Publications of Blythe A. Williams    :chronological  alphabetical  combined listing:

%% Book Sections/Chapters   
@misc{fds45296,
   Author = {Kay, R.F. and Williams, B.A. and Ross, C.R. and Takai, M and Shigehara, N.},
   Title = {Anthropoid Origins: a phylogenetic analysis},
   Pages = {91-135},
   Booktitle = {Anthropoid Origins: New Visions},
   Publisher = {Kluwer/Plenum},
   Address = {New York},
   Editor = {C.F. Ross and R.F. Kay},
   Year = {2004},
   Key = {fds45296}
}

@misc{fds45297,
   Author = {Kay, R.F. and Williams, B.A. and Anaya, F.},
   Title = {The adaptations of Branisella boliviana, the earliest South
             American monkey},
   Pages = {339-370},
   Booktitle = {Reconstructing behavior in the fossil record},
   Publisher = {Plenum},
   Address = {New York},
   Editor = {M. Plavcan and R. Kay and W. Jungers and C. van Shaik
             Schaik},
   Year = {2001},
   Key = {fds45297}
}

@misc{fds187857,
   Author = {Covert, H. and Williams, B.A.},
   Title = {Recently recovered North American Eocene omomyids and
             adapids and their bearing on debates about anthropoid
             origins},
   Pages = {29-54},
   Booktitle = {Anthropoid Origins: the fossil evidence},
   Publisher = {Plenum Press},
   Address = {New York},
   Editor = {J. Fleagle and R. Kay},
   Year = {1994},
   Key = {fds187857}
}

@misc{fds187858,
   Author = {Kay, R.F. and Williams, B.A.},
   Title = {Dental evidence for anthropoid origins},
   Pages = {361-446},
   Booktitle = {Anthropoid Origins: the fossil evidence},
   Publisher = {Plenum Press},
   Address = {New York},
   Editor = {J. Fleagle and R. Kay},
   Year = {1994},
   Key = {fds187858}
}


%% Refereed Publications   
@misc{fds354726,
   Author = {Valenta, K and Daegling, DJ and Nevo, O and Ledogar, J and Sarkar, D and Kalbitzer, U and Bortolamiol, S and Omeja, P and Chapman, CA and Ayasse,
             M and Kay, R and Williams, B},
   Title = {Fruit Selectivity in Anthropoid Primates: Size
             Matters},
   Journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
   Volume = {41},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {525-537},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00158-3},
   Abstract = {Certain features of both extant and fossil anthropoid
             primates have been interpreted as adaptations to ripe fruit
             foraging and feeding particularly spatulate incisors and
             trichromatic color vision. Here, we approach the question of
             anthropoid fruit foraging adaptations in light of the
             sensory and mechanical properties of anthropoid-consumed
             fruits in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We quantify the
             color, odor, size, and puncture resistance of fruits in
             Kibale that are consumed by anthropoid primates (N = 44) and
             compare these with the same traits of fruits that are not
             consumed by anthropoid primates (N = 24). Contrary to extant
             hypotheses, color and odor of anthropoid-consumed fruits do
             not differ from non-anthropoid–consumed fruits. However,
             we find that anthropoids in this system consume fruits that
             are significantly larger than non-anthropoid–consumed
             fruits, and with the exception of elephants that consume
             very large fruits, are the only dispersers of fruits with a
             surface area <4032 mm2, and a maximum diameter of 52 mm.
             While our findings do not support most extant hypotheses for
             the evolution of derived anthropoid primate traits as
             adaptations to ripe fruit foraging, we find some evidence to
             support the hypothesis that spatulate incisors may be an
             adaptation to foraging on large fruits, which tend to be
             harder.},
   Doi = {10.1007/s10764-020-00158-3},
   Key = {fds354726}
}

@misc{fds343706,
   Author = {Bhandari, A and Kay, RF and Williams, BA and Tiwari, BN and Bajpai, S and Hieronymus, T},
   Title = {Correction: First record of the Miocene hominoid
             Sivapithecus from Kutch, Gujarat state, western
             India.},
   Journal = {PloS one},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {e0217960},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217960},
   Abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206314.].},
   Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0217960},
   Key = {fds343706}
}

@misc{fds339574,
   Author = {Kirk, EC and Williams, BA},
   Title = {Corrigendum to "New adapiform primate of Old World
             affinities from the Devil's Graveyard Formation of Texas" [J
             Hum Evol 61 (2011) 156-168].},
   Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
   Volume = {125},
   Pages = {1},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.08.008},
   Abstract = {© 2011 Elsevier Ltd Kirk and Williams (2011:157) erected
             the genus Mescalerolemur, but on page 158 the new genus name
             was misspelled due to a printer's error as
             “Mescalolemur” in combination with the correct species
             epithet “horneri”. The principle of First Reviewer does
             not apply in this case (ICZN, 1999:Art. 24.2.5), as the
             etymology section states that the name derives from
             “Mescalero” (Kirk and Williams, 2011:158), and therefore
             there is clear evidence in the original publication itself
             that “Mescalolemur” is an incorrect spelling. It can be
             therefore concluded that Mescalerolemur Kirk and Williams,
             2011 is the correct original spelling and that
             “Mescalolemur” is an incorrect original spelling,
             unavailable from a nomenclatural viewpoint.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.08.008},
   Key = {fds339574}
}

