One of the great unresolved controversies
in paleobiology is whether extinct dinosaurs were
endothermic, ectothermic, or some combination thereof, and
when endothermy first evolved in the lineage leading to
birds. Although it is well established that high, sustained
growth rates and, presumably, high activity levels are
ancestral for dinosaurs and pterosaurs (clade Ornithodira),
other independent lines of evidence for high metabolic
rates, locomotor costs, or endothermy are needed. For
example, some studies have suggested that, because large
dinosaurs may have been homeothermic due to their size alone
and could have had heat loss problems, ectothermy would be a
more plausible metabolic strategy for such
animals.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Here we
describe two new biomechanical approaches for reconstructing
the metabolic rate of 14 extinct bipedal dinosauriforms
during walking and running. These methods, well validated
for extant animals, indicate that during walking and slow
running the metabolic rate of at least the larger extinct
dinosaurs exceeded the maximum aerobic capabilities of
modern ectotherms, falling instead within the range of
modern birds and mammals. Estimated metabolic rates for
smaller dinosaurs are more ambiguous, but generally approach
or exceed the ectotherm boundary.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Our
results support the hypothesis that endothermy was
widespread in at least larger non-avian dinosaurs. It was
plausibly ancestral for all dinosauriforms (perhaps
Ornithodira), but this is perhaps more strongly indicated by
high growth rates than by locomotor costs. The polarity of
the evolution of endothermy indicates that rapid growth,
insulation, erect postures, and perhaps aerobic power
predated advanced "avian" lung structure and high locomotor
costs.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0007783},
Key = {fds337864}
}
@article{fds337854,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Shapiro, LJ and Sockol,
MD},
Title = {Understanding hind limb weight support in chimpanzees with
implications for the evolution of primate
locomotion.},
Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
Volume = {138},
Number = {4},
Pages = {395-402},
Year = {2009},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20952},
Abstract = {Most quadrupedal mammals support a larger amount of body
weight on their forelimbs compared with their hind limbs
during locomotion, whereas most primates support more of
their body weight on their hind limbs. Increased hind limb
weight support is generally interpreted as an adaptation
that reduces stress on primates' highly mobile forelimb
joints. Thus, increased hind limb weight support was likely
vital for the evolution of primate arboreality. Despite its
evolutionary importance, the mechanism used by primates to
achieve this important kinetic pattern remains unclear.
Here, we examine weight support patterns in a sample of
chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to test the hypothesis that
limb position, combined with whole body center of mass
position (COM), explains increased hind limb weight support
in this taxon. Chimpanzees have a COM midway between their
shoulders and hips and walk with a relatively protracted
hind limb and a relatively vertical forelimb, averaged over
a step. Thus, the limb kinematics of chimpanzees brings
their feet closer to the COM than their hands, generating
greater hind limb weight support. Comparative data suggest
that these same factors likely explain weight support
patterns for a broader sample of primates. It remains
unclear whether primates use these limb kinematics to
increase hind limb weight support, or whether they are
byproducts of other gait characteristics. The latter
hypothesis raises the intriguing possibility that primate
weight support patterns actually evolved as byproducts of
other traits, or spandrels, rather than as adaptations to
increase forelimb mobility.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.20952},
Key = {fds337854}
}
@article{fds337855,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Holloway IV and JH and Raichlen, DA and Lieberman,
DE},
Title = {Control and function of arm swing in human walking and
running (Journal of Experimental Biology 212
(523-534))},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
Volume = {212},
Number = {6},
Pages = {894},
Publisher = {The Company of Biologists},
Year = {2009},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.030478},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.030478},
Key = {fds337855}
}
@article{fds337856,
Author = {Ocobock, CJ and Pontzer, H and Maki, J},
Title = {Modification of limb inertial properties leads to persistent
changes in neural control of walking in humans},
Journal = {INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY},
Volume = {49},
Pages = {E283-E283},
Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC},
Year = {2009},
Month = {February},
Key = {fds337856}
}
@article{fds337857,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Kamilar, J},
Title = {Greater Ranging Associated with Greater Reproductive
Investment in Mammals: A New Perspective on Foraging
Economics},
Journal = {INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY},
Volume = {49},
Pages = {E137-E137},
Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC},
Year = {2009},
Month = {February},
Key = {fds337857}
}
@article{fds337858,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Holloway, JH and Raichlen, DA and Lieberman,
DE},
Title = {Control and function of arm swing in human walking and
running.},
Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
Volume = {212},
Number = {Pt 4},
Pages = {523-534},
