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| Publications of Gregory R. Samanez-Larkin :recent first alphabetical by type listing:
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@article{fds376463,
Author = {Fredrickson, BL and Tugade, MM and Waugh, CE and Larkin,
GR},
Title = {What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective
study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist
attacks on the United States on September 11th,
2001.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality & Social Psychology},
Volume = {84},
Number = {2},
Pages = {365-376},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2003},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.365},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.365},
Key = {fds376463}
}
@article{fds318779,
Author = {Fredrickson, BL and Tugade, MM and Waugh, CE and Larkin,
GR},
Title = {What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective
study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist
attacks on the United States on September 11th,
2001.},
Journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
Volume = {84},
Number = {2},
Pages = {365-376},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2003},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.365},
Abstract = {Extrapolating from B. L. Fredrickson's (1998, 2001)
broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, the authors
hypothesized that positive emotions are active ingredients
within trait resilience. U.S. college students (18 men and
28 women) were tested in early 2001 and again in the weeks
following the September 11th terrorist attacks. Mediational
analyses showed that positive emotions experienced in the
wake of the attacks--gratitude, interest, love, and so
forth--fully accounted for the relations between (a)
precrisis resilience and later development of depressive
symptoms and (b) precrisis resilience and postcrisis growth
in psychological resources. Findings suggest that positive
emotions in the aftermath of crises buffer resilient people
against depression and fuel thriving, consistent with the
broaden-and-build theory. Discussion touches on implications
for coping.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.365},
Key = {fds318779}
}
@article{fds320740,
Author = {Mikels, JA and Fredrickson, BL and Larkin, GR and Lindberg, CM and Maglio, SJ and Reuter-Lorenz, PA},
Title = {Emotional category data on images from the International
Affective Picture System.},
Journal = {Behavior research methods},
Volume = {37},
Number = {4},
Pages = {626-630},
Year = {2005},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03192732},
Abstract = {The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) is widely
used in studies of emotion and has been characterized
primarily along the dimensions of valence, arousal, and
dominance. Even though research has shown that the IAPS is
useful in the study of discrete emotions, the categorical
structure of the IAPS has not been characterized thoroughly.
The purpose of the present project was to collect
descriptive emotional category data on subsets of the LAPS
in an effort to identify images that elicit onediscrete
emotion more than others. These data reveal multiple
emotional categories for the images and indicate that this
image set has great potential in the investigation of
discrete emotions. This article makes these data available
to researchers with such interests. Data for all the
pictures are archived at www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
Doi = {10.3758/bf03192732},
Key = {fds320740}
}
@article{fds318778,
Author = {Mikels, JA and Larkin, GR and Reuter-Lorenz, PA and Cartensen,
LL},
Title = {Divergent trajectories in the aging mind: changes in working
memory for affective versus visual information with
age.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Volume = {20},
Number = {4},
Pages = {542-553},
Year = {2005},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.542},
Abstract = {Working memory mediates the short-term maintenance of
information. Virtually all empirical research on working
memory involves investigations of working memory for verbal
and visual information. Whereas aging is typically
associated with a deficit in working memory for these types
of information, recent findings suggestive of relatively
well-preserved long-term memory for emotional information in
older adults raise questions about working memory for
emotional material. This study examined age differences in
working memory for emotional versus visual information.
Findings demonstrate that, despite an age-related deficit
for the latter, working memory for emotion was unimpaired.
Further, older adults exhibited superior performance on
positive relative to negative emotion trials, whereas their
younger counterparts exhibited the opposite
pattern.},
Doi = {10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.542},
Key = {fds318778}
}
@article{fds318777,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Gibbs, SEB and Khanna, K and Nielsen, L and Carstensen, LL and Knutson, B},
Title = {Anticipation of monetary gain but not loss in healthy older
adults.},
Journal = {Nature neuroscience},
Volume = {10},
Number = {6},
Pages = {787-791},
Year = {2007},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1894},
Abstract = {Although global declines in structure have been documented
in the aging human brain, little is known about the
functional integrity of the striatum and prefrontal cortex
in older adults during incentive processing. We used
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to
determine whether younger and older adults differed in both
self-reported and neural responsiveness to anticipated
monetary gains and losses. The present study provides
evidence for intact striatal and insular activation during
gain anticipation with age, but shows a relative reduction
in activation during loss anticipation. These findings
suggest that there is an asymmetry in the processing of
gains and losses in older adults that may have implications
for decision-making.},
Doi = {10.1038/nn1894},
Key = {fds318777}
}
@article{fds318776,
Author = {Samanez Larkin and GR and Gibbs, SEB and Khanna, K and Nielsen, L and Carstensen, LL and Knutson, B},
Title = {Erratum: Anticipation of monetary gain but not loss in
healthy older adults (Nature Neuroscience (2007) 10,
(787-791))},
Journal = {Nature Neuroscience},
Volume = {10},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1222},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2007},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0907-1222b},
Doi = {10.1038/nn0907-1222b},
Key = {fds318776}
}
@article{fds318775,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Hollon, NG and Carstensen, LL and Knutson,
B},
Title = {Individual differences in insular sensitivity during loss
anticipation predict avoidance learning.},
Journal = {Psychological science},
Volume = {19},
Number = {4},
Pages = {320-323},
Year = {2008},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02087.x},
Abstract = {The anterior insula has been implicated in both the
experience and the anticipation of negative outcomes.