@misc{fds339741,
   Author = {Bhandari, A and Kay, RF and Williams, BA and Tiwari, BN and Bajpai, S and Hieronymus, T},
   Title = {First record of the Miocene hominoid Sivapithecus from
             Kutch, Gujarat state, western India.},
   Journal = {PloS one},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {e0206314},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206314},
   Abstract = {Hominoid remains from Miocene deposits in India and Pakistan
             have played a pivotal role in understanding the evolution of
             great apes and humans since they were first described in the
             19th Century. We describe here a hominoid maxillary fragment
             preserving the canine and cheek teeth collected in 2011 from
             the Kutch (= Kachchh) basin in the Kutch district, Gujarat
             state, western India. A basal Late Miocene age is proposed
             based on the associated faunal assemblage that includes
             Hipparion and other age-diagnostic mammalian taxa. Miocene
             Hominoidea are known previously from several areas of the
             Siwalik Group in the outer western Himalayas of India,
             Pakistan, and Nepal. This is the first record of a hominoid
             from the Neogene of the Kutch Basin and represents a
             significant southern range extension of Miocene hominoids in
             the Indian peninsula. The specimen is assigned to the Genus
             Sivapithecus, species unspecified.},
   Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0206314},
   Key = {fds339741}
}

@misc{fds341817,
   Author = {Patnaik, R and Milankumar Sharma and K and Mohan, L and Williams, BA and Kay, RF and Chatrath, P},
   Title = {Additional Vertebrate Remains from the Early Miocene of
             Kutch, Gujarat},
   Journal = {Special Publication of the Paleontological Society of
             India},
   Volume = {5},
   Pages = {335-351},
   Year = {2014},
   Key = {fds341817}
}

@misc{fds241398,
   Author = {Williams, BA and Ross, CF and Frost, SR and Waddle, DM and Gabadirwe, M and Brook, GA},
   Title = {Fossil papio cranium from !Ncumtsa (Koanaka) Hills, western
             Ngamiland, Botswana.},
   Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
   Volume = {149},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-17},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22639236},
   Abstract = {Three fossils, a cranium of Papio, a cercopithecid frontal
             bone, and a mandible of juvenile Papio, have been recovered
             from cave deposits in the !Ncumtsa (Koanaka) Hills of
             western Ngamiland, Botswana. These specimens are significant
             because well-preserved crania of Papio are extremely rare in
             the fossil record outside of South Africa and because this
             is the first report of fossil primate cranial remains from
             Botswana. Thermoluminescence dating of surrounding cave
             matrix indicates an age of ≥317 ± 114 ka, within the
             Middle Pleistocene, although it may be older. Based on
             univariate and multivariate analyses, the adult !Ncumtsa
             specimen falls within the range of variation seen in extant
             forms of Papio, yet is distinct from any living
             species/subspecies and represents a new taxon, named here as
             a new subspecies of Papio hamadryas-Papio hamadryas
             botswanae.},
   Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.22093},
   Key = {fds241398}
}

@misc{fds241401,
   Author = {Williams, BA},
   Title = {Effects of climate change on primate evolution in the
             Cenozoic},
   Journal = {Nature Education},
   Year = {2012},
   Key = {fds241401}
}

@misc{fds241415,
   Author = {Kirk, EC and Williams, BA},
   Title = {New adapiform primate of Old World affinities from the
             Devil's Graveyard Formation of Texas.},
   Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
   Volume = {61},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {156-168},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0047-2484},
   url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248411000832},
   Keywords = {Adapidae • Cercamoniinae • Eocene •
             Mescalerolemur • Mahgarita},
   Abstract = {Most adapiform primates from North America are members of an
             endemic radiation of notharctines. North American
             notharctines flourished during the Early and early Middle
             Eocene, with only two genera persisting into the late Middle
             Eocene. Here we describe a new genus of adapiform primate
             from the Devil's Graveyard Formation of Texas.
             Mescalerolemur horneri, gen. et sp. nov., is known only from
             the late Middle Eocene (Uintan) Purple Bench locality.
             Phylogenetic analyses reveal that Mescalerolemur is more
             closely related to Eurasian and African adapiforms than to
             North American notharctines. In this respect, M. horneri is
             similar to its sister taxon Mahgarita stevensi from the late
             Duchesnean of the Devil's Graveyard Formation. The presence
             of both genera in the Big Bend region of Texas after
             notharctines had become locally extinct provides further
             evidence of faunal interchange between North America and
             East Asia during the middle Eocene. The fact that
             Mescalerolemur and Mahgarita are both unknown outside of
             Texas also supports prior hypotheses that low-latitude
             faunal assemblages in North America demonstrate increased
             endemism by the late middle Eocene.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.014},
   Key = {fds241415}
}

