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| Publications of Sarah E. Gaither :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds376854,
Author = {Park, LE and Aknin, LB and Gaither, SE and Impett, EA and Whillans,
AV},
Title = {Starting and sustaining fruitful collaborations in
psychology},
Journal = {Social and Personality Psychology Compass},
Volume = {18},
Number = {4},
Year = {2024},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12950},
Abstract = {Much of psychological science relies on collaboration—from
generating new theories and study ideas, to collecting and
analyzing data, to writing and sharing results with the
broader community. Learning how to collaborate with others
is an important skill, yet this process is not often
explicitly discussed in academia. Here, five researchers
from diverse backgrounds share their experiences and advice
on starting and sustaining collaborations. In doing so, they
reflect on aspects of both successful (and failed)
collaborations with students, colleagues within and outside
of psychology, and members of industry and organizational
partners beyond academia. Recommendations and challenges of
productive collaborations are discussed, along with examples
of how collaborative teams can contribute to psychological
science, address real-world issues, and make the process of
conducting research more enjoyable and rewarding.},
Doi = {10.1111/spc3.12950},
Key = {fds376854}
}
@article{fds372782,
Author = {Albuja, AF and Muñoz, M and Kinzler, K and Woodward, A and Gaither,
SE},
Title = {Hypodescent or ingroup overexclusion?: Children's and
adults' racial categorization of ambiguous black/white
biracial faces.},
Journal = {Developmental science},
Volume = {27},
Number = {2},
Pages = {e13450},
Year = {2024},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/desc.13450},
Abstract = {Two processes describe racially ambiguous Black/White
Biracial categorization-the one-drop rule, or hypodescent,
whereby racially ambiguous people are categorized as members
of their socially subordinated racial group (i.e.,
Black/White Biracial faces categorized as Black) and the
ingroup overexclusion effect, whereby racially ambiguous
people are categorized as members of a salient outgroup,
regardless of the group's status. Without developmental
research with racially diverse samples, it is unclear when
these categorization patterns emerge. Study 1 included
White, Black, and racially diverse Biracial children (aged
3- to 7-years) and their parents to test how racial group
membership and social context influence face categorization
biases. To provide the clearest test of hypodescent and
ingroup overexclusion, White participants came from majority
White neighborhoods and Black participants from majority
Black neighborhoods (with Biracial participants from more
racially diverse neighborhoods)-two samples with prominent
racial ingroups. Study 2 aimed to replicate the parent
findings with a separate sample of White, Black, Black/White
Biracial, and Asian adults. Results suggest the ingroup
overexclusion effect is present across populations early in
development and persists into adulthood. Additionally,
categorization was meaningfully related to parental context,
pinpointing a pathway that potentially contributes to
ingroup overexclusion. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: White, Black,
and racially diverse Biracial children and adults tended to
categorize racially ambiguous Black/White Biracial faces as
racial outgroup members, even if the outgroup was White.
This contradicts most work arguing Black/White Biracial
racially ambiguous people are more often seen as Black.
Children and parents' categorizations were related, though
children's categorizations were not related to socialization
above and beyond parents' categorizations. Children showed
similar categorization patterns across dichotomous and
continuous measures.},
Doi = {10.1111/desc.13450},
Key = {fds372782}
}
@article{fds374966,
Author = {Straka, BC and Albuja, A and Leer, J and Brauher, K and Gaither,
SE},
Title = {The rich get richer? Children's reasoning about
socioeconomic status predicts inclusion and resource
bias.},
Journal = {Developmental psychology},
Volume = {60},
Number = {3},
Pages = {505-521},
Year = {2024},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0001655},
Abstract = {Children's socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to disparate
access to resources and affects social behaviors such as
inclusion and resource allocations. Yet it is unclear
whether children's essentialized view of SES (i.e.,
believing SES is immutable) or subjective social status
(SSS) influences behavioral biases toward high- versus
low-SES peers. We measured 4- to 9-year-old children's SES
essentialism and SSS to test whether these predict inclusion
and resource allocations to high- versus low-SES peers
(<i>N</i> = 127; from a midsize city in the Southeastern
United States; 49.6% female; parent-reported 54.2% White,
2.8% Black, 8.3% Latine, 5.6% Asian, 1.4% another race,
27.8% multiracial, 43.3% not provided). We also compared
children's SES beliefs to their parent's. Children's SES
essentialism and SSS decreased across the ages tested, and
children reported higher SSS than their parents. Parents'
SES essentialism predicted younger (but not older)
children's SES essentialism. Moreover, SES essentialism
mediated the negative relationship between age and
preference for including high-SES peers, while SSS mediated
the negative relationship between age and preference for
allocating more resources to high-SES peers. This suggests
that beliefs about the nature of SES may influence
sociorelational behavior like including or excluding others,
while perceived social status (SSS) may influence resource
allocations. Furthermore, older children and those with
lower SES essentialism included low- versus high-SES peers
more often while older and lower SSS children distributed
more resources toward low- versus high-SES peers. Thus,
children's SES essentialism and SSS may also influence their
behaviors to either perpetuate or rectify inequality.
(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights
reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/dev0001655},
Key = {fds374966}
}
@article{fds374322,
Author = {Hantzmon, SV and Davenport, CA and Das Gupta and MN and Adekunle, TA and Gaither, SE and Olsen, MK and Pinheiro, SO and Johnson, KS and Mahoney,
H and Falls, A and Lloyd, L and Pollak, KI},
Title = {Race differences in patient trust and distrust from
audio-recorded cardiology encounters.},
Journal = {Patient Educ Couns},
Volume = {119},
Pages = {108083},
Year = {2024},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2023.108083},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Many have reported racial disparities in
self-reported trust in clinicians but have not directly
assessed expressions of trust and distrust in
physician-patient encounters. We created a codebook to
examine racial differences in patient trust and distrust
through audio-recorded cardiologist-patient interactions.
METHODS: We analyzed data from a randomized controlled trial
of audio-recorded outpatient cardiology encounters (50 White
and 51 Black patients). We created a codebook for trust and
distrust that was applied to recordings between White
cardiologists and White and Black patients. We assessed
differences in trust, distrust, and guardedness while
adjusting for patient age, sex, and first appointment with
the cardiologist. RESULTS: Compared to White patients, Black
patients had significantly lower expressions of trust ([IRR]
[95 % CI]: 0.59 [0.41, 0.84]) and a significantly lower mean
guarded/open score ([β] [95 % CI] -0.38 [-0.71, -0.04]).
There was no statistically significant association between
race and odds of at least one distrustful expression (OR [95
% CI] 1.36 [0.37, 4.94]). CONCLUSION AND PRACTICE
IMPLICATIONS: We found that coders can reliably identify
patient expressions of trust and distrust rather than
relying on problematic self-reported measures. Results
suggest that White clinicians can improve their
communication with Black patients to increase expressions of
trust.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.pec.2023.108083},
Key = {fds374322}
}
@article{fds355828,
Author = {Tsai, A and Straka, B and Gaither, S},
Title = {Mixed-heritage individuals’ encounters with
raciolinguistic ideologies},
Journal = {Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural
Development},
Volume = {45},
Number = {2},
Pages = {507-521},
Year = {2024},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.1904964},
Abstract = {Mixed-heritage individuals (MHIs) are known to face high
levels of social exclusion. Here, we investigate how
raciolinguistic ideologies related to one’s heritage
language abilities add to these exclusionary experiences.
The results from 293 MHIs reveal frequent experiences of
marginalisation from members of each of their heritage
communities because their racial appearance and language
practices are perceived as deviant and outside imagined
‘monoracial’ norms. Specifically, over half of
respondents described experiences of exclusion for not
speaking their minority heritage languages with the same
accent or manner or fluency associated with ‘monoracial’
native speakers of their heritage languages or dialects.
Another subset described high pressure to speak ‘proper
English’ in White dominant work environments. These
results extend past MHI work by empirically documenting the
‘monoracial-only’, monoglossic, and ‘Standard
English’ ideologies that contribute to the continued
social exclusion of MHIs.},
Doi = {10.1080/01434632.2021.1904964},
Key = {fds355828}
}
@article{fds371657,
Author = {Adekunle, TA and Knowles, JM and Hantzmon, SV and DasGupta, MN and Pollak, KI and Gaither, SE},
Title = {A qualitative analysis of trust and distrust within
patient-clinician interactions.},
Journal = {PEC Innov},
Volume = {3},
Pages = {100187},
Year = {2023},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100187},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Trust represents a key quality of strong
clinician-patient relationships.1 Many have attempted to
assess patient-reported trust. However, most trust measures
suffer from ceiling effects, with no variability, making it
not possible to examine predictors of trust and distrust.
Rather than rely on patient reports, we created a codebook
for instances of trust and distrust from actual
patient-clinician encounters. METHODS: Three coders
conducted a qualitative analysis of audio recordings among
patient-cardiologist outpatient encounters. RESULTS: We
identified trust and distrust based on vocal and verbal cues
in the interactions. We found consistent patterns that
indicated patient trust and distrust. CONCLUSION: Overall,
this work empirically validates a new more accurate
measurement of trust for patient-doctor interactions.
