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| Publications of John E. Staddon :chronological alphabetical combined listing:%% Journal Articles @article{fds373392, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Diverse Identities are Irrelevant to Science}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {36}, Number = {2}, Pages = {43-46}, Year = {2023}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.51845/36.2.8}, Doi = {10.51845/36.2.8}, Key = {fds373392} } @article{fds375292, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {The Diversity Dilemma}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {34}, Number = {3}, Pages = {109-111}, Year = {2021}, Month = {September}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.51845/34.3.17}, Doi = {10.51845/34.3.17}, Key = {fds375292} } @article{fds375293, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {The Devolution of Psychological Science: Memes, Culture, and Systemic Racism}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {34}, Number = {3}, Pages = {42-47}, Year = {2021}, Month = {September}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.51845/34.3.6}, Doi = {10.51845/34.3.6}, Key = {fds375293} } @article{fds373553, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {The Behaviorist Plot}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {34}, Number = {2}, Pages = {57-63}, Year = {2021}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.51845/34su.2.8}, Doi = {10.51845/34su.2.8}, Key = {fds373553} } @article{fds375294, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Can Science be Saved?}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {34}, Number = {2}, Pages = {89-97}, Year = {2021}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.51845/34su.2.11}, Doi = {10.51845/34su.2.11}, Key = {fds375294} } @article{fds373393, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {History of Science: Politicizing a Discipline}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {34}, Number = {1}, Pages = {20-30}, Year = {2021}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.51845/34s.1.4}, Doi = {10.51845/34s.1.4}, Key = {fds373393} } @article{fds350253, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {The Role of Theory in Behavior Analysis: A Response to Unfinished Business, Travis Thompson's Review of Staddon's New Behaviorism (2nd edition).}, Journal = {The Psychological record}, Volume = {71}, Number = {3}, Pages = {473-479}, Year = {2021}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00409-y}, Abstract = {Travis Thompson's lengthy review of Staddon's <i>The New Behaviorism</i> requires several corrections and extensions. This response discusses Staddon's analysis of Herrnstein's matching law and concludes that Thompson misinterprets a gentle critique as a paean. The response goes on to defend the utility of models and "internal states" (i.e., postulated processes that are not directly measurable) as "formal representation[s] of the data reduced to a minimal number of terms," a position similar to one of B. F. Skinner's statements. The response ends with a defense of Skinner's empirical brilliance, but a critique of his sweeping societal prescriptions.}, Doi = {10.1007/s40732-020-00409-y}, Key = {fds350253} } @article{fds352794, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {What’s Really Wrong with America}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {33}, Number = {4}, Pages = {586-591}, Year = {2020}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-020-09930-6}, Doi = {10.1007/s12129-020-09930-6}, Key = {fds352794} } @article{fds350868, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Variation and Diversity: A Tribute to Freeman Dyson}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {33}, Number = {3}, Pages = {436-447}, Year = {2020}, Month = {September}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-020-09892-9}, Doi = {10.1007/s12129-020-09892-9}, Key = {fds350868} } @article{fds349752, Author = {Staddon, J and Morcombe, P}, Title = {The Case for Carbon Dioxide}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {33}, Number = {2}, Pages = {246-258}, Year = {2020}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-020-09871-0}, Doi = {10.1007/s12129-020-09871-0}, Key = {fds349752} } @article{fds348992, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {The dynamics of behavior: Review of Sutton and Barto: Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (2nd ed.)}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {113}, Number = {2}, Pages = {485-491}, Publisher = {Wiley}, Year = {2020}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeab.587}, Doi = {10.1002/jeab.587}, Key = {fds348992} } @article{fds349306, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Facts vs. Passion: The Debate over Science-Based Regulation}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {33}, Number = {1}, Pages = {101-110}, Year = {2020}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-019-09861-x}, Doi = {10.1007/s12129-019-09861-x}, Key = {fds349306} } @article{fds347649, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {College Admissions Ride the Equality Roundabout}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {32}, Number = {4}, Pages = {487-496}, Year = {2019}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-019-09831-3}, Doi = {10.1007/s12129-019-09831-3}, Key = {fds347649} } @article{fds342723, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Object of Inquiry: Psychology’s Other (Non-replication) Problem}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {32}, Number = {2}, Pages = {246-256}, Publisher = {National Association of Scholars}, Year = {2019}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-019-09778-5}, Doi = {10.1007/s12129-019-09778-5}, Key = {fds342723} } @article{fds341517, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {What's in the journals?}, Journal = {Economist (United Kingdom)}, Volume = {414}, Number = {9096}, Pages = {9BDUMMY}, Year = {2018}, Month = {July}, Key = {fds341517} } @article{fds329016, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Simply Too Many Notes.}, Journal = {The Behavior analyst}, Volume = {40}, Number = {1}, Pages = {101-106}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {2017}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40614-017-0086-9}, Doi = {10.1007/s40614-017-0086-9}, Key = {fds329016} } @article{fds328628, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Theoretical behaviorism, economic theory, and choice}, Journal = {History of Political Economy}, Volume = {48}, Number = {suppl 1}, Pages = {316-331}, Publisher = {Duke University Press}, Year = {2016}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-3619334}, Abstract = {Choice behavior is studied differently in humans and in animals, and different theories have arisen to explain the results. I suggest that an approach derived from animal studies is also appropriate for human choice. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky’s prospect theory, a popular two-part account of human choice, is a functional theory amounting, after some years of evolution, to a classification of types of deviation from “rational” reward maximization. Animal choice, on the other hand, can be explained causally as the outcome of competition between a set of possible responses with different “strengths." The strength of each response is directly related to its historical payoff probability, and responses compete in winner-take-all fashion. An “active” response occurs and is strengthened or weakened depending on its outcome. If it is sufficiently weakened, it will be supplanted by the strongest “silent” response. This cumulative effects (CE) model has been tested in operant conditioning experiments that show, for example, that when choosing between two identical probabilistic choices in a “two-armed bandit” situation, animals will fixate on one if the payoff probabilities are high, but be indifferent if they are low, a pattern not easily deducible from any kind of optimality theory. Kahneman’s distinction between “fast” and “slow” systems is indistinguishable from the distinction between active and silent responses in the CE model, which therefore offers a causal account of human as well as animal choice behavior.}, Doi = {10.1215/00182702-3619334}, Key = {fds328628} } @article{fds355274, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {The Englishman: Memoirs of a psychobiologist}, Publisher = {University of Buckingham Press}, Year = {2016}, Key = {fds355274} } @article{fds287963, Author = {Cerutti, DT and Jozefowiez, J and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Rapid, accurate time estimation in zebrafish (Danio rerio).}, Journal = {Behavioural processes}, Volume = {99}, Pages = {21-25}, Year = {2013}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {0376-6357}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000326133400004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Zebrafish were tested in an appetitive Pavlovian delayed conditioning task. After an intertrial interval of k*T s (k=11.25; T=8, 16 or 32 s), a small, translucent vertical pole was illuminated (CS) for T s. Food was presented at T/2 s. Pole-biting response latencies from CS onset were a linear function of the food delay T/2, with slope approximating unity (proportional timing), and standard deviation proportional to latency (scalar timing). Response latencies tracked changes in food delays even when they changed every other day. These findings are significant because the zebrafish genome has recently been sequenced, opening the door to studies in the genetics of interval timing.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2013.06.007}, Key = {fds287963} } @article{fds340473, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {B. F. Skinner: Mistaken – or Misunderstood?}, Year = {2013}, Month = {July}, Abstract = {The chief offense of “political correctness” is its unreflective certainty – about which causes to hail or demonize and about the necessity to take sides on every issue. Science has no room for such dogmatism, of course. Yet, human nature being what it is, in the softer sciences, at least, demonization of “outs” and automatic acceptance of “ins” is the rule rather than the exception. For many years in experimental psychology, the “ins” have been the “cognitive” psychologists and the “outs” the behaviorists, especially the radical behaviorist followers of B. F. Skinner, whose life and work are the topics of these two books...}, Key = {fds340473} } @article{fds287962, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Faith, Fact, and Behaviorism.}, Journal = {The Behavior analyst}, Volume = {36}, Number = {2}, Pages = {229-238}, Year = {2013}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0738-6729}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000327582400005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {David Hume argued that <i>ought</i> cannot be derived from <i>is</i>. That is, no set of facts, no amount of scientific knowledge, is by itself sufficient to urge us to action. Yet generations of well-meaning scientists (more and more as secular influences grow in the West) seem to have forgotten Hume's words of wisdom. All motivated action depends ultimately on beliefs that cannot be proved by the methods of science, that is, on faith.}, Doi = {10.1007/bf03392309}, Key = {fds287962} } @article{fds355275, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Unlucky Strike: Private Health and the Science, Law and Politics of Smoking.}, Publisher = {University of Buckingham Press}, Year = {2013}, Month = {January}, Key = {fds355275} } @article{fds287975, Author = {Jozefowiez, J and McDowell, JJ and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Editorial: choice studies in transition.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {94}, Number = {2}, Pages = {159-160}, Year = {2010}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000281618800004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.2010.94-159}, Key = {fds287975} } @article{fds288029, Author = {Staddon, JER and MacPhail, RC and Padilla, S}, Title = {The dynamics of successive induction in larval zebrafish.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {94}, Number = {2}, Pages = {261-266}, Year = {2010}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000281618800011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Charles Sherrington identified the properties of the synapse by purely behavioral means-the study of reflexes-more than 100 years ago. They were subsequently confirmed neurophysiologically. Studying reflex interaction, he also showed that activating one reflex often facilitates another, antagonistic one: successive induction, which has since been demonstrated in a wide range of species, from aphids to locusts to dogs and humans. We show a particularly orderly example in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae; the behavior (locomotion) of larvae is low in dark and intermediate in light, but low in light and substantially higher in dark when dark followed light. A quantitative model of a simple dynamic process is described that readily captures the behavior pattern and the effects of a number of manipulations of lighting conditions.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.2010.94-261}, Key = {fds288029} } @article{fds325718, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Faith and goodness: A reply to Hocutt}, Journal = {Behavior and Philosophy}, Volume = {37}, Pages = {181-185}, Year = {2009}, Month = {December}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3391}, Abstract = {Professor Hocutt and I agree that David Hume first pointed out that "ought"-what should be done-cannot be derived from "is"-what is the case. Hocutt goes on to claim that "ought," in fact, derives from factual observation of "what we care about," which amounts to saying "you should do what you want to do." This seems to me unsatisfactory as moral philosophy. © 2009 Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies.}, Key = {fds325718} } @article{fds288022, Author = {Jozefowiez, J and Staddon, JER and Cerutti, DT}, Title = {The behavioral economics of choice and interval timing.}, Journal = {Psychological review}, Volume = {116}, Number = {3}, Pages = {519-539}, Year = {2009}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000268263800004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The authors propose a simple behavioral economic model (BEM) describing how reinforcement and interval timing interact. The model assumes a Weber-law-compliant logarithmic representation of time. Associated with each represented time value are the payoffs that have been obtained for each possible response. At a given real time, the response with the highest payoff is emitted. The model accounts for a wide range of data from procedures such as simple bisection, metacognition in animals, economic effects in free-operant psychophysical procedures, and paradoxical choice in double-bisection procedures. Although it assumes logarithmic time representation, it can also account for data from the time-left procedure usually cited in support of linear time representation. It encounters some difficulties in complex free-operant choice procedures, such as concurrent mixed fixed-interval schedules as well as some of the data on double bisection, which may involve additional processes. Overall, BEM provides a theoretical framework for understanding how reinforcement and interval timing work together to determine choice between temporally differentiated reinforcers.}, Doi = {10.1037/a0016171}, Key = {fds288022} } @article{fds204525, Author = {Jozefowiez, J and Staddon, J. E. R. and Cerutti, D. T.}, Title = {Metacognition in animals: how do we know that they know?}, Journal = {Comparative Cognition and Behavior Reviews, 2009.}, Volume = {4}, Pages = {29-39}, Year = {2009}, Abstract = {Research on animal metacognition has typically used choice discriminations whose difficulty can be varied. Animals are given some opportunity to escape the discrimination task by emitting a so-called uncertain response. The usual claim is that an animal possesses metacognition if (a) the probability of picking the uncertain response increases with task difficulty, and (b) animals are more accurate on “free-choice” trials —i.e., trials where the uncertain response was available but was not chosen—than on “forced-choice” trials, where the uncertain response is unavailable. We describe a simple behavioral economic model (BEM), based on familiar learning principles, and thus lacking any metacognition construct, which is able to meet both criteria in most of these tasks. We conclude that rather than designing ever more complex experiments to identify “metacognition,” a necessarily ill-defined concept, knowledge might better be advanced not by further refining behavioral criteria for the concept, but by the development and testing of theoretical models for the clever behavior that many animals show in these experiments.}, Key = {fds204525} } @article{fds288031, Author = {John Staddon}, Title = {Distracting Miss Daisy}, Journal = {The Atlantic}, Pages = {102-104}, Year = {2008}, Month = {July}, url = {http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200807/traffic/1}, Abstract = {Why stop signs and speed limits endanger Americans.}, Key = {fds288031} } @article{fds288032, Author = {John Staddon}, Title = {Gridlock: Research, teaching, curriculum, and the faculty in the modern university.Review of Whatever Happened to the Faculty? Drift and Decision in Higher Education, by Mary Burgan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006}, Journal = {Academic Questions}, Volume = {20}, Pages = {370-381}, Year = {2008}, Key = {fds288032} } @article{fds330412, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Born to govern [4]}, Journal = {Economist}, Volume = {382}, Number = {8522}, Pages = {16}, Year = {2007}, Month = {March}, Key = {fds330412} } @article{fds157137, Author = {J. E. R. Staddon and Jozefowiez, J. and Cerutti, D. T.}, Title = {Staddon, J. E. R., (2007) Metacognition: A Problem not a Process. PsyCrit, April. http://psycrit.com/Articles}, Journal = {PsyCrit}, Year = {2007}, Month = {March}, url = {http://psycrit.com/Articles}, Keywords = {metacognition • timing}, Abstract = {"Metacognition" in animals can be explained by familiar learning principles...}, Key = {fds157137} } @article{fds288026, Author = {Zanutto, BS and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Correction: Bang-Bang Control of Feeding: Role of Hypothalamic and Satiety Signals}, Journal = {PLoS Computational Biology}, Volume = {3}, Number = {6}, Pages = {e127-e127}, Publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, Year = {2007}, ISSN = {1553-734X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000249105500022&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030127}, Key = {fds288026} } @article{fds288030, Author = {Zanutto, BS and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Bang-bang control of feeding: Role of hypothalamic and satiety signals}, Journal = {PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY}, Volume = {3}, Number = {5}, Pages = {924-931}, Year = {2007}, ISSN = {1553-734X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000249105100015&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Keywords = {feeding • hypothalamus}, Abstract = {Rats, people, and many other omnivores eat in meals rather than continuously. We show by experimental test that eating in meals is regulated by a simple bang-bang control system, an idea foreshadowed by Le Magnen and many others, shown by us to account for a wide range of behavioral data, but never explicitly tested or tied to neurophysiological facts. The hypothesis is simply that the tendency to eat rises with time at a rate determined by satiety signals. When these signals fall below a set point, eating begins, in on-off fashion. The delayed sequelae of eating increment the satiety signals, which eventually turn eating off. Thus, under free conditions, the organism eats in bouts separated by noneating activities. We report an experiment with rats to test novel predictions about meal patterns that are not explained by existing homeostatic approaches. Access to food was systematically but unpredictably interrupted just as the animal tried to start a new meal. A simple bang-bang model fits the resulting meal-pattern data well, and its elements can be identified with neurophysiological processes. Hypothalamic inputs can provide the set point for longer-term regulation carried out by a comparator in the hindbrain. Delayed gustatory and gastrointestinal aftereffects of eating act via the nucleus of the solitary tract and other hindbrain regions as neural feedback governing short-term regulation. In this way, the model forges real links between a functioning feedback mechanism, neuro-hormonal data, and both short-term (meals) and long-term (eating-rate regulation) behavioral data.}, Doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030097}, Key = {fds288030} } @article{fds328630, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Did Skinner miss the point about teaching?}, Journal = {International Journal of Psychology}, Volume = {41}, Number = {6}, Pages = {555-558}, Publisher = {WILEY}, Year = {2006}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590500492708}, Abstract = {The Darwinian metaphor, to which Skinner was an early contributor, has been a commonplace for several years. Skinner was sure that much can be learned from experiments with animals, and those strategies that work best for the training of animals can and should be applied to the education of humans. However, his claims about how best to teach people, especially intelligent people who are learning difficult things, have several problems. Operant behaviour is emitted (it is spontaneous, at least on first occurrence). Emitted behaviour selected by reinforcement can be compared to the Darwinian idea of selection and variation. Operant learning is seen as interplay between response emission (variation) and reinforcement (selection). In applying his ideas to teaching, Skinner emphasized selection almost exclusively. But the real puzzle posed by non-rote learning, in both animals and humans, is not selection but the sources of variation that cause an action or an idea to appear for the first time. It is in this sense that Skinner's whole discussion of teaching missed the point. The Darwinian framework for behaviour analysis points to the fact that processes of variation exist, even though they have been neglected in favour of an almost exclusive focus on reinforcement and selection. © 2006 International Union of Psychological Science.}, Doi = {10.1080/00207590500492708}, Key = {fds328630} } @article{fds287965, Author = {Staddon, JER and Higa, JJ}, Title = {Interval timing}, Journal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience}, Volume = {7}, Number = {8}, Pages = {1-2}, Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP}, Year = {2006}, Month = {August}, ISSN = {1471-0048}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000239653800017&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1038/nrn1764-c1}, Key = {fds287965} } @article{fds287995, Author = {Jozefowiez, J and Cerutti, DT and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Timescale invariance and Weber's law in choice.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes}, Volume = {32}, Number = {3}, Pages = {229-238}, Year = {2006}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0097-7403}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000239045200003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to concurrent schedules for which reinforcement was alternately available at different times for each of two choices. In Experiment 1 (in which reinforcement times progressed arithmetically), overall, but not relative, response rate was timescale invariant. In Experiment 2 (in which reinforcement times progressed geometrically and were more spaced out), there was temporal control at all reinforcement times, but the amplitude of left-right response alternation decreased as time in the trial increased. These results indicate that the temporal regulation of both overall and relative response rates conforms to Weber's law although relative rate is heavily influenced by processes other than timing. It also adds support to the idea that overall and relative response rate reflects the operation of two independent processes.}, Doi = {10.1037/0097-7403.32.3.229}, Key = {fds287995} } @article{fds288034, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Interval timing: memory, not a clock.}, Journal = {Trends in cognitive sciences}, Volume = {9}, Number = {7}, Pages = {312-314}, Year = {2005}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {1364-6613}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000230777900003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Anticipation of periodic events signalled by a time marker, or interval timing, has been explained by a separate pacemaker-counter clock. However, recent research has added support to an older idea: that memory strength can act as a clock. The way that memory strength decreases with time can be inferred from the properties of habituation, and the underlying process also provides a unified explanation for proportional timing, the Weber-law property and several other properties of interval timing.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2005.05.013}, Key = {fds288034} } @article{fds288133, Author = {Ludvig, EA and Staddon, JER}, Title = {The effects of interval duration on temporal tracking and alternation learning.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {83}, Number = {3}, Pages = {243-262}, Year = {2005}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000229710900005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {On cyclic-interval reinforcement schedules, animals typically show a postreinforcement pause that is a function of the immediately preceding time interval (temporal tracking). Animals, however, do not track single-alternation schedules-when two different intervals are presented in strict alternation on successive trials. In this experiment, pigeons were first trained with a cyclic schedule consisting of alternating blocks of 12 short intervals (5 s or 30 s) and 12 long intervals (180 s), followed by three different single-alternation interval schedules: (a) 30 s and 180 s, (b) 5 s and 180 s, and (c) 5 s and 30 s. Pigeons tracked both schedules with alternating blocks of 12 intervals. With the single-alternation schedules, when the short interval duration was 5 s, regardless of the duration of the longer interval, pigeons learned the alternation pattern, and their pause anticipated the upcoming interval. When the shorter interval was 30 s, even when the ratio of short to long intervals was kept at 6:1, pigeons did not initially show anticipatory pausing-a violation of the principle of timescale invariance.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.2005.88-04}, Key = {fds288133} } @article{fds288135, Author = {Jozefowiez, J and Cerutti, DT and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Timing in choice experiments.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes}, Volume = {31}, Number = {2}, Pages = {213-225}, Year = {2005}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {0097-7403}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000228674900008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {In Experiment 1, pigeons chose between variable- and fixed-interval schedules. The timer for 1 schedule was reset by a reinforcement on that schedule or on either schedule. In both cases, the pigeons timed reinforcement on each schedule from trial onset. The data further suggest that their behavior reflects 2 independent processes: 1 deciding when a response should be emitted and responsible for the timing of the overall activity, and the other determining what this response should be and responsible for the allocation of behavior between the 2 response keys. Results from Experiment 2, which studied choice between 2 fixed-interval schedules, support those 2 conclusions. These results have implications for the study of operant choice in general.}, Doi = {10.1037/0097-7403.31.2.213}, Key = {fds288135} } @article{fds335756, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Fair Profiling}, Year = {2005}, Abstract = {There are several strategies available to police “stopping” suspects. Most efficient is to stop only members of the group with the highest a priori probability of guilt; least efficient is indiscriminate stopping. An efficient option that satisfies one criterion for fairness is a strategy that matches stop probability to risk probability. But a strategy that chooses stop probabilities so that the absolute number of innocents stopped is equal for all groups is close to maximally efficient and seems fair by almost any criterion.}, Key = {fds335756} } @article{fds288038, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Scientific imperialism and behaviorist epistemology}, Journal = {Behavior and Philosophy}, Volume = {32}, Number = {1}, Pages = {231-242}, Year = {2004}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {1053-8348}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000224037200013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {E.O. Wilson and B.F. Skinner have argued for an evolutionary ethics that allows what ought to be to be derived from what is-ethics from science. Evolution is inherently unpredictable, however, and some practices whose benefits cannot be proved might nevertheless turn out to be good for the survival of a culture or the race. Other practices that seem to be good might turn out to be bad. Consequently, the evolutionary - argument implies that a successful culture will believe some things that cannot be proved, and it tells us that we cannot know in advance what those things will be.}, Key = {fds288038} } @article{fds288134, Author = {Ludvig, EA and Staddon, JER}, Title = {The conditions for temporal tracking under interval schedules of reinforcement.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes}, Volume = {30}, Number = {4}, Pages = {299-316}, Year = {2004}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {0097-7403}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000224464700005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {On many cyclic-interval schedules, animals adjust their postreinforcement pause to follow the interval duration (temporal tracking). Six pigeons were trained on a series of square-wave (2-valued) interval schedules (e.g., 12 fixed-interval [FI] 60, 4 FI 180). Experiment 1 showed that pigeons track square-wave schedules, except those with a single long interval per cycle. Experiments 2 and 3 established that tracking and nontracking are learned and both can transfer from one cyclic schedule to another. Experiment 4 demonstrated that pigeons track a schedule with a single short interval per cycle, suggesting that a dual process--cuing and tracking--is necessary to explain behavior on these schedules. These findings suggest a potential explanation for earlier results that reported a failure to track square-wave schedules.}, Doi = {10.1037/0097-7403.30.4.299}, Key = {fds288134} } @article{fds287997, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {RESPONSE TO COMMENTATORS}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {82}, Number = {1}, Pages = {121-124}, Publisher = {Wiley}, Year = {2004}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000223829500013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.2004.82-121}, Key = {fds287997} } @article{fds288027, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {THE OLD BEHAVIORISM: A RESPONSE TO WILLIAM BAUM'S REVIEW OF THE NEW BEHAVIORISM}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {82}, Number = {1}, Pages = {79-83}, Publisher = {Wiley}, Year = {2004}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000223829500008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.2004.82-79}, Key = {fds288027} } @article{fds340474, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {A Remarkable Book}, Year = {2004}, Month = {May}, Abstract = {Winston Churchill in old age was presented by the House of Commons with his portrait, painted by Graham Sutherland, a well-known British artist. When the picture was unveiled in Westminster Hall, Churchill looked at it for a few seconds and then commented: “The portrait is a remarkable example of modern art!” Just what he meant by “remarkable” may be inferred from the fact that the picture has never been seen again (Clementine Churchill evidently burnt it). It is in this sense that The Myth of Ownership is a remarkable book...