Although individual differences in insular sensitivity have
been associated with self-report measures of chronic
anxiety, previous research has not examined whether
individual differences in insular sensitivity predict
learning to avoid aversive stimuli. In the present study,
insular sensitivity was assessed as participants anticipated
monetary losses while undergoing functional magnetic
resonance imaging. We found that insular responsiveness to
anticipated losses predicted participants' ability to learn
to avoid losses (but not to approach gains) in a behavioral
test several months later. These findings suggest that in
addition to correlating with self-reported anxiety,
heightened insular sensitivity may promote learning to avoid
loss.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02087.x},
Key = {fds318775}
}
@article{fds318774,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and D'Esposito, M},
Title = {Group comparisons: imaging the aging brain.},
Journal = {Social cognitive and affective neuroscience},
Volume = {3},
Number = {3},
Pages = {290-297},
Year = {2008},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsn029},
Abstract = {With the recent growth of functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI), scientists across a range of disciplines are
comparing neural activity between groups of interest, such
as healthy controls and clinical patients, children and
young adults and younger and older adults. In this edition
of Tools of the Trade, we will discuss why great caution
must be taken when making group comparisons in studies using
fMRI. Although many methodological contributions have been
made in recent years, the suggestions for overcoming common
issues are too often overlooked. This review focuses
primarily on neuroimaging studies of healthy aging, but many
of the issues raised apply to other group designs as
well.},
Doi = {10.1093/scan/nsn029},
Key = {fds318774}
}
@article{fds318773,
Author = {Ersner-Hershfield, H and Garton, MT and Ballard, K and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Knutson, B},
Title = {Don't stop thinking about tomorrow: Individual differences
in future self-continuity account for saving.},
Journal = {Judgment and decision making},
Volume = {4},
Number = {4},
Pages = {280-286},
Year = {2009},
Month = {June},
Abstract = {Some people find it more difficult to delay rewards than
others. In three experiments, we tested a "future
self-continuity" hypothesis that individual differences in
the perception of one's present self as continuous with a
future self would be associated with measures of saving in
the laboratory and everyday life. Higher future
self-continuity (assessed by a novel index) predicted
reduced discounting of future rewards in a laboratory task,
more matches in adjectival descriptions of present and
future selves, and greater lifetime accumulation of
financial assets (even after controlling for age and
education). In addition to demonstrating the reliability and
validity of the future self-continuity index, these findings
are consistent with the notion that increased future
self-continuity might promote saving for the
future.},
Key = {fds318773}
}
@article{fds318771,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Robertson, ER and Mikels, JA and Carstensen,
LL and Gotlib, IH},
Title = {Selective attention to emotion in the aging
brain.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Volume = {24},
Number = {3},
Pages = {519-529},
Year = {2009},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016952},
Abstract = {A growing body of research suggests that the ability to
regulate emotion remains stable or improves across the adult
life span. Socioemotional selectivity theory maintains that
this pattern of findings reflects the prioritization of
emotional goals. Given that goal-directed behavior requires
attentional control, the present study was designed to
investigate age differences in selective attention to
emotional lexical stimuli under conditions of emotional
interference. Both neural and behavioral measures were
obtained during an experiment in which participants
completed a flanker task that required them to make
categorical judgments about emotional and nonemotional
stimuli. Older adults showed interference in both the
behavioral and neural measures on control trials but not on
emotion trials. Although older adults typically show
relatively high levels of interference and reduced cognitive
control during nonemotional tasks, they appear to be able to
successfully reduce interference during emotional
tasks.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0016952},
Key = {fds318771}
}
@article{fds318772,
Author = {Kwon, Y and Scheibe, S and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Tsai, JL and Carstensen, LL},
Title = {Replicating the positivity effect in picture memory in
Koreans: evidence for cross-cultural generalizability.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Volume = {24},
Number = {3},
Pages = {748-754},
Year = {2009},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016054},
Abstract = {Older adults' relatively better memory for positive over
negative material (positivity effect) has been widely
observed in Western samples. This study examined whether a
relative preference for positive over negative material is
also observed in older Koreans. Younger and older Korean
participants viewed images from the International Affective
Picture System (IAPS), were tested for recall and
recognition of the images, and rated the images for valence.
Cultural differences in the valence ratings of images
emerged. Once considered, the relative preference for
positive over negative material in memory observed in older
Koreans was indistinguishable from that observed previously
in older Americans.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0016054},
Key = {fds318772}
}
@article{fds318770,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Kuhnen, CM and Yoo, DJ and Knutson,
B},
Title = {Variability in nucleus accumbens activity mediates
age-related suboptimal financial risk taking.},
Journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the
Society for Neuroscience},
Volume = {30},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1426-1434},
Year = {2010},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4902-09.2010},
Abstract = {As human life expectancy continues to rise, financial
decisions of aging investors may have an increasing impact
on the global economy. In this study, we examined age
differences in financial decisions across the adult life
span by combining functional neuroimaging with a dynamic
financial investment task. During the task, older adults
made more suboptimal choices than younger adults when
choosing risky assets. This age-related effect was mediated
by a neural measure of temporal variability in nucleus
accumbens activity. These findings reveal a novel neural
mechanism by which aging may disrupt rational financial
choice.},
Doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.4902-09.2010},
Key = {fds318770}
}
@article{fds318768,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Mata, R and Radu, PT and Ballard, IC and Carstensen, LL and McClure, SM},
Title = {Age Differences in Striatal Delay Sensitivity during
Intertemporal Choice in Healthy Adults.},
Journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {126},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2011.00126},
Abstract = {Intertemporal choices are a ubiquitous class of decisions
that involve selecting between outcomes available at