INNOVATION: We are the first to use audio recordings to
identify verbal markers of trust and distrust in
patient-clinician interactions. From this work, others can
code trust and distrust in recorded encounters rather than
rely on self-report measures.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100187},
Key = {fds371657}
}
@article{fds368905,
Author = {Stanaland, A and Gaither, S and Gassman-Pines,
A},
Title = {When Is Masculinity "Fragile"? An Expectancy-Discrepancy-Threat
Model of Masculine Identity.},
Journal = {Personality and social psychology review : an official
journal of the Society for Personality and Social
Psychology, Inc},
Volume = {27},
Number = {4},
Pages = {359-377},
Year = {2023},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10888683221141176},
Abstract = {<h4>Academic abstract</h4>Manhood is a precarious social
status. Under perceived gender identity threat, men are
disproportionately likely to enact certain
stereotype-consistent responses such as aggression to
maintain their gender status. Yet less is known regarding
individual variation in men's threat responsiveness-that is,
the psychological conditions under which one's masculine
identity is more or less "fragile." We propose a novel model
of masculine identity whereby masculine norm expectancy
generates discrepancy within the self to the extent that
rigid norms are internalized as obligational (actual-ought
discrepancy) versus aspirational (actual-ideal discrepancy),
which predict extrinsic versus intrinsic motivations to
reduce these discrepancies, respectively. Under threat,
then, extrinsic motivations predict externalized responses
(e.g., aggression), and intrinsic motivations elicit
internalized responses (e.g., anxiety, shame, self-harm). We
also consider the conditions under which masculinity may be
less fragile-for example, in contexts with less rigid
expectations and among men who reject expectations-as
pathways to mitigate adverse masculinity threat-related
outcomes.<h4>Public abstract</h4>In many cultures, men prove
their manhood by engaging in behaviors that harm themselves
and others (e.g., violence, sexism, homophobia),
particularly people from marginalized groups. Yet less is
known about why some men are more likely than others to
enact these masculinity-proving behaviors. The goal of our
model is to specify certain conditions under which
masculinities become "fragile" and elicit these responses
when under threat. We start by describing the rigid
expectations men experience-for example, that they are
strong and tough. We propose that these expectations cause
men to experience different forms of discrepancy within
themselves that produce corresponding motivations to reduce
these discrepancies. Under threat, motivations driven by
others' expectations elicit outward attempts to restore
masculine status (e.g., aggression), whereas motivations
driven by self-ideals cause internalized responses (e.g.,
shame, self-harm). We conclude by discussing how to reduce
these discrepancies, such as mitigating the rigidity of and
encouraging men's resistance to masculinity
expectations.},
Doi = {10.1177/10888683221141176},
Key = {fds368905}
}
@article{fds372973,
Author = {Halim, MLD and Atwood, S and Osornio, AC and Pauker, K and Dunham, Y and Olson, KR and Gaither, SE},
Title = {Parent and self-socialization of gender intergroup
attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors among ethnically and
geographically diverse young children.},
Journal = {Developmental psychology},
Volume = {59},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1933-1950},
Year = {2023},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0001586},
Abstract = {Previous work has shown the robust nature of gender bias in
both children and adults. However, much less attention has
been paid toward understanding what factors shape these
biases. The current preregistered study used parent surveys
and child interviews to test whether parents' conversations
with their children about and modeling of gender intergroup
relations and/or children's self-guided interests about
gender (self-socialization) contribute to the formation of
gender attitudes, status perceptions, and gender intergroup
behaviors among young 4- to 6-year-old children. Our
participant sample also allowed us to explore variation by
child gender, ethnicity (Asian-, Black-, Latiné-, and
White-American), and U.S. geographical region (Northeast,
Pacific Northwest, West, Southeast, and Hawaii). Data
suggest that children whose parents reported they were
especially active in seeking information about gender tended
to allocate more resources to same-gender versus
other-gender children and expressed less positive
evaluations of other-gender children in comparison to
children who were less active. By contrast, we found that
parents' conversations with their children about gender
intergroup relations and about gender-play stereotypes
showed few connections with children's gender attitudes. In
terms of demographic differences, boys raised in households
with more unequal versus equal division of labor perceived
that men had higher status than women, but few differences
by ethnicity or geographic region emerged. In sum, our study
suggests that both self- and parent socialization processes
are at play in shaping early gender attitudes, status
perceptions, and gender intergroup behavior, although
self-socialization seemed to play a larger role. (PsycInfo
Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights
reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/dev0001586},
Key = {fds372973}
}
@article{fds372452,
Author = {Chen, JM and Meyers, C and Pauker, K and Gaither, SE and Hamilton, DL and Sherman, JW},
Title = {Intergroup Context Moderates the Impact of White Americans'
Identification on Racial Categorization of Ambiguous
Faces.},
Journal = {Personality & social psychology bulletin},
Pages = {1461672231190264},
Year = {2023},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672231190264},
Abstract = {We examined how the number of groups in a categorization
task influences how White Americans categorize ambiguous
faces. We investigated the strength of <i>identity-driven
ingroup overexclusion</i>-wherein highly identified
perceivers overexclude ambiguous members from the
ingroup-proposing that, compared with dichotomous tasks
(with only the ingroup and one outgroup), tasks with more
outgroups attenuate identity-driven ingroup overexclusion (a
dilution effect). Fourteen studies (<i>n</i> = 4,001)
measured White Americans' racial identification and their
categorizations of ambiguous faces and manipulated the
categorization task to have two groups, three groups, or an
unspecified number of groups (open-ended). In all three
conditions, participants overexcluded faces from the White
category on average. There was limited support for the
dilution effect: identity-driven ingroup overexclusion was
absent in the three-group task and only weakly supported in
the open-ended task. The presence of multiple outgroups may
dampen the impact of racial identity on race perceptions
among White Americans.},
Doi = {10.1177/01461672231190264},
Key = {fds372452}
}
@article{fds361951,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Chen, C-M and Neal, S and Chien, SH-L},
Title = {Children's cross-cultural categorizations of racially
ambiguous faces in Taiwan and the U.S.},
Journal = {Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology},
Volume = {29},
Number = {3},
Pages = {385-396},
Year = {2023},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000513},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Racially ambiguous face categorization
research is growing in prominence, and yet the majority of
this work has focused on White and Western samples and has
primarily used biracial Black/White stimuli. Past findings
suggest that biracial Black/White faces are more often seen
as Black than White, but without testing these perceptions
with other groups, generalizability cannot be
guaranteed.<h4>Methods</h4>We tested 3-7-year-old Asian
children living in Taiwan-an Eastern cultural context
(<i>N</i> = 74)-and Asian children living in the U.S.-a
Western cultural context (<i>N</i> = 65) to explore the role
that cultural group membership may play in biracial
perceptions. Children categorized 12 racially ambiguous
biracial Black/White faces and 12 biracial Asian/White faces
in a dichotomous forced-choice task and completed a racial
constancy measurement.<h4>Results</h4>Regarding biracial
Black/White faces, Taiwanese and Asian American children
both categorized the faces as White significantly more often
compared to chance levels, regardless of racial constancy
beliefs. For biracial Asian/White faces, Taiwanese children
with racial constancy beliefs categorized the faces
significantly more often as White, whereas Taiwanese
children without racial constancy beliefs categorized the
faces significantly more often as Asian. However, Asian
American children did not show a bias in categorizing
biracial Asian/White faces.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Results
suggest that hyperdescent over hypodescent for more commonly
studied biracial Black/White faces generalizes in both
cultural contexts. However, biracial Asian/White stimuli may
be perceived in more fixed-like patterns in predominately
Asian contexts, since only Taiwanese children showed
increased outgroup categorizations once racial constancy
beliefs were endorsed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023
APA, all rights reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/cdp0000513},
Key = {fds361951}
}
@article{fds363071,
Author = {Levy, A and Nguyen, C and Slepian, ML and Gaither, S and Pauker, K and Dovidio, JF},
Title = {Categorizing a Face and Facing a Category: The Constructive
Impacts of Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Racial
Categorization.},
Journal = {Personality & social psychology bulletin},
Volume = {49},
Number = {6},
Pages = {910-924},
Year = {2023},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672221084537},
Abstract = {The past generation has seen a dramatic rise in multiracial
populations and a consequent increase in exposure to
individuals who challenge monolithic racial categories. We
examine and compare two potential outcomes of the
multiracial population growth that may impact people's
racial categorization experience: (a) exposure to racially
ambiguous faces that visually challenge the existing
categories, and (b) a category that conceptually challenges
existing categories (including "biracial" as an option in
addition to the monolithic "Black" and "White" categories).
Across four studies (<i>N</i> = 1,810), we found that
multiple exposures to faces that are racially ambiguous
directly lower essentialist views of race. Moreover, we
found that when people consider a category that blurs the
line between racial categories (i.e., "biracial"), they
become less certain in their racial categorization, which is
associated with less race essentialism, as well.
Importantly, we found that these two effects happen
independently from one another and represent two distinct
cognitive processes.},
Doi = {10.1177/01461672221084537},
Key = {fds363071}
}
@article{fds370891,
Author = {Chen, EE and Ma, S and Bala, M and Groves, JM and Gaither,
SE},
Title = {Do we perceive ethnic ingroup members as wealthier?
Examining Hong Kong children's inferences of wealth status
based on resources and ethnic group membership},
Journal = {Cognitive Development},
Volume = {66},
Year = {2023},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2023.101334},
Abstract = {The way in which children consider information may depend on
the groups to which they belong and the social status those
groups occupy. In three studies, we examined how children
infer their peers’ wealth status based on the possessions
present and ethnic group membership. We recruited 242 Hong
Kong children (Mage = 5;11, SDage = 1;0) from the ethnic
Chinese majority (Study 1: 115 children) and two ethnic
minorities (Study 2a: 84 South Asian/Southeast Asian
children; Study 2b: 43 White/Biracial children). Overall,
participants were able to distinguish between low- and
high-wealth items, and make correct wealth-based inferences.
Compared to both groups of ethnic minority children, ethnic
majority children tend to judge their ingroup peers as
wealthier even when they possessed fewer resources than
outgroup peers. Thus, children inferred peer wealth status
based on the resources present, but such inference was
impacted by their own ethnic group membership and
socioeconomic status.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cogdev.2023.101334},
Key = {fds370891}
}
@article{fds367774,
Author = {Meyers, C and Gaither, SE and Remedios, J and Pauker,
K},
Title = {Detecting biracial identity strength: Perceived
phenotypicality is inaccurate},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {22},
Number = {4},
Pages = {533-562},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2022.2146742},
Abstract = {Past work on Black and Latinx individuals demonstrates that
observers can accurately predict an individual’s racial
identity strength based on the observers’ perceptions of
the individual’s phenotypic prototypicality (how much
someone looks like a prototypical member of their racial
group). However, the growing Biracial demographic varies
considerably in racial identification, suggesting a
monoracial approach to infer racial identity strength may
not translate to Biracial individuals. In three studies,
Biracial Black/White participants were photographed and
completed a racial identity strength scale. Subsequently, we
had raters judge the Biracial targets’ phenotypic
prototypicality and perceived levels racial identity
strength. Overall, perceivers could not accurately predict
Biracial individuals’ racial identity strength via their
phenotypic prototypicality.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2022.2146742},
Key = {fds367774}
}
@article{fds374920,
Author = {Halim, MLD and Glazier, JJ and Martinez, MA and Stanaland, A and Gaither, SE and Dunham, Y and Pauker, K and Olson,
KR},
Title = {Gender attitudes and gender discrimination among ethnically
and geographically diverse young children},
Journal = {Infant and Child Development},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/icd.2482},
Abstract = {Despite increasing advocacy for gender equality, gender
prejudice and discrimination persist. The origins of these
biases develop in early childhood, but it is less clear
whether (1) children's gender attitudes predict
discrimination and (2) gender attitudes and discrimination
vary by ethnicity and US region. We examine these questions
with an ethnically (Asian, Black, Latinx and White) and
geographically (Northeast, Pacific Northwest, West,
Southeast and Hawaii) diverse sample of 4- to 6-year-old
children (N = 605) who completed measures of gender
attitudes and discrimination in a preregistered study.
Children, across groups, demonstrated more positive
attitudes towards their gender ingroup. Children who showed
more pro-ingroup attitudes also showed more pro-ingroup
behavioural discrimination. Girls showed stronger ingroup
favouritism than boys, but ethnic and regional groups
generally did not vary in levels of bias. These findings
contribute to our understanding of how gender intergroup
biases develop and highlight the generalizability of these
processes.},
Doi = {10.1002/icd.2482},
Key = {fds374920}
}
@article{fds366202,
Author = {Suh, Y and Perlin, JD and Turner, AF and West, AL and Gaither,
SE},
Title = {The good life in cultural context: Examining Asian young
adults’ psychological well-being and narratives of
negative experiences},
Journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
Volume = {101},
Year = {2022},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104282},
Abstract = {Few narrative identity studies have investigated how common
correlates of well-being in the U.S. (redemption,
contamination, agency, and communion) relate to the good
life for non-U.S., racial minority populations. The current
study assessed whether Asian young adults’ (N = 197)
degree of acculturation to Euro-American values is
associated with both the use of these narrative themes and
how these themes relate to well-being. Asian young adults
narrated two negative events, one pertaining to their ethnic
identity and another pertaining to a low point in the life
story. Narratives were reliably coded for redemption,
contamination, agency, and communion. While there was no
association between narrative themes and acculturation,
agency was associated with lower well-being for less
acculturated individuals. Results suggest that past studies
documenting a positive relation between PWB and agency may
not generalize to Asian samples.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104282},
Key = {fds366202}
}
@article{fds367279,
Author = {Walker, DC and Gaither, SE and De Los Santos and B and Keigan, J and Schaefer, LM and Thompson, JK},
Title = {Development and validation of a measure of curvy ideals
internalization.},
Journal = {Body image},
Volume = {43},
Pages = {217-231},
Year = {2022},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.005},
Abstract = {Several sociocultural female body ideals exist - thin,
muscular/athletic, and, more recently, curvier ideals, which
research specifically suggests are more prevalent among
Black women. Two validated measures assess women's desire
for curvier bodies, but neither assess certain facets of
curvy ideals (e.g., thick vs. slim-thick) separately. We
developed and validated the Curvy Ideals Internalization
(CII) Scale, to be used alone or alongside existing measures
of appearance ideal internalization. Focus groups among
racially/ethnically diverse women informed initial items. A
sample of 897 White (37.1%), Black (34.2%), and biracial
Black and White (28.7%) U.S. women completed the initial
37-item CII to determine factor structure, narrow the item
pool, and examine validity and reliability. A separate
sample (N = 366) of U.S. Black, White, and biracial women
completed the CII to confirm the factor structure. The final
CII has eleven items, with factors assessing thick/curvy
ideal internalization and facets of slim-thick ideal
internalization: thin waist and large breast size. The CII
has adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability,
construct validity, and factorial validity. The CII is
appropriate for use among Black, White, and biracial women
to assess internalization of curvier body ideals and needs
to be validated in more diverse samples.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.005},
Key = {fds367279}
}
@article{fds363243,
Author = {Leslie, GJ and Masuoka, N and Gaither, SE and Remedios, JD and Chyei
Vinluan, A},
Title = {Voter Evaluations of Biracial‐Identified Political
Candidates},
Journal = {Social Sciences},
Volume = {11},
Number = {4},
Year = {2022},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040171},
Abstract = {Today, identity expression and acceptance represent an
important area of political advocacy and representation.