@misc{fds241414,
   Author = {Williams, BA and Kay, RF and Kirk, EC and Ross, CF},
   Title = {Darwinius masillae is a strepsirrhine--a reply to Franzen et
             al. (2009).},
   Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {567-573},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0047-2484},
   url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WJS-4YGHK8G-1&_user=38557&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2010&_rdoc=11&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236886%232010%23999409994%232534743%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=6886&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=16&_acct=C000004358&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=38557&md5=060deeb11c876c369b6dfbfc9f426fed&searchtype=a},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.003},
   Key = {fds241414}
}

@misc{fds304466,
   Author = {Williams, BA and Kay, RF and Kirk, EC},
   Title = {New perspectives on anthropoid origins.},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
             United States of America},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {4797-4804},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20212104},
   Abstract = {Adaptive shifts associated with human origins are brought to
             light as we examine the human fossil record and study our
             own genome and that of our closest ape relatives. However,
             the more ancient roots of many human characteristics are
             revealed through the study of a broader array of living
             anthropoids and the increasingly dense fossil record of the
             earliest anthropoid radiations. Genomic data and fossils of
             early primates in Asia and Africa clarify relationships
             among the major clades of primates. Progress in comparative
             anatomy, genomics, and molecular biology point to key
             changes in sensory ecology and brain organization that
             ultimately set the stage for the emergence of the human
             lineage.},
   Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0908320107},
   Key = {fds304466}
}

@misc{fds241413,
   Author = {Williams, BA and Kay, RF and Kirk, EC},
   Title = {New Perspectives on Anthropoid Origins},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Science},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {4794-4804},
   Year = {2010},
   url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full},
   Keywords = {human evolution • anthropoid origins},
   Abstract = {Adaptive shifts associated with human origins are brought to
             light as we examine the human fossil record and study our
             own genome and that of our closest ape relatives. However,
             the more ancient roots of many human characteristics are
             revealed through the study of a broader array of living
             anthropoids and the increasingly dense fossil record of the
             earliest anthropoid radiations. Genomic data and fossils of
             early primates in Asia and Africa clarify relationships
             among the major clades of primates. Progress in comparative
             anatomy, genomics, and molecular biology point to key
             changes in sensory ecology and brain organization that
             ultimately set the stage for the emergence of the human
             lineage.},
   Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0908320107},
   Key = {fds241413}
}

@misc{fds241412,
   Author = {Simons, EL and Ankel-Simons, F and Chatrath, PS and Kay, RS and Williams, B and Fleagle, JG and Gebo, DL and Beard, CK and Dawson, M and Tattersall, I and Rose, KD},
   Title = {Outrage at high price paid for a fossil.},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {460},
   Number = {7254},
   Pages = {456},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0028-0836},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/460456a},
   Doi = {10.1038/460456a},
   Key = {fds241412}
}

@misc{fds241395,
   Author = {Kirk, EC and Williams, BA},
   Title = {Phylogenetic relationships of late Uintan primates from the
             Devil's Graveyard Formation, Texas.},
   Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
   Volume = {138},
   Pages = {165-166},
   Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0002-9483},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000263442700430&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Key = {fds241395}
}

@article{fds241411,
   Author = {Williams, BA and Kirk, EC},
   Title = {New Uintan primates from Texas and their implications for
             North American patterns of species richness during the
             Eocene.},
   Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
   Volume = {55},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {927-941},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0047-2484},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835008},
   Abstract = {New omomyid fossils from the Purple Bench locality of the
             Devil's Graveyard Formation, middle Eocene (Uintan) of
             southwest Texas, are described. One specimen represents a
             new genus and species, herein named Diablomomys dalquesti.
             This new species is allocated to the tribe Omomyini, sister
             taxon to Omomys and Chumashius. A second specimen represents
             a range extension of the Utah species Mytonius hopsoni to
             the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. Previously, only one
             omomyid species (Omomys carteri) had been documented from
             Purple Bench and other late Uintan localities in the Devil's
             Graveyard Formation. These new omomyid fossils are of
             particular significance because Purple Bench is
             stratigraphically intermediate between the older late
             Bridgerian/early Uintan localities and the younger
             Duchesnean localities of Trans-Pecos Texas. With a more
             southerly location in the continental United States, the
             Devil's Graveyard Formation amplifies our understanding of
             patterns of North American primate richness at a time when
             the higher-latitude sites of the western interior were
             undergoing significant climatic cooling and increases in
             seasonality with commensurate faunal reorganization.
             Although the Uintan (approximately 46.5-40Ma) was a time in
             which anaptomorphine richness decreased dramatically, the
             results of this analysis suggest that Uintan omomyine
             richness is higher than was previously appreciated,
             particularly at lower latitudes.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.007},
   Key = {fds241411}
}