different times in the future. We investigated the neural
systems supporting intertemporal decisions in healthy
younger and older adults. Using functional neuroimaging, we
find that aging is associated with a shift in the brain
areas that respond to delayed rewards. Although we replicate
findings that brain regions associated with the mesolimbic
dopamine system respond preferentially to immediate rewards,
we find a separate region in the ventral striatum with very
modest time dependence in older adults. Activation in this
striatal region was relatively insensitive to delay in older
but not younger adults. Since the dopamine system is
believed to support associative learning about future
rewards over time, our observed transfer of function may be
due to greater experience with delayed rewards as people
age. Identifying differences in the neural systems
underlying these decisions may contribute to a more
comprehensive model of age-related change in intertemporal
choice.},
Doi = {10.3389/fnins.2011.00126},
Key = {fds318768}
}
@article{fds318769,
Author = {Knutson, B and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Kuhnen, CM},
Title = {Gain and loss learning differentially contribute to life
financial outcomes.},
Journal = {PloS one},
Volume = {6},
Number = {9},
Pages = {e24390},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024390},
Abstract = {Emerging findings imply that distinct neurobehavioral
systems process gains and losses. This study investigated
whether individual differences in gain learning and loss
learning might contribute to different life financial
outcomes (i.e., assets versus debt). In a community sample
of healthy adults (n = 75), rapid learners had smaller
debt-to-asset ratios overall. More specific analyses,
however, revealed that those who learned rapidly about gains
had more assets, while those who learned rapidly about
losses had less debt. These distinct associations remained
strong even after controlling for potential cognitive (e.g.,
intelligence, memory, and risk preferences) and
socioeconomic (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity, income, education)
confounds. Self-reported measures of assets and debt were
additionally validated with credit report data in a subset
of subjects. These findings support the notion that
different gain and loss learning systems may exert a
cumulative influence on distinct life financial
outcomes.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0024390},
Key = {fds318769}
}
@article{fds318767,
Author = {Carstensen, LL and Turan, B and Scheibe, S and Ram, N and Ersner-Hershfield, H and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Brooks, KP and Nesselroade, JR},
Title = {Emotional experience improves with age: evidence based on
over 10 years of experience sampling.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Volume = {26},
Number = {1},
Pages = {21-33},
Year = {2011},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021285},
Abstract = {Recent evidence suggests that emotional well-being improves
from early adulthood to old age. This study used
experience-sampling to examine the developmental course of
emotional experience in a representative sample of adults
spanning early to very late adulthood. Participants (N =
184, Wave 1; N = 191, Wave 2; N = 178, Wave 3) reported
their emotional states at five randomly selected times each
day for a one week period. Using a measurement burst design,
the one-week sampling procedure was repeated five and then
ten years later. Cross-sectional and growth curve analyses
indicate that aging is associated with more positive overall
emotional well-being, with greater emotional stability and
with more complexity (as evidenced by greater co-occurrence
of positive and negative emotions). These findings remained
robust after accounting for other variables that may be
related to emotional experience (personality, verbal
fluency, physical health, and demographic variables).
Finally, emotional experience predicted mortality;
controlling for age, sex, and ethnicity, individuals who
experienced relatively more positive than negative emotions
in everyday life were more likely to have survived over a 13
year period. Findings are discussed in the theoretical
context of socioemotional selectivity theory.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0021285},
Key = {fds318767}
}
@article{fds318766,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Wagner, AD and Knutson,
B},
Title = {Expected value information improves financial risk taking
across the adult life span.},
Journal = {Social cognitive and affective neuroscience},
Volume = {6},
Number = {2},
Pages = {207-217},
Year = {2011},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsq043},
Abstract = {When making decisions, individuals must often compensate for
cognitive limitations, particularly in the face of advanced
age. Recent findings suggest that age-related variability in
striatal activity may increase financial risk-taking
mistakes in older adults. In two studies, we sought to
further characterize neural contributions to optimal
financial risk taking and to determine whether decision aids
could improve financial risk taking. In Study 1,
neuroimaging analyses revealed that individuals whose
mesolimbic activation correlated with the expected value
estimates of a rational actor made more optimal financial
decisions. In Study 2, presentation of expected value
information improved decision making in both younger and
older adults, but the addition of a distracting secondary
task had little impact on decision quality. Remarkably,
provision of expected value information improved the
performance of older adults to match that of younger adults
at baseline. These findings are consistent with the notion
that mesolimbic circuits play a critical role in optimal
choice, and imply that providing simplified information
about expected value may improve financial risk taking
across the adult life span.},
Doi = {10.1093/scan/nsq043},
Key = {fds318766}
}
@article{fds318764,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Introduction to decision making over the life
span.},
Journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
Volume = {1235},
Pages = {v-vi},
Year = {2011},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06252.x},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06252.x},
Key = {fds318764}
}
@article{fds318765,
Author = {Mata, R and Josef, AK and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Hertwig,
R},
Title = {Age differences in risky choice: a meta-analysis.},
Journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
Volume = {1235},
Pages = {18-29},
Year = {2011},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06200.x},
Abstract = {Does risk taking change as a function of age? We conducted a
systematic literature search and found 29 comparisons
between younger and older adults on behavioral tasks thought
to measure risk taking (N= 4,093). The reports relied on
various tasks differing in several respects, such as the
amount of learning required or the choice framing (gains vs.
losses). The results suggest that age-related differences
vary considerably as a function of task characteristics, in
particular the learning requirements of the task. In
decisions from experience, age-related differences in risk
taking were a function of decreased learning performance:
older adults were more risk seeking compared to younger
adults when learning led to risk-avoidant behavior, but were
more risk averse when learning led to risk-seeking behavior.