}, Key = {fds340474} } @article{fds288147, Author = {Cerutti, DT and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Time and rate measures in choice transitions.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {81}, Number = {2}, Pages = {135-154}, Year = {2004}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000221963000001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Three experiments with pigeons studied the relation between time and rate measures of behavior under conditions of changing preference. Experiment 1 studied a concurrent chain schedule with random-interval initial links and fixed-interval terminal links; Experiment 2 studied a multiple chained random-interval fixed-interval schedule; and Experiment 3 studied simple concurrent random-interval random-interval schedules. In Experiment 1, and to a lesser extent in the other two experiments, session-average initial-link wait-time differences were linearly related to session-average response-rate differences. In Experiment 1, and to a lesser extent in Experiment 3, ratios of session-average initial-link wait times and response rates were related by a power function. The weaker relations between wait and response measures in Experiment 2 appear to be due to the absence of competition between responses. In Experiments 1 and 2, initial-link changes lagged behind terminal-link changes. These findings may have implications for the relations between fixed- and variable-interval procedures and suggest that more attention should be paid to temporal measures in studies of free-operant choice.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.2004.81-135}, Key = {fds288147} } @article{fds287973, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {A call to arms.}, Journal = {The Behavior analyst}, Volume = {27}, Number = {1}, Pages = {117-118}, Year = {2004}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0738-6729}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000221605300014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1007/bf03392098}, Key = {fds287973} } @article{fds288138, Author = {Cerutti, DT and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Immediacy versus anticipated delay in the time-left experiment: a test of the cognitive hypothesis.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes}, Volume = {30}, Number = {1}, Pages = {45-57}, Year = {2004}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0097-7403}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000187957300004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {In the time-left experiment (J. Gibbon & R. M. Church, 1981), animals are said to compare an expectation of a fixed delay to food, for one choice, with a decreasing delay expectation for the other, mentally representing both upcoming time to food and the difference between current time and upcoming time (the cognitive hypothesis). The results of 2 experiments support a simpler view: that animals choose according to the immediacies of reinforcement for each response at a time signaled by available time markers (the temporal control hypothesis). It is not necessary to assume that animals can either represent or subtract representations of times to food to explain the results of the time-left experiment.}, Doi = {10.1037/0097-7403.30.1.45}, Key = {fds288138} } @article{fds328631, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Editor: Fact, value, and science}, Journal = {Behavior and Philosophy}, Volume = {31}, Number = {1}, Pages = {193}, Year = {2003}, Month = {December}, Key = {fds328631} } @article{fds288004, Author = {Staddon, JER and Cerutti, DT}, Title = {Operant conditioning.}, Journal = {Annual review of psychology}, Volume = {54}, Pages = {115-144}, Year = {2003}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0066-4308}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000181435000006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Operant behavior is behavior "controlled" by its consequences. In practice, operant conditioning is the study of reversible behavior maintained by reinforcement schedules. We review empirical studies and theoretical approaches to two large classes of operant behavior: interval timing and choice. We discuss cognitive versus behavioral approaches to timing, the "gap" experiment and its implications, proportional timing and Weber's law, temporal dynamics and linear waiting, and the problem of simple chain-interval schedules. We review the long history of research on operant choice: the matching law, its extensions and problems, concurrent chain schedules, and self-control. We point out how linear waiting may be involved in timing, choice, and reinforcement schedules generally. There are prospects for a unified approach to all these areas.}, Doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145124}, Key = {fds288004} } @article{fds288145, Author = {Dragoi, V and Staddon, JER and Palmer, RG and Buhusi, CV}, Title = {Interval timing as an emergent learning property.}, Journal = {Psychological review}, Volume = {110}, Number = {1}, Pages = {126-144}, Year = {2003}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.126}, Abstract = {Interval timing in operant conditioning is the learned covariation of a temporal dependent measure such as wait time with a temporal independent variable such as fixed-interval duration. The dominant theories of interval timing all incorporate an explicit internal clock, or "pacemaker," despite its lack of independent evidence. The authors propose an alternative, pacemaker-free view that demonstrates that temporal discrimination can be explained by using only 2 assumptions: (a) variation and selection of responses through competition between reinforced behavior and all other, elicited, behaviors and (b) modulation of the strength of response competition by the memory for recent reinforcement. The model departs radically from existing timing models: It shows that temporal learning can emerge from a simple dynamic process that lacks a periodic time reference such as a pacemaker.}, Doi = {10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.126}, Key = {fds288145} } @article{fds26688, Author = {Staddon, J. E. R. and Cerutti, D. T.}, Title = {Operant behavior.}, Journal = {Annual Review of Psychology}, Volume = {54}, Pages = {115-144}, Year = {2003}, Abstract = {Operant behavior is behavior “controlled” by its consequences. In practice operant conditioning is the study of reversible behavior maintained by reinforcement schedules. We review empirical studies and theoretical approaches to two large classes of operant behavior: interval timing and choice. We discuss cognitive vs. behavioral approaches to timing, the “gap” experiment and its implications, proportional timing and Weber’s law, temporal dynamics and linear waiting and the problem of simple chain-interval schedules. We review the long history of research on operant choice: the matching law, its extensions and problems, concurrent chain schedules and self control. We point out how linear waiting may be involved in timing, choice and reinforcement schedules generally. There are prospects for a unified approach to all these areas.}, Key = {fds26688} } @article{fds288146, Author = {Staddon, JER and Cerutti, DT}, Title = {Operant behavior}, Journal = {Annual Review of Psychology}, Volume = {54}, Pages = {115-144}, Year = {2003}, Key = {fds288146} } @article{fds288037, Author = {Staddon, JER and Chelaru, IM and Higa, JJ}, Title = {Habituation, memory and the brain: the dynamics of interval timing.}, Journal = {Behavioural processes}, Volume = {57}, Number = {2-3}, Pages = {71-88}, Year = {2002}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {0376-6357}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000175259400002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Memory decay is rapid at first and slower later-a feature that accounts for Jost's memory law: that old memories gain on newer ones with lapse of time. The rate-sensitive property of habituation-that recovery after spaced stimuli may be slower than after massed-provides a clue to the dynamics of memory decay. Rate-sensitive habituation can be modeled by a cascade of thresholded integrator units that have a counterpart in human brain areas identified by magnetic source imaging (MSI). The memory trace component of the multiple-time-scale model for habituation can provide a 'clock' that has the properties necessary to account for both static and dynamic properties of interval timing: static proportional and Weber-law timing as well as dynamic tracking of progressive, 'impulse' and periodic interval sequences.}, Doi = {10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00006-2}, Key = {fds288037} } @article{fds328632, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Behavioural Processes: Editorial}, Journal = {Behavioural Processes}, Volume = {57}, Number = {1}, Pages = {iv-iv}, Year = {2002}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00019-0}, Doi = {10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00019-0}, Key = {fds328632} } @article{fds287968, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Up close: Impersonal.}, Journal = {The Behavior analyst}, Volume = {25}, Number = {1}, Pages = {121-122}, Year = {2002}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0738-6729}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000175867100011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1007/bf03392051}, Key = {fds287968} } @article{fds288144, Author = {Staddon, JER and Chelaru, IM and Higa, JJ}, Title = {A tuned-trace theory of interval-timing dynamics.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {77}, Number = {1}, Pages = {105-124}, Year = {2002}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000173523300007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Animals on interval schedules of reinforcement can rapidly adjust a temporal dependent variable, such as wait time, to changes in the prevailing interreinforcement interval. We describe data on the effects of impulse, step, sine-cyclic, and variable-interval schedules and show that they can be explained by a tuned-trace timing model with a one-back threshold-setting rule. The model can also explain steady-state timing properties such as proportional and Weber law timing and the effects of reinforcement magnitude. The model assumes that food reinforcers and other time markers have a decaying effect (trace) with properties that can be derived from the rate-sensitive property of habituation (the multiple-time-scale model). In timing experiments, response threshold is determined by the trace value at the time of the most recent reinforcement. The model provides a partial account for the learning of multiple intervals, but does not account for scalloping and other postpause features of responding on interval schedules and has some problems with square-wave schedules.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.2002.77-105}, Key = {fds288144} } @article{fds288143, Author = {Staddon, JER and Machado, A and Lourenço, O}, Title = {Plus ça change...: Jost, Piaget, and the dynamics of embodiment}, Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, Volume = {24}, Number = {1}, Pages = {63-65}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, Year = {2001}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0140-525X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000170177700030&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The "A-not-B" error is consistent with an old memory principle, Jost's Law. Quantitative properties of the effect can be explained by a dynamic model for habituation that is also consistent with Jost. Piaget was well aware of the resemblance between adult memory errors and the "A-not-B" effect and, contrary to their assertions. Thelen et al.'s analysis of the object concept is much the same as his, though couched in different language.}, Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X0150391X}, Key = {fds288143} } @article{fds328633, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Editorial note}, Journal = {Behavioural Processes}, Volume = {52}, Number = {2-3}, Pages = {61}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {2000}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00140-6}, Doi = {10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00140-6}, Key = {fds328633} } @article{fds288142, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Consciousness and theoretical behaviorism}, Journal = {American Zoologist}, Volume = {40}, Number = {6}, Pages = {874-882}, Publisher = {Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology}, Year = {2000}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-1569}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000168132000006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {SYNOPSIS. There are three domains of experience that concern students of behavior: Domain 1. The domain of felt experience, the phenomenological domain. Domain, 2. The domain of physiology, the real-time functioning of the brain. Domain 3. The domain of behavioral data, "intersubjectively verifiable" reports and judgments by experimental subjects. Consciousness has meanings in each of these domains. Domain 1 consciousness is beyond the reach of science as public knowledge. Empathy and plausible inference may tell us that our spouse, or our dog, is as conscious as we are. Science cannot. Research in Domains 2 and 3 permits us to infer similarities and differences between human and non-human psychology. Unfortunately, these will never permit us to know 'what it is like' to be another creature. An example from the study of motion perception illustrates the point that the fruitless attempt to answer this question can actually impede the objective study of behavioral processes we share with non-human animals.}, Doi = {10.1093/icb/40.6.874}, Key = {fds288142} } @article{fds288139, Author = {Staddon, JE and Higa, JJ}, Title = {The choose-short effect and trace models of timing.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {72}, Number = {3}, Pages = {473-478}, Year = {1999}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000084038300018&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The tuned-trace multiple-time-scale (MTS) theory of timing can account both for the puzzling choose-short effect in time-discrimination experiments and for the complementary choose-long effect. But it cannot easily explain why the choose-short effect seems to disappear when the intertrial and recall intervals are signaled by different stimuli. Do differential stimuli actually abolish the effect, or merely improve memory? If the latter, there are ways in which an expanded MTS theory might explain differential-context effects in terms of reduced interference. If the former, there are observational and experimental ways to determine whether differential context favors prospective encoding or some other nontemporal discrimination.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1999.72-473}, Key = {fds288139} } @article{fds288137, Author = {Talton, LE and Higa, JJ and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Interval schedule performance in the goldfish Carassius auratus.}, Journal = {Behavioural processes}, Volume = {45}, Number = {1-3}, Pages = {193-206}, Year = {1999}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {0376-6357}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000079593700014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {In experiment 1, five goldfish (Carassius auratus) paddle-pressed on fixed-interval (FI) and variable-interval (VI) schedules for food pellet reinforcement. The order of conditions was FI 60 s, FI 240 s, FI 30 s, FI 60 s, and VI 60 s. FI responding showed a scalloped pattern and response-rate break points were proportional to interval duration. Post-food wait times varied with interval duration, but were not proportional. Response rate on VI was constant. Experiment 2 studied the properties of food reinforcement as a time marker. The same five fish were presented an FI 60 s schedule of reinforcement with 25% of intervals ending in non-reinforcement (N). The fish responded faster and paused less following the omission stimulus (omission effect) and response rate was flat or declined through post-N intervals.}, Doi = {10.1016/s0376-6357(99)00018-2}, Key = {fds288137} } @article{fds288035, Author = {Staddon, JE and Higa, JJ}, Title = {Time and memory: towards a pacemaker-free theory of interval timing.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {71}, Number = {2}, Pages = {215-251}, Year = {1999}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000079889500007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {A popular view of interval timing in animals is that it is driven by a discrete pacemaker-accumulator mechanism that yields a linear scale for encoded time. But these mechanisms are fundamentally at odds with the Weber law property of interval timing, and experiments that support linear encoded time can be interpreted in other ways. We argue that the dominant pacemaker-accumulator theory, scalar expectancy theory (SET), fails to explain some basic properties of operant behavior on interval-timing procedures and can only accommodate a number of discrepancies by modifications and elaborations that raise questions about the entire theory. We propose an alternative that is based on principles of memory dynamics derived from the multiple-time-scale (MTS) model of habituation. The MTS timing model can account for data from a wide variety of time-related experiments: proportional and Weber law temporal discrimination, transient as well as persistent effects of reinforcement omission and reinforcement magnitude, bisection, the discrimination of relative as well as absolute duration, and the choose-short effect and its analogue in number-discrimination experiments. Resemblances between timing and counting are an automatic consequence of the model. We also argue that the transient and persistent effects of drugs on time estimates can be interpreted as well within MTS theory as in SET. Recent real-time physiological data conform in surprising detail to the assumptions of the MTS habituation model. Comparisons between the two views suggest a number of novel experiments.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1999.71-215}, Key = {fds288035} } @article{fds288140, Author = {Staddon, J and Higa, J and Chelaru, I}, Title = {Time, trace, memory.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {71}, Number = {2}, Pages = {293-301}, Year = {1999}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000079889500016&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1999.71-293}, Key = {fds288140} } @article{fds288009, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {Animal rights.}, Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, Volume = {283}, Number = {5400}, Pages = {327}, Year = {1999}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0036-8075}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000078067000014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1126/science.283.5400.327d}, Key = {fds288009} } @article{fds288141, Author = {Dragoi, V and Staddon, JE}, Title = {The dynamics of operant conditioning.}, Journal = {Psychological review}, Volume = {106}, Number = {1}, Pages = {20-61}, Year = {1999}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000079107200002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Existing models of operant learning are relatively insensitive to historical properties of behavior and applicable to only limited data sets. This article proposes a minimal set of principles based on short-term and long-term memory mechanisms that can explain the major static and dynamic properties of operant behavior in both single-choice and multiresponse situations. The critical features of the theory are as follows: (a) The key property of conditioning is assessment of the degree of association between responses and reinforcement and between stimuli and reinforcement; (b) the contingent reinforcement is represented by learning expectancy, which is the combined prediction of response-reinforcement and stimulus-reinforcement associations; (c) the operant response is controlled by the interplay between facilitatory and suppressive variables that integrate differences between expected (long-term) and experienced (short-term) events; and (d) very-long-term effects are encoded by a consolidated memory that is sensitive to the entire reinforcement history. The model predicts the major qualitative features of operant phenomena and then suggests an experimental test of theoretical predictions about the joint effects of reinforcement probability and amount of training on operant choice. We hypothesize that the set of elementary principles that we propose may help resolve the long-standing debate about the fundamental variables controlling operant conditioning.}, Doi = {10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.20}, Key = {fds288141} } @article{fds328634, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {On responsibility in science and law}, Journal = {Social Philosophy and Policy}, Volume = {16}, Number = {2}, Pages = {146-174}, Booktitle = {Responsibility}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, Editor = {E.F. Paul and F.D. Miller and J. Paul}, Year = {1999}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500002429}, Doi = {10.1017/s0265052500002429}, Key = {fds328634} } @article{fds288036, Author = {Staddon, JER and Higa, JJ}, Title = {Time and memory: Towards a pacemaker-free theory of interval timing.}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {71}, Pages = {293-301}, Year = {1999}, Abstract = {A popular view of interval timing in animals is that it is driven by a discrete pacemaker-accumulator (PA) mechanism that yields a linear scale for encoded time. But PA mechanisms are fundamentally at odds with the Weber-law property of interval timing and experiments supporting linear encoded time can be interpreted in other ways. We argue that the dominant PA theory, scalar expectancy theory (SET), fails to explain some basic properties of operant behavior on interval-timing procedures and can only accommodate a number of discrepancies by modifications and elaborations that raise questions about the entire theory. We propose an alternative that is based on principles of memory dynamics derived from the multiple-time-scale (MTS) model of habituation. The MTS timing model can account for data from a wide variety of time-related experiments: proportional and Weber-law temporal discrimination, transient as well as persistent effects of reinforcement omission and reinforcement magnitude, bisection, the discrimination of relative as well as absolute duration, the choose-short effect and its analogue in number-discrimination experiments. Resemblances between timing and counting are an automatic consequence of the model. We also argue that the transient and persistent effects of drugs on time estimates can be interpreted as well within MTS theory as in SET. Recent real-time physiological data conform in surprising detail to the assumptions of the MTS habituation model. Comparisons between the two views suggest a number of novel experiments.}, Key = {fds288036} } @article{fds304745, Author = {Reid, AK and Staddon, JER}, Title = {A Dynamic Route Finder for the Cognitive Map}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {105}, Number = {3}, Pages = {585-601}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1998}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000075015100007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Cognitive behaviorist E. C. Tolman (1932) proposed many years ago that rats and men navigate with the aid of cognitive maps, but his theory was incomplete. Critic E. R. Guthrie (1935) pointed out that Tolman's maps lack a rule for action, a route finder. We show that a dynamic model for stimulus generalization based on an elementary diffusion process can reproduce the qualitative properties of spatial orientation in animals: area-restricted search in the open field, finding shortcuts, barrier learning (the Umweg problem), spatial "insight" in mazes, and radial maze behavior. The model provides a behavioristic reader for Tolman's cognitive map.}, Doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.105.3.585}, Key = {fds304745} } @article{fds288151, Author = {Reid, A and Staddon, JER}, Title = {A dynamic route-finder for the cognitive map}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {105}, Number = {3}, Pages = {385-601}, Year = {1998}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000075015100007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1037//0033-295X.105.3.585}, Key = {fds288151} } @article{fds325719, Author = {Higa, JJ and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Chapter 1 Dynamic models of rapid temporal control in animals}, Journal = {Advances in Psychology}, Volume = {120}, Number = {C}, Pages = {1-40}, Publisher = {Elsevier}, Year = {1997}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(97)80053-2}, Doi = {10.1016/S0166-4115(97)80053-2}, Key = {fds325719} } @article{fds288136, Author = {Gelenbe, E and Schmajuk, N and Staddon, J and Reif, J}, Title = {Autonomous search by robots and animals: A survey}, Journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, Volume = {22}, Number = {1}, Pages = {23-34}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1997}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8890(97)00014-6}, Abstract = {This paper is a survey of research on autonomous search strategies which originate in engineering and biology. Our motivation is to identify methods of search in an essentially two-dimensional Euclidean space, which can be applied to the area of demining. Such search strategies are based on spatio-temporal distributions. These distributions may be known in advance, because of prior intelligence or through the use of remote sensing, or they may be the result of on-line gathering of information as the search progresses, or of both. We first review the literature on search and coordination which emanates from the field of robotics, we then summarize significant research in the field of animal search, and also discuss relevant results in robotics which are inspired by animal behavior.}, Doi = {10.1016/S0921-8890(97)00014-6}, Key = {fds288136} } @article{fds287983, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Theory and behavior analysis: commentary on donahoe, palmer, and burgos.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {67}, Number = {2}, Pages = {245-246}, Year = {1997}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1997WP06100014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1997.67-245}, Key = {fds287983} } @article{fds288148, Author = {Manabe, K and Staddon, JER and Cleaveland, JM}, Title = {Control of Vocal Repertoire by Reward in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)}, Journal = {Journal of Comparative Psychology}, Volume = {111}, Number = {1}, Pages = {50-62}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1997}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0735-7036}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1997WK57700005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The calls of some bird species may be modified by reward and punishment. However, the operant control of vocal topographies (i.e., the effect of reward or punishment on the physical dimensions of a vocal response) in such species has not been extensively explored. Using a computer-based, real-time system for rewarding vocalizations with food, the authors placed 3 budgerigars under a frequency-dependent reward schedule. During a session, the budgerigars received food for each vocalization that differed from the last N rewarded vocalizations. It was found that each of the budgerigars adapted their vocalizations to this procedure. When the value of N was 1 or 2, the birds "solved" the frequency-dependent schedule by developing N + 1 call types and used a simple "win stay, lose switch" sequencing strategy. At N = 3, 1 of the birds again produced N + 1 (i.e., 4) call types, and another solved the criterion by markedly increasing call variability. New calls developed from the elements of old call types and using multidimensional scaling techniques, the authors traced the evolution of each new call type from the previous experimental call repertoire.}, Doi = {10.1037/0735-7036.111.1.50}, Key = {fds288148} } @article{fds288149, Author = {Reid, AK and Staddon, JER}, Title = {A reader for the Cognitive map}, Journal = {Information Sciences}, Volume = {100}, Number = {1-4}, Pages = {217-228}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1997}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0020-0255}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1997XA26700009&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {A local diffusion model (Staddon and Reid, 1990) can reproduce exponential and Gaussian stimulus-generalization gradients. We show that a two-dimensional diffusion model, together with simple reinforcement assumptions, can reproduce many of the empirical properties of goal-directed spatial search, including area-restricted search, open-field foraging, barrier and detour problems, maze learning and spatial "insight." The model provides a simple, associationistic "reader" for Tolman's cognitive map. © Elsevier Science Inc. 1997.}, Doi = {10.1016/S0020-0255(97)00042-X}, Key = {fds288149} } @article{fds288150, Author = {Horner, JM and Staddon, JER and Lozano, KK}, Title = {Integration of reinforcement effects over time}, Journal = {Animal Learning and Behavior}, Volume = {25}, Number = {1}, Pages = {84-98}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1997}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0090-4996}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1997WJ81400008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Two accounts of how density of reinforcement affects steady-state performance on probabilistic schedules were compared: the real-time linear operator (RTLO) model and a temporal control model (in which response strength is determined by reinforcement probability as a function of postreinforcement time). In Experiment 1, the probability of reinforcement repeatedly cycled between extinction and a random-ratio 10 schedule. Response-rate gain and phase did not change with period of the cycle as predicted by the RTLO model, nor did either model predict the differences in response rate following reinforcement at different points in the cycle. In Experiment 2, the probability of reinforcement was elevated immediately following a reinforcement but fell after a few seconds. Previous reinforcements had no effect upon responding. An extension of the temporal control model, the cumulative impulse model, allowed for the summing of response strength over successive reinforcements and was consistent with the data of both experiments.}, Doi = {10.3758/BF03199027}, Key = {fds288150} } @article{fds288003, Author = {Staddon, JE and Zayan, R}, Title = {Editorial.}, Journal = {Behavioural processes}, Volume = {38}, Number = {3}, Pages = {203}, Year = {1996}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0376-6357}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1996VZ05900001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1016/s0376-6357(96)90001-7}, Key = {fds288003} } @article{fds288132, Author = {Staddon, JE and Higa, JJ}, Title = {Multiple time scales in simple habituation.}, Journal = {Psychological review}, Volume = {103}, Number = {4}, Pages = {720-733}, Year = {1996}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1996VM90000005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Habituation is the waning of a reflex response to repeated stimulation. Habituation to closely spaced stimuli is faster and more complete than to widely spaced stimuli, but recovery is also more rapid (rate sensitivity). We show that a 2-unit, cascaded-integrator dynamic model can explain in detail an extensive data set on rate-sensitive habituation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Many apparently complex properties of habituation and learning dynamics may reflect interactions among a small number of processes with different time scales.}, Doi = {10.1037/0033-295x.103.4.720}, Key = {fds288132} } @article{fds288131, Author = {Wynne, CD and Staddon, JE and Delius, JD}, Title = {Dynamics of waiting in pigeons.