@misc{fds241410,
   Author = {Bajpai, S and Kay, RF and Williams, BA and Das, DP and Kapur, VV and Tiwari, BN},
   Title = {The oldest Asian record of Anthropoidea.},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
             United States of America},
   Volume = {105},
   Number = {32},
   Pages = {11093-11098},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0027-8424},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804159105},
   Abstract = {Undisputed anthropoids appear in the fossil record of Africa
             and Asia by the middle Eocene, about 45 Ma. Here, we report
             the discovery of an early Eocene eosimiid anthropoid primate
             from India, named Anthrasimias, that extends the Asian
             fossil record of anthropoids by 9-10 million years. A
             phylogenetic analysis of 75 taxa and 343 characters of the
             skull, postcranium, and dentition of Anthrasimias and living
             and fossil primates indicates the basal placement of
             Anthrasimias among eosimiids, confirms the anthropoid status
             of Eosimiidae, and suggests that crown haplorhines (tarsiers
             and monkeys) are the sister clade of Omomyoidea of the
             Eocene, not nested within an omomyoid clade. Co-occurence of
             Anthropoidea, Omomyoidea, and Adapoidea makes it evident
             that peninsular India was an important center for the
             diversification of primates of modern aspect (euprimates) in
             the early Eocene. Adaptive reconstructions indicate that
             early anthropoids were mouse-lemur-sized ( approximately 75
             grams) and consumed a mixed diet of fruit and insects.
             Eosimiids bear little adaptive resemblance to later
             Eocene-early Oligocene African Anthropoidea.},
   Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0804159105},
   Key = {fds241410}
}

@misc{fds241409,
   Author = {Williams, BA},
   Title = {Comparing levels of homoplasy in the primate
             skeleton.},
   Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
   Volume = {52},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {480-489},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0047-2484},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17391731},
   Abstract = {Hard-tissue morphological characters (bones and teeth) are a
             primary source of information about the evolutionary history
             of primates. These tissues are commonly found as isolated
             elements in the fossil record and studied as three separate
             partitions: the dentition, the cranium, and the postcranium.
             The relative phylogenetic utility of characters from each
             partition is often called into question with respect to
             varying amounts of homoplasy. In this paper, the consistency
             index (CI) was used to measure levels of homoplasy in each
             data partition for a sample of fossil and living primates.
             Sources of bias in the collection and treatment of data and
             in the internal structure of the data set are addressed.
             These biases include number of taxa, number of characters,
             ordering of characters, amounts of polymorphically scored or
             missing data, and character-state distribution. The results
             of this study suggest that the levels of homoplasy are very
             similar, though the postcranial data may be slightly less
             homoplastic than either the dental or cranial
             data.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.11.011},
   Key = {fds241409}
}

@misc{fds241396,
   Author = {Kay, RF and Vizcaino, S and Tauber, AA and Bargo, MS and Williams, BA and Luna, C and Colbert, MW},
   Title = {Three newly discovered skulls of Homunculus patagonicus
             support its position as a stem platyrrhine and establish its
             diurnal arboreal folivorous habits.},
   Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
   Pages = {127-127},
   Publisher = {WILEY-LISS},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0002-9483},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000227214900256&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Key = {fds241396}
}

@misc{fds241416,
   Author = {Ross, C and Williams, B and Kay, RF},
   Title = {Phylogenetic analysis of anthropoid relationships.},
   Journal = {Journal of human evolution},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {221-306},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0047-2484},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1998.0254},
   Abstract = {The relationships of anthropoids to other primates are
             currently debated, as are the relationships among early
             fossil anthropoids and crown anthropoids. To resolve these
             issues, data on 291 morphological characters were collected
             for 57 taxa of living and fossil primates and analyzed using
             PAUP and MacClade. The dental evidence provides weak support
             for the notion of an adapid origin for anthropoids, the
             cranial evidence supports the tarsier-anthropoid hypothesis,
             and the postcranial evidence supports a monophyletic
             Prosimii and a monophyletic Anthropoidea. Combining these
             data into a single data set produces almost universal
             support for a tarsier-anthropoid clade nested within
             omomyids. Eosimias and Afrotarsius are certainly members of
             this clade, and probably basal anthropoids, although the
             Shanghuang petrosal may not belong to Eosimias. The tree
             derived from the combined data set resembles the tree
             derived from the cranial data set rather than the larger
             dental data set. This may be attributable to relatively
             slower evolution in the cranial characters. The combined
             data set shows Anthropoidea to be monophyletic but the
             features traditionally held to be anthropoid synapomorphies
             are found to have evolved mosaically. Parapithecines are the
             sister taxon to crown anthropoids; qatraniines and
             oligopithecids are more distantly related sister taxa. There
             is support for a relationship of a Tarsius + Anthropoidea
             clade with either washakiines on Uintanius. These elements
             of tree topology remain fairly stable under different
             assumptions sets, but overall, tree topology is not robust.
             Previously divergent hypotheses regarding anthropoid
             relationships are attributable to the use of restricted data
             sets. This large data set enables the adapid-anthropoid
             hypothesis to be rejected, and unites Tarsius, Anthropoidea
             and Omomyiformes within a clade, Haplorhini. However,
             relationships among these three taxa cannot be convincingly
             resolved at present.},
   Doi = {10.1006/jhev.1998.0254},
   Key = {fds241416}
}