In decisions from description, younger adults and older
adults showed similar risk-taking behavior for the majority
of the tasks, and there were no clear age-related
differences as a function of gain/loss framing. We discuss
limitations and strengths of past research and provide
suggestions for future work on age-related differences in
risk taking.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06200.x},
Key = {fds318765}
}
@article{fds318763,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Levens, SM and Perry, LM and Dougherty, RF and Knutson, B},
Title = {Frontostriatal white matter integrity mediates adult age
differences in probabilistic reward learning.},
Journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the
Society for Neuroscience},
Volume = {32},
Number = {15},
Pages = {5333-5337},
Year = {2012},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5756-11.2012},
Abstract = {Frontostriatal circuits have been implicated in reward
learning, and emerging findings suggest that frontal white
matter structural integrity and probabilistic reward
learning are reduced in older age. This cross-sectional
study examined whether age differences in frontostriatal
white matter integrity could account for age differences in
reward learning in a community life span sample of human
adults. By combining diffusion tensor imaging with a
probabilistic reward learning task, we found that older age
was associated with decreased reward learning and decreased
white matter integrity in specific pathways running from the
thalamus to the medial prefrontal cortex and from the medial
prefrontal cortex to the ventral striatum. Further, white
matter integrity in these thalamocorticostriatal paths could
statistically account for age differences in learning. These
findings suggest that the integrity of frontostriatal white
matter pathways critically supports reward learning. The
findings also raise the possibility that interventions that
bolster frontostriatal integrity might improve reward
learning and decision making.},
Doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.5756-11.2012},
Key = {fds318763}
}
@article{fds318761,
Author = {Kuhnen, CM and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Knutson,
B},
Title = {Serotonergic genotypes, neuroticism, and financial
choices.},
Journal = {PloS one},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Pages = {e54632},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054632},
Abstract = {Life financial outcomes carry a significant heritable
component, but the mechanisms by which genes influence
financial choices remain unclear. Focusing on a polymorphism
in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene
(5-HTTLPR), we found that individuals possessing the short
allele of this gene invested less in equities, were less
engaged in actively making investment decisions, and had
fewer credit lines. Short allele carriers also showed higher
levels of the personality trait neuroticism, despite not
differing from others with respect to cognitive skills,
education, or wealth. Mediation analysis suggested that the
presence of the 5-HTTLPR short allele decreased real life
measures of financial risk taking through its influence on
neuroticism. These findings show that 5-HTTLPR short allele
carriers avoid risky and complex financial choices due to
negative emotional reactions, and have implications for
understanding and managing individual differences in
financial choice.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0054632},
Key = {fds318761}
}
@article{fds318762,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Li, S-C and Ridderinkhof,
KR},
Title = {Complementary approaches to the study of decision making
across the adult life span.},
Journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
Volume = {7},
Pages = {243},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00243},
Doi = {10.3389/fnins.2013.00243},
Key = {fds318762}
}
@misc{fds325715,
Author = {Knutson, B and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Brain, Decision, and Debt},
Pages = {167-180},
Booktitle = {A Debtor World: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on
Debt},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780199873722},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199873722.003.0007},
Abstract = {This chapter summarizes recent findings in neuroeconomics
suggesting that emotion (specifically, "anticipatory
affect") can influence financial decisions. It then
discusses how individual differences in anticipatory affect
may promote proneness to consumer debt. Thanks to
improvements in spatial and temporal resolution, functional
magnetic resonance imaging experiments have begun to suggest
that activation of a brain region associated with
anticipating gains (i.e., the nucleus accumbens or NAcc)
precedes an increased tendency to seek financial gains,
whereas activation of another region associated with
anticipating losses (i.e., the anterior insula) precedes an
increased tendency to avoid financial losses. By extension,
individual differences in increased gain anticipation,
decreased loss anticipation, or some combination of the two
might promote proneness to debt. Ultimately, neuroeconomic
advances may help individuals to optimize their investment
strategies, as well as empower institutions to minimize
consumer debt.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199873722.003.0007},
Key = {fds325715}
}
@article{fds327691,
Author = {Camerer, C and Smith, A and Kuhnen, CM and Wargo, DT and Samanez-Larkin,
G and Montague, R and Levy, DJ and Smith, D and Meshi, D and Kenning, PH and Clithero, J and Weber, B and Hare, T and Huettel, S and Josephson, C and d'Acremont, M and Knoch, D and Krajbich, I and De Martino and B and Mohr,
PNC and Barton, J and Halko, M-L and Chick, CF and Gianotti, L and Heekeren, HR},
Title = {Correspondence Are Cognitive Functions Localizable?},
Journal = {JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES},
Volume = {27},
Number = {2},
Pages = {247-250},
Publisher = {AMER ECONOMIC ASSOC},
Year = {2013},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds327691}
}
@article{fds318760,
Author = {Garrett, DD and Samanez-Larkin, GR and MacDonald, SWS and Lindenberger, U and McIntosh, AR and Grady, CL},
Title = {Moment-to-moment brain signal variability: a next frontier
in human brain mapping?},
Journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews},
Volume = {37},
Number = {4},
Pages = {610-624},
Year = {2013},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.015},
Abstract = {Neuroscientists have long observed that brain activity is
naturally variable from moment-to-moment, but neuroimaging
research has largely ignored the potential importance of
this phenomenon. An emerging research focus on within-person
brain signal variability is providing novel insights, and
offering highly predictive, complementary, and even
orthogonal views of brain function in relation to human
lifespan development, cognitive performance, and various
clinical conditions. As a result, brain signal variability
is evolving as a bona fide signal of interest, and should no
longer be dismissed as meaningless noise when mapping the
human brain.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.015},
Key = {fds318760}
}
@article{fds318759,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Financial Decision Making and the Aging Brain.},
Journal = {APS observer},
Volume = {26},
Number = {5},
Pages = {30-33},
Year = {2013},
Month = {June},
Key = {fds318759}
}
@article{fds318758,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Buckholtz, JW and Cowan, RL and Woodward, ND and Li, R and Ansari, MS and Arrington, CM and Baldwin, RM and Smith, CE and Treadway, MT and Kessler, RM and Zald, DH},
Title = {A thalamocorticostriatal dopamine network for
psychostimulant-enhanced human cognitive
flexibility.},
Journal = {Biological psychiatry},
Volume = {74},
Number = {2},
Pages = {99-105},
Year = {2013},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.032},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Everyday life demands continuous
flexibility in thought and behavior. We examined whether
individual differences in dopamine function are related to
variability in the effects of amphetamine on one aspect of
flexibility: task switching.<h4>Methods</h4>Forty healthy
human participants performed a task-switching paradigm
following placebo and oral amphetamine administration.