Year = {2009},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.024927},
Abstract = {We investigated the control and function of arm swing in
human walking and running to test the hypothesis that the
arms act as passive mass dampers powered by movement of the
lower body, rather than being actively driven by the
shoulder muscles. We measured locomotor cost, deltoid muscle
activity and kinematics in 10 healthy adult subjects while
walking and running on a treadmill in three experimental
conditions: control; no arms (arms folded across the chest);
and arm weights (weights worn at the elbow). Decreasing and
increasing the moment of inertia of the upper body in no
arms and arm weights conditions, respectively, had
corresponding effects on head yaw and on the phase
differences between shoulder and pelvis rotation, consistent
with the view of arms as mass dampers. Angular acceleration
of the shoulders and arm increased with torsion of the trunk
and shoulder, respectively, but angular acceleration of the
shoulders was not inversely related to angular acceleration
of the pelvis or arm. Restricting arm swing in no arms
trials had no effect on locomotor cost. Anterior and
posterior portions of the deltoid contracted simultaneously
rather than firing alternately to drive the arm. These
results support a passive arm swing hypothesis for upper
body movement during human walking and running, in which the
trunk and shoulders act primarily as elastic linkages
between the pelvis, shoulder girdle and arms, the arms act
as passive mass dampers which reduce torso and head
rotation, and upper body movement is primarily powered by
lower body movement.},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.024927},
Key = {fds337858}
}
@article{fds337859,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Ocobock, C and Shumaker, RW and Raichlen,
DA},
Title = {Daily energy expenditure in orangutans measured using doubly
labeled water},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {213-213},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337859}
}
@article{fds337860,
Author = {Erez, T and Smart, WD and Pontzer, H},
Title = {A new computational method for simulation and optimization
of hominin gait},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {125-125},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337860}
}
@article{fds337861,
Author = {Foster, AD and Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Sockol,
MD},
Title = {Muscle force production during bent-knee, bent-hip walking
in humans.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {129-129},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337861}
}
@article{fds337862,
Author = {Ocobock, T and Pontzer, H and Atkinson, E and Shumaker, RW and Wittman,
AB},
Title = {Locomotor developmental timing in humans and other
apes},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {201-201},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337862}
}
@article{fds337863,
Author = {Wittman, AB and Cowgill, LW and Pontzer, H and Ocobock,
C},
Title = {Waddling and toddling: biomechanical effects of an immature
gait.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {93-93},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337863}
}
@article{fds337865,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Sockol, MD},
Title = {The metabolic cost of walking in humans, chimpanzees, and
early hominins.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {56},
Number = {1},
Pages = {43-54},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.09.001},
Abstract = {Bipedalism is a defining feature of the hominin lineage, but
the nature and efficiency of early hominin walking remains
the focus of much debate. Here, we investigate walking cost
in early hominins using experimental data from humans and
chimpanzees. We use gait and energetics data from humans,
and from chimpanzees walking bipedally and quadrupedally, to
test a new model linking locomotor anatomy and posture to
walking cost. We then use this model to reconstruct
locomotor cost for early, ape-like hominins and for the A.L.
288 Australopithecus afarensis specimen. Results of the
model indicate that hind limb length, posture (effective
mechanical advantage), and muscle fascicle length contribute
nearly equally to differences in walking cost between humans
and chimpanzees. Further, relatively small changes in these
variables would decrease the cost of bipedalism in an early
chimpanzee-like biped below that of quadrupedal apes.
Estimates of walking cost in A.L. 288, over a range of
hypothetical postures from crouched to fully extended, are
below those of quadrupedal apes, but above those of modern
humans. These results indicate that walking cost in early
hominins was likely similar to or below that of their
quadrupedal ape-like forebears, and that by the
mid-Pliocene, hominin walking was less costly than that of
other apes. This supports the hypothesis that locomotor
energy economy was an important evolutionary pressure on
hominin bipedalism.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.09.001},
Key = {fds337865}
}
@article{fds337866,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Kamilar, JM},
Title = {Great ranging associated with greater reproductive
investment in mammals.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {106},
Number = {1},
Pages = {192-196},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806105106},
Abstract = {Most animals must travel to find food, incurring an
unavoidable energy and time cost. Economic theory predicts,
and experimental work confirms, that within species,
increasing the distance traveled each day to find food has
negative fitness consequences, decreasing the amount of
energy invested in maintenance, repair, and reproduction.