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {65}, Number = {3}, Pages = {603-618}, Year = {1996}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1996UK80700008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Two experiments used response-initiated delay schedules to test the idea that when food reinforcement is available at regular intervals, the time an animal waits before its first operant response (waiting time) is proportional to the immediately preceding interfood interval (linear waiting; Wynne & Staddon, 1988). In Experiment 1 the interfood intervals varied from cycle to cycle according to one of four sinusoidal sequences with different amounts of added noise. Waiting times tracked the input cycle in a way which showed that they were affected by interfood intervals earlier than the immediately preceding one. In Experiment 2 different patterns of long and short interfood intervals were presented, and the results implied that waiting times are disproportionately influenced by the shortest of recent interfood intervals. A model based on this idea is shown to account for a wide range of results on the dynamics of timing behavior.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1996.65-603}, Key = {fds288131} } @article{fds288014, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {The dynamics of memory in animal learning}, Journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY}, Volume = {31}, Number = {3-4}, Pages = {5611-5611}, Publisher = {PSYCHOLOGY PRESS}, Year = {1996}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0020-7594}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1996VE85704206&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds288014} } @article{fds288010, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {AAUP AND POLITICS}, Journal = {ACADEME-BULLETIN OF THE AAUP}, Volume = {81}, Number = {6}, Pages = {5-5}, Publisher = {AMER ASSN UNIV PROFESSORS}, Year = {1995}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0190-2946}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1995TF77300010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds288010} } @article{fds288128, Author = {Delius, JD and Ameling, M and Lea, SEG and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Reinforcement Concordance Induces and Maintains Stimulus Associations in Pigeons}, Journal = {The Psychological Record}, Volume = {45}, Number = {2}, Pages = {283-297}, Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, Year = {1995}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {0033-2933}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1995QV87100007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1007/bf03395933}, Key = {fds288128} } @article{fds376688, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {On responsibility and punishment}, Journal = {The Atlantic Mointhly}, Volume = {1995, Feb.}, Pages = {88-94}, Year = {1995}, Month = {February}, Key = {fds376688} } @article{fds340476, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {On Responsibility and Punishment}, Volume = {1995, Feb.}, Pages = {88-94}, Year = {1995}, Month = {February}, Abstract = {The litany of social dysfunction is now familiar. The rates of violent crime are higher than they have ever been: Americans kill and maim one another at per-capita rates an order of magnitude higher than other industrialized nations. The rate of marriage has been generally declining and the rate of illegitimacy hits new highs each year. Tens of thousands of children have no fathers and no family member or close acquaintance who has a regular job. This pattern is now repeat-ing into a second and third generation...}, Key = {fds340476} } @article{fds340477, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {On Responsibility and Punishment}, Publisher = {The Atlantic Monthly}, Year = {1995}, Month = {February}, Abstract = {The litany of social dysfunction is now familiar. The rates of violent crime are higher than they have ever been: Americans kill and maim one another at per-capita rates an order of magnitude higher than other industrialized nations. The rate of marriage has been generally declining and the rate of illegitimacy hits new highs each year. Tens of thousands of children have no fathers and no family member or close acquaintance who has a regular job. This pattern is now repeating into a second and third generation. Illiteracy is becoming a problem and schools have so lost authority that the accepted response to armed pupils is to install metal detectors. Senator Moynihan in a celebrated article recently pointed out how we cope with social disintegration by redefining deviancy, so that crimes become "normal" behavior...}, Key = {fds340477} } @article{fds288127, Author = {Manabe, K and Kawashima, T and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Differential vocalization in budgerigars: towards an experimental analysis of naming.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {63}, Number = {1}, Pages = {111-126}, Year = {1995}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1995QF47700007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {In Experiment 1, 3 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were trained with food reinforcement to make low- or high-frequency calls in response to different color stimuli, C1 and C2 (a color-naming task), using a gradual response-differentiation procedure and an automatic call-recognition system. Thus, a call within a certain frequency band was reinforced in the presence of C1 ("C1 call"), and a call within a different band was reinforced in the presence of C2 ("C2 call"). In Experiment 2, all 3 budgerigars were trained in a form-to-color matching-to-sample task, alternating trial by trial with either the color-naming task (2 birds) or an identity color matching-to-sample task (1 bird). Sample stimuli for the new matching-to-sample task were forms (F1 or F2) and comparisons were the same two colors (C1 and C2). Given Sample F1 or F2, birds had to make a call to produce Comparison Pair C1 and C2. With F1 as the sample, a peck on C1 was reinforced; with F2 as the sample, a peck on C2 was reinforced. Although no particular call was specified in the presence of F1 and F2, 2 birds made the C1 call in the presence of F1 and the C2 call in the presence of F2. In Experiment 3, the bird that failed to match form and color calls in Experiment 2 and another bird were first trained in a color-to-form matching-to-sample task: C1 to F3 and C2 to F4. In this task, to produce the comparison pair of forms, a high call (or low for the other bird) was required in the presence of C1, and a low call (or high) was required in the presence of C2. Both birds were then trained with an identity matching-to-sample task in which sample and comparison stimuli were the same two forms, F3 and F4. Trials on the identity task alternated with the color-to-form trials. Although no particular call was required in the presence of Samples F3 and F4, both birds came to make the C1 call in the presence of F3 and the C2 call in the presence of F4. Our technique promises to be useful for the study of emergent vocal relations in budgerigars and other animals.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1995.63-111}, Key = {fds288127} } @article{fds288129, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Combinaciones de programas y elección: experimentos y teoria}, Journal = {Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta}, Volume = {21}, Pages = {169-281}, Year = {1995}, Key = {fds288129} } @article{fds288130, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Schedule combinations and choice: experiment and theory}, Journal = {Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis}, Volume = {21}, Pages = {163-274}, Year = {1995}, Key = {fds288130} } @article{fds288028, Author = {Staddon, JE and Davis, DG and Machado, A and Palmer, RG}, Title = {Cumulative effects model: a response to Williams (1994)}, Journal = {Psychological review}, Volume = {101}, Number = {4}, Pages = {708-710}, Publisher = {AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC}, Year = {1994}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1994PM91500009&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The cumulative effects (CE) model explains free-operant choice by the ratio of total numbers of responses and reinforcements, a probability-like variable. Williams (1994) argues that the model is vulnerable to experiments that disprove melioration, a local probability model. The authors note critical differences between the nonlocal CE model and local probability models that allow the CE model to handle some data with which they are incompatible. All models are simplifications of reality; hence, a model's failures are as revealing as its successes. Williams suggests that simple models may need to be abandoned in favor of a "representational" account. The authors point out that representations must be both acquired and acted on. Acquisition requires processing of responses and reinforcers; action requires decision rules. Models are simply testable suggestions for what these rules and processes might be.}, Doi = {10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.708}, Key = {fds288028} } @article{fds288124, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {The conventional wisdom of behavior analysis.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {60}, Number = {2}, Pages = {439-447}, Year = {1993}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1993LX29300011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1993.60-439}, Key = {fds288124} } @article{fds288125, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {The conventional wisdom of behavior analysis: Response to comments.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {60}, Number = {2}, Pages = {489-494}, Year = {1993}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1993LX29300022&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1993.60-489}, Key = {fds288125} } @article{fds288126, Author = {Innis, NK and Mitchell, SK and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Temporal control on interval schedules: what determines the postreinforcement pause?}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {60}, Number = {2}, Pages = {293-311}, Year = {1993}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1993LX29300003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {On fixed-interval or response-initiated delay schedules of reinforcement, the average pause following food presentation is proportional to the interfood interval. Moreover, when a number of intervals of different durations occur in a programmed cyclic series, postreinforcement pauses track the changes in interval value. What controls the duration of postreinforcement pauses under these conditions? Staddon, Wynne, and Higa (1991), in their linear waiting model, propose control by the preceding interfood interval. Another possibility is that delay to reinforcement, signaled by a key peck and/or stimulus change, determines the subsequent pause. The experiments reported here examined the role of these two possible time markers by studying the performance of pigeons under a chained cyclic fixed-interval procedure. The data support the linear waiting model, but suggest that more than the immediately preceding interfood interval plays a role in temporal control.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1993.60-293}, Key = {fds288126} } @article{fds288121, Author = {Higa, JJ and Thaw, JM and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Pigeons' wait-time responses to transitions in interfood-interval duration: Another look at cyclic schedule performance.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {59}, Number = {3}, Pages = {529-541}, Year = {1993}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1993LB40200007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Recent developments reveal that animals can rapidly learn about intervals of time. We studied the nature of this fast-acting process in two experiments. In Experiment 1 pigeons were exposed to a modified fixed-time schedule, in which the time between food rewards (interfood interval) changed at an unpredictable point in each session, either decreasing from 15 to 5 s (step-down) or increasing from 15 to 45 s (step-up). The birds were able to track under both conditions by producing postreinforcement wait times proportional to the preceding interfood-interval duration. However, the time course of responding differed: Tracking was apparently more gradual in the step-up condition. Experiment 2 studied the effect of having both kinds of transitions within the same session by exposing pigeons to a repeating (cyclic) sequence of the interfood-interval values used in Experiment 1. Pigeons detected changes in the input sequence of interfood intervals, but only for a few sessions-discrimination worsened with further training. The dynamic effects we observed do not support a linear waiting process of time discrimination, but instead point to a timing mechanism based on the frequency and recency of prior interfood intervals and not the preceding interfood interval alone.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1993.59-529}, Key = {fds288121} } @article{fds288123, Author = {Davis, DG and Staddon, JE and Machado, A and Palmer, RG}, Title = {The process of recurrent choice.}, Journal = {Psychological review}, Volume = {100}, Number = {2}, Pages = {320-341}, Year = {1993}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8483986}, Abstract = {Recurrent choice has been studied for many years. A static law, matching, has been established, but there is no consensus on the underlying dynamic process. The authors distinguish between dynamic models in which the model state is identified with directly measurable behavioral properties (performance models) and models in which the relation between behavior and state is indirect (state models). Most popular dynamic choice models are local, performance models. The authors show that behavior in different types of discrimination-reversal experiments and in extinction is not explained by 2 versions of a popular local model and that the nonlocal cumulative-effects model is consistent with matching and that it can duplicate the major properties of recurrent choice in a set of discrimination-reversal experiments. The model can also duplicate results from several other experiments on extinction after complex discrimination training.}, Doi = {10.1037/0033-295x.100.2.320}, Key = {fds288123} } @article{fds288120, Author = {Higa, JJ and Staddon, JE}, Title = {"Transitive inference" in multiple conditional discriminations.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {59}, Number = {2}, Pages = {265-291}, Year = {1993}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1993KQ28800002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {We used multiple conditional discriminations to study the inferential abilities of pigeons. Using a five-term stimulus series, pigeons were trained to respond differentially to four overlapping pairs of concurrently presented stimuli: A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, and D+ E-, where plus and minus indicate the stimulus associated with reinforcement and extinction, respectively. Transitive inference in such situations has been defined as a preference for Stimulus B over Stimulus D in a transfer test. We measured this and other untrained preferences (A vs. C, A vs. D, B vs. E, etc.) during nonreinforced test trials. In three experiments using a novel, rapid training procedure (termed autorun), we attempted to identify the necessary and sufficient conditions for transitive inference. We used two versions of autorun: response-based, in which the subject was repeatedly presented with the least well-discriminated stimulus pair; and time-based, in which the subject was repeatedly presented with the least-experienced stimulus pair. In Experiment 1, using response-based autorun, we showed that subjects learned the four stimulus pairs faster than, but at a level comparable to, a previous study on transitive inference in pigeons (Fersen, Wynne, Delius, & Staddon, 1991), but our animals failed to show transitive inference. Experiments 2 and 3 compared time- and response-based autorun. Discrimination performance was maintained, but transitive inference was observed only on the second exposure to the response-based procedure. These results show that inferential behavior in pigeons is not a reliable concomitant of good performance on a series of overlapping discriminations. The necessary and sufficient conditions for transitive inference in pigeons remain to be fully defined.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1993.59-265}, Key = {fds288120} } @article{fds288008, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {Pepper with a pinch of psalt.}, Journal = {The Behavior analyst}, Volume = {16}, Number = {2}, Pages = {245-250}, Year = {1993}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0738-6729}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1993MX35800014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1007/bf03392632}, Key = {fds288008} } @article{fds288122, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {On rate-sensitive habituation}, Journal = {Adaptive Behavior}, Volume = {1}, Number = {4}, Pages = {421-436}, Publisher = {SAGE Publications}, Year = {1993}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105971239300100402}, Abstract = {The responses elicited by many stimuli diminish in strength with repeated stimulus presentation (habituation). This property is consistent with models in which short-term memory for recent stimuli suppresses the current response. Habituation also depends on stimulus spacing: It occurs more rapidly when interstimulus intervals (ISIs) are short than when they are long, but also recovers more rapidly after short ISIs (rate sensitivity). The effect of ISI on habituation rate is consistent with a simple one-stage process, but the effect of ISI on recovery rate seems to require a serial process in which two or more habituating units are cascaded, with earlier (peripheral) units in the series having shorter time constants than later (central) units. Rate-sensitive habituation may underlie puzzling effects of reinforcement learning such as the partial-reinforcement and successive-contrast effects. © 1993, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.1177/105971239300100402}, Key = {fds288122} } @article{fds288118, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {The 'superstition' experiment: a reversible figure.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. General}, Volume = {121}, Number = {3}, Pages = {270-272}, Year = {1992}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0096-3445}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1992JK13600003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1037//0096-3445.121.3.270}, Key = {fds288118} } @article{fds288119, Author = {Wynne, CD and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Waiting in pigeons: the effects of daily intercalation on temporal discrimination.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {58}, Number = {1}, Pages = {47-66}, Year = {1992}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1992JE41800005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Pigeons trained on cyclic-interval schedules adjust their postfood pause from interval to interval within each experimental session. But on regular fixed-interval schedules, many sessions at a given parameter value are usually necessary before the typical fixed-interval "scallop" appears. In the first case, temporal control appears to act from one interfood interval to the next; in the second, it appears to act over hundreds of interfood intervals. The present experiments look at the intermediate case: daily variation in schedule parameters. In Experiments 1 and 2 we show that pauses proportional to interfood interval develop on short-valued response-initiated-delay schedules when parameters are changed daily, that additional experience under this regimen leads to little further improvement, and that pauses usually change as soon as the schedule parameter is changed. Experiment 3 demonstrates identical waiting behavior on fixed-interval and response-initiated-delay schedules when the food delays are short (less than 20 s) and conditions are changed daily. In Experiment 4 we show that daily intercalation prevents temporal control when interfood intervals are longer (25 to 60 s). The results of Experiment 5 suggest that downshifts in interfood interval produce more rapid waiting-time adjustments than upshifts. These and other results suggest that the effects of short interfood intervals seem to be more persistent than those of long intervals.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1992.58-47}, Key = {fds288119} } @article{fds287982, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {BEHAVIORISM - EDSEL, OR CAR OF THE FUTURE}, Journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY}, Volume = {27}, Number = {3-4}, Pages = {519-519}, Publisher = {PSYCHOLOGY PRESS}, Year = {1992}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {0020-7594}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1992JF42002767&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287982} } @article{fds288024, Author = {Wynne, CDL and von Fersen, L and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Pigeons' Inferences Are Transitive and the Outcome of Elementary Conditioning Principles: A Response}, Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes}, Volume = {18}, Number = {3}, Pages = {313-315}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1992}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0097-7403}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1992HZ49300012&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Contrary to Markovits and Dumas (1992), this article maintains that, although semantically questionable, the transitive-inference performance in pigeons demonstrated by Fersen, Wynne, Delius, and Staddon (1991) was impeccably transitive. Fersen et al. proposed a local rule to account for performance. Couvillon and Bitterman (1992) provided a rationale for such a rule by pointing out that the equally reinforced central stimuli, B, C, and D, are unequally unreinforced. This article shows that many models that recognize an effect of nonreinforcement on stimulus value give similar results. Therefore, Couvillon and Bitterman's argument that nothing beyond conventional conditioning principles is necessary to account for the transitive-inference effect in pigeons is supported.}, Doi = {10.1037/0097-7403.18.3.313}, Key = {fds288024} } @article{fds288116, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Rationality, Melioration, and Law-of-Effect Models for Choice}, Journal = {Psychological Science}, Volume = {3}, Number = {2}, Pages = {136-141}, Publisher = {SAGE Publications}, Year = {1992}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0956-7976}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1992HL76700015&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Economists usually assume that human choice behavior is rational, by which they mean that it maximizes some utility function. Psychologists are more impressed by the evident irrationality of behavior and tend to look for choice mechanisms (which cannot act rationally under alt conditions). Richard Herrnstein (1990 a) has recently argued that the choices of pigeons and people are dynamically driven by a moment-by-moment tendency to equalize payoff per unit of activity invested, a mechanism he terms melioration. I argue that economic models are not so bad, and melioration is not so good, as Herrnstein contends. The problem with rational choice is not that it is wrong but that it is too flexible. The problems with melioration are that it is poorly defined and refers only to events in the recent past (local events). © 1992, Association for Psychological Science. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00013.x}, Key = {fds288116} } @article{fds288117, Author = {Kohn, A and Kohn, WK and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Preferences for constant duration delays and constant sized rewards in human subjects.}, Journal = {Behavioural processes}, Volume = {26}, Number = {2-3}, Pages = {125-142}, Year = {1992}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0376-6357}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1992HP85400007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {In four experiments, human subjects played a simple video game in which they chose between two buttons that provided reinforcement either on constant or variable schedules. In one condition of Experiment 1, subjects strongly preferred constant sized rewards over variable sized rewards. In the two other conditions, subjects preferred constant duration delays-to-reinforcement over variable duration delays-to-reinforcement. In Experiment 2, subjects were exposed to different parameters and, in Experiment 3, they were exposed to a modified temporal procedure. In each case, subjects continued to prefer constant sized rewards and constant duration delays. The preference for constant duration delays contradicts analogous research showing that pigeons and rats prefer variable duration delays over constant duration delays. In Experiment 4, we explored this difference by omitting the prompts that segmented the phases of the procedure. Under these conditions, the subjects preferred the variable duration delays. Based on these results, we argue that in the absence of effective signals, both people and animals may be forced to use secondary choice strategies such as a proportional waiting rule. The presence of prompts, however, enables people to segment the choice phase and directly choose between the fixed and variable duration delays.}, Doi = {10.1016/0376-6357(92)90008-2}, Key = {fds288117} } @article{fds325721, Author = {Staddon, JER and Zayan, R}, Title = {Editorial}, Journal = {Behavioural Processes}, Volume = {26}, Number = {2-3}, Pages = {63}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1992}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(92)90001-T}, Doi = {10.1016/0376-6357(92)90001-T}, Key = {fds325721} } @article{fds288000, Author = {WYNNE, CDL and STADDON, JER}, Title = {INTRASESSION DYNAMICS OF WAITING IN PIGEONS}, Journal = {BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY}, Volume = {29}, Number = {6}, Pages = {487-487}, Publisher = {PSYCHONOMIC SOC INC}, Year = {1991}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0090-5054}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1991GL11500161&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds288000} } @article{fds288115, Author = {Higa, JJ and Wynne, CD and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Dynamics of time discrimination.}, Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes}, Volume = {17}, Number = {3}, Pages = {281-291}, Year = {1991}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0097-7403}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1991FV32900006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Pigeons tracked sinusoidal sequences of interfood intervals (IFIs) by pausing in each interval for a time proportional to the preceding interval. Schedules with either long (30-90 s) or short (5-15 s) values, with variable numbers of cycles and starting phase each day, were tracked about equally well. Tracking was apparently immediate and did not improve across sessions. Experiment 2, in which long and short series were presented on alternate days, showed that tracking on long was more impaired than on short. Experiment 3 showed that occasional presentation of a short IFI in a series of fixed, longer IFIs caused a reduction in waiting time in the next IFI. These effects are evidence for a fast-acting timing mechanism in which waiting time in the IFI N + 1 is strongly determined by the preceding IFI, N. Earlier IFIs have some cumulative effect, but the details remain to be elucidated.}, Doi = {10.1037//0097-7403.17.3.281}, Key = {fds288115} } @article{fds287992, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Selective Choice: A Commentary on Herrnstein (1990)}, Journal = {American Psychologist}, Volume = {46}, Number = {7}, Pages = {793-797}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1991}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-066X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1991FV82300012&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1037/0003-066X.46.7.793}, Key = {fds287992} } @article{fds288001, Author = {Staddon, JER and Higa, JJ}, Title = {Temporal Learning}, Journal = {Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and Theory}, Volume = {27}, Number = {C}, Pages = {265-294}, Booktitle = {The Psychology of Learning and Motivation}, Publisher = {Elsevier}, Editor = {G. Bower}, Year = {1991}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0079-7421}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1991GW09800007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {This chapter discusses the history of the problem of temporal learning. There is also a discussion about the work in progress on it that is intended to : (1)describe a set of rather elegant experimental data that are probably novel to most psychologists and cognitive scientists, (2) show how dynamic modeling helps to appreciate the remarkable complexity of what has often been presented either as a “given” needing no further analysis or as an essentially static problem suitable mainly for psychophysical treatment, and (3) describe a particular real-time model for temporal learning, the diffusion-generalization model. It describes a phenomena, pigeons adaptation to different kinds of cyclic schedules of reinforcement were originally studied 20 or more years ago with the aid of primitive technology that made anything but aggregate measurements difficult and error-prone. Some sequential data were obtained and they were remarkably orderly, although very hard to explain. Theorizing, which is never easy, was also harder then than it is at present because computers, those lifesavers for the mathematically impaired, were slow and difficult to use-and the behavioristic temper of the times was implacably hostile to modeling of any sort. © 1991, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60126-7}, Key = {fds288001} } @article{fds288112, Author = {Staddon, JER and Wynne, CDL and Higa, JJ}, Title = {The role of timing in reinforcement schedule performance}, Journal = {Learning and Motivation}, Volume = {22}, Number = {1-2}, Pages = {200-225}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1991}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0023-9690}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1991EX02600010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Reinforcement schedules produce distinctive and reliable temporal patterns of behavior. Temporal discrimination is known to be an important ingredient in these patterns. We sketch a simple dynamic model for the discrimination of short time intervals, linear waiting, in terms of four assumptions: that the time before the onset of the reinforced response, waiting time, is determined by the food delay in the just-preceding interfood interval; that waiting is triggered by the most recent time marker; that different delays signaled by the same time marker are averaged; and that the effectiveness of a given stimulus as a time marker is limited by memory constraints. We show that recursive application of linear waiting can generate contiguity learning and many molecular patterns of behavior on interval schedules, such as the fixed-interval "scallop" and interresponse times on variable-interval schedules, as well as molar properties such as the hyperbolic relation between response and reinforcement rates on variable-interval schedules. Linear waiting also implies the high response rates on ratio schedules and their instability. Linear waiting does not seem able to account for differences in response rates between ratio and interval schedules equated for reinforcement rate, molar response functions on ratio schedules, and some features of responding on cyclic schedules. These failures highlight our limited understanding of the role of memory in timing and hint at additional mechanisms. © 1991.