Yet, how responsive are voters to new racial identity cues
promoted by political leaders? Using candidates with
interracial backgrounds as a case study, we assess whether
voters are responsive to candidates who assert a
mixed‐race identity or if voters primarily rely on other
traits, such as the candidate’s family background, in
determining their support of that candidate. Using an
experimental design, this study presents participants with
various hypothetical candidates who vary both in their
racial heritages (i.e., candidates with Asian and White
interracial parents or Black and White interracial parents)
and identity choices (i.e., as single‐race minority,
single‐race White, or biracial). We then compare how the
mixed‐race, single‐race minority, and White participants
evaluate the candidate. We expect that the mixed‐race
participants will be most supportive of candidates who
signal a common in‐group identity by identifying
specifically as “bi-racial”. On the other hand, the
single‐race minority and White participants should be more
likely to adhere to the one‐drop rule or hypodescent in
their evaluations, meaning they will provide more positive
evaluations of interracial candidates who identify as a
single‐race minority. Our study finds that the
single‐race minority and White participants completely
overlook racial identity cues and instead focus on the
description of the candidate’s family heritage along with
their own assumptions about hypodescent. The mixed‐race
participants, on the other hand, show strong support for
biracial‐identified, in‐group political candidates This
study adds to a burgeoning literature on racial perception
and on political representation.},
Doi = {10.3390/socsci11040171},
Key = {fds363243}
}
@article{fds359472,
Author = {Rosenfeld, DL and Balcetis, E and Bastian, B and Berkman, ET and Bosson,
JK and Brannon, TN and Burrow, AL and Cameron, CD and Chen, S and Cook, JE and Crandall, C and Davidai, S and Dhont, K and Eastwick, PW and Gaither,
SE and Gangestad, SW and Gilovich, T and Gray, K and Haines, EL and Haselton, MG and Haslam, N and Hodson, G and Hogg, MA and Hornsey, MJ and Huo, YJ and Joel, S and Kachanoff, FJ and Kraft-Todd, G and Leary, MR and Ledgerwood, A and Lee, RT and Loughnan, S and MacInnis, CC and Mann, T and Murray, DR and Parkinson, C and Pérez, EO and Pyszczynski, T and Ratner, K and Rothgerber, H and Rounds, JD and Schaller, M and Silver,
RC and Spellman, BA and Strohminger, N and Swim, JK and Thoemmes, F and Urganci, B and Vandello, JA and Volz, S and Zayas, V and Tomiyama,
AJ},
Title = {Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social,
Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations.},
Journal = {Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the
Association for Psychological Science},
Volume = {17},
Number = {2},
Pages = {311-333},
Year = {2022},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691621999374},
Abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of
psychological science from what research questions
psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists
can use to investigate them. In this article, we offer a
perspective on how to optimize new research in the
pandemic's wake. Because this pandemic is inherently a
social phenomenon-an event that hinges on human-to-human
contact-we focus on socially relevant subfields of
psychology. We highlight specific psychological phenomena
that have likely shifted as a result of the pandemic and
discuss theoretical, methodological, and practical
considerations of conducting research on these phenomena.
After this discussion, we evaluate metascientific issues
that have been amplified by the pandemic. We aim to
demonstrate how theoretically grounded views on the COVID-19
pandemic can help make psychological science stronger-not
weaker-in its wake.},
Doi = {10.1177/1745691621999374},
Key = {fds359472}
}
@article{fds365318,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Sims, JP},
Title = {How Cross-Discipline Understanding and Communication Can
Improve Research on Multiracial Populations},
Journal = {Social Sciences},
Volume = {11},
Number = {3},
Pages = {90-90},
Publisher = {MDPI AG},
Year = {2022},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/SOCSCI11030090},
Abstract = {One of the strengths of Critical Mixed Race Studies is that
it represents research methodolo-gies and frameworks from
multiple disciplines across the social sciences and
humanities. However, if these disciplines are not in
dialogue with each other, that benefit may be lost. Here, we
use psychological and sociological research on Multiracial
populations as examples to argue how strict disciplinarity
and methodological trends may limit scientific production.
We propose that reading and citing work across disciplines,
expanding methodological training, and rejecting hegemonic
“white logic” assumptions about what is
“publishable” can enhance Multiracial research. First,
the ability to cite effectively across disciplines will
shorten the time it takes for new theories to be developed
that focus on empirically underrepresented populations.
Secondly, increasing understanding of both quantitative and
qualitative methods will allow more effective reading
between disciplines while also creating opportunities to
engage with both causality and the richness of experiences
that comprise being Multiracial. Finally, these changes
would then situate scholars to be more effective reviewers,
thereby enhancing the peer-reviewed publication process to
one that routinely rejects color evasive racist practices
that privilege work on majority populations.},
Doi = {10.3390/SOCSCI11030090},
Key = {fds365318}
}
@article{fds362938,
Author = {Paul, M and Gaither, SE and Darity, W},
Title = {About Face: Seeing Class and Race},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Issues},
Volume = {56},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-17},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2022.2008750},
Abstract = {People’s social class, and the perceptions of their social
class are embedded in an institutional context that has
important ramifications for one’s life opportunities and
outcomes. Research on first impressions has found that
people are relatively accurate at judging a variety of
traits such as perceived sexual orientation and income, but
there is a paucity of research that investigates whether
people are also accurate at judging wealth or class. In this
article, we first investigate whether people understand the
distinction between income and wealth. Then, using a novel
dataset, we examine whether people are accurate at
identifying the income and wealth levels of individuals
across racial and ethnic groups by facial cues alone. We
find that participants understand the meaning of income, but
not wealth. Additionally, we find that perceivers categorize
class more accurately than by sheer chance, using minimal
facial cues, but perceivers are particularly inaccurate when
categorizing high-income and high-wealth Black and Latinx
subjects.},
Doi = {10.1080/00213624.2022.2008750},
Key = {fds362938}
}
@article{fds362937,
Author = {Ruba, A and Mcmutry, R and Gaither, S and Wilbourn,
M},
Title = {How White American Children Develop Racial Biases in Emotion
Reasoning},
Volume = {3},
Number = {1},
Pages = {21-33},
Booktitle = {PsyArXiv},
Year = {2022},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ng4fw},
Abstract = {For decades, affective scientists have examined how adults
and children reason about others' emotions. Yet, our
knowledge is limited regarding how emotion reasoning is
impacted by race-that is, how individuals reason about
emotions displayed by people of other racial groups. In this
review, we examine the developmental origins of racial
biases in emotion reasoning, focusing on how White Americans
reason about emotions displayed by Black faces/people. We
highlight how racial biases in emotion reasoning, which
emerge as early as infancy, likely contribute to
miscommunications, inaccurate social perceptions, and
negative interracial interactions across the lifespan. We
conclude by discussing promising interventions to reduce
these biases as well as future research directions,
highlighting how affective scientists can decenter Whiteness
in their research designs. Together, this review highlights
how emotion reasoning is a potentially affective component
of racial bias among White Americans.},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/ng4fw},
Key = {fds362937}
}
@article{fds351482,
Author = {Rozek, CS and Gaither, SE},
Title = {Not Quite White or Black: Biracial Students’ Perceptions
of Threat and Belonging Across School Contexts},
Journal = {Journal of Early Adolescence},
Volume = {41},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1308-1337},
Year = {2021},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431620950476},
Abstract = {Stereotype threat posits that students who are members of
negatively stereotyped groups in school should feel more
threat and less belonging, especially in schools with large
achievement disparities and low racial/ethnic minority
representation. This research has focused primarily on the
experiences of negatively stereotyped monoracial minority
students, but for a biracial Black/White student who claims
both a negatively stereotyped (e.g., Black) and a positively
stereotyped (e.g., White) identity, do these outcomes vary?
We assessed 1,399 biracial Black/White, monoracial Black,
and monoracial White middle school students’ perceptions
of threat and belonging in school, across four
lower-stereotype-salient schools (i.e., racially diverse
schools) and seven higher-stereotype-salient schools (i.e.,
racially homogeneous schools). Biracial students reported a
similar amount of threat across school contexts, whereas
monoracial students’ threat was differentially context
dependent. These findings suggest biracial students may face
unique identity-related threats in school and point to a
need to develop supports specific to their
experiences.},
Doi = {10.1177/0272431620950476},
Key = {fds351482}
}
@article{fds355089,
Author = {Stanaland, A and Gaither, S},
Title = {"Be a Man": The Role of Social Pressure in Eliciting Men's
Aggressive Cognition.},
Journal = {Personality & social psychology bulletin},
Volume = {47},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1596-1611},
Year = {2021},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167220984298},
Abstract = {Threatening a man's manhood-but not a woman's
womanhood-elicits aggression. In two studies, we found
evidence that this aggression is related to the social
pressure men experience to "be a man." In Study 1a, we
conducted an exploratory factor analysis to isolate
participants' (<i>N</i> = 195; <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> =
19.92) differential motivations for conforming to gender
norms. Study 1b then showed that pressure to be masculine
moderates the relationship between gender identity threat
and aggressive cognition for men. In Study 2a, we conducted
a confirmatory factor analysis to validate the
aforementioned scales with an age-diverse sample of men
(<i>N</i> = 391; <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 33.16, range =
18-56 years). Study 2b replicated Study 1b, most notably
with younger men. In all, these findings reveal one
pathway-the pressure men experience to be stereotypically
masculine-that elicits aggressive cognition when under
threat in a U.S. context.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167220984298},
Key = {fds355089}
}
@article{fds359274,
Author = {Straka, BC and Stanaland, A and Tomasello, M and Gaither,
SE},
Title = {Who can be in a group? 3- to 5-year-old children construe
realistic social groups through mutual intentionality},
Journal = {Cognitive Development},
Volume = {60},
Pages = {101097-101097},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2021},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101097},
Abstract = {Recent research suggests that young children's causal
justification for minimal group membership can be induced
via a cognitive framework of mutual intentionality. That is,
an individual can become a group member when both the
individual and group agree to membership. Here, we
investigated if children ages 3–5 understand groups formed
by mutual intentions and whether they apply mutual
intentions to realistic groups with varying entitative and
essentialized qualities. In two studies (N = 197), we asked
3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children if a novel character could
join an existing group based on intentionality (mutual,
individual-, group-only) and group type (task, friends,
family). We find that 4- and 5-year-olds robustly relied on
mutual intentions to constitute group membership and
3-year-olds also demonstrated emerging usage of this
cognitive framework. Moreover, children employed mutual
intentionality across different group types, suggesting a
general framework for children's understanding of different
social groups.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101097},
Key = {fds359274}
}
@article{fds356798,
Author = {Albuja, A and Straka, B and Desjardins, M and Swartzwelder, HS and Gaither, S},
Title = {Alcohol use and related consequences for monoracial and
multiracial Native American/American Indian college
students.},
Journal = {Exp Clin Psychopharmacol},
Volume = {29},
Number = {5},
Pages = {487-500},
Year = {2021},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pha0000475},
Abstract = {Native American/American Indian (NA/AI) and Multiracial
people (those who claim multiple racial identities) report
notably high alcohol use compared to other racial groups in
the United States. Nearly half of the NA/AI population is
also Multiracial, yet NA/AI and Multiracial college students
report different motivations for drinking alcohol.
Therefore, it remains unclear if NA/AI individuals who are
also Multiracial are at different risk for alcohol use and
negative alcohol-related consequences, and if there are
distinct patterns of risk factors in these understudied
populations. Because college-aged students are at risk for
high levels of alcohol use, this exploratory study used the
AlcoholEdu for College™ survey to compare the association
between initial drinking age, college location (urban vs.
rural), and alcohol use motivations and consequences between
monoracial NA/AI (N = 2,363) and Multiracial NA/AI
college-aged students (N = 6,172). Monoracial NA/AI students
reported higher incidences of alcohol use and
alcohol-related problems such as blacking out and missing
class, compared to Multiracial NA/AI students. Risk factors
like earlier age of drinking onset were more strongly
associated with negative consequences for monoracial NA/AI
students compared to Multiracial NA/AI students. Despite
similar levels of Internal Coping motivations for drinking
(e.g., to feel more confident or sure of yourself),
monoracial NA/AI students reported drinking more than
Multiracial students and experienced more negative
drinking-related outcomes. These results suggest Multiracial
NA/AI students may draw on protective factors not accessible
to monoracial NA/AI students, highlighting the need for
interventions tailored to students at highest risk.