[(18)F]fallypride was used to measure D2/D3 baseline
receptor availability and amphetamine-stimulated dopamine
release.<h4>Results</h4>The majority of the participants
showed amphetamine-induced benefits through reductions in
switch costs. However, such benefits were variable.
Individuals with higher baseline thalamic and cortical
receptor availability and striatal dopamine release showed
greater reductions in switch costs following amphetamine
than individuals with lower levels. The relationship between
dopamine receptors and stimulant-enhanced flexibility was
partially mediated by striatal dopamine release.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These
data indicate that the impact of the psychostimulant on
cognitive flexibility is influenced by the status of
dopamine within a thalamocorticostriatal network. Beyond
demonstrating a link between this dopaminergic network and
the enhancement in task switching, these neural measures
accounted for unique variance in predicting the
psychostimulant-induced cognitive enhancement. These results
suggest that there may be measurable aspects of variability
in the dopamine system that predispose certain individuals
to benefit from and hence use psychostimulants for cognitive
enhancement.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.032},
Key = {fds318758}
}
@article{fds318757,
Author = {Hills, TT and Mata, R and Wilke, A and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Mechanisms of age-related decline in memory search across
the adult life span.},
Journal = {Developmental psychology},
Volume = {49},
Number = {12},
Pages = {2396-2404},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032272},
Abstract = {Three alternative mechanisms for age-related decline in
memory search have been proposed, which result from either
reduced processing speed (global slowing hypothesis),
overpersistence on categories (cluster-switching
hypothesis), or the inability to maintain focus on local
cues related to a decline in working memory (cue-maintenance
hypothesis). We investigated these 3 hypotheses by formally
modeling the semantic recall patterns of 185 adults between
27 to 99 years of age in the animal fluency task (Thurstone,
1938). The results indicate that people switch between
global frequency-based retrieval cues and local item-based
retrieval cues to navigate their semantic memory. Contrary
to the global slowing hypothesis that predicts no
qualitative differences in dynamic search processes and the
cluster-switching hypothesis that predicts reduced switching
between retrieval cues, the results indicate that as people
age, they tend to switch more often between local and global
cues per item recalled, supporting the cue-maintenance
hypothesis. Additional support for the cue-maintenance
hypothesis is provided by a negative correlation between
switching and digit span scores and between switching and
total items recalled, which suggests that cognitive control
may be involved in cue maintenance and the effective search
of memory. Overall, the results are consistent with
age-related decline in memory search being a consequence of
reduced cognitive control, consistent with models suggesting
that working memory is related to goal perseveration and the
ability to inhibit distracting information.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0032272},
Key = {fds318757}
}
@article{fds318755,
Author = {Benningfield, MM and Blackford, JU and Ellsworth, ME and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Martin, PR and Cowan, RL and Zald,
DH},
Title = {Caudate responses to reward anticipation associated with
delay discounting behavior in healthy youth.},
Journal = {Developmental cognitive neuroscience},
Volume = {7},
Pages = {43-52},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.10.009},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Choices requiring delay of gratification
made during adolescence can have significant impact on life
trajectory. Willingness to delay gratification can be
measured using delay discounting tasks that require a choice
between a smaller immediate reward and a larger delayed
reward. Individual differences in the subjective value of
delayed rewards are associated with risk for development of
psychopathology including substance abuse. The
neurobiological underpinnings related to these individual
differences early in life are not fully understood. Using
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we tested the
hypothesis that individual differences in delay discounting
behavior in healthy youth are related to differences in
responsiveness to potential reward.<h4>Method</h4>Nineteen
10-14 year-olds performed a monetary incentive delay task to
assess neural sensitivity to potential reward and a
questionnaire to measure discounting of future monetary
rewards.<h4>Results</h4>Left ventromedial caudate activation
during anticipation of potential reward was negatively
correlated with delay discounting behavior. There were no
regions where brain responses during notification of reward
outcome were associated with discounting
behavior.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Brain activation during
anticipation of potential reward may serve as a marker for
individual differences in ability or willingness to delay
gratification in healthy youth.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.dcn.2013.10.009},
Key = {fds318755}
}
@article{fds318756,
Author = {Wu, CC and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Katovich, K and Knutson,
B},
Title = {Affective traits link to reliable neural markers of
incentive anticipation.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {84},
Pages = {279-289},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.055},
Abstract = {While theorists have speculated that different affective
traits are linked to reliable brain activity during
anticipation of gains and losses, few have directly tested
this prediction. We examined these associations in a
community sample of healthy human adults (n=52) as they
played a Monetary Incentive Delay task while undergoing
functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI). Factor
analysis of personality measures revealed that subjects
independently varied in trait Positive Arousal and trait
Negative Arousal. In a subsample (n=14) retested over
2.5years later, left nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activity
during anticipation of large gains (+$5.00) and right
anterior insula activity during anticipation of large losses
(-$5.00) showed significant test-retest reliability
(intraclass correlations>0.50, p's<0.01). In the full sample
(n=52), trait Positive Arousal correlated with individual
differences in left NAcc activity during anticipation of
large gains, while trait Negative Arousal correlated with
individual differences in right anterior insula activity
during anticipation of large losses. Associations of
affective traits with neural activity were not attributable
to the influence of other potential confounds (including
sex, age, wealth, and motion). Together, these results
demonstrate selective links between distinct affective
traits and reliably-elicited activity in neural circuits
associated with anticipation of gain versus loss. The
findings thus reveal neural markers for affective dimensions
of healthy personality, and potentially for related
psychiatric symptoms.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.055},
Key = {fds318756}