}, Doi = {10.1016/0023-9690(91)90023-2}, Key = {fds288112} } @article{fds288113, Author = {von Fersen, L and Wynne, CDL and Delius, JD and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Transitive Inference Formation in Pigeons}, Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes}, Volume = {17}, Number = {3}, Pages = {334-341}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1991}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0097-7403}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1991FV32900011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Pigeons were trained with 4 pairs of visual stimuli in a 5-term series- A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, and D+ E- (in which plus [+] denotes reward and minus [-] denotes nonreward)-before the unreinforced test pair B D was presented. All pigeons chose Item B, demonstrating inferential choice. A novel theory (value transfer theory), based on reinforcement mechanisms, is proposed. In Experiment 2, the series was extended to 7 terms. Performance on test pairs was transitive, and performance on training pairs accorded with the theory. The 7-term series was closed in Experiment 3 by training the first and last items together. In accordance with the theory, the Ss could not solve the circular series. The authors suggest that primates, including humans, also solve these problems using the value transfer mechanism, without resorting to the symbolic processes usually assumed.}, Doi = {10.1037/0097-7403.17.3.334}, Key = {fds288113} } @article{fds288114, Author = {Staddon, JER and Bueno, JLO}, Title = {ON MODELS, BEHAVIORISM AND THE NEURAL BASIS OF LEARNING}, Journal = {Psychological Science}, Volume = {2}, Number = {1}, Pages = {3-11}, Publisher = {SAGE Publications}, Year = {1991}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0956-7976}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1991EW99700002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The history of psychology is full of disputes among various “‐isms”: behaviorism, cognitivism. functionalism, and many others. Nevertheless, all are unanimous in their opposition to one other ‐ism: reductionism. From Skinner to Simon, there is tacit agreement that behavior (or mind) is a subject matter in its own right that need not, perhaps cannot, be “reduced to” neurophysiology. This consensus has begun to crack in recent decades, with advances in neurobiology and the growth of understanding of the properties of brainlike theoretical systems. What. then, is the status of the study of behavior in its own right? This paper proposes a framework in which realtime theoretical models provide the link between behavioral research and the structure and function of the nervous system. We argue that such models arise most naturally from studies at the behavioral level, especially when the behavior under study depends on context and remote past history, as in learning and memory. We conclude that Skinner was probably right to argue that behavior must he understood in its own right before we can expect to understand brain‐behavior relations. But he was wrong in limiting behavioral science to descriptive laws and catalogs of input‐output relationships. Copyright © 1991, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved}, Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00086.x}, Key = {fds288114} } @article{fds288111, Author = {von Fersen, L and Wynne, CD and Delius, JD and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Deductive reasoning in pigeons.}, Journal = {Die Naturwissenschaften}, Volume = {77}, Number = {11}, Pages = {548-549}, Year = {1990}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0028-1042}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1990EL14400011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1007/bf01139271}, Key = {fds288111} } @article{fds288110, Author = {Staddon, JE and Reid, AK}, Title = {On the dynamics of generalization.}, Journal = {Psychological review}, Volume = {97}, Number = {4}, Pages = {576-578}, Year = {1990}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1990ED24100007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1037/0033-295x.97.4.576}, Key = {fds288110} } @article{fds288109, Author = {Staddon, JE and Zhang, Y}, Title = {Response selection in operant learning.}, Journal = {Behavioural processes}, Volume = {20}, Number = {1-3}, Pages = {189-197}, Year = {1989}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0376-6357}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1989CV07400015&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {We show that simple, contiguity-based, nonassociative response-selection process provides a qualitative account for both anomalous and nonanomalous properties of operant conditioning. The process can easily be extended to permit associative effects; it may therefore represent the initial processing stage for all conditioning in higher vertebrates.}, Doi = {10.1016/0376-6357(89)90022-3}, Key = {fds288109} } @article{fds287974, Author = {STADDON, JER and DAVIS, DG}, Title = {LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM-MEMORY IN DISCRIMINATION-REVERSAL PERFORMANCE}, Journal = {BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY}, Volume = {27}, Number = {6}, Pages = {509-509}, Publisher = {PSYCHONOMIC SOC INC}, Year = {1989}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0090-5054}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1989AV54900241&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287974} } @article{fds287977, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSES OF BEHAVIOR - FORAGING, VOL 6 - COMMONS,ML, KACELNIK,A, SHETTLEWORTH,SJ}, Journal = {CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY}, Volume = {34}, Number = {7}, Pages = {682-683}, Publisher = {AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC}, Year = {1989}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0010-7549}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1989AC49200051&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287977} } @article{fds288107, Author = {Staddon, JE and Horner, JM}, Title = {Stochastic choice models: A comparison between Bush-Mosteller and a source-independent reward-following model.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {52}, Number = {1}, Pages = {57-64}, Year = {1989}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1989AH69700006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Horner and Staddon (1987) argued that a class of reward-following processes defined by a property they termed ratio invariance is a better model for the probabilistic choice performance of pigeons than competing molecular accounts such as momentary maximizing, melioration, and the Bush-Mosteller model. The critical data were provided by choice distributions-distributions of a variable S, the proportion of Right choices, defined on a moving window typically 32 choices long-obtained under a frequency-dependent schedule. The schedule prescribed equal payoff probabilities, p(S), for both choices. p(S) was a maximum when S = 0.5 and declined linearly for S values above and below 0.5. Pigeons showed generally bimodal choice distributions with the modes at equal p(S) values. These data do not follow easily from melioration or momentary maximizing and are inconsistent with molar maximizing, but they may be consistent with Bush-Mosteller. We present here the results of computer simulations showing that the ratio-invariance model studied yields, as expected, choice modes at equal p(S) values, but that Bush-Mosteller, although capable of generating bimodal choice distributions, does not have choice modes at equal p(S) values.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1989.52-57}, Key = {fds288107} } @article{fds288108, Author = {Innis, NK and Staddon, JER}, Title = {What should comparative psychology compare?}, Journal = {International Journal of Comparative Psychology}, Volume = {2}, Pages = {145-156}, Year = {1989}, Key = {fds288108} } @article{fds287967, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {A RECURSIVE THEORY FOR PERFORMANCE ON REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES}, Journal = {BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY}, Volume = {26}, Number = {6}, Pages = {497-497}, Publisher = {PSYCHONOMIC SOC INC}, Year = {1988}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0090-5054}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1988Q329700145&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287967} } @article{fds288105, Author = {Wynne, CD and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Typical delay determines waiting time on periodic-food schedules: Static and dynamic tests.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {50}, Number = {2}, Pages = {197-210}, Year = {1988}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1988Q421700007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Pigeons and other animals soon learn to wait (pause) after food delivery on periodic-food schedules before resuming the food-rewarded response. Under most conditions the steady-state duration of the average waiting time, t, is a linear function of the typical interfood interval. We describe three experiments designed to explore the limits of this process. In all experiments, t was associated with one key color and the subsequent food delay, T, with another. In the first experiment, we compared the relation between t (waiting time) and T (food delay) under two conditions: when T was held constant, and when T was an inverse function of t. The pigeons could maximize the rate of food delivery under the first condition by setting t to a consistently short value; optimal behavior under the second condition required a linear relation with unit slope between t and T. Despite this difference in optimal policy, the pigeons in both cases showed the same linear relation, with slope less than one, between t and T. This result was confirmed in a second parametric experiment that added a third condition, in which T + t was held constant. Linear waiting appears to be an obligatory rule for pigeons. In a third experiment we arranged for a multiplicative relation between t and T (positive feedback), and produced either very short or very long waiting times as predicted by a quasi-dynamic model in which waiting time is strongly determined by the just-preceding food delay.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1988.50-197}, Key = {fds288105} } @article{fds288025, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {The functional properties of feeding, or why we still need the black box.}, Journal = {Appetite}, Volume = {11}, Number = {1}, Pages = {54-61}, Year = {1988}, Month = {August}, ISSN = {0195-6663}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1988P957000007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1016/s0195-6663(88)80023-0}, Key = {fds288025} } @article{fds288104, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {Quasi-dynamic choice models: Melioration and ratio invariance.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {49}, Number = {2}, Pages = {303-320}, Year = {1988}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1988M576800010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {There is continuing controversy about the behavioral process or processes that underlie the major regularities of free-operant choice such as molar matching and systematic deviations therefrom. A recent interchange between Vaughan and Silberberg and Ziriax concerned the relative merits of melioration, and a computer simulation of molecular maximizing. There are difficulties in evaluating theories expressed as computer programs because many arbitrary decisions must often be made in order to get the programs to operate. I therefore propose an alternative form of model that I term quasi-dynamic as a useful intermediate form of theory appropriate to our current state of knowledge about free-operant choice. Quasi-dynamic models resemble the game-theoretic analyses now commonplace in biology in that they can predict stable and unstable equilibria but not dynamic properties such as learning curves. It is possible to interpret melioration as a quasi-dynamic model. An alternative quasi-dynamic model for probabilistic choice, ratio invariance, has been proposed by Horner and Staddon. The present paper compares the predictions of melioration and ratio invariance for five experimental situations: concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules, concurrent variable-interval variable-ratio schedules, the two-armed bandit (concurrent random-ratio schedules), and two types of frequency-dependent schedule. Neither approach easily explains all the data, but ratio invariance seems to provide a better picture of pigeons' response to probabilistic choice procedures. Ratio invariance is also more adaptive (less susceptible to "traps") and closer to the original expression of the law of effect than pure hill-climbing processes such as momentary maximizing and melioration, although such processes may come in to play on more complex procedures that provide opportunities for temporal discrimination.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1988.49-303}, Key = {fds288104} } @article{fds288106, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {On the process of reinforcement}, Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, Volume = {11}, Number = {3}, Pages = {467-469}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, Year = {1988}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0140-525X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1988Q445200050&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X00058507}, Key = {fds288106} } @article{fds41378, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Trial-and-error learning as a scheduling problem}, Journal = {Proceedings of the Fourth Annual AAAIC Conference}, Volume = {2}, Pages = {295-303}, Year = {1988}, Key = {fds41378} } @article{fds287971, Author = {WYNNE, CL and STADDON, JER}, Title = {LINEAR WAITING - A SIMPLE RULE FOR BEHAVIOR IN PERIODIC FOOD SITUATIONS}, Journal = {BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY}, Volume = {25}, Number = {5}, Pages = {351-351}, Publisher = {PSYCHONOMIC SOC INC}, Year = {1987}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0090-5054}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1987J947100336&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287971} } @article{fds288102, Author = {Reid, AK and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Within-session meal-size effects on induced drinking.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {48}, Number = {2}, Pages = {289-301}, Year = {1987}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1987K295200008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {As a control for the effects of session duration and hunger on the relation between food magnitude and induced drinking, four food-deprived rats were exposed to a variable-time 50-s schedule of food delivery in which the size of each food delivery varied randomly within sessions. Food-related behavior and schedule-induced drinking per opportunity were examined as functions of meal size and postfood time. All rats showed an inverted-U-shaped relation between drinking per opportunity and meal size. This relation was caused by variation in the percentage of intervals that contained drinking and by variation in the number of drinking bouts per interval, rather than by bout duration or by the amount of drinking within those intervals that actually contained drinking. Head-in-feeder time increased linearly with meal size. Schedule-induced drinking was entrained by food delivery in 3 of 4 subjects; the entrainment was due to regulation of the starting time of each drinking bout rather than to regulation of bout duration.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1987.48-289}, Key = {fds288102} } @article{fds288101, Author = {Horner, JM and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Probabilistic choice: A simple invariance.}, Journal = {Behavioural processes}, Volume = {15}, Number = {1}, Pages = {59-92}, Year = {1987}, Month = {August}, ISSN = {0376-6357}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1987J787900006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {When subjects must choose repeatedly between two or more alternatives, each of which dispenses reward on a probabilistic basis (two-armed bandit ), their behavior is guided by the two possible outcomes, reward and nonreward. The simplest stochastic choice rule is that the probability of choosing an alternative increases following a reward and decreases following a nonreward (reward following ). We show experimentally and theoretically that animal subjects behave as if the absolute magnitudes of the changes in choice probability caused by reward and nonreward do not depend on the response which produced the reward or nonreward (source independence ), and that the effects of reward and nonreward are in constant ratio under fixed conditions (effect-ratio invariance )--properties that fit the definition of satisficing . Our experimental results are either not predicted by, or are inconsistent with, other theories of free-operant choice such as Bush-Mosteller, molar maximization, momentary maximizing, and melioration (matching).}, Doi = {10.1016/0376-6357(87)90034-9}, Key = {fds288101} } @article{fds288019, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {VEHICLES - BRAITENBERG,V}, Journal = {BEHAVIORISM}, Volume = {15}, Number = {1}, Pages = {63-66}, Publisher = {CAMBRIDGE CTR BEHAV STUDIES}, Year = {1987}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0090-4155}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1987H571300007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds288019} } @article{fds288100, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Science and pseudoscience}, Journal = {Interdisciplinary Science Reviews}, Volume = {12}, Number = {2}, Pages = {114-116}, Publisher = {SAGE Publications}, Year = {1987}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0308-0188}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1987H822200005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1179/isr.1987.12.2.114}, Key = {fds288100} } @article{fds288103, Author = {Ettinger, RH and Reid, AK and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Sensitivity to Molar Feedback Functions: A Test of Molar Optimality Theory}, Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes}, Volume = {13}, Number = {4}, Pages = {366-375}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1987}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0097-7403}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1987K244900004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Molar optimality models assume that any reward schedule can be described by a molar feedback function, which is the relation between average response rates and average reinforcement rates enforced by that particular schedule. This molar feedback function is considered, by optimality models, to be a sufficient description of the schedule for the prediction of steady-state molar performance. In this article we challenge the fundamental assumption of all molar optimality models-that animals are directly sensitive to this molar feedback function. We found that animals were sensitive to the schedule conditions in effect, especially at the molecular level of postfood time, but they were not directly sensitive to the slopes of any of the molar feedback functions that we manipulated. Our data do not simply represent a failure to maximize a particular utility function so that this form of the function requires alteration. Rather, they demonstrate that animals may not be sensitive to the molar rates of responding and reinforcement described by the molar feedback functions. Our animals were sensitive to the schedules at a molecular level, and it is to this molecular level that we should direct our attention. © 1987 American Psychological Association.}, Doi = {10.1037/0097-7403.13.4.366}, Key = {fds288103} } @article{fds287985, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {EQUALIZATION, MAXIMIZATION AND FOLLOW-UP OF REWARD SCHEDULES}, Journal = {REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGIA}, Volume = {18}, Number = {3}, Pages = {367-386}, Publisher = {REV LATINOAMER PSICOL}, Year = {1986}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0034-978X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1986F188600002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287985} } @article{fds287998, Author = {Ettinger, RH and Thompson, S and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Cholecystokinin, diet palatability, and feeding regulation in rats.}, Journal = {Physiology & behavior}, Volume = {36}, Number = {5}, Pages = {801-809}, Year = {1986}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0031-9384}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1986A675200002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Rats ate less food than normal on cyclic-ratio schedules following cholecystokinin and lithium chloride injections. Nevertheless, they defended this lower eating rate in the same way as under control conditions. The pattern of effects produced by cholecystokinin and lithium chloride resembled those following diet adulteration with citric acid and sucrose octa acetate and differed from the effects produced by increases in body weight. Cholecystokinin and lithium chloride injections also produced similar changes in the free-feeding patterns of non-deprived rats: Both meal size and intermeal intervals decreased in manner similar to the effects of citric acid and sucrose octa acetate adulteration. Interpreted in terms of a static regulatory model, these results suggest that cholecystokinin and lithium chloride suppress feeding by degrading the palatability of food, not by promoting satiety, discomfort, or illness.}, Doi = {10.1016/0031-9384(86)90435-x}, Key = {fds287998} } @article{fds288098, Author = {Ettinger, RH and Thompson, S and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Cholecystokinin, lithium chloride, and feeding regulation in rats}, Journal = {Physiology and Behavior}, Volume = {36}, Pages = {801-809}, Year = {1986}, Key = {fds288098} } @article{fds288099, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Igualación, maximización y seguimiento de la recompensa}, Journal = {Revista Latinamericana Psicologia}, Volume = {18}, Pages = {367-386}, Year = {1986}, Key = {fds288099} } @article{fds287972, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Behavioral Economics: A Partial View}, Journal = {Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews}, Volume = {30}, Number = {6}, Pages = {465-466}, Publisher = {Portico}, Year = {1985}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {0010-7549}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1985AKV6200022&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1037/023846}, Key = {fds287972} } @article{fds288013, Author = {HORNER, JM and STADDON, JER}, Title = {CHOICE ON PROBABILISTIC SCHEDULES - A REWARD-FOLLOWING ANALYSIS}, Journal = {BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY}, Volume = {23}, Number = {4}, Pages = {304-304}, Publisher = {PSYCHONOMIC SOC INC}, Year = {1985}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0090-5054}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1985ASX7400369&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds288013} } @article{fds287978, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Reinforcement is the problem, not the solution: Variation and selection of behavior}, Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, Volume = {7}, Number = {4}, Pages = {697-699}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, Year = {1984}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0140-525X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1984ACF9400152&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1017/s0140525x00028235}, Key = {fds287978} } @article{fds288021, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Skinner's behaviorism implies a subcutaneous homunculus}, Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, Volume = {7}, Number = {4}, Pages = {647-647}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, Year = {1984}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0140-525X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1984ACF9400118&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1017/s0140525x00027898}, Key = {fds288021} } @article{fds287969, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {STATIC AND DYNAMIC COMPETITION}, Journal = {BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES}, Volume = {9}, Number = {1}, Pages = {98-99}, Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0376-6357}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1984SH79600021&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287969} } @article{fds288095, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {Time and memory.}, Journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, Volume = {423}, Number = {MAY}, Pages = {322-334}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0077-8923}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1984SY97900030&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Standard animal memory tasks require judgments of event recency: Delayed matching to sample (DMTS) requires that the animal identify the stimulus seen most recently; radial-maze-type (RM) tasks require that the animal identify the place visited least recently. Delayed-reaction tasks are intermediate. I argue that time discrimination (temporal control) and event memory call on the same processes: Proactive and retroactive effects occur in both, brief events have less effect than protracted events, and increases in event duration have smaller and smaller effects. If the "ages" of past events are represented by animals in a way consistent with Weber's and Jost's laws, and if there is a limit to the number of different recencies that can be discriminated, then the major differences between these three types of memory task can be explained. DMTS performance is poor because the animal must discriminate between two sets of recencies (memory arrays) that differ only in respect of the most recent event; RM performance is good because the recencies of places visited on the current versus earlier trials are always clearly discriminable.}, Doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb23441.x}, Key = {fds288095} } @article{fds288097, Author = {Gendron, RP and Staddon, JER}, Title = {A laboratory simulation of foraging behavior: the effect of search rate on the probability of detecting prey.}, Journal = {American Naturalist}, Volume = {124}, Number = {3}, Pages = {407-415}, Publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0147}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1984TK71300007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Human subjects searched for a target character ("prey') among an array of background characters displayed on the screen of a small computer. The search rate was controlled by changing the display duration while prey crypticity was varied by changing the background. The results of these experiments provide support for a model we previously developed to elucidate the behavior of predators searching for cryptic prey. -from Authors}, Doi = {10.1086/284281}, Key = {fds288097} } @article{fds328635, Author = {Thinés, G and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Editorial.}, Journal = {Behavioural processes}, Volume = {9}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(84)90002-0}, Doi = {10.1016/0376-6357(84)90002-0}, Key = {fds328635} } @article{fds288016, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {ITS ALL A GAME}, Journal = {BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES}, Volume = {7}, Number = {1}, Pages = {116-117}, Publisher = {CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS}, Year = {1984}, ISSN = {0140-525X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1984SK80900061&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X00026480}, Key = {fds288016} } @article{fds288096, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Social learning theory and the dynamics of interaction}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {91}, Number = {4}, Pages = {502-507}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1984}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1984TM30900007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The recent controversy between A. Bandura (see record 1983-22326-001) and D. C. Phillips and R. Orton (see record 1983-22341-001) about the causal relations involved in social interactions prompted a discussion of the proper role for formal models in the analysis of social interactions. The present author argues that (a) Bandura's attempt at formal modeling of patterns of causation is vague and misleading; (b) internal variables, such as expectation and self-monitoring, can easily be handled by formal models; (c) simple deterministic models can behave in unexpectedly complex ways and cannot be ruled out in principle as explanations for social interaction; and (d) unaided verbal reasoning cannot hope to come to grips with the dynamics of even simple interacting systems. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).}, Doi = {10.1037//0033-295x.91.4.502}, Key = {fds288096} } @article{fds288091, Author = {Staddon, JER and Gendron, RP}, Title = {Optimal Detection of Cryptic Prey May Lead to Predator Switching}, Journal = {The American Naturalist}, Volume = {122}, Number = {6}, Pages = {843-848}, Publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, Year = {1983}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0003-0147}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983RS58900013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1086/284179}, Key = {fds288091} } @article{fds288088, Author = {Hinson, JM and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Matching, maximizing, and hill-climbing.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {40}, Number = {3}, Pages = {321-331}, Year = {1983}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983RR16100011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {In simple situations, animals consistently choose the better of two alternatives. On concurrent variable-interval variable-interval and variable-interval variable-ratio schedules, they approximately match aggregate choice and reinforcement ratios. The matching law attempts to explain the latter result but does not address the former. Hill-climbing rules such as momentary maximizing can account for both. We show that momentary maximizing constrains molar choice to approximate matching; that molar choice covaries with pigeons' momentary-maximizing estimate; and that the "generalized matching law" follows from almost any hill-climbing rule.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1983.40-321}, Key = {fds288088} } @article{fds288005, Author = {Staddon, JER and Alexander, RM}, Title = {Optima for Animals}, Journal = {BioScience}, Volume = {33}, Number = {8}, Pages = {522-522}, Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)}, Year = {1983}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0006-3568}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983RE10600016&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.2307/1309154}, Key = {fds288005} } @article{fds288092, Author = {Staddon, JE and Hinson, JM}, Title = {Optimization: a result or a mechanism?}, Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, Volume = {221}, Number = {4614}, Pages = {976-977}, Year = {1983}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0036-8075}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983RE06400037&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1126/science.6879199}, Key = {fds288092} } @article{fds288089, Author = {Ettinger, RH and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Operant regulation of feeding: a static analysis.}, Journal = {Behavioral neuroscience}, Volume = {97}, Number = {4}, Pages = {639-653}, Year = {1983}, Month = {August}, ISSN = {0735-7044}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983RC65500013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Cyclic-ratio schedules are a rapid method for studying the operant regulation of feeding rate. The cyclic method produces results comparable to traditional but time-consuming parametric methods. Performance on cyclic-ratio schedules is well described by a linear regulatory model that embodies three quantitative feedback assumptions: (a) that rate of feeding is regulated by the rate of operant behavior, (b) that taste factors have an additive effect on the rate of the operant response, and (c) that regulatory "gain" is inversely related to body weight. This model accurately describes poorer regulatory performance at high body weights and following amphetamine administration, and the effects of altered diet palatability on preferred feeding rates.