@misc{fds241408,
   Author = {Sánchez-Villagra, MR and Williams, BA},
   Title = {Levels of homoplasy in the evolution of the mammalian
             skeleton},
   Journal = {Journal of Mammalian Evolution},
   Volume = {5},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {113-126},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1064-7554},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020549505177},
   Abstract = {It is commonly believed that there are differences in the
             evolutionary lability of the crania, dentition, and
             postcrania of mammals, the latter two being more prone to
             homoplasy because of strong selective pressures for feeding
             and locomotion, respectively. Further, because of the
             fragmentary nature of fossils, phylogenetic analyses of
             extinct taxa often must utilize characters based on only one
             of these systems. In this paper the levels of homoplasy (as
             measured by the consistency index; CI) were compared in
             characters based on these three anatomical systems in
             therian mammals. No statistically significant differences
             were found in the overall CIs of 41 data sets based on
             dental, cranial, or postcranial characters. Differences in
             homoplasy within data sets with two or three kinds of data
             were not statistically significant. These findings suggest
             that dental, cranial, and postcranial characters can be
             equally prone to homoplasy and none should be automatically
             dismissed, disregarded, or systematically weighted in
             phylogenetic analyses. The level of homoplasy in characters
             derived from a given region of the skeleton may differ
             depending on the taxonomic level of the taxa considered.
             Dental, cranial, and postcranial characters may not
             constitute "natural" classes, yet examination of the
             phylogenetic signal of these subsets of data previous to a
             simultaneous analysis can shed light on significant aspects
             of the evolutionary process. © 1998 Plenum Publishing
             Corporation.},
   Doi = {10.1023/A:1020549505177},
   Key = {fds241408}
}

@misc{fds241407,
   Author = {Bloch, JI and Fisher, DC and Gingerich, PD and Gunnell, GF and Simons,
             EL and Uhen, MD},
   Title = {Cladistic analysis and anthropoid origins.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {278},
   Number = {5346},
   Pages = {2134-2136},
   Publisher = {AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0036-8075},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1997YM23500056&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.278.5346.2134},
   Key = {fds241407}
}

@misc{fds304465,
   Author = {Kay, RF and Ross, C and Williams, BA},
   Title = {Anthropoid origins.},
   Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
   Volume = {275},
   Number = {5301},
   Pages = {797-804},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0036-8075},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9012340},
   Abstract = {Recent fossil discoveries have greatly increased our
             knowledge of the morphology and diversity of early
             Anthropoidea, the suborder to which humans belong.
             Phylogenetic analysis of Recent and fossil taxa supports the
             hypotheses that a haplorhine-strepsirrhine dichotomy existed
             at least at the time of the earliest record of fossil
             primates (earliest Eocene) and that eosimiids (middle
             Eocene, China) are primitive anthropoids. Functional
             analysis suggests that stem haplorhines were small,
             nocturnal, arboreal, visually oriented insectivore-frugivores
             with a scurrying-leaping locomotion. A change from
             nocturnality to diurnality was the fundamental adaptive
             shift that occurred at the base of the tarsier-eosimiid-anthropoid
             clade. Stem anthropoids remained small diurnal arborealists
             but adopted locomotor patterns with more arboreal
             quadrupedalism and less leaping. A shift to a more
             herbivorous diet occurred in several anthropoid
             lineages.},
   Doi = {10.1126/science.275.5301.797},
   Key = {fds304465}
}

@misc{fds241405,
   Author = {Kay, RF and Ross, CF and Williams, BA},
   Title = {Rethinking anthropoid origins},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {275},
   Number = {5301},
   Pages = {797-804},
   Year = {1997},
   ISSN = {0036-8075},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9012340},
   Abstract = {Recent fossil discoveries have greatly increased our
             knowledge of the morphology and diversity of early
             Anthropoidea, the suborder to which humans belong.
             Phylogenetic analysis of Recent and fossil taxa supports the
             hypotheses that a haplorhine-strepsirrhine dichotomy existed
             at least at the time of the earliest record of fossil
             primates (earliest Eocene) and that eosimiids (middle
             Eocene, China) are primitive anthropoids. Functional
             analysis suggests that stem haplorhines were small,
             nocturnal, arboreal, visually oriented insectivore-frugivores
             with a scurrying-leaping locomotion. A change from
             nocturnality to diurnality was the fundamental adaptive
             shift that occurred at the base of the tarsier-eosimiid-anthropoid
             clade. Stem anthropoids remained small diurnal arborealists
             but adopted locomotor patterns with more arboreal
             quadrupedalism and less leaping. A shift to a more
             herbivorous diet occurred in several anthropoid
             lineages.},
   Key = {fds241405}
}