}
@misc{fds325714,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Hagen, TA and Weiner, DJ},
Title = {Financial decision making across adulthood},
Pages = {121-135},
Booktitle = {The Psychological Science of Money},
Publisher = {Springer New York},
Year = {2014},
Month = {April},
ISBN = {9781493909582},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0959-9_6},
Abstract = {Choices about money have serious consequences both for
individuals and society, as reckless spending by young
adults and financial scamming of the elderly all too clearly
demonstrate. Recent evidence from psychology and
neuroscience suggests that financial decision making
capacity may peak at middle age, with unique vulnerabilities
manifesting early and late in life. In this chapter, we
review age differences in performance on a series of
financial decision making tasks, including those involving
monetary gain and loss, learning and risk, and intertemporal
choice. Taken together, the evidence suggests that older
adults do well when making decisions that rely on
accumulated life experience and perform suboptimally in
uncertain and novel environments that require fluid
learning. Brain imaging reveals declines in frontostriatal
function in the elderly that may explain the observed
challenges on these dynamic behavioral decision tasks. In an
effort to translate these findings from the lab to society,
a small and growing literature has identified real-world
financial decision correlates of performance on laboratory
tasks. Such studies hold enormous promise for developing
tools that can identify individuals at greater risk for poor
financial decision making.},
Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-0959-9_6},
Key = {fds325714}
}
@article{fds318754,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Worthy, DA and Mata, R and McClure, SM and Knutson, B},
Title = {Adult age differences in frontostriatal representation of
prediction error but not reward outcome.},
Journal = {Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {14},
Number = {2},
Pages = {672-682},
Year = {2014},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0297-4},
Abstract = {Emerging evidence from decision neuroscience suggests that
although younger and older adults show similar
frontostriatal representations of reward magnitude, older
adults often show deficits in feedback-driven reinforcement
learning. In the present study, healthy adults completed
reward-based tasks that did or did not depend on
probabilistic learning, while undergoing functional
neuroimaging. We observed reductions in the frontostriatal
representation of prediction errors during probabilistic
learning in older adults. In contrast, we found evidence for
stability across adulthood in the representation of reward
outcome in a task that did not require learning. Together,
the results identify changes across adulthood in the dynamic
coding of relational representations of feedback, in spite
of preserved reward sensitivity in old age. Overall, the
results suggest that the neural representation of prediction
error, but not reward outcome, is reduced in old age. These
findings reveal a potential dissociation between cognition
and motivation with age and identify a potential mechanism
for explaining changes in learning-dependent decision making
in old adulthood.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13415-014-0297-4},
Key = {fds318754}
}
@article{fds318753,
Author = {Braver, TS and Krug, MK and Chiew, KS and Kool, W and Westbrook, JA and Clement, NJ and Adcock, RA and Barch, DM and Botvinick, MM and Carver,
CS and Cools, R and Custers, R and Dickinson, A and Dweck, CS and Fishbach,
A and Gollwitzer, PM and Hess, TM and Isaacowitz, DM and Mather, M and Murayama, K and Pessoa, L and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Somerville, LH and MOMCAI group},
Title = {Mechanisms of motivation-cognition interaction: challenges
and opportunities.},
Journal = {Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci},
Volume = {14},
Number = {2},
Pages = {443-472},
Year = {2014},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0300-0},
Abstract = {Recent years have seen a rejuvenation of interest in studies
of motivation-cognition interactions arising from many
different areas of psychology and neuroscience. The present
issue of Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
provides a sampling of some of the latest research from a
number of these different areas. In this introductory
article, we provide an overview of the current state of the
field, in terms of key research developments and candidate
neural mechanisms receiving focused investigation as
potential sources of motivation-cognition interaction.
However, our primary goal is conceptual: to highlight the
distinct perspectives taken by different research areas, in
terms of how motivation is defined, the relevant dimensions
and dissociations that are emphasized, and the theoretical
questions being targeted. Together, these distinctions
present both challenges and opportunities for efforts aiming
toward a more unified and cross-disciplinary approach. We
identify a set of pressing research questions calling for
this sort of cross-disciplinary approach, with the explicit
goal of encouraging integrative and collaborative
investigations directed toward them.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13415-014-0300-0},
Key = {fds318753}
}
@misc{fds325712,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Chapter 3 - Decision Neuroscience and Aging},
Pages = {41-60},
Booktitle = {Aging and Decision Making: Empirical and Applied
Perspectives},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2015},
Month = {February},
ISBN = {9780124171480},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417148-0.00003-0},
Abstract = {Over the past several years, a subfield of the cognitive
neuroscience of aging has emerged to investigate age
differences in reward-based decision making across
adulthood. The approach combines experimental methods,
models, and theory from psychology, economics, and
neuroscience to characterize age differences in decision
making in the laboratory and in the real world. This chapter
reviews what is presently known about how age differences in
the structure and function of frontostriatal brain systems
supporting reward-based decision making are related to age
differences in sensitivity to monetary gains and losses,
intertemporal decision making, risky decision making, and
reward learning. Already this work has identified
interesting divergent patterns across adulthood; in some
situations, the elderly outperform young adults and in other
situations they appear to make more mistakes. Taken
together, the evidence suggests that older adults do well
when making decisions that rely on accumulated life
experience, and perform suboptimally in uncertain
environments that require the fluid integration of novel
information.},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-417148-0.00003-0},
Key = {fds325712}
}
@misc{fds325713,
Author = {Sofia Beas and B and Setlow, B and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Bizon,
JL},
Title = {Chapter 2 - Modeling Cost-Benefit Decision Making in Aged
Rodents},
Pages = {17-40},
Booktitle = {Aging and Decision Making: Empirical and Applied
Perspectives},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2015},
Month = {February},
ISBN = {9780124171480},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417148-0.00002-9},