}, Doi = {10.1037//0735-7044.97.4.639}, Key = {fds288089} } @article{fds288093, Author = {Innis, NK and Simmelhag-Grant, VL and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Behavior induced by periodic food delivery: The effects of interfood interval.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {39}, Number = {2}, Pages = {309-322}, Year = {1983}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983QE26100010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to fixed-time schedules of food presentation ranging from five to 300 seconds. Although consistent, stereotyped response patterns developed during interfood intervals on all schedules, there were distinct differences in the behavior observed on schedules with short, as opposed to long, intervals. During the shorter intervals, responses were performed quite vigorously, a feeder-directed terminal response was observed, and most activities were localized near the feeder. On the longer schedules, no feeder-directed terminal response developed, although the birds were usually near the feeder at the end of intervals. The predominant response involved moving about the chamber, often pacing along one of the walls. Performance during short intervals is accounted for quite well by the antagonistic-motivational state hypothesis suggested by Staddon (1977); however, performance during longer intervals is not. Behavior during interfood intervals may more accurately be classified as reflecting a single (food) motivational state and described simply in terms of Craig's (1918) appetitive behavior.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1983.39-309}, Key = {fds288093} } @article{fds287986, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {How Animals Detect Causes}, Journal = {Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews}, Volume = {28}, Number = {2}, Pages = {121-123}, Publisher = {Portico}, Year = {1983}, Month = {February}, ISSN = {0010-7549}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983QD95900017&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1037/021792}, Key = {fds287986} } @article{fds287991, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 1981, VOL 29, RESPONSE STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION - BERNSTEIN,DJ}, Journal = {CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY}, Volume = {28}, Number = {10}, Pages = {795-797}, Publisher = {AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC}, Year = {1983}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0010-7549}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983RN29100051&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287991} } @article{fds288087, Author = {Hinson, JM and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Hill-climbing by pigeons.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {39}, Number = {1}, Pages = {25-47}, Year = {1983}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983PX69000002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to two types of concurrent operant-reinforcement schedules in order to determine what choice rules determine behavior on these schedules. In the first set of experiments, concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval schedules, key-peck responses to either of two alternative schedules produced food reinforcement after a random time interval. The frequency of food-reinforcement availability for the two schedules was varied over different ranges for different birds. In the second series of experiments, concurrent variable-ratio, variable-interval schedules, key-peck responses to one schedule produced food reinforcement after a random time interval, whereas food reinforcement occurred for an alternative schedule only after a random number of responses. Results from both experiments showed that pigeons consistently follow a behavioral strategy in which the alternative schedule chosen at any time is the one which offers the highest momentary reinforcement probability (momentary maximizing). The quality of momentary maximizing was somewhat higher and more consistent when both alternative reinforcement schedules were time-based than when one schedule was time-based and the alternative response-count based. Previous attempts to provide evidence for the existence of momentary maximizing were shown to be based upon faulty assumptions about the behavior implied by momentary maximizing and resultant inappropriate measures of behavior.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1983.39-25}, Key = {fds288087} } @article{fds288090, Author = {Gendron, RP and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Searching for cryptic prey: the effect of search rate.}, Journal = {American Naturalist}, Volume = {121}, Number = {2}, Pages = {172-186}, Publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, Year = {1983}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0003-0147}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983QA63500003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Developed a model, based on Holling's disc equation, of a predator searching for cryptic prey, assuming that the probability of a predator detecting an encountered prey item is inversely related to both prey crypticity and search rate. The optimal search rate will then reflect a trade-off between prey detection and the frequency of encounter. As prey become more cryptic this optimal search rate drops. If the energetic cost of locomotion is taken into account the optimal search rate is somewhat lower, but in general this additional effect is negligible. When a predator is searching for 2 prey types which differ in crypticity the optimal search rate increases with the relative density of the more conspicuous species. This increase in search rate may result in a dramatic drop in the probability of detecting the more cryptic prey, so that even when it is relatively abundant it may be virtually excluded from the diet. This model can be modified to simulate the formation of a search image and to generate density-dependent predation.-from Author}, Doi = {10.1086/284049}, Key = {fds288090} } @article{fds288094, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Sobre a nocão de causa: aplicacões ao caso do Behaviorismo}, Journal = {. Cadernos de História e Filosofia da Ciência}, Volume = {4}, Pages = {48-92}, Year = {1983}, Key = {fds288094} } @article{fds288084, Author = {Ettinger, RH and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Decreased feeding associated with acute hypoxia in rats.}, Journal = {Physiology & behavior}, Volume = {29}, Number = {3}, Pages = {455-458}, Year = {1982}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0031-9384}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1982PJ21700010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Rats obtained less food than normal on a cyclic-ratio schedule during brief, 1-hr exposure to either moderate hypobaric hypoxia (BP = 435 Torr, PO2 approximately equal to 91 Torr) or to hypoxic hypoxia (BP = 750 Torr, PO2, approximately equal to 90 Torr), but not during hypobaric exposure with 36.5% oxygen (BP = 435 Torr, PO2 approximately equal to 159 Torr). The depressed rate of feeding associated with hypoxia was nevertheless well regulated. Interpreted in terms of a regulatory model, these results suggest that hypoxia suppresses eating because it degrades the taste of food, not because it impairs feeding regulation or general activity.}, Doi = {10.1016/0031-9384(82)90266-9}, Key = {fds288084} } @article{fds288085, Author = {Reid, AK and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Schedule-induced drinking: Elicitation, anticipation, or behavioral interaction?}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {38}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-18}, Year = {1982}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1982NW16500001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {We carried out five experiments with rats on fixed-time schedules in order to define the relation between drinking and individual food-pellet presentations. In Experiment 1, unsignaled extra food occurred at the end of occasional fixed intervals, and we compared subsequent drinking patterns with drinking before the extra food presentation. In Experiment 2 we presented signaled and unsignaled extra food and measured elicited and anticipatory drinking patterns. In Experiment 3, we observed the persistence of modified drinking patterns when several consecutive intervals ended with extra pellets. In Experiments 4 and 5, we varied the magnitude of food delivery across (rather than within) sessions to replicate published findings. Results show that schedule-induced drinking is neither elicited by food presentations nor induced by stimuli associated with a high food rate. All subjects seemed to follow a simple rule: during any stimulus signaling an increase in the local probability of food delivery within a session, engage in food-related behavior to the exclusion of drinking. Schedule-induced drinking appears to be the result of dynamic interactions among food-related behavior, drinking, and other motivated behavior, rather than a direct effect of the contingencies of food reinforcement.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1982.38-1}, Key = {fds288085} } @article{fds288086, Author = {Starr, BC and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Sensory superstition on multiple interval schedules.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {37}, Number = {2}, Pages = {267-280}, Year = {1982}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1982NG79700010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to multiple schedules in which an irregular repeating sequence of five stimulus components was correlated with the same reinforcement schedule throughout. Stable, idiosyncratic, response-rate differences developed across components. Components were rank-ordered by response rate; an approximately linear relation was found between rank order and the deviation of mean response rate from the overall mean rate. Nonzero slopes of this line were found for multiple fixed-interval and variable-time schedules and for multiple variable-interval schedules both when number of reinforcements was the same in all components and when it varied. The steepest function slopes were found in the variable schedules with relatively long interfood intervals and relatively short component durations. When just one stimulus was correlated with all components of a multiple variable-interval schedule, the slope of the line was close to zero. The results suggest that food-rate differences may be induced initially by different reactions to the stimuli and subsequently maintained by food.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1982.37-267}, Key = {fds288086} } @article{fds287979, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {On the dangers of demand curves: A comment of Lea and Tarpy}, Journal = {Behaviour Analysis Letters}, Volume = {2}, Number = {6}, Pages = {321-325}, Year = {1982}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0166-4794}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1982PU42300002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287979} } @article{fds287993, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {In the beginning was the word}, Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, Volume = {5}, Number = {3}, Pages = {390-391}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, Year = {1982}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0140-525X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1982PR89500022&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X00012693}, Key = {fds287993} } @article{fds288015, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {THE NEW WORLD OF ECONOMICS - EXPLORATIONS INTO THE HUMAN-EXPERIENCE - MCKENZIE,RB, TULLOCK,GG}, Journal = {BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS LETTERS}, Volume = {2}, Number = {1}, Pages = {62-64}, Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, Year = {1982}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0166-4794}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1982MZ52800008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds288015} } @article{fds288018, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {BRAINSTORMS - PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS ON MIND AND PSYCHOLOGY - DENNETT,DC}, Journal = {BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS LETTERS}, Volume = {2}, Number = {2}, Pages = {123-125}, Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, Year = {1982}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0166-4794}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1982NF84400008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds288018} } @article{fds288083, Author = {Ettinger, RH and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Behavioral competition, component duration and multiple-schedule contrast}, Journal = {Behaviour Analysis Letters}, Volume = {2}, Number = {1}, Pages = {31-38}, Year = {1982}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0166-4794}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1982MZ52800004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Four pigeons pecked keys on multiple variable - interval variable-interval schedules of food reinforcement. When the duration of each component was varied independently, response rates during the rich component of a multiple VI 60-sec VI 240-sec schedule were inversely related to its duration, whereas rates during the lean component were directly related to its duration. These findings are consistent with the view that behavioral contrast on multiple schedules is a result of the reallocation of competing interim and terminal activities. The size of contrast is a function of the competitiveness of interim activities, which is governed by dynamic satiation and deprivation processes.}, Key = {fds288083} } @article{fds288078, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {Cognition in animals: learning as program assembly.}, Journal = {Cognition}, Volume = {10}, Number = {1-3}, Pages = {287-294}, Year = {1981}, Month = {August}, ISSN = {0010-0277}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1981MN54100042&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1016/0010-0277(81)90059-7}, Key = {fds288078} } @article{fds288082, Author = {Staddon, JE and Hinson, JM and Kram, R}, Title = {Optimal choice.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {35}, Number = {3}, Pages = {397-412}, Year = {1981}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1981LP13200011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {We present a classification and theoretical analysis of discrete-trial and free-operant choice procedures in which reinforcement is assigned to one alternative only, or independently to both, is either always available or conditionally available, and is either "held" or not from trial to trial. Momentary-maximizing and (globally) optimal choice sequences are defined in terms of initializing and marker events. Free-operant choice is analyzed in terms of a clock space whose axes are the times since the last A and B choices. The analysis shows that most molar matching data are derivable from momentary maximizing, and that the momentary-maximizing hypothesis has not been adequately tested in either discrete-trial or free-operant situations.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1981.35-397}, Key = {fds288082} } @article{fds288020, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {CITATION CLASSIC - THE SUPERSTITION EXPERIMENT - A REEXAMINATION OF ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR}, Journal = {CURRENT CONTENTS/SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES}, Number = {12}, Pages = {20-20}, Publisher = {INST SCI INFORM INC}, Year = {1981}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0092-6361}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1981LF07000001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds288020} } @article{fds288079, Author = {Hinson, JM and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Some temporal properties of local contrast}, Journal = {Behaviour Analysis Letters}, Volume = {1}, Number = {5}, Pages = {275-281}, Year = {1981}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0166-4794}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1981MJ25600005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Pigeons received variable-interval food reinforcement for key pecking during one line-orientation stimulus while key pecking during another line orientation was extinguished (mult VI EXT); the duration of the extinction component was either fixed or variable. When the duration of the extinction stimulus was variable, stable response rate was highest during the initial part of the VI component (positive local contrast) and lowest early in the extinction component (negative local contrast). Early in training the magnitude of positive local contrast was directly related to the duration of the preceding extinction stimulus, but this dependence eventually disappeared. When the duration of the preceding extinction stimulus was constant, positive local contrast disappeared, but was reinstated by a long time-out period introduced part way through each experimental session. These data suggest that local contrast effects represent a temporary disequilibrium between competing activities and the instrumental response.}, Key = {fds288079} } @article{fds288080, Author = {Houston, AI and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Optimality principles and behavior: It's all for the best}, Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, Volume = {4}, Number = {3}, Pages = {395-396}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, Year = {1981}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0140-525X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1981MN23200039&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X0000947X}, Key = {fds288080} } @article{fds288081, Author = {King, AP and West, MJ and Eastzer, DH and Staddon, JER}, Title = {An experimental investigation of the bioacoustics of cowbird song}, Journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology}, Volume = {9}, Number = {3}, Pages = {211-217}, Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc}, Year = {1981}, ISSN = {0340-5443}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1981MQ15900008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Female cowbirds (Molothrus ater ater), maintained in isolation from males during the breeding season, respond to the playback of male song with copulatory postures. They respond to some songs more than to others. Cowbird song potency can thus be operationally defined by the proportion of copulatory postures a song elicits across multiple playbacks. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether song potency changes with distance in the field. No field recordings elicited high levels of responding by the females. When songs of known high potency are systematically degraded, the results indicate that female cowbirds are sensitive to small changes in signal to noise ratio and to atmospheric attenuation. The data suggest that cowbird song potency degrades very rapidly with transmission distance in the field. © 1981 Springer-Verlag.}, Doi = {10.1007/BF00302940}, Key = {fds288081} } @article{fds288077, Author = {Staddon, JE and King, M and Lockhead, GR}, Title = {On sequential effects in absolute judgment experiments}, Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance}, Volume = {6}, Number = {2}, Pages = {290-301}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1980}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0096-1523}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1980JR95800007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {In absolute judgment experiments with feedback, the events on a given trial, n, exert a biphasic effect on succeeding responses: The response on trial n + 1 is displaced toward the stimulus (or feedback) on trial n (assimilation), and the response on each of several subsequent trials is displaced in the opposite direction (contrast). The possibility that the response on trial n + k can be explained as the weighted sum of events on that and preceding trials (linear model) was examined. It is concluded that (a) data from a typical absolute judgment experiment are not clearly consistent with the linear approach; (b) a 1st-order (1 trial back) linear model cannot account for the typical biphasic weighting sequence, but a 2nd-order model can do so; and (c) the possibility of real effects extending over several preceding trials cannot be excluded. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1980 American Psychological Association.}, Doi = {10.1037/0096-1523.6.2.290}, Key = {fds288077} } @article{fds287999, Author = {Blaine, C and Innis, NK and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Stimulus control of behavior induced by a periodic schedule of food presentation in pigeons}, Journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society}, Volume = {16}, Number = {2}, Pages = {131-134}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1980}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0090-5054}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1980KH13400017&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Four pigeons were exposed to a fixed-time (FT) 27-sec schedule of food presentation in a large chamber partitioned into several areas. Each area provided different environmental support stimuli, such as water, nesting material, or the opportunity to observe another bird. A stereotyped pattern of behavior developed, with the birds leaving the food area early in intervals (interim activity) and returning to perform a food-related behavior (terminal response) toward the end of intervals. Unlike rats under similar conditions, the pigeons’ interim activities did not seem to be under the direct control of environmental stimuli. Early in intervals, the birds simply turned and walked away from the food area for a few seconds, before returning to perform the terminal response. © 1980, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.3758/BF03334460}, Key = {fds287999} } @article{fds288076, Author = {Blaine, C and Innis, NK and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Stimulus control of behavior induced by a schedule of periodic food presentation in pigeons}, Journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society}, Volume = {16}, Pages = {131-134}, Year = {1980}, Key = {fds288076} } @article{fds288074, Author = {Staddon, JE and Motheral, S}, Title = {Response independence, matching and maximizing: A reply to Heyman}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {86}, Number = {5}, Pages = {501-505}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1979}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979HN33600006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {G. Heyman's (see record 1980-00325-001) major criticism of the present authors' (see record 1979-22914-001) reinforcement maximization model is that it does not consider "local" and "interchangeover" interresponse times separately. The present authors show that this separation may not be necessary, since their assumption of independent, random responding to each alternative can account both for the observed equality of local response rates and, when the constraint on total responding is included, for the inverse relation between changeover rates and the degree of disparity between overall response rates to the 2 alternatives. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).}, Doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.86.5.501}, Key = {fds288074} } @article{fds288007, Author = {Staddon, JER and Motheral, S}, Title = {"On Matching and Maximizing in Operant Choice Experiments": Correction.}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {86}, Number = {2}, Pages = {156-156}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1979}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979GR78800006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1037/h0077952}, Key = {fds288007} } @article{fds288072, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {Conservation and consequences--theories of behavior under constraint: An overview}, Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General}, Volume = {108}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-3}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1979}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0096-3445}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979GU39600001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Introduces a group of articles on related topics in operant conditioning research: (a) the relativity of reinforcement, (b) choice, (c) the quantitative law of effect, and (d) optimal behavior. The focus is on the functional relations between response and reinforcement rates in ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1979 American Psychological Association.}, Doi = {10.1037/0096-3445.108.1.1}, Key = {fds288072} } @article{fds288073, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {Operant behavior as adaptation to constraint}, Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General}, Volume = {108}, Number = {1}, Pages = {48-67}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1979}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0096-3445}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979GU39600006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Reinforcement schedules restrict an organism's access to 1 activity (the contingent response, or reinforcer) by requiring it to engage in a 2nd activity (the instrumental response) for access to the 1st one. Behavior is also constrained by limitations of time, so that an increase in an activity entails a decrease in some others. If an organism's repertoire consists of N independent, mutually exclusive and exhaustive activities, these 2 constraints can be represented as surfaces in an N-dimensional space whose axes are the levels of the N activities. The distribution of activities under free conditions is represented by a point (the free-behavior point) in such a space. Functional relations between the equilibrium levels of the instrumental and contingent responses under different schedules of reinforcement can be generated by the homeostatic assumption that organisms act to minimize the distance between the point representing their distribution of activities under schedule conditions and the free-behavior point. This simplified approach predicts the form of the functional relations obtained on ratio, interval, and several other schedules, as well as the differences between them. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1979 American Psychological Association.}, Doi = {10.1037/0096-3445.108.1.48}, Key = {fds288073} } @article{fds328636, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {Regulation and time allocation: Comment on "Conservation in behavior"}, Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General}, Volume = {108}, Number = {1}, Pages = {35-40}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1979}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.108.1.35}, Abstract = {Comments on an article by J. Allison et al (see record 1980-27214-001). Conservation theory in either its 1- or 2-parameter form predicts a linear relation with negative slope between measures of the instrumental and contingent response. Empirical results from ratio schedule experiments conform to the linear prediction over a limited range, but results from experiments with VI schedules are not consistent with the linear model. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1979 American Psychological Association.}, Doi = {10.1037/0096-3445.108.1.35}, Key = {fds328636} } @article{fds288075, Author = {West, MJ and King, AP and Eastzer, DH and Staddon, JE}, Title = {A bioassay of isolate cowbird song}, Journal = {Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology}, Volume = {93}, Number = {1}, Pages = {124-133}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1979}, Month = {February}, ISSN = {0021-9940}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979GL69400007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {In 2 experiments, captive female cowbirds, both isolation reared and wild caught, were exposed during the breeding season to experimentally manipulated versions of isolate male song. Data show that a single song element, a brief note between the song phrases, played a pivotal role in eliciting the female's copulatory response to song. Data also demonstrate that relative amplitude variation and the fine structure within the interphrase unit affected the potency of a given song. Results suggest that the acoustic properties of this unit may account for the enhanced effectiveness of isolate song over normal cowbird song as a sexual releaser. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1979 American Psychological Association.}, Doi = {10.1037/h0077577}, Key = {fds288075} } @article{fds287990, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {CONSERVATION IN BEHAVIOR - COMMENT}, Journal = {JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-GENERAL}, Volume = {108}, Number = {1}, Pages = {35-40}, Publisher = {AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC}, Year = {1979}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0096-3445}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979GU39600003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287990} } @article{fds288012, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Thirst - a static analysis}, Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, Volume = {2}, Number = {1}, Pages = {120-121}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, Year = {1979}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0140-525X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979HJ63900095&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X00061355}, Key = {fds288012} } @article{fds288069, Author = {Hinson, JM and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Behavioral competition: a mechanism for schedule interactions.}, Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, Volume = {202}, Number = {4366}, Pages = {432-434}, Year = {1978}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {0036-8075}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1978FT07600026&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Rats pressing a lever for food reinforcement showed large positive-contrast effects when provided with the opportunity for a competing wheel-running response. Positive and negative behavioral contrast may reflect reallocation of competing interim and terminal responses between schedule components following changes in the reinforcement conditions in one component.}, Doi = {10.1126/science.705334}, Key = {fds288069} } @article{fds288071, Author = {Staddon, JER and McGeorge, LW and Bruce, RA and Klein, FF}, Title = {A Simple Method for the Rapid Analysis of Animal Sounds}, Journal = {Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie}, Volume = {48}, Number = {3}, Pages = {306-330}, Year = {1978}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0044-3573}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1978GP49800005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {A simple, real‐time method for displaying the information contained in the zero‐crossings of acoustic signals is described. The method can be used even with many signals that have harmonics, and reveals a wealth of fine structure in bird song. Some of this structure may serve a communicatory function. 1978 Blackwell Verlag GmbH}, Doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb00262.x}, Key = {fds288071} } @article{fds288068, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {Theory of behavioral power functions.