@misc{fds241406,
   Author = {Robinson, P and Williams, BA},
   Title = {Dental morphology of the early Eocene Hyopsodontid,
             Haplomylus, from the Powder River Basin,
             Wyoming},
   Journal = {University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology},
   Volume = {31},
   Number = {2},
   Year = {1997},
   Key = {fds241406}
}

@misc{fds341819,
   Author = {Williams, BA},
   Title = {William H. Kimbel and Lawrence B. Martin (Eds.): Species,
             species concepts, and primate evolution},
   Journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {212-213},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1995.10011223},
   Doi = {10.1080/02724634.1995.10011223},
   Key = {fds341819}
}

@misc{fds241403,
   Author = {Williams, BA and Covert, HH},
   Title = {New early eocene anaptomorphine primate (Omomyidae) from the
             Washakie Basin, Wyoming, with comments on the phylogeny and
             paleobiology of anaptomorphines.},
   Journal = {American journal of physical anthropology},
   Volume = {93},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {323-340},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330930305},
   Abstract = {Recent paleontological collecting in the Washakie Basin,
             southcentral Wyoming, has resulted in the recovery of over
             100 specimens of omomyid primates from the lower Eocene
             Wasatch Formation. Much of what is known about
             anaptomorphine omomyids is based upon work in the Bighorn
             and Wind River Basins of Wyoming. This new sample documents
             greater taxonomic diversity of omomyids during the early
             Eocene and contributes to our understanding of the phylogeny
             and adaptations of some of these earliest North American
             primates. A new middle Wasatchian (Lysitean) anaptomorphine,
             Anemorhysis savagei, n. sp., is structurally intermediate
             between Teilhardina americana and other species of
             Anemorhysis and may be a sister group of other Anemorhysis
             and Trogolemur. Body size estimates for Anemorhysis,
             Tetonoides, Trogolemur, and Teilhardina americana indicate
             that these animals were extremely small, probably less than
             50 grams. Analysis of relative shearing potential of lower
             molars of these taxa indicates that some were primarily
             insectivorous, some primarily frugivorous, and some may have
             been more mixed feeders. Anaptomorphines did not develop the
             extremes of molar specialization for frugivory or
             insectivory seen in extant prosimians. Incisor enlargement
             does not appear to be associated with specialization in
             either fruits or insects but may have been an adaptation for
             specialized grooming or food manipulation.},
   Doi = {10.1002/ajpa.1330930305},
   Key = {fds241403}
}

@misc{fds241404,
   Author = {Williams, BA and Kay, RF},
   Title = {The taxon anthropoidea and the crown clade
             concept},
   Journal = {Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and
             Reviews},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {188-190},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360030603},
   Doi = {10.1002/evan.1360030603},
   Key = {fds241404}
}

@misc{fds241402,
   Author = {Covert, HH and Williams, BA},
   Title = {The anterior lower dentition of Washakius insignis and
             adapid-anthropoidean affinities},
   Journal = {Journal of Human Evolution},
   Volume = {21},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {463-467},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1991},
   url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WJS-4F1J80W-8F&_user=38557&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1991&_rdoc=5&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236886%231991%23999789993%23542559%23FLP%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=6886&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000004358&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=38557&md5=056f81b555cea9186673c1190fa5a4a0&searchtype=a},
   Doi = {10.1016/0047-2484(91)90096-E},
   Key = {fds241402}
}


%% Book Reviews   
@article{fds201137,
   Author = {Williams, B.A. and Kay, R.},
   Title = {Cladistics, Computers, and Character Analysis. Review of
             MacClade Version 3, Analysis of Phylogeny and Character
             Evolution},
   Journal = {Evolutionary Anthropology},
   Volume = {3},
   Pages = {32-36},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds201137}
}


%% Papers Presented/Symposia/Abstracts   
@article{fds355742,
   Author = {Morse, PE and Stock, MK and Kay, RF and Williams,
             BA},
   Title = {Shearing ratios of Aycross anaptomorphine omomyids: Support
             for a middle Eocene refugium habitat},
   Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
   Volume = {174},
   Pages = {74-74},
   Year = {2021},
   Key = {fds355742}
}

@article{fds341813,
   Author = {Pampush, JD and Morse, PE and Chester, SGB and Spradley, JP and Williams, BA and Glander, KE and Teaford, MF and Kay,
             RF},
   Title = {Dental Topography and Food Processing in Wild-Caught Costa
             Rican Alouatta},
   Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
   Volume = {165},
   Pages = {198-198},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds341813}
}

@article{fds341814,
   Author = {Kay, RF and Williams, BA},
   Title = {Are there any African Platyrrhines?},
   Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
   Volume = {162},
   Pages = {239-240},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds341814}
}

@article{fds341815,
   Author = {Yapuncich, GS and Williams, BA and Boyer, DM},
   Title = {Phenetic Affinities of Teilhardina (Primates, Omomyidae)
             from the Powder River Basin of Wyoming Reveal the First
             Known Occurrences of Teilhardina brandti Outside the Bighorn
             Basin},
   Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
   Volume = {162},
   Pages = {416-416},
   Publisher = {WILEY},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds341815}
}