Here, we show that this relationship between daily distance
traveled and reproductive success is fundamentally different
between species and over evolutionary time in many lineages.
Phylogenetically controlled analyses of 161 eutherian
mammals indicate that, after controlling for body mass,
evolutionary increases in the daily distance traveled are
associated with corresponding increases in both total
fertility (number of offspring per lifetime) and total
offspring mass (grams of offspring per lifetime). This
suggests that over evolutionary time, increasing travel
distance is often part of a strategy for procuring more food
energy and not necessarily a response to decreased food
availability. These results have important implications for
ecological comparisons among species, including assessments
of habitat quality based on locomotor behavior.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0806105106},
Key = {fds337866}
}
@article{fds337867,
Author = {Raichlen, D and Pontzer, H and Sockol, M},
Title = {Are Two Legs Better than Four? Comparative Biomechanics &
the Evolution of Human Walking & Running},
Journal = {FASEB JOURNAL},
Volume = {22},
Pages = {1 pages},
Publisher = {FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL},
Year = {2008},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds337867}
}
@article{fds337868,
Author = {Carter, ML and Pontzer, H and Wrangham, RW and Peterhans,
JK},
Title = {Skeletal pathology in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in
Kibale National Park, Uganda.},
Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
Volume = {135},
Number = {4},
Pages = {389-403},
Year = {2008},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20758},
Abstract = {The ecological pressures shaping chimpanzee anatomy and
behavior are the subject of much discussion in primatology
and paleoanthropology, yet empirical data on fundamental
parameters including body size, morbidity, and mortality are
rare for wild chimpanzees. Here, we present skeletal
pathology and body size data for 20 (19 crania, 12
postcrania) chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)
from Kibale National Park, Uganda. We compare these data
with other East African populations, especially Gombe
National Park. Estimated body size for Kibale chimpanzees
was similar to other East African populations and
significantly larger than Gombe chimpanzees. The high rates
of trauma and other skeletal pathology evident in the Kibale
chimpanzee skeletons were similar to those in the Gombe
skeletal sample. Much of the major skeletal trauma in the
Kibale skeletons was attributable to falls, although other
pathologies were noted as well, including apparent injuries
from snares, degenerative arthritis, and minor congenital
abnormalities.},
Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.20758},
Key = {fds337868}
}
@article{fds337869,
Author = {Wittman, AB and Pontzer, H},
Title = {The effect of pelvic dimorphism on locomotor cost: are women
less efficient than men?},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {69-69},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337869}
}
@article{fds337870,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Sockol, MD},
Title = {Endurance versus efficiency in humans and chimpanzees: a new
look at the old problem of becoming bipedal},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {173-173},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337870}
}
@article{fds337871,
Author = {Maki, J and Pontzer, H},
Title = {A predictive model for hominid lower limb length based on
mean annual temperature, day range and body
mass.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {147-147},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337871}
}
@article{fds337872,
Author = {Orkin, JD and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Is primate-like grasping needed for fine branch feeding?