}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {85}, Number = {4}, Pages = {305-320}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1978}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1978FE49700003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Data in operant conditioning and psychophysics are often well fitted by functions of the form y = qxs. A simple theory derives these power functions from the simultaneous equations dx/x = a1f(z)dz and dy/y = a2f(z)dz, where z is a comparison variable that is equated for the effects of x and) y, and a1 and a2 are sensitivity parameters. In operant conditioning, x and y are identified with response rates; in psychophysics, with measures of stimulus and response. The theory can explain converging sets of power functions, solves the dimensional problems with the standard power function, and can account for the relation between Type I and Type II psychophysical scales. (64 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1978 American Psychological Association.}, Doi = {10.1037//0033-295x.85.4.305}, Key = {fds288068} } @article{fds288070, Author = {Staddon, JER and Motheral, S}, Title = {On matching and maximizing in operant choice experiments}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {85}, Number = {5}, Pages = {436-444}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1978}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1978FR31000004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Animals match relative response rate to relative reinforcement rate in 2-choice situations where each alternative provides reinforcement according to a VI schedule. It is shown that matching, and a model proposed for it by R. J. Herrnstein (1961), can both be derived from reinforcement maximization under a linear response constraint. Empirical results are consistent with the constraint assumption, but they fail to support an extension of the approach to choice situations in which one alternative dispenses reinforcement according to a ratio schedule. Neither matching nor maximizing may be a fundamental principle. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1978 American Psychological Association.}, Doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.85.5.436}, Key = {fds288070} } @article{fds304744, Author = {Staddon, JE and Motheral, S}, Title = {On matching and maximizing in operant choice experiments.}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {85}, Number = {5}, Pages = {436-444}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1978}, ISSN = {0033-295X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1978FR31000004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1037//0033-295x.85.5.436}, Key = {fds304744} } @article{fds288006, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {On Herrnstein's equation and related forms.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {28}, Number = {2}, Pages = {163-170}, Year = {1977}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1977DT78000007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {In 1970, Herrnstein proposed a simple equation to describe the relation between response and reinforcement rates on interval schedules. Its empirical basis is firm, but its theoretical foundation is still uncertain. Two approaches to the derivation of Herrnstein's equation are discussed. It can be derived as the equilibrium solution to a process model equivalent to familiar linear-operator learning models. Modifications of this approach yield competing power-function formulations. The equation can also be derived from the assumption that response strength is proportional to reinforcement rate, given that there is a ceiling on response rate. The proportional relation can, in turn, be derived from a threshold assumption equivalent to Shimp's "momentary maximizing". This derivation implies that the two parameters of Herrnstein's equation should be correlated, and may explain its special utility in application to internal schedules.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1977.28-163}, Key = {fds288006} } @article{fds41516, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Temporal fine structure of bird song}, Journal = {Proceedings of the XVth International Ethological Conference}, Pages = {156}, Year = {1977}, Key = {fds41516} } @article{fds287994, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {A Note on the Evolutionary Significance of "Supernormal" Stimuli}, Journal = {The American Naturalist}, Volume = {109}, Number = {969}, Pages = {541-545}, Publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, Year = {1975}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0003-0147}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1975AS73000004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1086/283025}, Key = {fds287994} } @article{fds287996, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {Autocontingencies: Special contingencies or special stimuli? A review of Davis, Memmott, and Hurwitz}, Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General}, Volume = {104}, Number = {3}, Pages = {189-191}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1975}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0096-3445}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1975AN63700002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Comments on the article by H. Davis (see record 1975-20006-001) which proposed the concept of "autocontingencies" to describe the unscheduled and unintended relations that exist between important experimental events. The need for the term "autocontingency" is questioned, the Davis proposal that contingencies related to postfood and postshock time are subtle in their effects is challenged, and the alternative possibility that the fixed CS duration means that time since CS onset is a predictor of CS offset is suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1975 American Psychological Association.}, Doi = {10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.189}, Key = {fds287996} } @article{fds288067, Author = {Kello, JE and Innis, NK and Staddon, JE}, Title = {Eccentric stimuli on multiple fixed-interval schedules.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {23}, Number = {2}, Pages = {233-240}, Year = {1975}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1975V890100009&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The effects of presenting a different ("eccentric") stimulus for one interval during either or both components of a cyclic multiple fixed-interval fixed-interval schedule, with 12 short and four long intervals per cycle, were studied in three experiments. Eccentric stimuli in the short-interval component reliably produced a persistent, substantial elevation in key-peck rate. The effect appears to depend on schedule context and an initial "disinhibiting" effect of the eccentric stimulus.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1975.23-233}, Key = {fds288067} } @article{fds288063, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {LIMITATIONS ON TEMPORAL CONTROL: GENERALIZATION AND THE EFFECTS OF CONTEXT}, Journal = {British Journal of Psychology}, Volume = {66}, Number = {2}, Pages = {229-246}, Publisher = {WILEY}, Year = {1975}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0007-1269}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1975AD11400013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {On fixed‐interval reinforcement schedules, the time‐marker initiating each interval produces a pause before the terminal response begins (inhibitory temporal control). In four experiments on temporal control, two kinds of interaction in intercalated stimulus sequences were identified: confusion effects, reflecting similarities among stimuli, and attention (overshadowing) effects, reflecting differential memorability. 1975 The British Psychological Society}, Doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01459.x}, Key = {fds288063} } @article{fds288064, Author = {Staddon, JER and Ayres, SL}, Title = {Sequential and Temporal Properties of Behavior Induced by a Schedule of Periodic Food Delivery}, Journal = {Behaviour}, Volume = {54}, Number = {1-2}, Pages = {26-49}, Publisher = {BRILL}, Year = {1975}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0005-7959}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1975AN77800002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {1. Five hungry rats were exposed to a schedule of periodic food presentation, receiving a single pellet every 30 sec., in an apparatus that permitted drinking, running, and other activities. The development, extinction, and structure of behavior sequences under this regimen was studied in three experiments. 2. All the rats developed a stable pattern of behavior after twenty or so half-hour sessions. The modal pattern was drinking early in the interfood interval, running in the middle, and food anticipation at the end. This temporal pattern was associated with different sequential patterns in different individuals. 3. Elimination of opportunity to engage in one or more activities resulted in an increase in other activities, but the increase was not in simple proportion to their frequency under baseline conditions. 4. In the steady state the sequence of behaviors in each interval appeared to be determined by two main factors: (a) post-eating time, and (b) the “momentum” associated with an ongoing activity. Differences among individual rats appeared to be due largely to differences in the second factor. © 1975, Brill. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.1163/156853975X00317}, Key = {fds288064} } @article{fds288065, Author = {Staddon, JE and Frank, JA}, Title = {The role of the peck-food contingency on fixed-interval schedules.}, Journal = {Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior}, Volume = {23}, Number = {1}, Pages = {17-23}, Year = {1975}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0022-5002}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1975V247400002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Pigeons were trained to peck on a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement and then exposed to three schedules in which there was either no, or an indirect, relation between pecking and food delivery: (a) a conjunctive schedule in which food was delivered at fixed intervals, providing at least one peck was emitted in the interval; (b) a recycling version of the conjunctive schedule that essentially eliminated occasional peck-food contiguities (recycling conjunctive); (c) delivery of food at fixed intervals independently of the birds' behavior (fixed time). The rates and patterns of pecking sustained by these procedures depended on interfood interval and relative proximity of pecks to food.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1975.23-17}, Key = {fds288065} } @article{fds288066, Author = {Staddon, JER and Frank, JA}, Title = {Temporal control on periodic schedules: Fine structure}, Journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society}, Volume = {6}, Number = {5}, Pages = {536-538}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1975}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0090-5054}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1975AZ17100028&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {The temporal pattern of the terminal response on periodic schedules depends on when responding begins. Pigeons pecking on fixed-interval and fixed-time schedules of food reinforcement responded, or accelerated, faster the later in an interval they began responding. © 1975, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.3758/BF03337561}, Key = {fds288066} } @article{fds340478, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Temporal control on periodic schedules: Fine structure}, Publisher = {Psychonomic Society}, Year = {1975}, Abstract = {The temporal pattern of the terminal response on periodic schedules depends on when responding begins. Pigeons pecking on fixed-interval and fixed-time schedules of food reinforcement responded, or accelerated, faster the later in an interval they began responding.}, Key = {fds340478} } @article{fds328637, Author = {Staddon, JE}, Title = {A note on behavioural contrast and frustation.}, Journal = {The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, Volume = {26}, Number = {2}, Pages = {285-292}, Year = {1974}, Month = {May}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640747408400414}, Doi = {10.1080/14640747408400414}, Key = {fds328637} } @article{fds288058, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Temporal control, attention and memory}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {81}, Number = {5}, Pages = {375-391}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1974}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0036998}, Abstract = {Notes that animals do not usually respond for food at times when it is not available (e.g., the time just after food delivery on periodic schedules). Consequently, food acquires inhibitory aftereffects (inhibitory temporal control) on such schedules so that its omission elevates subsequent response rate (omission effect). Previous data, results of an experiment with 4 male White Carneaux pigeons, and arguments are presented to show that temporal control depends on the properties of memory and attention. Maintained reinforcement-omission effects reflect temporal overshadowing of neutral events (e.g., food omission) by more salient and memorable events (e.g., food). Disinhibition of delay and reinforcement-magnitude context effects can also be analyzed in these terms. (65 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1974 American Psychological Association.}, Doi = {10.1037/h0036998}, Key = {fds288058} } @article{fds288059, Author = {Frank, J and Staddon, JER}, Title = {The effects of restraint on temporal discrimination behavior}, Journal = {Psychological Record}, Volume = {23}, Number = {1}, Pages = {123-130}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1974}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03394224}, Doi = {10.1007/BF03394224}, Key = {fds288059} } @article{fds288060, Author = {Kello, JE and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Control of long-interval performance on mixed cyclic- interval schedules}, Journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society}, Volume = {4}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-4}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1974}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03334173}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to a series of cyclic-interval food reinforcement schedules in which each cycle comprised 12 1-min intervals followed by 2 2-min intervals, 2 6-min intervals, or 6 6-min intervals. Response rate was higher and postfood pause shorter in the long (2- or 6-min) than in the short (1-min) intervals. Response rate decreased and pause generally increased across successive 2-min intervals, but response rate increased and pause generally decreased across successive 6-min intervals. Performance in the 2-min intervals is consistent with a temporal discrimination account, but performance in the 6-min intervals supports earlier suggestions that some other factor (response “momentum”) may be involved when the long intervals are sufficiently longer than the short. © 1974, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.3758/BF03334173}, Key = {fds288060} } @article{fds288061, Author = {Staddon, JER and Frank, J}, Title = {Mechanisms of discrimination reversal}, Journal = {Animal Behaviour}, Volume = {22}, Number = {PART 4}, Pages = {802-828}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1974}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(74)90004-9}, Abstract = {Groups of pigeons were trained on a successive discrimination procedure (multiple variable-interval, extinction schedule, with correction in S-), and then exposed to successive reversals, either daily, or less frequently. At asymptote the birds made more than 90 per cent of their responses to S+, and showed good transfer to a 'learning set' series. Three factors were involved in discrimination reversal performance: (a) a tendency to respond to only one of the two stimuli presented each day; (b) control of 'choice' by food delivery and by procedural cues; (c) a tendency to respond to the prior S+ (negative transfer). Transfer effects showed themselves in two main ways: (a) by impaired performance on the first reversal following manipulations that increased the salience in memory of S+ on a given day, such as a shift to a new pair of stimuli, or a gap (days off) in a series of daily reversals. The new-problem effect was quite robust, but the days-off effect was observed only when other controlling factors were relatively weak; (b) by impaired performance on the first reversal following learning set training interpolated into a series of reversals. Reversal performance seems to represent a balance among a number of controlling factors, and the factors involved may be different for different individuals, even though the final performances appear similar. © 1974.}, Doi = {10.1016/0003-3472(74)90004-9}, Key = {fds288061} } @article{fds288062, Author = {Starr, B and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Temporal control on fixed-interval schedules: Signal properties of reinforcement and blackout}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {22}, Number = {3}, Pages = {535-545}, Year = {1974}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1974.22-535}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to periodic food-reinforcement schedules in which intervals ended with equal probability in either reinforcement or brief blackout. The effects on the pattern of key pecking of sequential probability of reinforcement, interval duration, and time to reinforcement opportunity were investigated in three experiments. The major results were: (1) at short absolute interval durations, time to reinforcement opportunity determined both postreinforcement and postblackout pause (time to first key peck within an interval); (2) at long intervals, postblackout pause was consistently shorter than postreinforcement pause, even if both events signalled the same time to the next reinforcement opportunity (omission effect); (3) when reinforcement and blackout signalled different times to the next reinforcement opportunity, within the same experiment, there was some evidence for interactions analogous to behavioral contrast.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1974.22-535}, Key = {fds288062} } @article{fds288057, Author = {Malone, JC and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Contrast effects in maintained generalization gradients}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {19}, Number = {1}, Pages = {167-179}, Year = {1973}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1973.19-167}, Abstract = {In Experiment I, pigeons were given equal reinforcement (variable-interval 1-min) for responding during randomized presentations of eight line-orientation stimuli. Then, only responding in the vertical orientation was reinforced. Stable generalization gradients soon formed and persistent behavioral and local (transient) contrast effects appeared. Local contrast effects were not a function of relative reinforcement frequency or of any other variable known to produce contrast. Instead, they were related to average response rates associated with each stimulus. Experiment II showed that local contrast effects represent increases and decreases in response rates relative to baseline responding, and that these effects are relative; a given stimulus might enhance responding during a subsequent presentation of one stimulus, but depress responding when followed by another. These data indicate that discrimination learning is not adequately described as the acquisition of excitatory properties by some stimuli and inhibitory properties by others. A more adequate account implies that stimuli exert both excitatory and inhibitory effects related to their value.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1973.19-167}, Key = {fds288057} } @article{fds328638, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {On the notion of cause, with applications to behaviorism}, Journal = {Behaviorism}, Volume = {1}, Number = {2}, Pages = {25-63}, Year = {1972}, Month = {January}, Key = {fds328638} } @article{fds288055, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {A note on the analysis of behavioral sequences in Columba livia}, Journal = {Animal Behaviour}, Volume = {20}, Number = {2}, Pages = {284-292}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1972}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(72)80050-2}, Abstract = {Regularity of temporal succession is not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between two acts. Regularly-occurring consummatory responses, such as eating, provide 'time markers' which may allow regular succession due to an internal clock to be distinguished from sequential regularity due to causal relationships between successive acts. These points are illustrated by an analysis of behavioural sequences observed in an experiment on superstitious behaviour in pigeons. © 1972.}, Doi = {10.1016/S0003-3472(72)80050-2}, Key = {fds288055} } @article{fds288056, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Reinforcement omission on temporal go–no-go schedules}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {18}, Number = {2}, Pages = {223-229}, Year = {1972}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1972.18-223}, Abstract = {Either a partial blackout, or the blackout plus a "feeder flash", occurred in lieu of reinforcement on two procedures that produced opposite patterns of responding after reinforcement. Response rate was elevated after reinforcement omission on the procedure that produced a "pause-and-respond" pattern following reinforcement, but depressed after reinforcement omission on the procedure that produced a "respond-and-pause" pattern. The effect of blackout plus feeder flash was generally intermediate between the effects of blackout and the effects of reinforcement. These results are consistent with an interpretation of reinforcement omission effects in terms of the discriminative temporal control exerted by reinforcement and stimuli similar to it.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1972.18-223}, Key = {fds288056} } @article{fds288053, Author = {Innis, NK and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Temporal tracking on cyclic-interval reinforcement schedules}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {16}, Number = {3}, Pages = {411-423}, Year = {1971}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1971.16-411}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to four cycles per session of a schedule in which the duration of successive interreinforcement intervals differed by t-sec. A cycle was composed of seven increasing and seven decreasing intervals, from 2t to 8t sec in length. In Exp. 1, postreinforcement pause tracked interval duration on five cyclic schedules, with values of t ranging from 2 to 40 sec. Tracking was better at shorter t values, and when discriminative stimuli signalled increasing and decreasing parts of the cycle. Pooled data for the whole experiment showed postreinforcement pause to bear a power function relationship to interval length, with a smaller exponent than the comparable function for fixed-interval schedules. Tests in a second experiment showed that pigeons trained on an arithmetic progression could also track schedules in which successive intervals followed either a logarithmic or a geometric progression, although tracking was more stable in the logarithmic case.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1971.16-411}, Key = {fds288053} } @article{fds288054, Author = {Staddon, JER and Simmelhag, V}, Title = {The “superstition” experiment: A reexamination of its implications for the principles of adaptive behavior}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {78}, Number = {1}, Pages = {3-43}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1971}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0030305}, Abstract = {Replication and extension of Skinner's "supersitition" experiment showed the development of 2 kinds of behavior at asymptote: (a) interim activities, related to adjunctive behavior, which occurred just after food delivery; and (b) the terminal response, a discriminated operant, which occurred toward the end of the interval and continued until food delivery. These data suggest a view of operant conditioning (the terminal response) in terms of 2 sets of principles: principles of behavioral variation that describe the origins of behavior appropriate to a situation, in advance of reinforcement; and principles of reinforcement that describe the selective elimination of behavior so produced. This approach was supported by (a) an account of the parallels between the law of effect and evolution by means of natural selection; (b) its ability to elucidate persistent problems in learning, e.g., continuity vs. noncontinuity, variability associated with extinction, the relationship between classical and instrumental conditioning, the controversy between behaviorist and cognitive approaches to learning; and (c) its ability to deal with a number of recent anomalies in the learning literature (instinctive drift, auto-shaping, and auto-maintenance). The interim activities are interpreted in terms of interactions among motivational systems, and this view is supported by a review of the literature on adjunctive behavior and by comparison with similar phenomena in ethology (displacement, redirection, and vacuum activities). The proposed theoretical scheme represents a shift away from hypothetical laws of learning toward an interpretation of behavioral change in terms of interaction and competition among tendencies to action according to principles evolved in phylogeny. (4 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).}, Doi = {10.1037/h0030305}, Key = {fds288054} } @article{fds288049, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Effect of reinforcement duration on fixed-interval responding.}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {13}, Number = {1}, Pages = {9-11}, Year = {1970}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1970.13-9}, Abstract = {Five different reinforcement durations occurred randomly within each session on fixed interval 60-sec. Postreinforcement pause was directly related (and "running" rate inversely related) to the duration of reinforcement initiating each fixed interval.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1970.13-9}, Key = {fds288049} } @article{fds288050, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Temporal effects of reinforcement: A negative “frustration” effect}, Journal = {Learning and Motivation}, Volume = {1}, Number = {3}, Pages = {227-247}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {1970}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3230 Duke open access}, Abstract = {Reinforcement omission in situations that show positive goal-gradients elevates subsequent responding (positive "frustration" effect). In this experiment, in a situation showing a negative goal-gradient, reinforcement omission depressed subsequent responding (negative "frustration" effect). A simple hypothesis in terms of discriminative after-effects of reinforcement accounts for both effects. The same interpretation is adequate to describe frustration effects in runways and avoids problems faced by frustration theory. Some further tests of the hypothesis are proposed. © 1970.}, Doi = {10.1016/0023-9690(70)90148-7}, Key = {fds288050} } @article{fds288051, Author = {Innis, NK and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Sequential effects in cyclic-interval schedules}, Journal = {Psychonomic Science}, Volume = {19}, Number = {5}, Pages = {313-315}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1970}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03328834}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to two cyclic-interval schedules involving a cycle of 12 1-min fixed intervals followed by either 6 2-min intervals or 2 6-min intervals. Response rate was higher during the longer intervals in both cases. Comparison between these results and data from a previous experiment with a FI 1 FI 3 schedule suggests that three factors underlie responding to these schedules: the duration of the long intervals, the number of successive long intervals in a cycle (run length), and a factor involving the interaction between interval length and the pigeon’s own behavior (“momentum”). © 1970, Psychonomic Journals, Inc.. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.3758/BF03328834}, Key = {fds288051} } @article{fds288052, Author = {Staddon, JER and Simmelhag, V}, Title = {“Superstitious” sequences}, Journal = {Proceedings of the 78th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association}, Pages = {757-758}, Year = {1970}, Key = {fds288052} } @article{fds328639, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {INHIBITION AND THE OPERANT: A review of Sensory Inhibition, by G. v. Békésy, and Mach Bands: quantitative studies on neural networks in the retina, by Floyd Ratliff}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {12}, Number = {3}, Pages = {481-487}, Publisher = {Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Year = {1969}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1969.12-481}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1969.12-481}, Key = {fds328639} } @article{fds288045, Author = {Innis, NK and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Scopolamine and reinforcement omission on fixed-interval schedules}, Journal = {Psychonomic Science}, Volume = {14}, Number = {1}, Pages = {43-45}, Publisher = {Springer Nature}, Year = {1969}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03336417}, Abstract = {Two rats were run on a fixed-interval schedule with occasional blackouts (2–32 sec) substituted for reinforcement. Injections of scopolamine eliminated the fixed-interval scallop and substantially reduced the elevation in response rate which typically follows reinforcement ommission. This result is in agreement with a nonmotivational interpretation of interval-schedule “frustration” effects. © 1969, Psychonomic Journals, Inc.. All rights reserved.}, Doi = {10.3758/BF03336417}, Key = {fds288045} } @article{fds288046, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {The effect of informative feedback on temporal tracking in the pigeon}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {12}, Number = {1}, Pages = {27-38}, Year = {1969}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5994 Duke open access}, Abstract = {Pigeons emitted interresponse times that were reinforced if they fell between an upper and a lower bound (t<IRT<t+t/10). Brief stimuli followed each response; under some experimental conditions the color of these stimuli was correlated with whether the preceding interresponse time was longer or shorter than that specified by the schedule. Preliminary experiments indicated that these "feedback" stimuli acquired no discriminative properties even after prolonged training. A modified procedure, in which t varied cyclically throughout each experimental session, allowed the stimuli to acquire such properties: stimulus control was demonstrated under the training conditions, for two of the pigeons, and under transfer conditions for all three birds. A series of probe conditions, followed by a replication of the simple procedure using a multiple schedule, indicated that the controlling property of the stimuli was not the relation between stimuli, interresponse time, and value of t, but a variable determined by the interaction between the animals' responding and the cyclic procedure. This variable was probably the relative frequency of the less-frequent feedback stimulus.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1969.12-27}, Key = {fds288046} } @article{fds288047, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Multiple fixed-interval schedules: Transient contrast and temporal inhibition}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {12}, Number = {4}, Pages = {583-590}, Year = {1969}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1969.12-583}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to four cycles per session of a multiple schedule in which each cycle involved twelve 60-sec fixed intervals followed by four 180-sec intervals [(12 FI 60-sec)(4 FI 180-sec) schedule]. Post-reinforcement pauses were shorter during the first few short intervals of each cycle than during later short intervals, and increased over the four long intervals of each cycle (positive and negative transient contrast). A (12 FI 15-sec)(4 FI 45-sec) schedule showed similar results. These two schedules differed in some other respects indicating effects of absolute FI duration on stimulus control. Differences in contrast properties between both these procedures and multiple variable-interval schedules were related to the pause-producing property of reinforcement on FI (temporal inhibition). Behavior under two other multiple fixed-interval schedules-(2 FI 360-sec)(1 FI 720-sec) and (3 FI 360-sec)(1 FI 720-sec)-differed in certain respects from both the (12 FI x-sec)(4 FI 3x-sec) schedules. These differences may be related to differences in the number of successive fixed intervals within a component (run length).