(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights
reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/pha0000475},
Key = {fds356798}
}
@article{fds351439,
Author = {Young, DM and Sanchez, DT and Pauker, K and Gaither,
SE},
Title = {A Meta-Analytic Review of Hypodescent Patterns in
Categorizing Multiracial and Racially Ambiguous
Targets.},
Journal = {Personality & social psychology bulletin},
Volume = {47},
Number = {5},
Pages = {705-727},
Year = {2021},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167220941321},
Abstract = {Research addressing the increasing multiracial population
(i.e., identifying with two or more races) is rapidly
expanding. This meta-analysis (<i>k</i> = 55) examines
categorization patterns consistent with <i>hypodescent</i>,
or the tendency to categorize multiracial targets as their
lower status racial group. Subgroup analyses suggest that
operationalization of multiracial (e.g., presenting photos
of racially ambiguous faces, or ancestry information sans
picture), target gender, and categorization measurement
(e.g., selecting from binary choices: Black or White; or
multiple categorization options: Black, White, or
multiracial) moderated categorization patterns.
Operationalizing multiracial as ancestry, male targets, and
measuring categorization with binary or multiple Likert-type
scale outcomes supported hypodescent. However, categorizing
multiracial targets as not their lower status racial group
occurred for female targets or multiple categorization
options. Evidence was mixed on whether perceiver and target
race were related to categorization patterns. These results
point to future directions for understanding categorization
processes and multiracial perception.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167220941321},
Key = {fds351439}
}
@article{fds365319,
Author = {Leer, J and Gaither, S and Gassman-Pines, A},
Title = {Behavioral science interventions: Integrating the decision
task, context, and individual differences to inform
policy.},
Journal = {Translational Issues in Psychological Science},
Volume = {7},
Number = {1},
Pages = {46-54},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2021},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tps0000243},
Doi = {10.1037/tps0000243},
Key = {fds365319}
}
@article{fds354591,
Author = {Ng, S and Liu, Y and Gaither, S and Marsan, S and Zucker,
N},
Title = {The clash of culture and cuisine: A qualitative exploration
of cultural tensions and attitudes toward food and body in
Chinese young adult women.},
Journal = {Int J Eat Disord},
Volume = {54},
Number = {2},
Pages = {174-183},
Year = {2021},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.23459},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Accumulating evidence suggests that the
prevalence of eating disorders among Chinese women is a
public health concern. Prior studies have drawn linkages
between conflicting cultural values, identity confusion, and
eating disorder symptomatology, which may be relevant for
understanding the rise of eating disorders amidst China's
rapid economic and sociocultural transformation. Here, we
explore how women's experiences with traditional eating
norms and modernizing norms of femininity may shape their
food and body attitudes. METHOD: Chinese young adult women
(N = 34; aged 18-22 years) participated in semi-structured
interviews focusing on experiences with norms surrounding
eating and ideal feminine appearance, perceived conflict
between these norms, and their responses to perceived
conflict. Interviews were conducted via email (n = 27) or
via Skype (n = 7). Participants were not asked about past
or present diagnoses of eating disorders. Analysis of
responses was guided by the principles of thematic analysis.
RESULTS: Women reported encounters with cultural eating
norms and feminine appearance norms, and described factors
that motivated continued or discontinued adherence to these
norms. Women reported strategies of conflict resolution,
which resulted in different emotional and behavioral
outcomes including eating disorder symptoms. DISCUSSION:
Women's experiences with norms surrounding eating and
appearance indicate the centrality of these encounters in
the formation of individual and interpersonal values. Our
findings suggest the importance for clinicians to assist
clients in exploring the meanings behind internalized
attitudes toward food and body, and to help clients balance
interpersonal and individual needs.},
Doi = {10.1002/eat.23459},
Key = {fds354591}
}
@article{fds348707,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Chen, JM and Rule, N},
Title = {Perceptions and experiences of (people with) unconventional
identities},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {20},
Number = {5},
Pages = {587-593},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2020.1711802},
Abstract = {Psychology has long focused on social identities and their
critical role in defining the self. However, the majority of
identity-related findings stems from research on traditional
identities (monoracial, cisgender, heterosexual).
Considering the relative dearth of research from the full
range of identities encompassed in society (e.g.,
multiracial, transgender, bisexual), this special issue (a)
highlights the experiences and perceptions of people with
nontraditional identities; (b) argues for research to
represent modern-day demographics; and (c) discusses
publication challenges. By comparing special issue
submissions to membership data from the Society for
Personality and Social Psychology, we highlight which
identities are over- and underrepresented, consider groups
for which it may have been historically more difficult to
publish, and offer some speculation as to
why.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2020.1711802},
Key = {fds348707}
}
@article{fds357325,
Author = {Herrmann, SD and Varnum, MEW and Straka, BC and Gaither,
SE},
Title = {Social Class Identity Integration and Success for
First-Generation College Students: Antecedents, Mechanisms,
and Generalizability},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2021.1924251},
Abstract = {Social class bicultural identity integration research
demonstrates that integrated social class identities are
linked with better health, well-being, and academic
performance among first-generation students. Here, we
demonstrate that exposure to college graduates in
students’ home neighborhoods before college is positively
related to higher social class bicultural identity
integration (Study 1), that the effect of identity
integration on academic performance is mediated by academic
self-efficacy (Study 2), and that the effects of identity
integration on acculturative stress, life satisfaction, and
overall health outcomes observed at a large, public
university replicated at selective, private universities
(Study 3). This suggests that the identity integration
framework is a useful theoretical lens to conceptualize and
predict health and performance outcomes for first-generation
students.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2021.1924251},
Key = {fds357325}
}
@article{fds362939,
Author = {Paul, M and Gaither, S and Darity, W},
Title = {About Face: Seeing Class and Race},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/s3bcq},
Abstract = {<p>People’s social class, and the perceptions of their
social class are embedded in an institutional context that
has important ramifications for one’s life opportunities
and outcomes. Research on first impressions has found that
people are relatively accurate at judging a variety of
traits such as perceived sexual orientation and income, but
there is a paucity of research that investigates whether
people are also accurate at judging wealth or class. In this
article, we first investigate whether people understand the
distinction between income and wealth (Study 1). Then, using
a novel dataset, we examine whether people are accurate at
identifying the income and wealth levels of individuals
across racial and ethnic groups by facial cues alone (Study
2). We find that participants understand the meaning of
income, but not wealth. Additionally, we find that
perceivers categorize class more accurately than by sheer
chance, using minimal facial cues, but perceivers are
particularly inaccurate when categorizing high-income and
high-wealth Black and Latinx subjects.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/s3bcq},
Key = {fds362939}
}
@article{fds362940,
Author = {Gaither, S and Chen, C-M and Neal, S and Chien, SH-L},
Title = {Children’s cross-cultural categorizations of racially
ambiguous faces in Taiwan and the U.S.},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ydazv},
Abstract = {<p>Objectives: Racially ambiguous face categorization
research is growing in prominence, and yet the majority of
this work has focused on White and Western samples and has
primarily used biracial Black/White stimuli. Past findings
suggest that biracial Black/White faces are more often seen
as Black than White, but without testing these perceptions
with other groups, generalizability cannot be guaranteed.
<h4>Methods:</h4> We tested 3-7-year old Asian children
living in Taiwan—an Eastern cultural context (N =
74)—and Asian children living in the U.S.—a Western
cultural context (N = 65) to explore the role that cultural
group membership may play in biracial perceptions. Children
categorized 12 racially ambiguous biracial Black/White faces
and 12 biracial Asian/White faces in a dichotomous
forced-choice task and completed a racial constancy
measurement. <h4>Results:</h4> Regarding biracial
Black/White faces, Taiwanese and Asian American children
both categorized the faces as White significantly more often
compared to chance levels, regardless of racial constancy
beliefs. For biracial Asian/White faces, Taiwanese children
with racial constancy beliefs categorized the faces
significantly more often as White, whereas Taiwanese
children without racial constancy beliefs categorized the
faces significantly more often as Asian. However, Asian
American children did not show a bias in categorizing
biracial Asian/White faces. <h4>Conclusions:</h4> Results
suggest that hyperdescent over hypodescent for more commonly
studied biracial Black/White faces generalizes in both
cultural contexts. However, biracial Asian/White stimuli may
be perceived in more fixed-like patterns in predominately
Asian contexts, since only Taiwanese children showed
increased outgroup categorizations once racial constancy
beliefs were endorsed.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/ydazv},
Key = {fds362940}
}
@article{fds362941,
Author = {Straka, B and Stanaland, A and Tomasello, M and Gaither,
S},
Title = {Who Can Be in a Group? 3- to 5-Year-Old Children Construe
Realistic Social Groups Through Mutual Intentionality},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ch56b},
Abstract = {<p>Recent research suggests that young children’s causal
justification for minimal group membership can be induced
via a cognitive framework of mutual intentionality. That is,
an individual can become a group member when both the
individual and group agree to membership. Here, we
investigated if children ages 3-5 understand groups formed
by mutual intentions and whether they apply mutual
intentions to realistic groups with varying entitative and
essentialized qualities. In two studies (N = 197), we asked
3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children if a novel character could
join an existing group based on intentionality (mutual,
individual-, group-only) and group type (task, friends,
family). We find that 4- and 5-year-olds robustly relied on
mutual intentions to constitute group membership and
3-year-olds also demonstrated emerging usage of this
cognitive framework. Moreover, children employed mutual
intentionality across different group types, suggesting a
general framework for children’s understanding of
different social groups.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/ch56b},
Key = {fds362941}
}
@article{fds362942,
Author = {Herrmann, S and Varnum, M and Straka, B and Gaither,
S},
Title = {Social Class Identity Integration and Success for
First-Generation College Students: Antecedents, Mechanisms,
and Generalizability},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/v98sn},
Abstract = {<p>Past research has investigated challenges
first-generation college students face, but has overlooked
the role that acculturation to college may play. Social
class bicultural identity integration research demonstrates
that integrated social class identities are linked with
better health, well-being, and academic performance among
first-generation students. Here, we build on the identity
integration framework, demonstrating that exposure to
college graduates in students’ home neighborhoods before
college is positively related to higher social class
bicultural identity integration (Study 1), that the effect
of identity integration on academic performance is mediated
by academic self-efficacy (Study 2), and that the effects of
identity integration on acculturative stress, life
satisfaction, and overall health outcomes observed at a
large public university replicated at selective, private
universities (Study 3). This suggests that the identity
integration framework is a useful theoretical lens to
conceptualize and predict health and performance outcomes
for first-generation students.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/v98sn},
Key = {fds362942}
}
@article{fds362943,
Author = {Tsai, A and Straka, B and Gaither, S},
Title = {Mixed-Heritage Individuals’ Encounters with
Raciolinguistic Ideologies},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/znkxw},
Abstract = {<p>Mixed-heritage individuals (MHIs) are known to face high
levels of social exclusion. Here, we investigate how
raciolinguistic ideologies related to one’s heritage
language abilities add to these exclusionary experiences.
The results from 293 MHIs reveal frequent experiences of
marginalization from members of each of their heritage
communities because their racial appearance and language
practices are perceived as deviant and outside imagined
‘monoracial’ norms. Specifically, over half of
respondents described experiences of exclusion for not
speaking their minority heritage languages with the same
accent or manner or fluency associated with ‘monoracial’
native speakers of their heritage languages or dialects.
Another subset described high pressure to speak ‘proper
English’ in White dominant work environments. These
results extend past MHI work by empirically documenting the
‘monoracial-only’, monoglossic, and ‘Standard
English’ ideologies that contribute to the continued
social exclusion of MHIs.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/znkxw},
Key = {fds362943}
}
@article{fds362944,
Author = {Straka, B and Albuja, A and Desjardins, M and Swartzwelder, S and Gaither, S},
Title = {Alcohol Use and Related Consequences for Monoracial and
Multiracial Native American/American Indian College
students},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hcve5},
Abstract = {<p>Native American/American Indian (NA/AI) and Multiracial
people (those who claim multiple racial groups) report
notably high alcohol use compared to other racial groups in
the United States. Nearly half of the NA/AI population is
also Multiracial, yet NA/AI and Multiracial college students
report different motivations for drinking alcohol.
