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| Publications of Patrick Gallagher :chronological combined listing:%% Journal Articles @article{fds164710, Author = {P. Gallagher and W. Fleeson and R. Hoyle}, Title = {A Self-regulatory Mechanism for Personality Trait Stability: Contra-trait Effort}, Journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science}, Year = {2009}, Abstract = {Despite the considerable influence of situational factors and the resulting variability in behavior, individuals maintain stable average ways of acting. The purpose of the current research was to investigate one possible explanation for this stability. It was hypothesized that behaviors that are at levels different from the actor’s average trait levels (contra-trait behaviors) demand more effort, or self-control, than do trait-typical behaviors. In Study 1, extraverted participants who acted at contra-trait levels reported their behaviors as more effortful, and this effect grew stronger over time. In addition, in a subsequent activity, observers rated extraverts who had acted contra-trait as behaving more extraverted, suggesting that fatigue from sustaining contra-trait behaviors may result in subsequent behaviors returning to trait-typical levels. In Study 2, participants reported on contextualized behaviors for seven days, and rated contra-trait behaviors as more effortful than trait-typical behaviors. This effect only held among non-habitual behaviors, implicating self-control processes.}, Key = {fds164710} } @article{fds49897, Author = {Gallagher, P. and Dagenbach, D.}, Title = {Manipulating noise frequencies alters hemispheric contributions to decision making}, Journal = {Brain & Cognition, 64, 42-49}, Year = {2007}, Abstract = {Participants listened to the Asian disease problem framed in terms of either gains or losses and chose between two plans to combat the disease. All participants heard the problem embedded in other sounds; for some it was the relatively lower-frequency information, and for others it was the relatively higher-frequency information. The classic framing effect appeared only for those participants for whom the problem was the relatively lower-frequency information (p < .05). These results suggest that mixing filtered speech signals and noise may be a way to assess the role of the left and right hemisphere in various aspects of decision making.}, Key = {fds49897} } @article{fds188028, Author = {P. Gallagher and R. Hoyle and W. Fleeson}, Title = {Self-awareness of variability of trait expression in behavior}, Journal = {Under review}, Year = {2011}, Abstract = {Personality traits are typically measured with single numbers that summarize self-beliefs or frequencies of certain behaviors. Trait manifestation in behavior, however, can be highly variable within individuals across time and situations. This variability gives rise to several aspects of trait expression that single-number summaries do not capture, such as average levels of variability and median or maximum levels of trait expression. The current research examined (1) whether people’s self-concepts include variability in trait expression, (2) whether people can accurately describe not only their average level of trait expression, but their entire distributions of trait expression via self-report, and (3) what implications this variability might have. In four studies, participants reported substantial amounts of variability in trait expression using a new measure of traits. This new instrument demonstrated discriminant, convergent, and predictive validity, as well as internal consistency and clear factor structure. Several parameters of participants’ self-reported distributions of trait expression strongly predicted corresponding parameters of actual behavioral distributions, and higher variability was related to long-term negative affect and low self-concept clarity. Self-reported variability was not related to several alternative measures of variability. Results indicate that variability in trait expression is part of people’s self-concepts, that people can report this variability, and that this variability might have important implications.}, Key = {fds188028} } @article{fds144718, Author = {Fleeson, W. and Gallagher, P.}, Title = {The implications of big-five standing for the distribution of trait manifestation in behavior: Fifteen experience-sampling studies and a meta-analysis}, Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, Volume = {97}, Number = {6}, Pages = {1097-1114}, Year = {2009}, Abstract = {One of the fundamental questions in personality psychology is whether and how strongly trait standing relates to the traits that people actually manifest in their behavior, when faced with real pressures and real consequences of their actions. One reason this question is fundamental is the common belief that traits do not predict how individuals behave, which leads to the reasonable conclusion that traits are not important to study. However, this conclusion is surprising given that there is almost no data on the ability of traits to predict distributions of naturally occurring, representative behaviors of individuals (and that there are many studies showing that traits do indeed predict specific behaviors). This paper describes a meta-analysis of 15 experience-sampling studies, conducted over the course of eight years, amassing over 20,000 reports of trait manifestation in behavior. Participants reported traits on typical self-report questionnaires, then described their current behavior multiple times per day for several days, as the behavior was occurring. Results showed that traits, contrary to expectations, were strongly predictive of individual differences in trait manifestation in behavior, predicting average levels with correlations between .42 and .56 (approaching .60 for stringently restricted studies). Several other ways of summarizing trait manifestation in behavior were also predicted from traits. These studies provide evidence that traits are powerful predictors of actual manifestation of traits in behavior.}, Key = {fds144718} } @article{fds188041, Author = {P. Gallagher and C.I. Voils}, Title = {The percentage of people's behaviors that reflects their personality traits}, Journal = {Under review}, Year = {2011}, Abstract = {Behavior can be highly variable across situations and can reflect many different levels of personality traits. Despite this variability, personality traits predict many different patterns of behavior and life outcomes. The purpose of the current research was to quantify how traits are related to behavior by measuring the percentage of behaviors that reflect trait standing. Participants completed standard Big-Five quesionnaires to assess trait standing and then reported the degree to which behaviors manifested personality trait content (personality states) several times per day for a week. Across Big-Five domains, 44% of behaviors were within one standard deviation of trait standing. The percentage of trait-reflective behaviors differed according to trait standing in three domains and according to intraindividual variability in the other two domains. These findings are the first to estimate the probability that any single behavior will reflect the actor’s trait standing, and have implications for behavior prediction and personality inference.}, Key = {fds188041} } | |
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