}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1969.12-583}, Key = {fds288047} } @article{fds288048, Author = {Staddon, JER and Innis, NK}, Title = {Reinforcement omission on fixed-interval schedules}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {12}, Number = {5}, Pages = {689-700}, Year = {1969}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1969.12-689}, Abstract = {EXPERIMENTS WITH PIGEONS AND RATS SHOWED THAT: (1) When a brief blackout was presented in lieu of reinforcement at the end of 25% of intervals on a fixed-interval 2-min schedule, response rate was reliably and persistently higher during the following 2-min intervals (omission effect). This effect was largely due to a decrease in time to first response after reinforcement omission. (2) When blackout duration was varied, within sessions, over the range 2 to 32 sec, time to first response was inversely related to the duration of the preceding blackout, for pigeons, and for rats during the first few sessions after the transition from FI 2-min to FI 2-min with reinforcement omission. Post-blackout pause was independent of blackout duration for rats at asymptote. These results were interpreted in terms of differential depressive effects of reinforcement and blackout on subsequent responding.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1969.12-689}, Key = {fds288048} } @article{fds288044, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Spaced responding and choice: A preliminary analysis}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {11}, Number = {6}, Pages = {669-682}, Year = {1968}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5995 Duke open access}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to reinforcement both for short (2 < IRT < 3 sec) and long (10 < IRT < 11 sec) interresponse times. They developed bimodal interresponse-time distributions, which were decomposable into two independent component distributions under the control of the short and long contingencies respectively. The birds' allocation of responses between these two distributions was determined by a simple power-law relationship between reinforcement ratios, and response ratios derived from the component distributions. Comparison between this situation and concurrent choice situations raises the possibility that the power-law relation between ratios may be a more general law of choice than the matching of relative frequencies (probabilities).}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1968.11-669}, Key = {fds288044} } @article{fds288042, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Attention and temporal discrimination: Factors controlling responding under a cyclic-interval schedule}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {10}, Number = {4}, Pages = {349-359}, Year = {1967}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1967.10-349}, Abstract = {Pigeons were exposed to a cyclic schedule in which each cycle was composed of twelve 1-min fixed intervals followed by four 3-min fixed intervals; four such cycles comprised an experimental session. The pigeons responded at a much higher average rate during the 3-min intervals than during the 1-min intervals. Other effects were a depression of responding during the first short interval of each cycle and a shortening of postreinforcement pause during the second short interval. The main effect is attributable to a relatively fixed pattern of responding after reinforcement; this pattern consisted in a pause of approximately constant duration followed by responding at an approximately constant rate until the next reinforcement, resulting in much higher average response rates during the longer interreinforcement intervals. The other effects seem attributable to relatively slight differences between the pattern of responding characteristic of later long intervals and the pattern during later short intervals of each cycle. A major implication is that the pigeon is largely insensitive to the sequential properties of many interval-reinforcement schedules. A description of interval-schedule "frustration" phenomena in terms of the inhibitory effects of reinforcement is discussed in relation to these results.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1967.10-349}, Key = {fds288042} } @article{fds288043, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Asymptotic behavior: The concept of the operant}, Journal = {Psychological Review}, Volume = {74}, Number = {5}, Pages = {377-391}, Year = {1967}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0024877}, Doi = {10.1037/h0024877}, Key = {fds288043} } @article{fds288040, Author = {Staddon, JER and Innis, NK}, Title = {An effect analogous to “frustration” on interval reinforcement schedules}, Journal = {Psychonomic Science,}, Volume = {4}, Pages = {287-288}, Year = {1966}, Key = {fds288040} } @article{fds288041, Author = {Staddon, JER and Innis, NK}, Title = {Preference for fixed vs. variable amounts of reward}, Journal = {Psychonomic Science}, Volume = {4}, Pages = {193-194}, Year = {1966}, Key = {fds288041} } @article{fds288039, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Some properties of spaced responding in pigeons}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {8}, Pages = {19-27}, Year = {1965}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1965.8-19}, Abstract = {Pigeons exposed to a schedule which reinforces interresponse times (IRTs) longer than a given value (DRL schedule) eventually reach a stable pattern of responding which is shown to be a function both of the DRL value and of previous experience with other DRL values. On any given DRL schedule, the stable performance of most pigeons which have been previously exposed to a variety of such schedules, shows an IRT distribution with median equal to the DRL value. For DRL values longer than about 30 sec, however, the median IRT falls short of the DRL value; this failure of adjustment to longer values appears to be a species characteristic of pigeons. The function relating reinforcement rate to 1/DRL value is also shown to be approximately linear over the same range, with variable slope (less than 45 degrees ) and a downturn in the vicinity of DRL 30.}, Doi = {10.1901/jeab.1965.8-19}, Key = {fds288039} } @article{fds288033, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Reinforcement as input: Cyclic variable-interval schedule}, Journal = {Science}, Volume = {145}, Number = {3630}, Pages = {410-412}, Year = {1964}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.145.3630.410}, Abstract = {Daily exposure of pigeons to four cycles of a reinforcement schedule in which the density of reinforcements varied cyclically as a function of time induced a periodicity in their responding matching that of the schedule, but out of phase with it. The technique used of presenting the same sequence of interreinforcement intervals in every session may have useful application in determining animals' adjustment to more complex temporal patterns of reinforcement. Investigation of animals' response to cyclic schedules of different frequencies suggests links with engineering methods of frequency analysis.}, Doi = {10.1126/science.145.3630.410}, Key = {fds288033} } %% Books @book{fds365866, Author = {Honig, WK and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Introduction}, Pages = {1-6}, Year = {2022}, Month = {February}, ISBN = {9781032188645}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003256670-1}, Doi = {10.4324/9781003256670-1}, Key = {fds365866} } @book{fds365868, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Handbook of operant behavior}, Pages = {1-710}, Year = {2022}, Month = {February}, ISBN = {9781032188645}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003256670}, Abstract = {This classic edition of the Handbook of Operant Behavior presents seminal work in the field of learning and behavior, foreshadowing a new direction for learning research, and presenting many questions that remain unanswered. Featuring impressive contributions from leading figures across the field-ranging from N. J. Mackintosh from what was to become the cognitive school through Morse, Kelleher, Hutchinson, and Hineline on the neglected topic of aversive control to Blough and Blough on psychophysics to Philip Teitelbaum on behavioral physiology-the book is a must-read for anyone interested in human and animal learning. In a newly written introduction, J. E. R. Staddon highlights several issues that deserve more attention: how language is learned and syntax evolves, how animals choose, and a new paradigm for the study of learning in general. The book is essential reading for all students and researchers of learning and behavior, and aims to encourage researchers to revisit some of the fascinating behavioral questions raised by the original book.}, Doi = {10.4324/9781003256670}, Key = {fds365868} } @book{fds365869, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Introduction to the classic edition: Handbook of operant behavior}, Pages = {ix-xiii}, Year = {2022}, Month = {February}, ISBN = {9781032188645}, Key = {fds365869} } @book{fds362350, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {The New Behaviorism: Foundations of Behavioral Science}, Pages = {1-314}, Year = {2021}, Month = {May}, ISBN = {9780367745813}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003158578}, Abstract = {This ground-breaking book presents a brief history of behaviorism, along with a critical analysis of radical behaviorism, its philosophy and its applications to social issues. This third edition is much expanded and includes a new chapter on experimental method as well as longer sections on the philosophy of behaviorism. It offers experimental and theoretical examples of a new approach to behavioral science. It provides an alternative philosophical and empirical foundation for a psychology that has rather lost its way. The mission of the book is to help steer experimental psychology away from its current undisciplined indulgence in "mental life" toward the core of science, which is an economical description of nature: parsimony, explain much with little. The elementary philosophical distinction between private and public events, even biology, evolution and animal psychology are all ignored by much contemporary cognitive psychology. The failings of radical behaviorism as well as a philosophically defective cognitive psychology point to the need for a new theoretical behaviorism, which can deal with problems such as "consciousness" that have been either ignored, evaded or muddled by existing approaches. This new behaviorism provides a unified framework for the science of behavior that can be applied both to the laboratory and to broader practical issues such as law and punishment, the health-care system, and teaching.}, Doi = {10.4324/9781003158578}, Key = {fds362350} } @book{fds332757, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Scientific method: How science works, fails to work, and pretends to work}, Pages = {1-148}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2017}, Month = {December}, ISBN = {9781138295353}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315100708}, Abstract = {This book shows how science works, fails to work, or pretends to work, by looking at examples from such diverse fields as physics, biomedicine, psychology, and economics. Social science affects our lives every day through the predictions of experts and the rules and regulations they devise. Sciences like economics, sociology and health are subject to more 'operating limitations' than classical fields like physics or chemistry or biology. Yet, their methods and results must also be judged according to the same scientific standards. Every literate citizen should understand these standards and be able to tell the difference between good science and bad. Scientific Method enables readers to develop a critical, informed view of scientific practice by discussing concrete examples of how real scientists have approached the problems of their fields. It is ideal for students and professionals trying to make sense of the role of science in society, and of the meaning, value, and limitations of scientific methodology in the social sciences.}, Doi = {10.4324/9781315100708}, Key = {fds332757} } @book{fds313403, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Unlucky Strike: Private Health and the Science, Law and Politics of Smoking. Buckingham, UK: University of Buckingham Press.}, Year = {2016}, Month = {April}, url = {https://ubpl.buckingham.ac.uk/?s=staddon}, Key = {fds313403} } @book{fds335755, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Adaptive Behavior and Learning: Second Edition}, Pages = {1-599}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, Year = {2016}, Month = {March}, ISBN = {9781107082472}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139998369}, Abstract = {Every day at about 4:30, Jazz, a Hungarian Vizsla dog, leaps up on the sofa and looks out for his owner who always comes home at 5:00. He doesn't need an internal clock because he has an acute sense of smell that allows him to measure how long his master has been absent. Explaining complex behavior in simple ways, this book is a fascinating exploration of the evolution, development and processes of learning in animals. Now in its second edition, there is increased emphasis on development, evolution and dynamics; new accounts of taxic orientation, reflex induction, habituation and operant learning in organisms; more discussion of spatial learning and the processes underlying it; expanded chapters on choice and completely new chapters on molar laws, classical conditioning theories and comparative cognition. J. E. R. Staddon provides a definitive summary of contemporary theoretical understanding suitable for graduates and advanced undergraduates.}, Doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139998369}, Key = {fds335755} } @book{fds318787, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Adaptive Behavior and Learning}, Pages = {608 pages}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, Year = {2016}, Month = {February}, ISBN = {9781107082472}, Abstract = {Summarizes the current state of both theoretical and experimental knowledge about learning in animals.}, Key = {fds318787} } @book{fds365541, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Scientific Method}, Year = {2015}, Abstract = {How science works, fails to work or pretends to work.}, Key = {fds365541} } @book{fds328629, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {The new behaviorism, second edition}, Pages = {1-282}, Publisher = {PSYCHOLOGY PRESS}, Year = {2014}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9781315798172}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315798172}, Abstract = {This second edition is a completely rewritten and much expanded version of the first edition, published nearly 15 years earlier. It surveys what changes have occurred within behaviorism and whether it has maintained its influence on experimental cognitive psychology or other fields.}, Doi = {10.4324/9781315798172}, Key = {fds328629} } @book{fds313405, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {The New Behaviorism}, Publisher = {Psychology Press}, Year = {2014}, url = {http://www.psypress.com/books/details/9781848726888/}, Key = {fds313405} } @book{fds352588, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {The Malign Hand of the Markets: The Insidious Forces on Wall Street that are Destroying Financial Markets – and What We Can Do About it}, Pages = {304 pages}, Publisher = {McGraw Hill Professional}, Year = {2012}, Month = {June}, ISBN = {9780071797412}, Abstract = {But Duke University professor John Staddon is here to tell that there’s also another, darker force at work on Wall Street—a “Malign Hand” that guides all human interactions, including our finances.}, Key = {fds352588} } @book{fds313404, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {The Malign Hand of the Markets}, Publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, Year = {2012}, url = {http://www.amazon.com/The-Malign-Hand-Markets-Destroying/dp/B00FKZ8624/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1396619492&sr=8-3&keywords=malign+hand}, Key = {fds313404} } @book{fds204528, Author = {J. E. R. Staddon}, Title = {Adaptive behavior and learning.}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press. New (updated internet edition)}, Year = {2010}, url = {http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/2878}, Key = {fds204528} } @conference{fds14388, Author = {Staddon, J. E. R.}, Title = {Adaptive behavior and learning.}, Journal = {New York: Cambridge University Press (1st edition. 1983)}, Series = {Second (internet) edition}, Year = {2003}, url = {http://psychweb.psych.duke.edu/department/jers/abl/TableC.htm}, Abstract = {psychweb.psych.duke.edu/department/jers/abl/TableC.htm}, Key = {fds14388} } @book{fds41034, Author = {J. E. R. Staddon}, Title = {Adaptive Behavior and Learning}, Series = {New Edition of 1983 Cambridge U. P. book}, Publisher = {Internet Edition}, Year = {2003}, url = {http://psychweb.psych.duke.edu/department/jers/abl/TableC.htm}, Key = {fds41034} } @book{fds14394, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R.}, Title = {The New Behaviorism: Mind, Mechanism and Society}, Pages = {xiii, 1-211}, Publisher = {Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press}, Year = {2001}, Key = {fds14394} } @book{fds14395, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R.}, Title = {Adaptive Dynamics: The Theoretical Analysis of Behavior}, Pages = {xiv, 1-423}, Publisher = {Cambridge, MA: MIT/Bradford}, Year = {2001}, Key = {fds14395} } @book{fds41344, Author = {J. Staddon and J.E.R}, Title = {Behaviorism: Mind, Mechanism and Society}, Pages = {1-128}, Publisher = {London: Duckworth}, Year = {1993}, Key = {fds41344} } @book{fds41377, Author = {Staddon, J. E. R. and Ettinger, R. H}, Title = {Learning: An introduction to the principles of adaptive behavior}, Pages = {i-ix, 1-436}, Publisher = {San Diego: Harcourt-Brace-Jovanovich}, Year = {1989}, Key = {fds41377} } @book{fds41428, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Adaptive behavior and learning}, Pages = {xiii, 1-555}, Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press}, Year = {1983}, Key = {fds41428} } %% Chapters in Books @misc{fds376836, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Summing Up}, Pages = {189-197}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-16}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-16}, Key = {fds376836} } @misc{fds376843, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Science and Diversity}, Pages = {96-102}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-8}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-8}, Key = {fds376843} } @misc{fds376844, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {The Object of Inquiry Problem}, Pages = {159-165}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-13}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-13}, Key = {fds376844} } @misc{fds376845, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Science and AI}, Pages = {89-95}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-7}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-7}, Key = {fds376845} } @misc{fds376846, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing}, Pages = {44-53}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-4}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-4}, Key = {fds376846} } @misc{fds376847, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Efficient Markets, I}, Pages = {166-175}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-14}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-14}, Key = {fds376847} } @misc{fds376848, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {What Is Science?}, Pages = {1-10}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-1}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-1}, Key = {fds376848} } @misc{fds376849, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Behavioral Economics}, Pages = {135-147}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-11}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-11}, Key = {fds376849} } @misc{fds376850, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Models and Incentives}, Pages = {54-68}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-5}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-5}, Key = {fds376850} } @misc{fds376851, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Economics and Equilibria}, Pages = {111-134}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-10}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-10}, Key = {fds376851} } @misc{fds376837, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Social Science}, Pages = {69-88}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-6}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-6}, Key = {fds376837} } @misc{fds376838, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Some Science History}, Pages = {11-30}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-2}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-2}, Key = {fds376838} } @misc{fds376839, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Social Science}, Pages = {103-110}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-9}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-9}, Key = {fds376839} } @misc{fds376840, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Animal Economics}, Pages = {148-158}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-12}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-12}, Key = {fds376840} } @misc{fds376841, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Experiment}, Pages = {31-43}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-3}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-3}, Key = {fds376841} } @misc{fds376842, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Efficient Markets, II Event Studies and the CAPM}, Pages = {176-188}, Booktitle = {Scientific Method}, Publisher = {Routledge}, Year = {2024}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032683874-15}, Doi = {10.4324/9781032683874-15}, Key = {fds376842} } @misc{fds372779, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Ideological Corruption of Science: Is the Right Always Wrong?}, Pages = {327-341}, Booktitle = {The Palgrave Handbook of Left-Wing Extremism, Volume 2}, Publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland}, Year = {2023}, ISBN = {9783031362675}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36268-2_18}, Doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-36268-2_18}, Key = {fds372779} } @misc{fds367261, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {The comparative psychology of operant behaviour}, Pages = {83-94}, Booktitle = {Behaviour Analysis and Contemporary Psychology}, Year = {2022}, Month = {September}, ISBN = {9781032327853}, Key = {fds367261} } @misc{fds365867, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Schedule-induced behavior}, Pages = {125-152}, Booktitle = {Handbook of Operant Behavior}, Year = {2022}, Month = {February}, ISBN = {9781032188645}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003256670-6}, Doi = {10.4324/9781003256670-6}, Key = {fds365867} } @misc{fds368527, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Learning as Adaptation}, Pages = {37-98}, Booktitle = {Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes}, Year = {2022}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9781848723474}, Key = {fds368527} } @misc{fds370042, Author = {Machado, A and Staddon, J}, Title = {Learning from a behaviorist perspective}, Pages = {12-21}, Booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of Education: Fourth Edition}, Year = {2022}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9780128186299}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818630-5.14002-3}, Abstract = {Behaviorism began with a persuasive 1913 polemic by John B. Watson which identified scientific psychology as part of biology. Watson was succeeded by neo-behaviorists Clark Hull, E. C. Tolman and, a little later, by radical behaviorist B. F. Skinner, who became the most influential. All behaviorists were strongly influenced by the work of the Russian physiologist IP. Pavlov and the field soon split between those who studied Pavlovian (classical) and operant (instrumental, Skinnerian) conditioning, primarily with animals as subjects. Skinner discovered new experimental methods which led to the discovery of reinforcement schedules. Behaviorism was over-shadowed in the 1960s by the cognitive movement, whose proponents nevertheless strove to stick with third-party-accessible data although they largely abandoned work with animals and were less finicky about theory than the behaviorists. Cognitive psychology rarely aspired to practical application where radical behaviorism, particularly, scored some successes. If psychology is ever to be a science of practical use, it will be behavioristic.}, Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-818630-5.14002-3}, Key = {fds370042} } @misc{fds371646, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Theoretical behaviorism}, Pages = {79-95}, Booktitle = {Contemporary Behaviorisms in Debate}, Year = {2021}, Month = {August}, ISBN = {9783030773946}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77395-3_7}, Abstract = {Theoretical behaviorism has evolved from radical behaviorism. To stimulus and response it adds the idea of state: the state (conceptual, not physiological) of the organism defines the repertoire of responses available in a given stimulus context. Classical and operant conditioning are just different faces of the same coin. Classical conditioning is a process that detects correlations between environmental features and something of value, positive or negative, to the organism. This correlation induces a repertoire from which operant reinforcement can select. If the correlation is very strong and the unconditioned stimulus is imminent, then the induced repertoire may be limited-to pecking (in a hungry pigeon) or to salivation (in a restrained dog). Selection, in the sense of a response contingency, may be unnecessary. The result may look like a reflex, but isn't, although restricted behavioral options and extreme motivation may make it appear so.}, Doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-77395-3_7}, Key = {fds371646} } @misc{fds371647, Author = {Staddon, J}, Title = {Theory: A response to lopes}, Pages = {107-110}, Booktitle = {Contemporary Behaviorisms in Debate}, Year = {2021}, Month = {August}, ISBN = {9783030773946}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77395-3_9}, Abstract = {Response to Carlos Eduardo Lopes' comments: "What Is the Theory of Theoretical Behaviorism?"}, Doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-77395-3_9}, Key = {fds371647} } @misc{fds373022, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Learning, III: procedures}, Pages = {532-562}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373022} } @misc{fds373031, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Template learning}, Pages = {445-456}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373031} } @misc{fds373035, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Variation and selection: kineses}, Pages = {24-37}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373035} } @misc{fds373026, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Reward and punishment}, Pages = {135-174}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373026} } @misc{fds373033, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Stimulus control and performance}, Pages = {345-376}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373033} } @misc{fds373034, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {The optimal allocation of behavior}, Pages = {205-241}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373034} } @misc{fds373032, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Time and memory, II}, Pages = {421-444}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373032} } @misc{fds373023, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Operant behavior}, Pages = {102-134}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373023} } @misc{fds373024, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Molar laws}, Pages = {377-397}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373024} } @misc{fds373029, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Learning, II}, Pages = {501-531}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373029} } @misc{fds373030, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING SECOND EDITION Preface}, Pages = {XIII-XV}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373030} } @misc{fds373027, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Foraging and behavioral ecology}, Pages = {287-312}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373027} } @misc{fds373028, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Choice: dynamics and decision rules}, Pages = {242-286}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373028} } @misc{fds373025, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Time and memory, I}, Pages = {398-420}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373025} } @misc{fds373021, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Models of classical conditioning}, Pages = {486-500}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373021} } @misc{fds373018, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {The evolution, development, and modification of behavior}, Pages = {1-23}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373018} } @misc{fds373019, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Reflexes}, Pages = {38-66}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373019} } @misc{fds373020, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Learning, I}, Pages = {457-485}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373020} } @misc{fds373036, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Stimulus control and cognition}, Pages = {313-344}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds373036} } @misc{fds374167, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Direct orientation and feedback}, Pages = {67-101}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds374167} } @misc{fds374168, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Feeding regulation: a model motivational system}, Pages = {175-204}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds374168} } @misc{fds374169, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Comparative cognition}, Pages = {563-578}, Booktitle = {ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING, 2ND EDITION}, Year = {2016}, ISBN = {978-1-107-44290-0}, Key = {fds374169} } @misc{fds325716, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Learning as adaptation}, Pages = {37-98}, Booktitle = {Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Volume 2: Conditioning and Behavior Theory}, Publisher = {PSYCHOLOGY PRESS}, Year = {2014}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9781848723900}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315770437}, Doi = {10.4324/9781315770437}, Key = {fds325716} } @misc{fds325717, Author = {Jozefowiez, J and Machado, A and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Cognitive versus associative decision rules in timing}, Pages = {355-377}, Booktitle = {Subjective Time: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Temporality}, Year = {2014}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9780262019941}, Key = {fds325717} } @misc{fds373037, Author = {Zanutto, BS and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Dynamics of Feeding Behavior: Role of Hypothalamic and Satiety Signals}, Pages = {929-939}, Booktitle = {Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition}, Publisher = {Springer New York}, Editor = {V.R. Preedy and Watson, R.R and Martin, C.R. et al.}, Year = {2011}, ISBN = {9780387922706}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_61}, Doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_61}, Key = {fds373037} } @misc{fds157140, Author = {John Staddon}, Title = {Epilogue}, Pages = {389-390}, Booktitle = {Reflections on Adaptive Behavior: Essays in Honor of J. E. R. Staddon}, Editor = {N. K. Innis}, Year = {2008}, ISBN = {978-0-262-09044-5}, Key = {fds157140} } @misc{fds287988, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Is animal learning optimal?