Therefore, it remains unclear if NA/AI individuals who are
also Multiracial are at different risk for alcohol use and
negative alcohol-related consequences, and if there are
distinct patterns of risk factors in these understudied
populations. Because college-aged students are at risk for
high levels of alcohol use, this exploratory study used the
AlcoholEdu for CollegeTM survey to compare the association
between initial drinking age, college location (urban versus
rural), and alcohol use motivations and consequences between
monoracial NA/AI (N = 2,363) and Multiracial NA/AI
college-aged students (N = 6,172). Monoracial NA/AI students
reported higher incidences of alcohol use and
alcohol-related problems such as blacking out and missing
class, compared to Multiracial NA/AI students. Risk factors
like earlier age of drinking onset were more strongly
associated with negative consequences for monoracial NA/AI
students compared to Multiracial NA/AI students. Despite
similar levels of Internal Coping motivations for drinking
(e.g., to feel more confident or sure of yourself),
monoracial NA/AI students reported drinking more than
Multiracial students and experienced more negative
drinking-related outcomes. These results suggest Multiracial
NA/AI students may draw on protective factors not accessible
to monoracial NA/AI students, highlighting the need for
interventions tailored to students at highest
risk.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/hcve5},
Key = {fds362944}
}
@article{fds366967,
Author = {Albuja, AF and Sanchez, DT and Gaither, SE},
Title = {Intra-race intersectionality: Identity denial among
dual-minority biracial people.},
Journal = {Translational Issues in Psychological Science},
Volume = {6},
Number = {4},
Pages = {392-403},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2020},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tps0000264},
Doi = {10.1037/tps0000264},
Key = {fds366967}
}
@article{fds352653,
Author = {Sanchez, DT and Gaither, SE and Albuja, AF and Eddy,
Z},
Title = {How Policies Can Address Multiracial Stigma},
Journal = {Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain
Sciences},
Volume = {7},
Number = {2},
Pages = {115-122},
Year = {2020},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732220943906},
Abstract = {Twenty years ago, Multiracial Americans completed the U.S
Census with the option to indicate more than one race for
the first time. As we embark on the second anniversary of
this shift in Multiracial recognition, this article reviews
the research related to known sources and systems that
perpetuate Multiracial-specific stigma. Policy
recommendations address the needs and the continued
acknowledgment of this growing racial/ethnic minority
population.},
Doi = {10.1177/2372732220943906},
Key = {fds352653}
}
@article{fds347135,
Author = {Straka, BC and Gaither, SE and Acheson, SK and Swartzwelder,
HS},
Title = {“Mixed” Drinking Motivations: A Comparison of Majority,
Multiracial, and Minority College Students},
Journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
Volume = {11},
Number = {5},
Pages = {676-687},
Year = {2020},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619883294},
Abstract = {Social exclusion is associated with substance use, but the
specific link between majority and minority racial group
membership and substance use is unknown. We examined how
social exclusion among racial majority (White), Multiracial,
and racial minority (Native American, Latino, Asian, and
Black) college students relates to self-reported alcohol use
and motivations. Using the AlcoholEdu for College™ survey,
Study 1a reports five factors related to motives for
initiating or inhibiting alcohol use. Study 1b analyzes
majority, Multiracial, and minority college students’
comparative endorsement of these motivations. Study 2
compares these factors with established belonging scales
using a separate undergraduate sample. White, Multiracial,
Native American, and Latino students displayed the highest
proportion of problematic alcohol use. White students
endorsed belonging-based drinking motivations, while
Multiracial and Asian students endorsed motivations similar
to both majority and minority groups. Native American,
Latino, and Black students endorsed abstaining motivations
more than other groups.},
Doi = {10.1177/1948550619883294},
Key = {fds347135}
}
@article{fds344741,
Author = {Meyers, C and Aumer, K and Schoniwitz, A and Janicki, C and Pauker, K and Chang, EC and Gaither, SE and Williams, A},
Title = {Experiences with microaggressions and discrimination in
racially diverse and homogeneously white
contexts.},
Journal = {Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology},
Volume = {26},
Number = {2},
Pages = {250-259},
Year = {2020},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000293},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>The interaction between one's context and
identity may be essential in understanding people's racial
experiences. In this study, we examined 2 contexts (racially
diverse vs. homogenously White) and measured the experiences
of discrimination and microaggressions for monoracial people
of color (POC), multiracial individuals, and White
individuals. Additionally, we measured experience of
microaggressions with a new scale that measured instances of
multiracial-specific microaggressions, and the offensiveness
of these microaggressions.<h4>Method and results</h4>Through
a self-reported survey, monoracial POC, multiracial
individuals, and White individuals across the United States
reported their experiences with discrimination and
microaggressions, and offensiveness of multiracial-specific
microaggressions. Overall, monoracial POC and multiracial
individuals reported experiencing less discrimination and
microaggressions in diverse contexts versus homogenous
contexts. White individuals reported the lowest amounts of
discrimination and microaggressions, which did not differ
across contexts.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Living in a racially
diverse context may have positive benefits for racial
minorities, and White individuals do not necessarily
experience greater instances of discrimination or
microaggressions in diverse contexts. (PsycInfo Database
Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/cdp0000293},
Key = {fds344741}
}
@article{fds344833,
Author = {Skinner, AL and Perry, SP and Gaither, S},
Title = {Not Quite Monoracial: Biracial Stereotypes
Explored.},
Journal = {Personality & social psychology bulletin},
Volume = {46},
Number = {3},
Pages = {377-392},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219858344},
Abstract = {Stereotypes often guide our perceptions of members of social
groups. However, research has yet to document what
stereotypes may exist for the fastest growing youth
demographic in the United States-biracial individuals.
Across seven studies (<i>N</i> = 1,104), we investigate what
stereotypes are attributed to various biracial groups,
whether biracial individuals are stereotyped as more similar
to their lower status monoracial parent group (trait
hypodescent), and whether contact moderates these
stereotypes. Results provide evidence of some universal
biracial stereotypes that are applied to all biracial
groups: attractive and not fitting in or belonging. We also
find that all biracial groups are attributed a number of
unique stereotypes (i.e., which are not associated with
their monoracial parent groups). However, across all
studies, we find little evidence of trait hypodescent and no
evidence that the tendency to engage in trait hypodescent
varies as a function of contact.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167219858344},
Key = {fds344833}
}
@article{fds344441,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Fan, SP and Kinzler, KD},
Title = {Thinking about multiple identities boosts children's
flexible thinking.},
Journal = {Developmental science},
Volume = {23},
Number = {1},
Pages = {e0012871},
Year = {2020},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/desc.12871},
Abstract = {Studies of children's developing social identification often
focus on individual forms of identity. Yet, everyone has
multiple potential identities. Here we investigated whether
making children aware of their multifaceted
identities-effectively seeing themselves from multiple
angles-would promote their flexible thinking. In Experiment
1, 6- to 7-year-old children (N = 48) were assigned to
either a Multiple-Identities condition where they were led
to consider their multiple identities (e.g. friend,
neighbor) or to a Physical-Traits condition where they
considered their multiple physical attributes (e.g. legs,
arms). Children in the Multiple-Identity condition
subsequently expressed greater flexibility at
problem-solving and categorization than children in the
Physical-Traits condition. Experiment 2 (N = 72)
replicated these findings with a new sample of 6- to
7-year-old children and demonstrated that a
Multiple-Identity mindset must be self-relevant. Children
who were led to think about another child's multiple
identities did not express as much subsequent creative
thinking as did children who thought about their own
multiple identities. Experiment 3 (N = 76) showed that a
Mmultiple-Identity framework may be particularly effective
when the identities are presented via generic language
suggesting that they are enduring traits (in this case,
identities depicted as noun phrases rather than verbal
phrases). These findings illustrate that something as simple
as thinking about one's identity from multiple angles could
serve as a tool to help reduce rigid thinking, which might
increase open-mindedness in a society that is becoming
increasingly diverse.},
Doi = {10.1111/desc.12871},
Key = {fds344441}
}
@article{fds351272,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Perlin, JD and Doan, SN},
Title = {Race, Gender, and the Development of Cross-Race
Egalitarianism.},
Journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
Volume = {11},
Pages = {1525},
Year = {2020},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01525},
Abstract = {Over the course of development, children acquire adult-like
thinking about social categories such as race, which in turn
informs their perceptions, attitudes, and behavior. However,
children's developing perceptions of race have been
understudied particularly with respect to their potential
influence on cross-race egalitarianism. Specifically, the
acquisition of racial constancy, defined as the perception
that race is a concrete and stable category, has been
associated with increased awareness of racial stereotypes
and group status differences. Yet, little work has
investigated behavioral outcomes stemming from the
acquisition of racial constancy beliefs. Here, we
investigate whether the presence or absence of racial
constancy beliefs differentially predicts inequality
aversion with racial ingroup versus outgroup members for
young children. White children (<i>N</i> = 202; ages 3-8)
completed three sticker resource-allocation games with
either a White or a Black partner shown in a photograph,
after which racial constancy was measured. Results revealed
that the acquisition of racial constancy interacted with
partner race to predict inequality aversion outcomes in one
game; however, age and gender also exerted strong
effects.},
Doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01525},
Key = {fds351272}
}
@article{fds366035,
Author = {Stanaland, A and Gaither, S},
Title = {“Be a Man”: The Role of Social Pressure in Eliciting
Men’s Aggressive Cognition},
Year = {2020},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5wxtf},
Abstract = {<p>[Manuscript published in PSPB on Jan 27, 2021.]
Threatening a man’s manhood—but not a woman’s
womanhood—elicits aggression. In two studies, we found
evidence that this aggression is related to the social
pressure men experience to “be a man.” In Study 1a, we
conducted an exploratory factor analysis to isolate
participants’ (N = 195; Mage = 19.92) differential
motivations for conforming to gender norms. Study 1b then
showed that pressure to be masculine moderates the
relationship between gender identity threat and aggressive
cognition for men. In Study 2a, we conducted a confirmatory
factor analysis to validate the aforementioned scales with
an age-diverse sample of men (N = 391; Mage = 33.16, range
18-56 years). Study 2b replicated Study 1b, most notably
with younger men. In all, these findings reveal one
pathway—the pressure men experience to be stereotypically
masculine—that elicits aggressive cognition when under
threat in a U.S. context.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/5wxtf},
Key = {fds366035}
}
@article{fds345889,
Author = {Albuja, AF and Gaither, SE and Sanchez, DT and Straka, B and Cipollina,
R},
Title = {Psychophysiological Stress Responses to Bicultural and
Biracial Identity Denial},
Journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
Volume = {75},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1165-1191},
Year = {2019},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josi.12347},
Abstract = {Bicultural and biracial individuals (those who identify
either with two cultures or two races) are often denied
membership in the groups with which they identify, an
experience referred to as identity denial. The present
studies used an experimental design to test the effects of
identity denial on physiological and self-reported stress,
and naturalistic behavioral responses in a controlled
laboratory setting for both bicultural (Study 1; N = 126)
and biracial (Study 2; N = 119) individuals. The results
suggest that compared to an identity-irrelevant denial,
bicultural participants who were denied their American
identity and Minority/White biracial individuals who were
denied their White identity reported greater stress and were
more likely to verbally reassert their identity. Bicultural
participants also demonstrated slower cortisol recovery
compared to those in the identity-irrelevant denial
condition. The results are the first to highlight the
negative physical health consequences of identity denial
using an experimental design for both bicultural and
biracial populations, underscoring the necessity to promote
belongingness and acceptance.},
Doi = {10.1111/josi.12347},
Key = {fds345889}
}
@article{fds342825,
Author = {Albuja, AF and Sanchez, DT and Gaither, SE},
Title = {Identity Questioning: Antecedents and Consequences of
Prejudice Attributions},
Journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
Volume = {75},
Number = {2},
Pages = {515-537},
Year = {2019},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josi.12322},
Abstract = {Many ethnic minorities in the United States hold both an
ethnic minority and national American identity. Yet, they
often encounter identity questioning when asked questions
such as, “Where are you really from?,” which may operate
as an ambiguous threat to their national identity. Because
varied motivations (curiosity versus exclusion) create
ambiguity, targets likely vary in their tendency to view
identity questioning as prejudicial. Study 1 examined the
extent to which ethnic minorities attribute identity
questioning to prejudice, and the associated well-being
consequences. Study 2 examined the immigration
policy-oriented antecedents of identity questioning
prejudice attributions. The results suggest that prejudice
attributions are psychologically harmful (Study 1) and are
associated with anti-immigration policies (Study 2). Because
identity questioning challenges one's ability to maintain a
dual identity, it is important to better understand identity
questioning. Specifically, these findings provide initial
evidence of the role policy contexts may play in shaping
identity questioning attributions.},
Doi = {10.1111/josi.12322},
Key = {fds342825}
}
@article{fds330903,
Author = {Gomez, EM and Young, DM and Preston, AG and Wilton, LS and Gaither, SE and Kaiser, CR},
Title = {Loss and loyalty: Change in political and gender identity
among Clinton supporters after the 2016 U.S. presidential
election},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {18},
Number = {2},
Pages = {103-125},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1391873},
Abstract = {How do voters’ identities change after a candidate’s
defeat? A longitudinal, within-subjects study used Hillary
Clinton’s loss in the 2016 U.S. presidential election to
explore social identity theory’s (SIT) tenet that threats
to self-relevant groups motivate further connection to and
affirmation of the group. Two independent samples
(university students and adults on Mechanical Turk) were
assessed before and after the 2016 U.S. presidential
election. After Hillary Clinton’s defeat, those who
reported voting for Clinton affirmed their political and
gender identities in several ways, such as increasing their
identification with Clinton. These ecologically valid
results are consistent with SIT, and suggest supporters
affirm their identities following a threat such as the
defeat of their candidate during a high-stakes election. We
discuss the implications of these findings within the
context of the increasingly polarized U.S.