Terminal branch use in eastern gray squirrels, Sciurus
carolinensis.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {166-166},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337872}
}
@article{fds337873,
Author = {Watsa, M and Pontzer, HD},
Title = {Does increased ranging effort lead to fewer wasted menstrual
cycles?},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {218-218},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337873}
}
@article{fds337874,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Sockol, MD},
Title = {The Laetoli footprints and early hominin locomotor
kinematics.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {54},
Number = {1},
Pages = {112-117},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.005},
Abstract = {A critical question in human evolution is whether the
earliest bipeds walked with a bent-hip, bent-knee gait or on
more extended hindlimbs. The differences between these gaits
are not trivial, because the adoption of either has
important implications for the evolution of bipedalism. In
this study, we re-examined the Laetoli footprints to
determine whether they can provide information on the
locomotor posture of early hominins. Previous researchers
have suggested that the stride lengths of Laetoli hominins
fall within the range of modern human stride lengths and
therefore, Laetoli hominins walked with modern-human-like
kinematics. Using a dynamic-similarity analysis, we compared
Laetoli hominin stride lengths with those of both modern
humans and chimpanzees. Our results indicate that Laetoli
hominins could have used either a bent-hip, bent-knee gait,
similar to a chimpanzee, or an extended-hindlimb gait,
similar to a human. In fact, our data suggest that the
Laetoli hominins could have walked near their preferred
speeds using either limb posture. This result contrasts with
most previous studies, which suggest relatively slow walking
speeds for these early bipeds. Despite the many attempts to
discern limb-joint kinematics from Laetoli stride lengths,
our study concludes that stride lengths alone do not resolve
the debate over early hominin locomotor postures.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.005},
Key = {fds337874}
}
@article{fds337875,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Sockol, MD},
Title = {Locomotor energetics in chimpanzees, humans, and extinct
hominins: Contributions of muscular and skeletal
anatomy},
Journal = {JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY},
Volume = {268},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1118-1118},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2007},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds337875}
}
@article{fds337876,
Author = {Lordkipanidze, D and Jashashvili, T and Vekua, A and Ponce de León,
MS and Zollikofer, CPE and Rightmire, GP and Pontzer, H and Ferring, R and Oms, O and Tappen, M and Bukhsianidze, M and Agusti, J and Kahlke, R and Kiladze, G and Martinez-Navarro, B and Mouskhelishvili, A and Nioradze, M and Rook, L},
Title = {Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi,
Georgia.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {449},
Number = {7160},
Pages = {305-310},
Year = {2007},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06134},
Abstract = {The Plio-Pleistocene site of Dmanisi, Georgia, has yielded a
rich fossil and archaeological record documenting an early
presence of the genus Homo outside Africa. Although the
craniomandibular morphology of early Homo is well known as a
result of finds from Dmanisi and African localities, data
about its postcranial morphology are still relatively
scarce. Here we describe newly excavated postcranial
material from Dmanisi comprising a partial skeleton of an
adolescent individual, associated with skull D2700/D2735,
and the remains from three adult individuals. This material
shows that the postcranial anatomy of the Dmanisi hominins
has a surprising mosaic of primitive and derived features.
The primitive features include a small body size, a low
encephalization quotient and absence of humeral torsion; the
derived features include modern-human-like body proportions
and lower limb morphology indicative of the capability for
long-distance travel. Thus, the earliest known hominins to
have lived outside of Africa in the temperate zones of
Eurasia did not yet display the full set of derived skeletal
features.},
Doi = {10.1038/nature06134},
Key = {fds337876}
}
@article{fds337877,
Author = {Sockol, MD and Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Chimpanzee locomotor energetics and the origin of human
bipedalism.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {104},
Number = {30},
Pages = {12265-12269},
Year = {2007},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703267104},
Abstract = {Bipedal walking is evident in the earliest hominins
[Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de Leon MS, Lieberman DE, Guy F,
Pilbeam D, et al. (2005) Nature 434:755-759], but why our
unique two-legged gait evolved remains unknown. Here, we
analyze walking energetics and biomechanics for adult
chimpanzees and humans to investigate the long-standing
hypothesis that bipedalism reduced the energy cost of
walking compared with our ape-like ancestors [Rodman PS,
McHenry HM (1980) Am J Phys Anthropol 52:103-106].
Consistent with previous work on juvenile chimpanzees
[Taylor CR, Rowntree VJ (1973) Science 179:186-187], we find
that bipedal and quadrupedal walking costs are not
significantly different in our sample of adult chimpanzees.
However, a more detailed analysis reveals significant
differences in bipedal and quadrupedal cost in most
individuals, which are masked when subjects are examined as
a group. Furthermore, human walking is approximately 75%
less costly than both quadrupedal and bipedal walking in
chimpanzees. Variation in cost between bipedal and
quadrupedal walking, as well as between chimpanzees and
humans, is well explained by biomechanical differences in
anatomy and gait, with the decreased cost of human walking
attributable to our more extended hip and a longer hindlimb.