}, Journal = {Constructal Theory of Social Dynamics}, Pages = {161-167}, Publisher = {Springer US}, Year = {2007}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9780387476803}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000250287000008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-47681-0_8}, Key = {fds287988} } @misc{fds349307, Author = {Jozefowiez, J and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Operant behavior}, Pages = {75-101}, Booktitle = {Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference}, Year = {2007}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9780123705099}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012370509-9.00087-5}, Abstract = {Operant behavior is behavior guided by its consequences. Conditioning operant behavior requires making a biologically important event, or a stimulus signaling such an event, depend on the occurrence of a target operant response. If this arrangement leads to an increase in the probability of the target response, the contingent event is termed a reinforcer and the associated process reinforcement. In this chapter, we review the conditions under which reinforcement takes place, that is, how an animal is able to detect that a reinforcer is delivered as the consequence of the emission of a behavior (operant learning). We look at how behavior is modulated by its consequences in situations in which reinforcement occurs at a fixed time after a specific event (interval timing) and situations in which the animal has the choice between several response alternatives, each reinforced according to a different rule (operant choice). Finally, we review theories that explain why some events have reinforcing properties (reinforcement theory).}, Doi = {10.1016/B978-012370509-9.00087-5}, Key = {fds349307} } @misc{fds287981, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Humanism and Skinner's radical behaviorism}, Journal = {BEHAVIOR THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY}, Pages = {129-146}, Booktitle = {Behavior theory and philosophy}, Publisher = {KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL}, Editor = {Lattal, KA and Chase, PN}, Year = {2003}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {0-306-47780-7}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000189346100007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287981} } @misc{fds287989, Author = {Cerutti, DL and Chelaru, IM and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Detecting mine-like targets: Synergistic effects of correlated and uncorrelated sensor channels}, Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering}, Volume = {4394}, Number = {2}, Pages = {859-867}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Year = {2001}, Month = {December}, ISBN = {0-8194-4089-2}, ISSN = {0277-786X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000175016500084&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {We report results from an experiment designed to study the perceptual and learning processes involved in the detection of land mines. Subjects attempted to identify the location of spatially distributed targets identified by a sweeping a cursor across a computer screen. Invisible screen "objects" were identified by either tones (A) or clicks (B) or both. Objects defined by a tone or a click only are distracters; the single object defined by both is the target (mine). We looked at the effect on target detectability of the number and spatial distribution of distracters. As expected from theoretical analysis, target detectability was highest when A and B distracters were negatively correlated; lowest when they were positively correlated. Under these conditions, detectability is was also inversely related to the number of A distracters (which were spatially diffuse) but was largely unaffected by the number of B distracters (which were punctate). Adding a second sensor channel greatly enhanced target detectability, especially if A and B distracters were spatially uncorrelated or negatively correlated.}, Doi = {10.1117/12.445414}, Key = {fds287989} } @misc{fds288023, Author = {Cerutti, DT and Chelaru, IM and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Detecting hidden targets: a procedure for studying performance in a mine-detection-like task}, Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering}, Volume = {4038}, Pages = {102-109}, Booktitle = {Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets}, Publisher = {Washington, D.C.: SPIE}, Editor = {Abinash, C. Dubey and James F. Harvey and J. Thomas Broach and Regina E. Dugan}, Year = {2000}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {0-8194-3664-X}, ISSN = {0277-786X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000166957700010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {We report preliminary results from an experiment designed to study the perceptual and learning processes involved in the detection of land mines. Subjects attempted to identify the location of spatially distributed targets identified by a sweeping a cursor across a computer screen. Each point on the screen was associated with a certain tone intensity; targets were louder than 'distractor' objects. We looked at the effects on target detection and false-alarm rates of the intensity difference between target and distractor signals, the number of distractors and training order. The time to detect 50% of targets (threshold detection time) was measured by a rapid adaptive technique (PEST) which generated reliable thresholds within few trials. The results are consistent with a simple model for the detection of cryptic prey by foraging predators: search was slower with more distractors, and the effect of distractors was greater when S/N ratio was lower. Although subjects got no accuracy feedback, performance improved somewhat with experience and was slightly better in the low S/N condition when it followed the high S/N condition. The procedure seems to be a useful one for studying more complex mine-related detection tasks with a range of signal types and numbers of concurrent detection signals.}, Doi = {10.1117/12.396222}, Key = {fds288023} } @misc{fds25809, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Theoretical Behaviorism}, Pages = {217-241}, Booktitle = {Handbook of Behaviorism}, Publisher = {New York: Academic Press}, Editor = {W. O'Donohus and R. Kitchener}, Year = {1999}, Key = {fds25809} } @misc{fds287970, Author = {Staddon, JER and Chelaru, IM}, Title = {A diffusion-based guidance system for autonomous agents}, Journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering}, Volume = {3390}, Pages = {404-411}, Publisher = {SPIE}, Year = {1998}, Month = {March}, ISBN = {0-8194-2839-6}, ISSN = {0277-786X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000073452600042&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {Search strategy is an important component of any system that uses autonomous agents to detect and neutralize mines. We describe a simple and efficient search strategy derived from research on the adaptive spatial behavior of animals. Electromagnetic sensor data are processed to obtain a discrete spatial target distribution. The target distribution is used as input for a dynamic diffusion process. The diffusion surface is used by the demining agent to optimize its spatial moves through a hill climbing technique. The agent chooses to move to the position with the highest diffusion surface value. If the same diffusion surface is available to all agents, the system can be scaled to guide an indefinite number of independent, non-interfering agents.}, Doi = {10.1117/12.304848}, Key = {fds287970} } @misc{fds287987, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {The dynamics of memory in animal learning}, Journal = {ADVANCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, VOL 2}, Series = {Vol. 2. Proceedings of the XXVI International Congress of Psychology}, Pages = {259-274}, Booktitle = {Advances in Psychological Science}, Publisher = {PSYCHOLOGY PRESS}, Editor = {Sabourin, M and Craik, F and Robert, M}, Year = {1998}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {0-86377-471-7}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000084945800011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287987} } @misc{fds25811, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R. and I.M. Chelaru}, Title = {Diffusion-based guidance systems for autonomous agents}, Series = {SPIE Proceedings}, Booktitle = {Applications and Science of Computational Intelligence}, Editor = {S.K. Rogers and D.B. Fogel and J.C. Bezdek and B. Bosacchi}, Year = {1998}, Key = {fds25811} } @misc{fds25813, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R. and Zanutto, B.S.}, Title = {In praise of parsimony}, Booktitle = {Models for Action: Mechanisms for Adaptive Behavior}, Publisher = {New York: Erlbaum}, Editor = {C.D.L. Wynne and J.E.R. Staddon}, Year = {1998}, Key = {fds25813} } @misc{fds287976, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Why behaviorism needs internal states}, Journal = {INVESTIGATIONS IN BEHAVIORAL EPISTEMOLOGY}, Pages = {107-119}, Booktitle = {Investigations in behavioral epistemology}, Publisher = {CONTEXT PRESS}, Editor = {Hayes, LJ and Ghezzi, PM}, Year = {1997}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {1-878978-29-2}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000088060500011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287976} } @misc{fds25817, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R. and Zanutto, B.S}, Title = {Feeding dynamics: why rats eat in meals and what this means for foraging and feeding regulation}, Booktitle = {Learning, motivation and cognition: the functional behaviorism of Robert C. Bolles}, Publisher = {Washington: American Psychological Association}, Editor = {M.E. Bouton and M.S. Fanselow}, Year = {1997}, Key = {fds25817} } @misc{fds25818, Author = {Higa, J.J. and Staddon, J.E.R.}, Title = {Dynamic models of rapid temporal control in animals}, Booktitle = {Time and behavior: psychological and neurobehavioral analysis}, Publisher = {Elsevier Science}, Editor = {C.M. Bradshaw and E. Szabadi}, Year = {1997}, Key = {fds25818} } @misc{fds288011, Author = {DRAGOI, V and STADDON, JER}, Title = {A COMPETITIVE NEURAL-NETWORK MODEL FOR THE PROCESS OF RECURRENT CHOICE}, Journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1993 CONNECTIONIST MODELS SUMMER SCHOOL}, Pages = {65-72}, Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1993 Connectionist Models Summer School}, Publisher = {LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC PUBL}, Editor = {Mozer, MC and Smolensky, P and Touretzky, DS and Elman, JL and Weigend, AS}, Year = {1994}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {0-8058-1590-2}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1994BA72D00008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds288011} } @misc{fds41337, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Verstärkungsverzögerung und Wahl}, Pages = {208-233}, Booktitle = {Operantes lernen}, Publisher = {München: Ernst Reinhardt Verlag}, Editor = {W. F. Angermeier and P. Bednorz and S. R. Hursh}, Year = {1994}, Key = {fds41337} } @misc{fds41338, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Optimierungs-Analysen des operanten Verhaltens}, Pages = {179-207}, Booktitle = {Operantes lernen}, Publisher = {München: Ernst Reinhardt Verlag}, Editor = {W. F. Angermeier and P. Bednorz and S. R. Hursh}, Year = {1994}, Key = {fds41338} } @misc{fds41339, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Ketten-programme und konditionierte Verstärkung}, Pages = {167-178}, Booktitle = {Operantes lernen}, Publisher = {München: Ernst Reinhardt Verlag}, Editor = {W. F. Angermeier and P. Bednorz and S. R. Hursh}, Year = {1994}, Key = {fds41339} } @misc{fds287984, Author = {STADDON, JER}, Title = {A NOTE ON RATE-SENSITIVE HABITUATION}, Journal = {FROM ANIMALS TO ANIMATS 2}, Pages = {203-207}, Booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior}, Publisher = {M I T PRESS}, Editor = {Meyer, JA and Roitblat, HL and Wilson, SW}, Year = {1993}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {0-262-63149-0}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1993BA26G00024&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds287984} } @misc{fds325720, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Reinforcement learning: Reverse-engineering the behavior of pigeons}, Journal = {International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Technology Proceedings, Abstracts and Summaries}, Pages = {8}, Year = {1992}, Month = {December}, Abstract = {Understanding how the brain works is in principles just like understanding any other complex mechanism. Human brains and human beings are hard to work with, so the lower animals provide a better starting place. There are two parts to the problem: How do the pieces function individually (neuroscience)? And, How does the system work as a whole (experimental psychology)? We work on the second problem by devising, and testing experimentally, simple dynamic models for the behavior of pigeons in learning tasks. I will give examples from recent work on reinforcement learning.}, Key = {fds325720} } @misc{fds287966, Author = {Davis, DGS and Staddon, JER}, Title = {Memory for Reward in Probabilistic Choice: Markovian and Non-Markovian Properties}, Journal = {Behaviour}, Volume = {114}, Number = {1-4}, Pages = {37-64}, Publisher = {BRILL}, Year = {1990}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0005-7959}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1990EA06900004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Abstract = {<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Pigeons were rewarded with food for pecking keys in various forms of two-armed bandit situation for an extended series of daily sessions in two experiments. The average daily preference (S=R/[R+L]) is very well fit by a markovian linear model in which predicted preference today is an average of predicted preference yesterday and reinforcement conditions today: s(N+1) = as(N) + (1-a)A(N+1), where A(N+1) is set equal to 1 when all rewards are for the Right response, and 0 when all are for the Left, and a is a longterm memory parameter. This linear model explains some apparent paradoxes in earlier reports of memory effects in two-armed bandit experiments. Nevertheless, closer examination of the details of preference changes within each experimental session showed several kinds of non-markovian effects. The most important was a regression at the beginning of each experimental session towards a preference characteristic of earlier sessions (spontaneous recovery). This effect, but not a smaller, less reliable non-markovian reminiscence effect, is consistent with a very simple rule, namely that the effect on preference of each individual reward for a Right or Left response is inversely related to how long ago the reward occurred. Thus, animals learn to prefer the rewarded side each day because these rewards are recent; but they regress to earlier preferences overnight because the most recent rewards become relatively less recent with lapse of time.</jats:p> </jats:sec>}, Doi = {10.1163/156853990X00040}, Key = {fds287966} } @misc{fds288017, Author = {STADDON, JER and ZHANG, Y}, Title = {ON THE ASSIGNMENT-OF-CREDIT PROBLEM IN OPERANT LEARNING}, Journal = {IJCNN-90-WASH DC : INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOLS 1 AND 2}, Pages = {A122-A125}, Booktitle = {Neural networks of conditioning and action, the XIIth Harvard Symposium}, Publisher = {LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC PUBL}, Editor = {CAUDILL, M}, Year = {1990}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {0-8058-0754-3}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1990BS92H00031&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds288017} } @misc{fds41371, Author = {Reid, A. K. and Staddon, J. E. R}, Title = {Mechanisms of schedule entrainment}, Booktitle = {Neurobiology of behavioural stereotypy}, Publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press}, Editor = {S. J. Cooper and C. T. Dourish}, Year = {1990}, Key = {fds41371} } @misc{fds41380, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Animal psychology: The tyranny of anthropocentrism}, Series = {Perspectives in ethology, Vol. 8}, Pages = {123-135}, Booktitle = {Whither ethology?}, Publisher = {London: Plenum}, Editor = {P. Klopfer and P. P. G. Bateson}, Year = {1988}, Key = {fds41380} } @misc{fds41384, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Learning as inference}, Pages = {59-77}, Booktitle = {Evolution and learning}, Publisher = {Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum}, Editor = {R. C. Bolles, and M.D. Beecher}, Year = {1988}, Key = {fds41384} } @misc{fds41396, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Optimality theory and behavior}, Pages = {179-198}, Booktitle = {The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimality}, Publisher = {Cambridge, MA: Bradford/MIT Press}, Editor = {J. Dupré}, Year = {1987}, Key = {fds41396} } @misc{fds41399, Author = {Staddon, J. E. R. and Reid, A. K}, Title = {Adaptation to reward}, Pages = {497-523}, Booktitle = {Foraging behavior}, Publisher = {New York: Plenum}, Editor = {A. C. Kamil and J. R. Krebs and H. R. Pulliam}, Year = {1987}, Key = {fds41399} } @misc{fds41400, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Principles of database management}, Pages = {55-81}, Booktitle = {Microcomputers in medicine}, Publisher = {Amsterdam: Elsevier}, Editor = {M.J. Geisow and A.N. Barrett}, Year = {1987}, Key = {fds41400} } @misc{fds41405, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {The comparative psychology of operant behavior}, Pages = {83-94}, Booktitle = {Behavior analysis and contemporary psychology}, Publisher = {Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum}, Editor = {C. F. Lowe and M. Richelle and D. E. Blackman and C. M. Bradshaw}, Year = {1985}, Key = {fds41405} } @misc{fds41406, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Inference, memory and representation}, Pages = {287-295}, Booktitle = {Memory systems of the brain: Animal and human cognitive processes}, Publisher = {New York: Guilford Publications}, Editor = {N.M. Weinberger and J.L. McGaugh and G. Lynch}, Year = {1985}, Key = {fds41406} } @misc{fds41414, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {On discrimination}, Booktitle = {How to think straight}, Publisher = {Durham, NC: Duke University Press}, Year = {1984}, Key = {fds41414} } @misc{fds41419, Author = {Staddon, J. E. R. and Gendron, R. P}, Title = {Search image and the optimal detection of cryptic prey}, Pages = {269}, Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Ethological Conference}, Year = {1983}, Key = {fds41419} } @misc{fds41487, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Behavioral competition, contrast, and matching}, Series = {Vol. 2 of Quantitative analyses of behavior, a five-volume series}, Pages = {243- 261}, Booktitle = {Quantitative analyses of operant behavior: Matching and maximizing accounts}, Publisher = {Cambridge, MA: Ballinger}, Editor = {M. L. Commons and R. J. Herrnstein and H. Rachlin}, Year = {1982}, Key = {fds41487} } @misc{fds41492, Author = {Hinson, J. M. and Staddon, J. E. R}, Title = {Maximizing on interval schedules}, Booktitle = {Recent developments in the quantification of steady-state operant behavior}, Publisher = {Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland}, Editor = {C. M. Bradshaw and C. F. Lowe and E. Szabadi}, Year = {1981}, Key = {fds41492} } @misc{fds41494, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Reinforcement schedules}, Booktitle = {The Oxford companion to animal behaviour}, Publisher = {Oxford University Press}, Editor = {D. J. McFarland}, Year = {1981}, Key = {fds41494} } @misc{fds41495, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Operant behavior}, Booktitle = {The Oxford companion to animal behaviour}, Publisher = {Oxford University Press}, Editor = {D. J. McFarland}, Year = {1981}, Key = {fds41495} } @misc{fds41496, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {On a possible relation between cultural transmission and genetical evolution}, Series = {Perspectives in ethology: Vol. 4}, Booktitle = {Advantages of diversity}, Publisher = {London: Plenum}, Editor = {P. Klopfer and P. P. G. Bateson}, Year = {1981}, Key = {fds41496} } @misc{fds41502, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Obesity and the operant regulation of feeding}, Booktitle = {The analysis of motivational processes}, Publisher = {London: Academic Press}, Editor = {F. M. Toates and T. R. Halliday}, Year = {1980}, Key = {fds41502} } @misc{fds287961, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {Optimality Analyses of Operant Behavior and their Relation to Optimal Foraging}, Pages = {101-141}, Booktitle = {Limits to Action: The Allocation of Individual Behavior}, Publisher = {Academic Press}, Editor = {J. E. R. Staddon}, Year = {1980}, ISBN = {0-12-662650-2}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/8397 Duke open access}, Key = {fds287961} } @misc{fds41517, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Schedule-induced behavior}, Booktitle = {Handbook of operant behavior}, Publisher = {Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall}, Editor = {W. K. Honig and J. E. R. Staddon}, Year = {1977}, Key = {fds41517} } @misc{fds41519, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Behavioral competition in conditioning situations: Notes toward a theory of generalization and inhibition}, Booktitle = {Operant-Pavlovian interactions. Hillsdale}, Publisher = {Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum}, Editor = {H. Davis and H. M. B. Hurwitz}, Year = {1977}, Key = {fds41519} } @misc{fds41526, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Learning as adaptation}, Volume = {2}, Pages = {37-98}, Booktitle = {Handbook of learning and cognitive processes}, Publisher = {New York: Erlbaum}, Editor = {W. K. Estes}, Year = {1975}, Key = {fds41526} } @misc{fds41537, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Temporal control and the theory of reinforcement schedules}, Pages = {209-262}, Booktitle = {Reinforcement: Behavioral analyses}, Publisher = {New York: Academic Press}, Editor = {R. M. Gilbert and J. R. Millenson}, Year = {1972}, Key = {fds41537} } @misc{fds41551, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Reinforcement omission and contrast on fixed- interval schedules}, Booktitle = {Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Psychology}, Publisher = {London, England.}, Year = {1969}, Key = {fds41551} } %% Commentaries/Book Reviews @article{fds25806, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Review of The myth of ownership: taxes and justice}, Journal = {Society}, Volume = {41}, Number = {4}, Pages = {90-92}, Year = {2004}, Key = {fds25806} } @article{fds41282, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Scientific Imperialism and Behaviorist Epistemology}, Journal = {Behavior and Philosophy}, Volume = {32}, Pages = {231-242}, Year = {2004}, Key = {fds41282} } @article{fds42076, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {The future}, Journal = {Behavior and Philosophy}, Volume = {32}, Pages = {243-245}, Year = {2004}, Key = {fds42076} } @article{fds25822, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Memories of Memorial Hall}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {77}, Pages = {392}, Year = {2002}, Key = {fds25822} } @article{fds25820, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {The Trouble with Stanley...A Review of The Trouble with Principle by Stanley Fish}, Journal = {Behavior and Philosophy}, Volume = {29}, Pages = {63-74}, Year = {2001}, Key = {fds25820} } @article{fds25823, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Science as Politics by Other Means: Fact and Analysis in an Ethical World}, Journal = {Behavior & Philosophy}, Volume = {29}, Pages = {i-iii}, Year = {2001}, Key = {fds25823} } @article{fds340475, Author = {Staddon, JER}, Title = {On Responsibility in Science and Law}, Volume = {16}, Pages = {146-174}, Publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, Year = {1999}, Abstract = {Respon’sible, liable to be called to account or render satisfaction: answerable: capable of dis-charging duty: able to pay.2 The old Chambers’s dictionary gives a behavioristic view of re-sponsibility: in terms of action, not thought or belief. “Lust in the heart” is not equated to lust in flagrante. It is this view I shall explore in this paper, rather than the more subjective notion of moral responsibility, as in “I feel moral responsibility (i.e., guilt) for not doing anything to save the Tutsis [Hutus, ethnic Albanians, etc.].”...}, Key = {fds340475} } @article{fds25812, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Instinct and the operant (Editorial)}, Journal = {Behavior and Philosophy}, Volume = {26}, Pages = {1-2}, Year = {1998}, Key = {fds25812} } @article{fds25824, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Creativity is first criterion}, Journal = {Journal of NIH Research (Advise and Dissent)}, Volume = {13}, Year = {1997}, Month = {July}, Key = {fds25824} } @article{fds25816, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Who should pay for science? Essay review of The Economic Laws of Scientific Research by T. Kealey}, Journal = {Reason}, Pages = {64-65}, Year = {1997}, Month = {February}, Key = {fds25816} } @article{fds41284, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Theory and behavior analysis: comment on The S-R Issue: Its status in behavior analysis and in Donahoe and Palmer's Learning and Complex Behavior}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {67}, Pages = {245-246}, Year = {1997}, Key = {fds41284} } @article{fds41287, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Freedom from fear?}, Journal = {The Oxford American}, Pages = {103-106}, Year = {1996}, Month = {Spring}, Key = {fds41287} } @article{fds41340, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Review of B. F. Skinner: A life by D. W. Bjork and B. F. Skinner: A reappraisal, by M. N. Richelle}, Journal = {American Scientist}, Volume = {82}, Pages = {584-585}, Year = {1994}, Key = {fds41340} } @article{fds41343, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Pepper with a pinch of psalt: A comment on Contextualistic Mechanism or Mechanistic Contextualism}, Journal = {The Behavior Analyst}, Volume = {16}, Pages = {245-250}, Year = {1993}, Key = {fds41343} } @article{fds41356, Author = {'Group, L. A. B.'}, Title = {Omnium Skinnerium: everything you ever wanted to know about the experimental analysis of behavior. Collective review of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, (I. H. Iversen & K. A. Lattal, Eds.)}, Journal = {Behavioural Processes}, Volume = {xx}, Pages = {209-217}, Year = {1992}, Key = {fds41356} } @article{fds41360, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Review of Bionomics: The inevitability of capitalism, by Michael Rothschild (New York: Henry Holt, 1990)}, Journal = {Quarterly Review of Biology}, Volume = {67}, Pages = {95-96}, Year = {1992}, Key = {fds41360} } @article{fds41364, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {“The distemper of learning...” A review of S. B. Klein and R. R. Mowrer (Eds.) Contemporary Learning Theories: Instrumental Conditioning Theory and the Impact of Biological Constraints on Learning}, Journal = {Contemporary Psychology}, Volume = {36}, Pages = {506-507}, Year = {1991}, Key = {fds41364} } @article{fds41401, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Review of Issues in the Ecological Study of Learning. Edited by T. D. Johnston, & A. T. Pietrewicz. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. (1985)}, Journal = {Animal Behaviour}, Volume = {34}, Pages = {304}, Year = {1986}, Key = {fds41401} } @article{fds41404, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Review of The Evolution of Operant Learning and Memory, by W. F. Angermeier. Basel: S. Karger, 1984}, Journal = {Quarterly Review of Biology}, Volume = {60}, Pages = {114-115}, Year = {1985}, Key = {fds41404} } @article{fds41484, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {L'Animal-machine. Review of D. McFarland & A. Houston (Eds.), Quantitative ethology: The state space approach. London: Pitman Advanced Publishing, 1981}, Journal = {Nature}, Volume = {296}, Pages = {274-275}, Year = {1982}, Key = {fds41484} } @article{fds41493, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {The science of the bottom line. Review of R. B. McKenzie & G. Tullock (Eds.), The new world of economics}, Journal = {Behaviour Analysis Letters}, Volume = {1}, Pages = {62-64}, Year = {1981}, Key = {fds41493} } @article{fds41504, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Action and reaction}, Journal = {Duke University Letters}, Volume = {5}, Pages = {1-3}, Year = {1980}, Key = {fds41504} } @article{fds41508, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Regulation and time allocation: A commentary on “conservation in behavior”}, Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General}, Volume = {108}, Pages = {35-40}, Year = {1979}, Key = {fds41508} } @article{fds41518, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {On Herrnstein's equation and related forms}, Journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior}, Volume = {28}, Pages = {163-170}, Year = {1977}, Key = {fds41518} } @article{fds41534, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {A note on behavioral contrast and frustration}, Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology}, Volume = {26}, Pages = {285-292}, Year = {1974}, Key = {fds41534} } @article{fds41538, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Review of R. Borger & F. Cioffi (Eds.), Explanation in the behavioural sciences. Cambridge University Press, 1970}, Journal = {American Journal of Psychology}, Volume = {85}, Pages = {605-611}, Year = {1972}, Key = {fds41538} } @article{fds41545, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Darwin explained: An object-lesson in theory construction. Review of M. T. Ghiselin (Ed.), The Triumph of the Darwinian Method}, Journal = {Contemporary Psychology}, Volume = {16}, Pages = {689-691}, Year = {1971}, Key = {fds41545} } %% Edited Volumes @misc{fds25815, Author = {Wynne, C.D.L. and Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Models for Action: Mechanisms for Adaptive Behavior}, Publisher = {New York: Erlbaum}, Year = {1998}, Key = {fds25815} } @misc{fds41367, Author = {Commons, M. L. and Grossberg, S. and Staddon, J. E. R}, Title = {Neural networks of conditioning and action, the XIIth Harvard Symposium}, Pages = {xx, 359}, Publisher = {Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates}, Year = {1991}, Key = {fds41367} } @misc{fds41422, Author = {Honig, W. K. and Staddon, J. E. R}, Title = {Manual de la conducta operante}, Publisher = {Mexico: Editorial Trillas}, Year = {1983}, Key = {fds41422} } @misc{fds41503, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior}, Publisher = {New York: Academic Press}, Year = {1980}, Key = {fds41503} } @misc{fds41515, Author = {Honig, W. K. and Staddon, J. E. R}, Title = {Handbook of operant behavior}, Publisher = {Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall}, Year = {1977}, Key = {fds41515} } %% Reprinted Articles @article{fds41541, Author = {Staddon, J. E. R. and Simmelhag, V}, Title = {The “superstition” experiment: A reexamination of its implications for the principles of adaptive behavior}, Booktitle = {Behavior and learning}, Publisher = {San Francisco: W. H. Freeman}, Editor = {H. Rachlin}, Year = {1976}, Key = {fds41541} } @article{fds41544, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {Darwin explained: An object-lesson in theory construction. [Review of M. T. Ghiselin (Ed.), The Triumph of the Darwinian Method [Reprinted as Explanation and proof]}, Pages = {358-361}, Booktitle = {Theories in contemporary psychology}, Publisher = {New York: Macmillan}, Editor = {M. H. Marx and F. E. Goodson}, Year = {1976}, Key = {fds41544} } @article{fds41554, Author = {Staddon, J.E.R}, Title = {The effect of information feedback on temporal tracking in pigeons}, Pages = {256-267}, Booktitle = {Festschrift for B. F. Skinner}, Publisher = {New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts}, Editor = {P. B. Dews}, Year = {1970}, Key = {fds41554} } | |
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