electorate.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2017.1391873},
Key = {fds330903}
}
@article{fds337470,
Author = {Albuja, AF and Sanchez, DT and Gaither, SE},
Title = {Identity Denied: Comparing American or White Identity Denial
and Psychological Health Outcomes Among Bicultural and
Biracial People.},
Journal = {Personality & social psychology bulletin},
Volume = {45},
Number = {3},
Pages = {416-430},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218788553},
Abstract = {Because bicultural and biracial people have two identities
within one social domain (culture or race), their
identification is often challenged by others. Although it is
established that identity denial is associated with poor
psychological health, the processes through which this
occurs are less understood. Across two high-powered studies,
we tested identity autonomy, the perceived compatibility of
identities, and social belonging as mediators of the
relationship between identity denial and well-being among
bicultural and biracial individuals. Bicultural and biracial
participants who experienced challenges to their American or
White identities felt less freedom in choosing an identity
and perceived their identities as less compatible, which was
ultimately associated with greater reports of depressive
symptoms and stress. Study 2 replicated these results and
measured social belonging, which also accounted for
significant variance in well-being. The results suggest the
processes were similar across populations, highlighting
important implications for the generalizability to other
dual-identity populations.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167218788553},
Key = {fds337470}
}
@article{fds335677,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Toosi, NR and Babbitt, LG and Sommers,
SR},
Title = {Exposure to Biracial Faces Reduces Colorblindness.},
Journal = {Personality & social psychology bulletin},
Volume = {45},
Number = {1},
Pages = {54-66},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218778012},
Abstract = {Across six studies, we demonstrate that exposure to biracial
individuals significantly reduces endorsement of
colorblindness as a racial ideology among White individuals.
Real-world exposure to biracial individuals predicts lower
levels of colorblindness compared with White and Black
exposure (Study 1). Brief manipulated exposure to images of
biracial faces reduces colorblindness compared with exposure
to White faces, Black faces, a set of diverse monoracial
faces, or abstract images (Studies 2-5). In addition, these
effects occur only when a biracial label is paired with the
face rather than resulting from the novelty of the
mixed-race faces themselves (Study 4). Finally, we show that
the shift in White participants' colorblindness attitudes is
driven by social tuning, based on participants' expectations
that biracial individuals are lower in colorblindness than
monoracial individuals (Studies 5-6). These studies suggest
that the multiracial population's increasing size and
visibility has the potential to positively shift racial
attitudes.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167218778012},
Key = {fds335677}
}
@article{fds339585,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Chen, JM and Pauker, K and Sommers,
SR},
Title = {At face value: Psychological outcomes differ for real vs.
computer-generated multiracial faces.},
Journal = {The Journal of social psychology},
Volume = {159},
Number = {5},
Pages = {592-610},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1538929},
Abstract = {Multiracial research emphasizes hypodescent categorizations
and relies on computer-generated stimuli. Four experiments
showed that real biracial faces in a 2-Choice categorization
task (White, Black) elicited hypodescent more than
computer-generated faces. Additionally, Experiment 2 showed
a 2-Choice categorization task with real biracial faces
increased racial essentialism more than a 3-Choice
categorization task. Experiment 3 showed that mere exposure
to real biracial faces did not increase essentialism.
Finally, Experiments 4a and 4b replicated hypodescent
outcomes when comparing real biracial faces to
computer-generated versions of those same faces. In sum,
these findings initiate a discussion surrounding the
methodology of multiracial categorizations.},
Doi = {10.1080/00224545.2018.1538929},
Key = {fds339585}
}
@article{fds335680,
Author = {Chen, EE and Corriveau, KH and Lai, VKW and Poon, SL and Gaither,
SE},
Title = {Learning and Socializing Preferences in Hong Kong Chinese
Children.},
Journal = {Child development},
Volume = {89},
Number = {6},
Pages = {2109-2117},
Year = {2018},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13083},
Abstract = {The impact of social group information on the learning and
socializing preferences of Hong Kong Chinese children were
examined. Specifically, the degree to which variability in
racial out-group exposure affects children's use of race to
make decisions about unfamiliar individuals (Chinese, White,
Southeast Asian) was investigated. Participants (N = 212;
M<sub>age</sub> = 60.51 months) chose functions for
novel objects after informants demonstrated their use;
indicated with which peer group member to socialize; and
were measured on racial group recognition, preference, and
identification. Overall, children preferred in-group
members, though out-group exposure and the relative social
status of out-groups mattered as well. At a young age,
children's specific experiences with different races
influence how they learn and befriend others across racial
group lines.},
Doi = {10.1111/cdev.13083},
Key = {fds335680}
}
@article{fds335681,
Author = {Loyd, AB and Gaither, SE},
Title = {Racial/ethnic socialization for White youth: What we know
and future directions},
Journal = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
Volume = {59},
Pages = {54-64},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2018},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2018.05.004},
Abstract = {Teaching and talking about race and ethnicity with children
and adults is especially important in racially diverse
societies. This process has been coined racial/ethnic
socialization (RES). Despite the importance of RES, we still
know very little about how this process unfolds in the lives
of White youth. Thus, from a social, cognitive, and
developmental perspective, the authors summarize findings
from empirical research and theory on RES for White youth
across stages of development—early childhood through young
adulthood. Since RES is linked with cross-group attitudes
(e.g., less bias, prejudice, stereotyping) and behaviors
(e.g., inclusion), we highlight future directions for
research and discuss applications for existing findings for
an increasingly diverse society.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.appdev.2018.05.004},
Key = {fds335681}
}
@article{fds335674,
Author = {Chen, JM and Pauker, K and Gaither, SE and Hamilton, DL and Sherman,
JW},
Title = {Black + White = Not White: A minority bias in
categorizations of Black-White multiracials},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
Volume = {78},
Pages = {43-54},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2018},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.05.002},
Abstract = {The present research sought to provide new insights on the
principles guiding the categorization of Black-White
multiracial faces at a first encounter. Previous studies
have typically measured categorization of multiracial faces
using close-ended tasks that constrain available
categorizations. Those studies find evidence that perceivers
tend to categorize multiracials as Black more often than as
White. Two studies used less constrained, implicit
(Experiment 1) and explicit categorization (Experiment 2)
tasks and found that multiracial faces were most frequently
categorized into racial minority groups but not necessarily
as Black. These studies suggested a minority bias in
multiracial categorizations, whereby multiracials are more
frequently categorized as non-White than as White.
Experiment 3 provided additional support for the minority
bias, showing that participants categorized multiracials as
“Not White” more often than as any other category.
Participants were also faster to exclude multiracial faces
from the White category than from any other racial category.
Together, these findings are the first to document the
minority bias as a guiding principle in multiracial
categorization.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2018.05.002},
Key = {fds335674}
}
@article{fds335675,
Author = {Gaither, SE},
Title = {The multiplicity of belonging: Pushing identity research
beyond binary thinking},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {17},
Number = {4},
Pages = {443-454},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2018},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1412343},
Abstract = {To date, research has primarily used a singular identity
framework for investigating how social identity shapes
behavior. Thus, research has also largely ignored the role
that having multiple, simultaneous identities may play in
our lives. This paper reviews work that pushes that singular
identity framework beyond either/or binary constructs of
identity. Specifically, through exploring racial identity
flexibility for biracial populations and activating a
flexible, multiple identity mindset more broadly outside of
racial domains, these results demonstrate the potential
impact of multifaceted self-views on flexible behaviors.
Related work concerning other multiply belonging individuals
are also discussed in line with a call for needed research
to pinpoint new models and mechanisms for understanding the
multiplicity of belonging.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2017.1412343},
Key = {fds335675}
}
@article{fds335676,
Author = {Albuja, AF and Sanchez, DT and Gaither, SE},
Title = {Fluid racial presentation: Perceptions of contextual
“passing” among biracial people},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
Volume = {77},
Pages = {132-142},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2018},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.04.010},
Abstract = {Existing monoracial identity frameworks fail to capture the
experiences of biracial people, for whom racial
identification may depend on the social context. Though
biracial people can vary their racial identity, the social
consequences of context-dependent racial self-presentation
remain underexplored. Five studies examined how contextual
racial presentation among biracial people is perceived by
high status groups. White participants read vignettes
describing a biracial person contextually presenting in an
academic situation and evaluated the target's character and
behavior. Asian/White or Black/White biracial students who
contextually presented as monoracial (compared to biracial
presentation) were evaluated more negatively because they
were perceived as less trustworthy (Studies 1–5). The
effect of White contextual presentation was mediated by
endorsement of stereotypes that biracial people are confused
about their racial identity (Studies 4–5). Responses were
robust to the status of the monoracial identity (Studies
1–2) and intention to benefit (Study 5), but varied by the
availability of choice (e.g., conditions of forced choice;
Study 3). The results suggest contextually choosing an
identity carries social repercussions because it can
activate explicit negative stereotypes about biracial
individuals.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2018.04.010},
Key = {fds335676}
}
@article{fds335678,
Author = {Pauker, K and Meyers, C and Sanchez, DT and Gaither, SE and Young,
DM},
Title = {A review of multiracial malleability: Identity,
categorization, and shifting racial attitudes},
Journal = {Social and Personality Psychology Compass},
Volume = {12},
Number = {6},
Pages = {e12392-e12392},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2018},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12392},
Abstract = {The majority of social perception research to date has
focused on perceptually obvious and prototypical
representations of social categories. However, not all
people belong to social categories that are easily
discernable. Within the past decade, there has been an
upsurge of research demonstrating that multifaceted
identities (both one's own and perceptions of others'
identities) influence people to think about social
categories in a more flexible manner. Here, we specifically
review research on multiracial identity and perceptions of
multiracial individuals as 2 domains where researchers have
documented evidence of the flexible nature of social
identities and social categorization. Integrating frameworks
that argue race is a dynamic and interactive process, we
provide evidence that studying multiracial perceivers and
targets helps reveal that race changes across situations,
time, and depending on a number of top-down factors (e.g.,
expectations, stereotypes, and cultural norms). From the
perspective of multiracial individuals as perceivers, we
review research showing that flexible identity in
multiracial individuals influences the process of social
perception driven by a reduced belief in the essential
nature of racial categories. From the perspective of
multiracial individuals as targets, we review research that
top-down cues influence the racial categorization process.
We further discuss emerging work that reveals that exposure
to multiracial individuals influences beliefs surrounding
the categorical (or noncategorical) nature of race, itself.