Abstract = {Aging can impact choices between alternatives that differ
with respect to relative benefits and "costs" (e.g., time
delays or risk); however, much remains to be learned about
the specific cognitive, affective, and neural factors that
govern choice behavior across the life span. Relative to
primates, rodents offer both comparatively short life spans
that facilitate longitudinal evaluation of cognition, and
enhanced tractability of genetic, cellular, and biochemical
approaches important for identifying the neurobiological
mechanisms that mediate decision making. This chapter will
describe approaches for modeling cost-benefit decision
making in aged rodents, with a focus on intertemporal and
risky choice. In addition, examples will be provided of how
these approaches have yielded convergent findings in animal
and human subjects, as well as novel data regarding
neurobehavioral mechanisms of age-related alterations in
decision making and potential directions for future
research.},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-417148-0.00002-9},
Key = {fds325713}
}
@article{fds318752,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Knutson, B},
Title = {Decision making in the ageing brain: changes in affective
and motivational circuits.},
Journal = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
Volume = {16},
Number = {5},
Pages = {278-289},
Year = {2015},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3917},
Abstract = {As the global population ages, older decision makers will be
required to take greater responsibility for their own
physical, psychological and financial well-being. With this
in mind, researchers have begun to examine the effects of
ageing on decision making and associated neural circuits. A
new 'affect-integration-motivation' (AIM) framework may help
to clarify how affective and motivational circuits support
decision making. Recent research has shed light on whether
and how ageing influences these circuits, providing an
interdisciplinary account of how ageing can alter decision
making.},
Doi = {10.1038/nrn3917},
Key = {fds318752}
}
@article{fds318751,
Author = {Dang, LC and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Young, JS and Cowan, RL and Kessler,
RM and Zald, DH},
Title = {Caudate asymmetry is related to attentional impulsivity and
an objective measure of ADHD-like attentional problems in
healthy adults.},
Journal = {Brain structure & function},
Volume = {221},
Number = {1},
Pages = {277-286},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0906-6},
Abstract = {Case-control studies comparing ADHD with typically
developing individuals suggest that anatomical asymmetry of
the caudate nucleus is a marker of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there is no
consensus on whether the asymmetry favors the right or left
caudate nucleus in ADHD, or whether the asymmetry is
increased or decreased in ADHD. The current study aimed to
clarify this relationship by applying a dimensional approach
to assessing ADHD symptoms that, instead of relying on
clinical classification, utilizes the natural behavioral
continuum of traits related to ADHD. Structural T1-weighted
MRI was collected from 71 adults between 18 and 35 years
and analyzed for caudate asymmetry. ADHD-like attentional
symptoms were assessed with an objective measure of
attentional problems, the ADHD score from the Test of
Variables of Attention (TOVA). Impulsivity, a core feature
in ADHD, was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale,
a self-report measure that assesses attentional,
non-planning, and motor features of impulsivity. We found
that larger right relative to left caudate volumes
correlated with both higher attentional impulsiveness and
worse ADHD scores on the TOVA. Higher attentional
impulsiveness also correlated with worse ADHD scores,
establishing coherence between the objective measure and the
self-report measure of attentional problems. These results
suggest that a differential passage of information through
frontal-striatal networks may produce instability leading to
attentional problems. The findings also demonstrate the
utility of a dimensional approach to understanding
structural correlates of ADHD symptoms.},
Doi = {10.1007/s00429-014-0906-6},
Key = {fds318751}
}
@article{fds318749,
Author = {Kline, RL and Zhang, S and Farr, OM and Hu, S and Zaborszky, L and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Li, C-SR},
Title = {The Effects of Methylphenidate on Resting-State Functional
Connectivity of the Basal Nucleus of Meynert, Locus
Coeruleus, and Ventral Tegmental Area in Healthy
Adults.},
Journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
Volume = {10},
Pages = {149},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00149},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Methylphenidate (MPH) influences
catecholaminergic signaling. Extant work examined the
effects of MPH on the neural circuits of attention and
cognitive control, but few studies have investigated the
effect of MPH on the brain's resting-state functional
connectivity (rsFC).<h4>Methods</h4>In this observational
study, we compared rsFC of a group of 24 healthy adults who
were administered an oral 45 mg dose of MPH with a group of
24 age and gender matched controls who did not receive MPH.
We focused on three seed regions: basal nucleus of Meynert
(BNM), locus coeruleus (LC), and ventral tegmental
area/substantia nigra, pars compacta (VTA/SNc), each
providing cholinergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic inputs
to the cerebral cortex. Images were pre-processed and
analyzed as in our recent work (Li et al., 2014; Zhang et
al., 2015). We used one-sample t-test to characterize
group-specific rsFC of each seed region and two-sample
t-test to compare rsFC between groups.<h4>Results</h4>MPH
reversed negative connectivity between BNM and precentral
gyri. MPH reduced positive connectivity between LC and
cerebellum, and induced positive connectivity between LC and
right hippocampus. MPH decreased positive VTA/SNc
connectivity to the cerebellum and putamen, and reduced
negative connectivity to left middle occipital
gyrus.<h4>Conclusion</h4>MPH had distinct effects on the
rsFC of BNM, LC, and VTA/SNc in healthy adults. These new
findings may further our understanding of the role of
catecholaminergic signaling in Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Parkinson's disease and
provide insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of MPH in
the treatment of clinical conditions that implicate
catecholaminergic dysfunction.},
Doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2016.00149},
Key = {fds318749}
}
@article{fds318750,
Author = {Leong, JK and Pestilli, F and Wu, CC and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Knutson,
B},
Title = {White-Matter Tract Connecting Anterior Insula to Nucleus
Accumbens Correlates with Reduced Preference for Positively
Skewed Gambles.},
Journal = {Neuron},
Volume = {89},
Number = {1},
Pages = {63-69},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.015},
Abstract = {Individuals sometimes show inconsistent risk preferences,
including excessive attraction to gambles featuring small
chances of winning large amounts (called "positively skewed"
gambles). While functional neuroimaging research indicates
that nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and anterior insula (AIns)