Analyses of these features in early fossil hominins, coupled
with analyses of bipedal walking in chimpanzees, indicate
that bipedalism in early, ape-like hominins could indeed
have been less costly than quadrupedal knucklewalking.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0703267104},
Key = {fds337877}
}
@article{fds337878,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Effective limb length and the scaling of locomotor cost in
terrestrial animals.},
Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
Volume = {210},
Number = {Pt 10},
Pages = {1752-1761},
Year = {2007},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.002246},
Abstract = {Relative to body size, smaller animals use more energy to
travel a given distance than larger animals, but the
anatomical variable driving this negative allometry remains
the subject of debate. Here, I report a simple inverse
relationship between effective limb length (i.e. hip height)
and the energy cost of transport (COT; J kg(-1) m(-1)) for
terrestrial animals. Using published data for a diverse set
of terrestrial species including birds, mammals, reptiles
and arthropods, I show that between-species differences in
locomotor cost are driven by differences in limb length.
Notably, there is no independent effect of body mass on
cost. Remarkably, effective limb length explains 98% of the
observed variance in locomotor cost across a wide range of
terrestrial species including mammals, birds, reptiles and
arthropods. Variation about the limb-length/COT scaling
relationship is attributable to taxonomic differences in
limb design, with birds and arthropods exhibiting greater
residuals than mammals. Differences in COT between
semi-aquatic, generalist and cursorial species also
corresponds to differences in leg length between these
groups. These results are discussed in light of previous
investigations of the limb length and locomotor
cost.},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.002246},
Key = {fds337878}
}
@article{fds337879,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Predicting the energy cost of terrestrial locomotion: a test
of the LiMb model in humans and quadrupeds.},
Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
Volume = {210},
Number = {Pt 3},
Pages = {484-494},
Year = {2007},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02662},
Abstract = {The energy cost of terrestrial locomotion has been linked to
the muscle forces generated to support body weight and swing
the limbs. The LiMb model predicts these forces, and hence
locomotor cost, as a function of limb length and basic
kinematic variables. Here, I test this model in humans,
goats and dogs in order to assess the performance of the
LiMb model in predicting locomotor cost for bipeds and
quadrupeds. Model predictions were compared to observed
locomotor cost, measured via oxygen consumption, during
treadmill trials performed over a range of speeds for both
walking and running gaits. The LiMb model explained more of
the variation in locomotor cost than other predictors,
including contact time, Froude number and body mass. The
LiMb model also accurately predicted the magnitude of
vertical ground forces. Results suggest the LiMb model
reliably links locomotor anatomy to force production and
locomotor cost. Further, these data support the idea that
limb length may underlie the scaling of locomotor cost for
terrestrial animals.},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.02662},
Key = {fds337879}
}
@article{fds337880,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Sockol, MD},
Title = {Joint kinetics in chimpanzees and other mammals: Are large
bodied primates unique?},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {194-194},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337880}
}
@article{fds337881,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Sockol, MD},
Title = {Contributions of muscular and skeletal morphology to
locomotor performance: How much can bones tell us about
locomotion?},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {191-191},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337881}
}
@article{fds337882,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Sockol, MD},
Title = {Niche expansion of a cryptic primate, Callimico goeldii,
during polyspecific associations.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {191-191},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337882}
}
@article{fds337883,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Sockol, MD},
Title = {The energetics of quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion in
chimpanzees},
Journal = {INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY},
Volume = {46},
Pages = {E114-E114},
Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC},
Year = {2006},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds337883}
}
@article{fds337884,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Raichlen, DA and Lieberman, DE},
Title = {Is arm swing active or passive during human walking and
running?},
Journal = {INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY},
Volume = {46},
Pages = {E112-E112},
Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC},
Year = {2006},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds337884}
}
@article{fds337885,
Author = {Lieberman, DE and Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Bramble, DM and Cutright-Smith, E},
Title = {The human gluteus maximus and its role in
running.},
Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
Volume = {209},
Number = {Pt 11},
Pages = {2143-2155},
Year = {2006},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02255},
Abstract = {The human gluteus maximus is a distinctive muscle in terms
of size, anatomy and function compared to apes and other
non-human primates. Here we employ electromyographic and
kinematic analyses of human subjects to test the hypothesis
that the human gluteus maximus plays a more important role
in running than walking. The results indicate that the
gluteus maximus is mostly quiescent with low levels of
activity during level and uphill walking, but increases
substantially in activity and alters its timing with respect
to speed during running. The major functions of the gluteus
maximus during running are to control flexion of the trunk
on the stance-side and to decelerate the swing leg;
contractions of the stance-side gluteus maximus may also
help to control flexion of the hip and to extend the thigh.