Needed directions for future work are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1111/spc3.12392},
Key = {fds335678}
}
@article{fds335679,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Babbitt, LG and Sommers, SR},
Title = {Resolving racial ambiguity in social interactions},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
Volume = {76},
Pages = {259-269},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2018},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.003},
Abstract = {People take longer to categorize racially ambiguous
individuals, but does this perceptual complexity also affect
social interactions? In Study 1, White participants
interacted with a racially ambiguous confederate who was
either labeled as biracial Black/White, monoracial Black, or
given no racial label. White participants in the biracial
condition were significantly less cognitively depleted, less
essentialist in their thoughts about race, and exhibited
more accurate face memory for their partners than when
partner race remained unspecified or was labeled as
monoracial Black. Confederate reports and nonverbal behavior
in the biracial condition were also more positive. In Study
2, White participants perceived more similarity with a
biracial Black/White labeled interaction partner compared to
a Black-specified or race-unspecified partner, highlighting
for the first time how racial ambiguity and racial labeling
affect behavioral outcomes in social interactions.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.003},
Key = {fds335679}
}
@article{fds332755,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Apfelbaum, EP and Birnbaum, HJ and Babbitt, LG and Sommers, SR},
Title = {Mere Membership in Racially Diverse Groups Reduces
Conformity},
Journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
Volume = {9},
Number = {4},
Pages = {402-410},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2018},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617708013},
Abstract = {Three studies assessed the impact of White individuals’
mere membership in racially diverse or homogeneous groups on
conformity. In Study 1, White participants were randomly
assigned to four-person groups that were racially diverse or
homogeneous in which three confederates routinely endorsed
clearly inferior college applicants for admission.
Participants in diverse groups were significantly less
likely to conform than those in homogeneous groups. Study 2
replicated these results using an online conformity
paradigm, thereby isolating the effects of racial group
composition from concomitant social cues in face-to-face
settings. Study 3 presented a third condition—a diverse
group that included one other White member. Individuals
conformed less in both types of diverse groups as compared
with the homogeneous group. Evidence suggests this was
because Whites in homogeneous (vs. diverse) settings were
more likely to reconsider their original decision after
learning how other group members responded.},
Doi = {10.1177/1948550617708013},
Key = {fds332755}
}
@article{fds339521,
Author = {Babbitt, LG and Gaither, SE and Toosi, NR and Sommers,
SR},
Title = {The role of gender in racial meta-stereotypes and
stereotypes},
Journal = {Social Cognition},
Volume = {36},
Number = {5},
Pages = {589-601},
Publisher = {Guilford Publications},
Year = {2018},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2018.36.5.589},
Abstract = {Stereotypes often guide interracial interactions-both the
stereotypes we hold about others, and the stereotypes we
believe others hold about us (i.e., meta-stereotypes). In
Black-White interactions, the stereotype that Whites are
prejudiced is one of the most salient, but does this
stereotype vary by gender? White women tend to express more
positive racial attitudes than White men, and stereotypes of
Whites overlap more with stereotypes about men than with
stereotypes about women. Thus, we hypothesized that both
prejudice-related meta-stereotypes and stereotypes differ by
gender. In Study 1, Whites reported that White men are seen
as more prejudiced than White women. Studies 2a and 2b
measured Blacks' perspectives, finding that Blacks also
reported that White men are seen as more prejudiced than
White women. Together, these findings highlight the
importance of considering gender to develop a more nuanced
understanding of race-related stereotypes, meta-stereotypes,
and interracial interactions.},
Doi = {10.1521/soco.2018.36.5.589},
Key = {fds339521}
}
@article{fds330902,
Author = {Dukes, KN and Gaither, SE},
Title = {Black Racial Stereotypes and Victim Blaming: Implications
for Media Coverage and Criminal Proceedings in Cases of
Police Violence against Racial and Ethnic
Minorities},
Journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
Volume = {73},
Number = {4},
Pages = {789-807},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2017},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josi.12248},
Abstract = {Posthumous stereotypical media portrayals of Michael Brown
and other racial and ethnic minority victims of police
violence have sparked questions about the influence of
racial stereotypes on public opinions about their deaths and
criminal proceedings for their killers. However, few studies
have empirically investigated how the specific type of
information released about a victim impacts opinions
surrounding such incidents. Participants (N = 453) read
about an altercation that resulted in a shooting death where
the race of the victim and shooter (Black vs. White) was
randomly assigned. Participants learned either negative,
Black male stereotypic or positive, Black male
counterstereotypic information about the victim. Next,
participants appraised levels of fault and blame, sympathy
and empathy for the victim and shooter, and indictment
recommendations for the shooter. Findings suggest that the
type of information released about a victim can
significantly sway attitudes toward the victim and the
shooter. Implications for media portrayals of racial/ethnic
minority victims of police violence and its impact on
criminal sentencing are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1111/josi.12248},
Key = {fds330902}
}
@article{fds349000,
Author = {Chen, C-M and Gaither, S and Chien, SH-L},
Title = {Exploring Taiwanese Young Children's Perception and
Categorization of Racially Ambiguous Faces},
Journal = {I-PERCEPTION},
Volume = {8},
Pages = {45-45},
Publisher = {SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD},
Year = {2017},
Month = {October},
Key = {fds349000}
}
@article{fds318687,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Remedios, JD and Schultz, JR and Maddox, KB and Sommers,
SR},
Title = {Examining the effects of I-sharing for future white-black
interactions},
Journal = {Social Psychology},
Volume = {47},
Number = {3},
Pages = {125-135},
Publisher = {Hogrefe Publishing Group},
Year = {2016},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000264},
Abstract = {Research shows that I-sharing, or sharing subjective
experiences with an outgroup member, positively shapes
attitudes toward that outgroup member. We investigated
whether this type of social experience would also promote a
positive interracial interaction with a novel outgroup
member. Results showed that White and Black participants who
I-shared with a racial outgroup member (vs. I-sharing with a
racial ingroup member) expressed more liking toward that
outgroup member. However, I-sharing with an outgroup member
did not reduce anxious behavior in a future social
interaction with a novel racial outgroup member. Therefore,
although sharing subjective experiences may increase liking
toward one individual from a racial outgroup, it remains to
be seen whether this positive experience can influence
behaviors in future interactions with other racial outgroup
members. Future directions are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1027/1864-9335/a000264},
Key = {fds318687}
}
@article{fds318688,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Pauker, K and Slepian, ML and Sommers,
SR},
Title = {Social belonging motivates categorization of racially
ambiguous faces},
Journal = {Social Cognition},
Volume = {34},
Number = {2},
Pages = {97-118},
Publisher = {Guilford Publications},
Year = {2016},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2016.34.2.97},
Abstract = {Categorizing racially ambiguous individuals is multifaceted,
and the current work proposes social-motivational factors
also exert considerable influence on how racial ambiguity is
perceived, directing the resolution of ambiguity in a manner
that is functionally beneficial to the perceiver. Four
studies tested two motivations related to social belonging:
belonging needs and racial identification. Greater need to
belong and racial identification (Study 1), and two types of
social belonging threats - social exclusion (Studies 2a and
2b) and racial identity threat (Study 3) - predicted more
categorizations of racially ambiguous Black/White faces as
Black, with White participants more likely to categorize
ambiguous faces as outgroup members (i.e., Black; Studies 1,
2a, 2b, and 3) and Black participants more likely to
categorize ambiguous faces as ingroup members (Study 2b).
Results also demonstrated that self-affirmation mitigated
this motivated categorization for Whites (Study 3),
illustrating the malleability of social categorization and
its dependency on serving self-relevant goals.},
Doi = {10.1521/soco.2016.34.2.97},
Key = {fds318688}
}
@article{fds318694,
Author = {Schultz, JR and Gaither, SE and Urry, HL and Maddox,
KB},
Title = {Reframing anxiety to encourage interracial
interactions.},
Journal = {Translational Issues in Psychological Science},
Volume = {1},
Number = {4},
Pages = {392-400},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2015},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tps0000048},
Doi = {10.1037/tps0000048},
Key = {fds318694}
}
@article{fds318689,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Remedios, JD and Schultz, JR and Sommers,
SR},
Title = {Priming White identity elicits stereotype boost for biracial
Black-White individuals},
Journal = {Group Processes and Intergroup Relations},
Volume = {18},
Number = {6},
Pages = {778-787},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2015},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215570504},
Abstract = {Psychological threat experienced by students of negatively
stereotyped groups impairs test performance. However,
stereotype boost can also occur if a positively stereotyped
identity is made salient. Biracial individuals, whose racial
identities may be associated with both negative and positive
testing abilities, have not been examined in this context.
Sixty-four biracial Black-White individuals wrote about
either their Black or White identity or a neutral topic and
completed a verbal Graduate Record Examination (GRE)
examination described as diagnostic of their abilities.
White-primed participants performed significantly better
than both Black-primed and control participants. Thus,
biracial Black-White individuals experience stereotype boost
only when their White identity is made salient.},
Doi = {10.1177/1368430215570504},
Key = {fds318689}
}
@article{fds318690,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Remedios, JD and Sanchez, DT and Sommers,
SR},
Title = {Thinking Outside the Box: Multiple Identity Mind-Sets Affect
Creative Problem Solving},
Journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
Volume = {6},
Number = {5},
Pages = {596-603},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2015},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550614568866},
Abstract = {Rigid thinking is associated with less creativity,
suggesting that priming a flexible mind-set should boost
creative thought. In three studies, we investigate whether
priming multiple social identities predicts more creativity
in domains unrelated to social identity. Study 1 asked
monoracial and multiracial participants to write about their
racial identities before assessing creativity. Priming a
multiracial’s racial identity led to greater creativity
compared to a no-prime control. Priming a monoracial’s
racial identity did not affect creativity. Study 2 showed
that reminding monoracials that they, too, have multiple
identities increased creativity. Study 3 replicated this
effect and demonstrated that priming a multiracial identity
for monoracials did not affect creativity. These results are
the first to investigate the association between flexible
identities and flexible thinking, highlighting the potential
for identity versatility to predict cognitive differences
between individuals who have singular versus multifaceted
views of their social selves.},
Doi = {10.1177/1948550614568866},
Key = {fds318690}
}
@article{fds318691,
Author = {Howell, JL and Gaither, SE and Ratliff, KA},
Title = {Caught in the Middle: Defensive Responses to IAT Feedback
Among Whites, Blacks, and Biracial Black/Whites},
Journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
Volume = {6},
Number = {4},
Pages = {373-381},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2015},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550614561127},
Abstract = {This study used archival data to examine how White, Black,
and biracial Black/White people respond to implicit attitude
feedback suggesting that they harbor racial bias that does
not align with their self-reported attitudes. The results
suggested that people are generally defensive in response to
feedback indicating that their implicit attitudes differ
from their explicit attitudes. Among monoracial White and
Black individuals, this effect was particularly strong when
they learned that they were implicitly more pro-White than
they indicated explicitly. By contrast, biracial Black/White
individuals were defensive about large discrepancies in
either direction (more pro-Black or more pro-White implicit
attitudes). These results pinpoint one distinct difference
between monoracial and biracial populations and pave the way
for future research to further explore how monoracial
majority, minority, and biracial populations compare in
other types of attitudes and responses to personal
feedback.},
Doi = {10.1177/1948550614561127},
Key = {fds318691}
}
@article{fds318692,
Author = {Gaither, SE},
Title = {“Mixed” Results: Multiracial Research and Identity
Explorations},
Journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
Volume = {24},
Number = {2},
Pages = {114-119},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2015},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721414558115},
Abstract = {Multiracial individuals report that the social pressure of
having to “choose” one of their racial groups is a
primary source of psychological conflict. Yet because of
their ability to maneuver among their multiple identities,
multiracials also adopt flexible cognitive strategies in
dealing with their social environments—demonstrating a
benefit to having multiple racial identities. The current
article reviews recent research involving multiracial
participants to examine the behavioral and cognitive
outcomes linked to being multiracial and pinpoints possible
moderators that may affect these outcomes. Limitations in
applying monoracial identity frameworks to multiracial
populations are also discussed.},
Doi = {10.1177/0963721414558115},
Key = {fds318692}
}
@article{fds318693,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Cohen-Goldberg, AM and Gidney, CL and Maddox,
KB},
Title = {Sounding Black or White: priming identity and biracial
speech.},
Journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
Volume = {6},
Pages = {457},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00457},
Abstract = {Research has shown that priming one's racial identity can
alter a biracial individuals' social behavior, but can such
priming also influence their speech? Language is often used
as a marker of one's social group membership and studies
have shown that social context can affect the style of
language that a person chooses to use, but this work has yet
to be extended to the biracial population. Audio clips were
extracted from a previous study involving biracial
Black/White participants who had either their Black or White
racial identity primed. Condition-blind coders rated
Black-primed biracial participants as sounding significantly
more Black and White-primed biracial participants as
sounding significantly more White, both when listening to
whole (Study 1a) and thin-sliced (Study 1b) clips. Further
linguistic analyses (Studies 2a-c) were inconclusive
regarding the features that differed between the two groups.