@article{fds341816,
   Author = {Spradley, JP and Williams, BA and Kay, RF},
   Title = {Environmental Variables Affecting Primate Species Richness
             in the Neotropics},
   Journal = {AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY},
   Volume = {156},
   Pages = {294-294},
   Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds341816}
}

@article{fds223273,
   Author = {J. P. Spradley and B.A. Williams and R.F.Kay},
   Title = {Environmental variables affecting primate richness in the
             neotropics},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthroplogy},
   Year = {2014},
   Key = {fds223273}
}

@article{fds202344,
   Author = {E.C. Kirk and B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Mescalerolemur horneri: A new adapiform primate from the
             Middle Eocene of West Texas},
   Journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},
   Year = {2011},
   Key = {fds202344}
}

@article{fds202310,
   Author = {E.C. Kirk and B.A. Williams},
   Title = {First Uintan specimens of Mahgarita (Primates, Adapiformes)
             from the Devil’s Graveyard Formation, Texas},
   Journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},
   Volume = {28},
   Pages = {100A},
   Year = {2008},
   Key = {fds202310}
}

@article{fds202311,
   Author = {B.A. Williams and R.F.Kay, S. Bajpai and V.V. Kapur and D.P.
             Das},
   Title = {New Indian eosimiids: the oldest Asian record of
             anthropoids},
   Journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},
   Volume = {28},
   Pages = {160},
   Year = {2008},
   Key = {fds202311}
}

@article{fds202312,
   Author = {B.A. Williams and R.F. Kay and S. Bajpai},
   Title = {The oldest anthropoids: New specimens from the early Eocene
             of India},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the XXII Congress of the International
             Primatological Society},
   Year = {2008},
   Key = {fds202312}
}

@article{fds202313,
   Author = {E.C. Kirk and B.A. Williams},
   Title = {New specimens of Mytonius (Primates, Omomyoidea) from the
             Devil’s Graveyard Formation, Texas},
   Journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},
   Volume = {27},
   Pages = {99A},
   Year = {2007},
   Key = {fds202313}
}

@article{fds202314,
   Author = {P.J. Lewis and B.A. Williams and A.M. Kennedy},
   Title = {Analysis of a small mammal fauna from the !Ncumsta Hills,
             western Ngamiland, Botswana},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {44},
   Pages = {155},
   Year = {2007},
   Key = {fds202314}
}

@article{fds202315,
   Author = {B.A. Williams and E.C. Kirk},
   Title = {New Uintan Primates from Texas and their implications for
             North American patterns of richness during the
             Eocene},
   Journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},
   Volume = {26},
   Pages = {139A},
   Year = {2006},
   Key = {fds202315}
}

@article{fds341818,
   Author = {Perry, J and Wall, CE and Williams, BA},
   Title = {THE ANATOMY OF THE MASTICATORY MUSCLES IN TWO STREPSIRRHINE
             PRIMATES AND INFERENCE OF MUSCLE ATTACHMENT AREAS FROM
             OSTEOLOGICAL MATERIAL},
   Journal = {JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY},
   Volume = {23},
   Pages = {86A-87A},
   Publisher = {TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds341818}
}

@article{fds202317,
   Author = {Kay, R.F. and B.A. Williams and F. Anaya},
   Title = {Branisella boliviana, the earliest South American monkey:
             Documentation for an earlier adaptive radiation of
             platyrrhines?},
   Journal = {Congreso Internacional Evolución Neotropical del
             Cenozoico},
   Pages = {25},
   Year = {1999},
   Key = {fds202317}
}

@article{fds202321,
   Author = {B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Reconstructing the dietary adaptations of omomyid primates
             using homoplasy},
   Year = {1999},
   Key = {fds202321}
}

@article{fds202322,
   Author = {B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Anthropoid Origins, using a cladistic analysis},
   Year = {1999},
   Key = {fds202322}
}

@article{fds202318,
   Author = {B.A. Williams and D.M. Waddle and C.F. Ross and M.
             Gabadirwe},
   Title = {Discovery of new primate fossils from Bone Cave, Ngamiland,
             Botswana},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {26},
   Pages = {233},
   Year = {1998},
   Key = {fds202318}
}

@article{fds202319,
   Author = {E.C. Kirk and B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Dental evidence for cheirogaleid affinities},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {26},
   Pages = {139},
   Year = {1998},
   Key = {fds202319}
}

@article{fds202320,
   Author = {M. Sanchez-Villagra and B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Levels of homoplasy in the evolution of the mammalian
             skeleton},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of
             Vertebrate Morphology},
   Year = {1997},
   Key = {fds202320}
}

@article{fds202323,
   Author = {B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Omomyid Primate Evolution},
   Year = {1996},
   Key = {fds202323}
}