Evidence for when the gluteus maximus became enlarged in
human evolution is equivocal, but the muscle's minimal
functional role during walking supports the hypothesis that
enlargement of the gluteus maximus was likely important in
the evolution of hominid running capabilities.},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.02255},
Key = {fds337885}
}
@article{fds337886,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Wrangham, RW},
Title = {Ontogeny of ranging in wild chimpanzees},
Journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
Volume = {27},
Number = {1},
Pages = {295-309},
Year = {2006},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-005-9011-2},
Abstract = {We examined the relationship between juvenile age and
distance traveled per day, or day range, in Kanyawara
chimpanzees. Because the energy cost of locomotion is
greater for small-bodied animals, we predict that day range
is constrained by body size, i.e., younger individuals tend
to have shorter day ranges. To test this hypothesis, we
measured day range for 200 day-ranges of groups in which we
recorded the age of the youngest juvenile present. As
predicted, day range correlated positively with age for
juveniles. Comparisons of day range vs. estimated stature
support the hypothesis that the increase in day range with
age was a consequence of body size. To assess other sources
of variation in day range, we also measured the effects of
group size and the presence of a carried infant. While day
range correlated significantly with group size, the presence
of a carried infant had no effect on adult female day range.
Our results suggest the size of a juvenile may constrain
ranging for mothers and their offspring. © 2006 Springer
Science+Business Media, Inc.},
Doi = {10.1007/s10764-005-9011-2},
Key = {fds337886}
}
@article{fds337887,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Locomotor energetics and ranging ecology of fossil
hominids.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {148-148},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337887}
}
@article{fds337888,
Author = {Raichlen, DA and Pontzer, H and Sockol, MD},
Title = {Energetics of chimpanzee locomotion: Force production during
bipedal and quadrupedal walking.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {150-150},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337888}
}
@article{fds337889,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Lieberman, DE and Momin, E and Devlin, MJ and Polk, JD and Hallgrímsson, B and Cooper, DML},
Title = {Trabecular bone in the bird knee responds with high
sensitivity to changes in load orientation.},
Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
Volume = {209},
Number = {Pt 1},
Pages = {57-65},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01971},
Abstract = {Wolff's law of trajectorial orientation proposes that
trabecular struts align with the orientation of dominant
compressive loads within a joint. Although widely considered
in skeletal biology, Wolff's law has never been
experimentally tested while controlling for ontogenetic
stage, activity level, and species differences, all factors
that may affect trabecular bone growth. Here we report an
experimental test of Wolff's law using a within-species
design in age-matched subjects experiencing physiologically
normal levels of bone strain. Two age-matched groups of
juvenile guinea fowl Numida meleagris ran on a treadmill set
at either 0 degrees (Level group) or 20 degrees (Incline
group), for 10 min per day over a 45-day treatment period.
Birds running on the 20 degrees inclined treadmill used
more-flexed knees than those in the Level group at midstance
(the point of peak ground reaction force). This difference
in joint posture enabled us to test the sensitivity of
trabecular alignment to altered load orientation in the
knee. Using a new radon transform-based method for measuring
trabecular orientation, our analysis shows that the fine
trabecular bone in the distal femur has a high degree of
correspondence between changes in joint angle and trabecular
orientation. The sensitivity of this response supports the
prediction that trabecular bone adapts dynamically to the
orientation of peak compressive forces.},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.01971},
Key = {fds337889}
}
@article{fds337890,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Linking locomotor energetics to limb design in terrestrial
animals},
Journal = {INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY},
Volume = {45},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1057-1057},
Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC},
Year = {2005},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds337890}
}
@article{fds337891,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {A new model predicting locomotor cost from limb length via
force production.},
Journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
Volume = {208},
Number = {Pt 8},
Pages = {1513-1524},
Year = {2005},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01549},
Abstract = {Notably absent from the existing literature is an explicit
biomechanical model linking limb design to the energy cost
of locomotion, COL. Here, I present a simple model that
predicts the rate of force production necessary to support
the body and swing the limb during walking and running as a
function of speed, limb length, limb proportion, excursion
angle and stride frequency. The estimated rate of force
production is then used to predict COL via this model
following previous studies that have linked COL to force
production. To test this model, oxygen consumption and
kinematics were measured in nine human subjects while
walking and running on a treadmill at range of speeds.