Future directions regarding the need to investigate the
intersections between social identity priming and language
behavior with a biracial lens are discussed.},
Doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00457},
Key = {fds318693}
}
@article{fds318695,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Wilton, LS and Young, DM},
Title = {Perceiving a presidency in black (and white): Four years
later},
Journal = {Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy},
Volume = {14},
Number = {1},
Pages = {7-21},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2014},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asap.12018},
Abstract = {When Barack Obama became the "first Black President" of the
United States in 2008, researchers examined how his election
impacted Americans' views of racial progress. When he was
reelected in 2012, the minority status of the president had
become less novel. In the present study, we investigated
whether perceptions concerning racial progress varied: (1)
before and after President Obama's reelection; (2) by
whether President Obama was labeled as biracial or Black;
and (3) among White and Black individuals. We replicated
past findings to demonstrate that after Obama's reelection,
White participants reported that our country had made racial
progress and decreased their support for equality programs
(e.g., affirmative action). Our results also revealed that
labeling President Obama as either biracial or Black did not
affect views of racial progress. Additionally, Black
participants categorized President Obama as Black more than
White participants, while White participants categorized
President Obama as White more than Black participants. We
discuss these results in terms of the impacts of racial
beliefs that stem from exposure to a minority
leader.},
Doi = {10.1111/asap.12018},
Key = {fds318695}
}
@article{fds318696,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Chen, EE and Corriveau, KH and Harris, PL and Ambady, N and Sommers, SR},
Title = {Monoracial and biracial children: effects of racial identity
saliency on social learning and social preferences.},
Journal = {Child development},
Volume = {85},
Number = {6},
Pages = {2299-2316},
Year = {2014},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12266},
Abstract = {Children prefer learning from, and affiliating with, their
racial in-group but those preferences may vary for biracial
children. Monoracial (White, Black, Asian) and biracial
(Black/White, Asian/White) children (N = 246, 3-8 years)
had their racial identity primed. In a learning preferences
task, participants determined the function of a novel object
after watching adults (White, Black, and Asian) demonstrate
its uses. In the social preferences task, participants saw
pairs of children (White, Black, and Asian) and chose with
whom they most wanted to socially affiliate. Biracial
children showed flexibility in racial identification during
learning and social tasks. However, minority-primed biracial
children were not more likely than monoracial minorities to
socially affiliate with primed racial in-group members,
indicating their in-group preferences are contextually
based.},
Doi = {10.1111/cdev.12266},
Key = {fds318696}
}
@article{fds318697,
Author = {Chen, JM and Moons, WG and Gaither, SE and Hamilton, DL and Sherman,
JW},
Title = {Motivation to control prejudice predicts categorization of
multiracials.},
Journal = {Personality & social psychology bulletin},
Volume = {40},
Number = {5},
Pages = {590-603},
Year = {2014},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167213520457},
Abstract = {Multiracial individuals often do not easily fit into
existing racial categories. Perceivers may adopt a novel
racial category to categorize multiracial targets, but their
willingness to do so may depend on their motivations. We
investigated whether perceivers' levels of internal
motivation to control prejudice (IMS) and external
motivation to control prejudice (EMS) predicted their
likelihood of categorizing Black-White multiracial faces as
Multiracial. Across four studies, IMS positively predicted
perceivers' categorizations of multiracial faces as
Multiracial. The association between IMS and Multiracial
categorizations was strongest when faces were most racially
ambiguous. Explicit prejudice, implicit prejudice, and
interracial contact were ruled out as explanations for the
relationship between IMS and Multiracial categorizations.
EMS may be negatively associated with the use of the
Multiracial category. Therefore, perceivers' motivations to
control prejudice have important implications for racial
categorization processes.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167213520457},
Key = {fds318697}
}
@article{fds318698,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Schultz, JR and Pauker, K and Sommers, SR and Maddox,
KB and Ambady, N},
Title = {Essentialist thinking predicts decrements in children's
memory for racially ambiguous faces.},
Journal = {Developmental psychology},
Volume = {50},
Number = {2},
Pages = {482-488},
Year = {2014},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033493},
Abstract = {Past research shows that adults often display poor memory
for racially ambiguous and racial outgroup faces, with both
face types remembered worse than own-race faces. In the
present study, the authors examined whether children also
show this pattern of results. They also examined whether
emerging essentialist thinking about race predicts
children's memory for faces. Seventy-four White children
(ages 4-9 years) completed a face-memory task comprising
White, Black, and racially ambiguous Black-White faces.
Essentialist thinking about race was also assessed (i.e.,
thinking of race as immutable and biologically based). White
children who used essentialist thinking showed the same bias
as White adults: They remembered White faces significantly
better than they remembered ambiguous and Black faces.
However, children who did not use essentialist thinking
remembered both White and racially ambiguous faces
significantly better than they remembered Black faces. This
finding suggests a specific shift in racial thinking wherein
the boundaries between racial groups become more discrete,
highlighting the importance of how race is conceptualized in
judgments of racially ambiguous individuals.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0033493},
Key = {fds318698}
}
@article{fds318699,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Sommers, SR and Ambady, N},
Title = {When the half affects the whole: Priming identity for
biracial individuals in social interactions},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
Volume = {49},
Number = {3},
Pages = {368-371},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2013},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.012},
Abstract = {In two studies we investigate how the fluid identities of
biracial individuals interact with contextual factors to
shape behavior in interracial settings. In Study 1, biracial
Black/White participants (n = 22) were primed with either
their Black or White identity before having a race-related
discussion with a Black confederate. Study 2 (n = 34)
assessed the influence of our prime on racial
self-identification and examined interactions with a White
confederate. Self-reports and nonverbal behavior indicated
that when the primed racial ingroup matched that of an
interaction partner, biracial participants behaved much like
participants in same-race interactions in previous studies,
exhibiting lower levels of anxiety. Priming the opposite
racial identity, however, led to greater signs of anxiety,
mimicking past interracial interaction findings. These
results extend previous findings regarding the influence of
contextual factors on racial identification for biracial
individuals, and are the first to demonstrate the
implications of these effects for behavioral tendencies. ©
2012 Elsevier Inc.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.012},
Key = {fds318699}
}
@article{fds318700,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Sommers, SR},
Title = {Living with an other-race roommate shapes Whites' behavior
in subsequent diverse settings},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
Volume = {49},
Number = {2},
Pages = {272-276},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2013},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.020},
Abstract = {In a multi-phase research design over two academic
semesters, White college students assigned to either a
same-race or other-race roommate were tracked across two
survey phases and a third phase involving an interracial
interaction with a Black stranger. After four months, Whites
who lived with an other-race roommate came to have more
diverse friends and believe that diversity was more
important than did Whites with a White roommate. After six
months, self-reports, partner ratings, and nonverbal
behavior indicated that Whites with an other-race roommate
were less anxious, more pleasant, and more physically
engaged during a novel interracial interaction. These
results demonstrate that residential contact with other-race
individuals not only affects race-related attitudes, but can
also reduce interracial anxiety and positively influence
behavior in subsequent diverse settings. © 2012 Elsevier
Inc.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.020},
Key = {fds318700}
}
@article{fds318701,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Sommers, SR},
Title = {Honk if you like minorities: Vuvuzela attitudes predict
outgroup liking},
Journal = {International Review for the Sociology of
Sport},
Volume = {48},
Number = {1},
Pages = {54-65},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2013},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690211429219},
Abstract = {The 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa generated extensive
controversy over spectators' use of the African vuvuzela
trumpet. We asked 123 White American participants about
their opinions of vuvuzelas as well as their attitudes
towards a variety of racial/ethnic minority groups including
immigrants, African Americans, and Latinos. We found that
the less participants liked vuvuzelas, the less positively
they also tended to feel toward minority groups.
Furthermore, respondents who liked vuvuzelas the least were
also less generally open to change. These findings suggest
that the vuvuzela controversy was about more than just a
plastic trumpet - it was also an episode of differential
ingroup/outgroup perceptions and a lack of openness to new
things. © The Author(s) 2011.},
Doi = {10.1177/1012690211429219},
Key = {fds318701}
}
@article{fds318702,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Pauker, K and Johnson, SP},
Title = {Biracial and monoracial infant own-race face perception: an
eye tracking study.},
Journal = {Developmental science},
Volume = {15},
Number = {6},
Pages = {775-782},
Year = {2012},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01170.x},
Abstract = {We know that early experience plays a crucial role in the
development of face processing, but we know little about how
infants learn to distinguish faces from different races,
especially for non-Caucasian populations. Moreover, it is
unknown whether differential processing of different race
faces observed in typically studied monoracial infants
extends to biracial infants as well. Thus, we investigated
3-month-old Caucasian, Asian and biracial (Caucasian-Asian)
infants' ability to distinguish Caucasian and Asian faces.
Infants completed two within-subject, infant-controlled
habituation sequences and test trials as an eye tracker
recorded looking times and scanning patterns. Examination of
individual differences revealed significant positive
correlations between own-race novelty preference and
scanning frequency between eye and mouth regions of own-race
habituation stimuli for Caucasian and Asian infants,
suggesting that facility in own-race face discrimination
stems from active inspection of internal facial features in
these groups. Biracial infants, however, showed the opposite
effect: An 'own-race' novelty preference was associated with
reduced scanning between eye and mouth regions of 'own-race'
habituation stimuli, suggesting that biracial infants use a
distinct approach to processing frequently encountered
faces. Future directions for investigating face processing
development in biracial populations are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01170.x},
Key = {fds318702}
}
%% Books
@book{fds371306,
Author = {Albuja, AF and West, A and Gaither, S},
Title = {Two Or More: A Comparative Analysis of Multiracial and
Multicultural Research},
Pages = {78 pages},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Year = {2022},
Month = {December},
ISBN = {9781009202718},
Abstract = {Most research has investigated Multiracial and Multicultural
populations as separate topics, despite demographic and
experiential overlap between these. This Element bridges
that divide by reviewing and comparing Multiracial and
Multicultural research to date—their origins, theoretical
and methodological development, and key findings in
socialization, identity negotiation and discrimination—to
identify points of synthesis and differentiation to guide
future research. It highlights challenges researchers face
when studying these populations because such research topics
necessitate that one moves beyond previous frameworks and
theories to grapple with identity as flexible, malleable,
and influenced both by internal factors and external
perceptions. The areas of overlap and difference are
meaningful and illustrate the social constructive nature of
race and culture, which is always in flux and being
re-defined. This title is also available as open access on
Cambridge Core.},
Key = {fds371306}
}
%% Book chapters
@misc{fds327382,
Author = {Gaither, SE and Dukes, KN},
Title = {Young, black, and endangered: Examining the deaths of
trayvon martin, michael brown, and tamir rice through a
psychological lens},
Pages = {83-98},
Booktitle = {Stereotypes and Stereotyping: Misperceptions, Perspectives
and Role of Social Media},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781634845106},
Abstract = {The deaths of unarmed racial minorities across the United
States have garnered widespread attention and speculation,
yet the discussions surrounding why these events keep
occurring remain limited. In this chapter, we apply a
psychological lens to three notable cases. The shooting
deaths of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and Tamir Rice
sparked a national debate surrounding race relations and
racially biased shootings of unarmed minorities. Using
psychological theory and findings, we identify and analyze
factors that may have contributed to these deaths.
Specifically we consider the roles that physical appearance
and shooter bias may have played in all three cases. We also
examine the biased media depictions that negatively
portrayed Martin and Brown and influenced reactions to their
deaths. Taken together, we contend that this evidence
provides a probable narrative for the decisions to shoot
Martin, Brown, and Rice while also starting a crucial
discussion surrounding racial stereotyping, biased media
representations, Stand Your Ground statutes, and needed
police training paradigms. We conclude with recommendations
for reform in each of these domains as a way to mitigate
both future wrongful shootings and to reduce the overall
bias experienced by racial minorities.},
Key = {fds327382}
}
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