@article{fds202328,
   Author = {R. F. Kay and B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Recent finds of monkeys from the Oligocene/ Miocene of
             Salla, Bolivia},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {20},
   Pages = {124},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds202328}
}

@article{fds202329,
   Author = {B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Phylogeny of the Primate Family Omomyidae: A cladistic
             analysis "backboned" with stratigraphy},
   Journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},
   Volume = {13},
   Pages = {207-208},
   Year = {1994},
   Key = {fds202329}
}

@article{fds202330,
   Author = {B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Incisor morphology of omomyid primates: implications for
             phylogeny and adaptation},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {18},
   Pages = {207-208},
   Year = {1994},
   Key = {fds202330}
}

@article{fds202331,
   Author = {B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Sandcouleean omomyids from the Powder River Basin,
             Wyoming},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Pages = {208},
   Year = {1993},
   Key = {fds202331}
}

@article{fds202332,
   Author = {D. Hobbs and B.A. Williams and H.H. Covert},
   Title = {Middle Wasatchian primatomorphs from the Washakie Basin of
             Wyoming},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Pages = {109},
   Year = {1993},
   Key = {fds202332}
}

@article{fds202324,
   Author = {H.H. Covert and B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Newly recovered North American Eocene omomyids and adapids
             and their bearing on debates about anthropoid
             origins},
   Year = {1992},
   Key = {fds202324}
}

@article{fds202325,
   Author = {R. F. Kay and B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Dental evidence for anthropoid origins},
   Year = {1992},
   Key = {fds202325}
}

@article{fds202326,
   Author = {B.A. Williams and R.F. Kay},
   Title = {Phylogenetic analysis of Eocene primates suggests Omomyidae
             is not a monophyletic group},
   Journal = {XIVth Congress of the International Primatological Society,
             Strasbourg, France},
   Pages = {286},
   Year = {1992},
   Key = {fds202326}
}

@article{fds202327,
   Author = {B.A. Williams and H.H. Covert},
   Title = {Primate diversity in the early Eocene of the Washakie Basin,
             Wyoming},
   Journal = {XIVth Congress of the International Primatological Society,
             Strasbourg, France},
   Pages = {287},
   Year = {1992},
   Key = {fds202327}
}

@article{fds202333,
   Author = {R.F.Kay, B.A. Williams},
   Title = {Dental evidence for anthropoid origins},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {14},
   Pages = {98},
   Year = {1992},
   Key = {fds202333}
}

@article{fds202334,
   Author = {B.A. Williams and H.H. Covert},
   Title = {A new species of Anemorhysis from the Washakie Basin,
             Wyoming},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {14},
   Pages = {173},
   Year = {1992},
   Key = {fds202334}
}

@article{fds202335,
   Author = {H.H. Covert and B.A. Williams},
   Title = {New specimens of Anemorhysis pearcei from early Eocene
             deposits of the Washakie Basin, Wyoming},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {12},
   Pages = {62},
   Year = {1992},
   Key = {fds202335}
}

@article{fds202336,
   Author = {B.A. Williams and D.Ayers-Darling, H.H. Covert},
   Title = {New specimens of Arapahovius gazini from early Eocene
             deposits of the Washakie Basin,Wyoming},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {12},
   Pages = {184},
   Year = {1991},
   Key = {fds202336}
}

@article{fds202337,
   Author = {B.A. Williams},
   Title = {A new early Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Washakie
             Basin, Wyoming},
   Journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},
   Volume = {10},
   Pages = {49A},
   Year = {1990},
   Key = {fds202337}
}

@article{fds202338,
   Author = {B.A. Williams},
   Title = {An unusual new early Eocene (Lower Graybull) primate fauna
             from the Washakie Basin, Wyoming},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {81},
   Pages = {317},
   Year = {1990},
   Key = {fds202338}
}

@article{fds202339,
   Author = {P. Robinson and B.A. (Williams) Carlson},
   Title = {Dental morphology of the early Eocene Hyopsodontid,
             Haplomylus, from the Powder River Basin,
             Wyoming},
   Journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},
   Volume = {9},
   Pages = {36A},
   Year = {1989},
   Key = {fds202339}
}

@article{fds202340,
   Author = {H. H. Covert and M. Hamrick and B.A. (Williams)
             Carlson},
   Title = {New erinaceomorph insectivores from the Washakie Basin,
             Wyoming},
   Journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},
   Year = {1989},
   Key = {fds202340}
}

@article{fds202341,
   Author = {H. H. Covert and B.A. (Williams) Carlson},
   Title = {Early Eocene anaptomorphine primates from the Washakie
             Basin, Wyoming},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {78},
   Pages = {207},
   Year = {1989},
   Key = {fds202341}
}

@article{fds202342,
   Author = {H.H. Covert and B.A. (Williams) Carlson},
   Title = {The Adapidae-Omomyidae paradox revisited},
   Journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
   Volume = {75},
   Pages = {199},
   Year = {1988},
   Key = {fds202342}
}