Following the model, limb length, speed, excursion angle and
stride frequency were used to predict the rate of force
production both to support the body's center of mass and to
swing the limb. Model-predicted COL was significantly
correlated with observed COL, performing as well or better
than contact time and Froude number as a predictor of COL
for running and walking, respectively. Furthermore, the
model presented here predicts relationships between COL,
kinematic variables and body size that are supported by
published reduced-gravity experiments and scaling studies.
Results suggest the model is useful for predicting COL from
anatomical and kinematic variables, and may be useful in
intra- and inter-specific studies of locomotor anatomy and
performance.},
Doi = {10.1242/jeb.01549},
Key = {fds337891}
}
@article{fds337892,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Lieberman, DE and Momin, EN and Devlin, MJ and Polk, JD and Hallgrimsson, B and Cooper, DML},
Title = {The effect of a "bent-knee" gait on trabecular orientation:
an experiment test of Wolff's Law},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {167-167},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2005},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337892}
}
@article{fds337893,
Author = {Lieberman, DE and Pontzer, H and Cutright-Smith, E and Raichlen,
D},
Title = {Why is the human gluteus so maximus?},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {138-138},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2005},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337893}
}
@article{fds337894,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {The effect of limb length on locomotor performance},
Journal = {INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY},
Volume = {44},
Number = {6},
Pages = {623-623},
Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC},
Year = {2004},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds337894}
}
@article{fds337895,
Author = {Lieberman, DE and Pontzer, H and Momin, E and Devlin, M and Polk, J and Hallgrimsson, B and Cooper, D},
Title = {An experimental test of Wolffs law in the
knee},
Journal = {INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY},
Volume = {44},
Number = {6},
Pages = {592-592},
Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC},
Year = {2004},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds337895}
}
@article{fds337896,
Author = {Pontzer, H and Wrangham, RW},
Title = {Climbing and the daily energy cost of locomotion in wild
chimpanzees: implications for hominoid locomotor
evolution.},
Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
Volume = {46},
Number = {3},
Pages = {317-335},
Year = {2004},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.12.006},
Abstract = {As noted by previous researchers, the chimpanzee postcranial
anatomy reflects a compromise between the competing demands
of arboreal and terrestrial locomotion. In this study, we
measured the distance climbed and walked per day in a
population of wild chimpanzees and used published equations
to calculate the relative daily energy costs. Results were
used to test hypotheses regarding the arboreal-terrestrial
tradeoff in chimpanzee anatomy, specifically whether
arboreal adaptations serve to minimize daily locomotor
energy costs by decreasing the energy spent climbing. Our
results show that chimpanzees spend approximately ten-times
more energy per day on terrestrial travel than on vertical
climbing, a figure inconsistent with minimizing energy costs
in our model. This suggests non-energetic factors, such as
avoiding falls from the canopy, may be the primary forces
maintaining energetically costly climbing adaptations. These
analyses are relevant to anatomical comparisons with living
and extinct hominoids.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.12.006},
Key = {fds337896}
}
@article{fds337897,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {The effect of leg length on human locomotor
performance},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {161-162},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2004},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337897}
}
@article{fds337898,
Author = {Wrangham, RW and Pontzer, H},
Title = {Chimpanzee juveniles constrain their mothers'
gregariousness},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {211-212},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2004},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337898}
}
@article{fds337899,
Author = {Devlin, MJ and Pontzer, H and Lieberman, DE and Polk,
JP},
Title = {Trabecular bone orientation in flexed versus extended
postures in guinea fowl: A test of Wolffs
Law.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {88-89},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337899}
}
@article{fds337900,
Author = {Pontzer, H},
Title = {Climbing behavior and locomotor energetics in wild
chimpanzees: Implications for hominin locomotor
evolution.},
Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
Pages = {170-170},
Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds337900}
}
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