activity inversely predict risky choice, structural
connections between these regions have not been described in
humans. By combining diffusion-weighted MRI with
tractography, we identified the anatomical trajectory of
white-matter tracts projecting from the AIns to the NAcc and
statistically validated these tracts using Linear Fascicle
Evaluation (LiFE) and virtual lesions. Coherence of the
right AIns-NAcc tract correlated with reduced preferences
for positively skewed gambles. Further, diminished NAcc
activity during gamble presentation mediated the association
between tract structure and choice. These results identify
an unreported tract connecting the AIns to the NAcc in
humans and support the notion that structural connections
can alter behavior by influencing brain activity as
individuals weigh uncertain gains against uncertain
losses.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.015},
Key = {fds318750}
}
@article{fds318747,
Author = {Dang, LC and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Castrellon, JJ and Perkins, SF and Cowan, RL and Zald, DH},
Title = {Associations between dopamine D2 receptor availability and
BMI depend on age.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {138},
Pages = {176-183},
Year = {2016},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.044},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>The dopamine D2/3 receptor subtypes
(DRD2/3) are the most widely studied neurotransmitter
biomarker in research on obesity, but results to date have
been inconsistent, have typically involved small samples,
and have rarely accounted for subjects' ages despite the
large impact of age on DRD2/3 levels. We aimed to clarify
the relation between DRD2/3 availability and BMI by
examining this association in a large sample of subjects
with BMI spanning the continuum from underweight to
extremely obese.<h4>Subjects</h4>130 healthy subjects
between 18 and 81years old underwent PET with
[18F]fallypride, a high affinity DRD2/3 ligand.<h4>Results</h4>As
expected, DRD2/3 availability declined with age. Critically,
age significantly interacted with DRD2/3 availability in
predicting BMI in the midbrain and striatal regions
(caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum). Among subjects
under 30years old, BMI was not associated with DRD2/3
availability. By contrast, among subjects over 30years old,
BMI was positively associated with DRD2/3 availability in
the midbrain, putamen, and ventral striatum.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The
present results are incompatible with the prominent
dopaminergic hypofunction hypothesis that proposes that a
reduction in DRD2/3 availability is associated with
increased BMI, and highlights the importance of age in
assessing correlates of DRD2/3 function.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.044},
Key = {fds318747}
}
@article{fds318748,
Author = {Josef, AK and Richter, D and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Wagner, GG and Hertwig, R and Mata, R},
Title = {Stability and change in risk-taking propensity across the
adult life span.},
Journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
Volume = {111},
Number = {3},
Pages = {430-450},
Year = {2016},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000090},
Abstract = {Can risk-taking propensity be thought of as a trait that
captures individual differences across domains, measures,
and time? Studying stability in risk-taking propensities
across the life span can help to answer such questions by
uncovering parallel, or divergent, trajectories across
domains and measures. We contribute to this effort by using
data from respondents aged 18 to 85 in the German
Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and by examining (a)
differential stability, (b) mean-level differences, and (c)
individual-level changes in self-reported general (N =
44,076) and domain-specific (N = 11,903) risk-taking
propensities across adulthood. In addition, we investigate
(d) the correspondence between cross-sectional trajectories
of self-report and behavioral measures of social (trust
game; N = 646) and nonsocial (monetary gamble; N = 433) risk
taking. The results suggest that risk-taking propensity can
be understood as a trait with moderate stability. Results
show reliable mean-level differences across the life span,
with risk-taking propensities typically decreasing with age,
although significant variation emerges across domains and
individuals. Interestingly, the mean-level trajectory for
behavioral measures of social and nonsocial risk taking was
similar to those obtained from self-reported risk, despite
small correlations between task behavior and self-reports.
Individual-level analyses suggest a link between changes in
risk-taking propensities both across domains and in relation
to changes in some of the Big Five personality traits.
Overall, these results raise important questions concerning
the role of common processes or events that shape the life
span development of risk-taking across domains as well as
other major personality facets. (PsycINFO Database
Record},
Doi = {10.1037/pspp0000090},
Key = {fds318748}
}
@article{fds318746,
Author = {Seaman, KL and Gorlick, MA and Vekaria, KM and Hsu, M and Zald, DH and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Adult age differences in decision making across domains:
Increased discounting of social and health-related
rewards.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Volume = {31},
Number = {7},
Pages = {737-746},
Year = {2016},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000131},
Abstract = {Although research on aging and decision making continues to
grow, the majority of studies examine decisions made to
maximize monetary earnings or points. It is not clear
whether these results generalize to other types of rewards.
To investigate this, we examined adult age differences in 92
healthy participants aged 22 to 83. Participants completed 9
hypothetical discounting tasks, which included 3 types of
discounting factors (time, probability, effort) across 3
reward domains (monetary, social, health). Participants made
choices between a smaller magnitude reward with a shorter
time delay/higher probability/lower level of physical effort
required and a larger magnitude reward with a longer time
delay/lower probability/higher level of physical effort
required. Older compared with younger individuals were more
likely to choose options that involved shorter time delays
or higher probabilities of experiencing an interaction with
a close social partner or receiving health benefits from a
hypothetical drug. These findings suggest that older adults
may be more motivated than young adults to obtain social and
health rewards immediately and with certainty. (PsycINFO
Database Record},
Doi = {10.1037/pag0000131},
Key = {fds318746}
}
@article{fds325039,
Author = {Löckenhoff, CE and Rutt, JL and Samanez-Larkin, GR and O'Donoghue,
T and Reyna, VF and Ganzel, B},
Title = {Dread sensitivity in decisions about real and imagined
electrical shocks does not vary by age.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Volume = {31},
Number = {8},
Pages = {890-901},
Year = {2016},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000136},
Abstract = {Previous research has found age differences in intertemporal
choices that involve trade-offs among events or outcomes
that occur at different points in time, but these findings
were mostly limited to hypothetical financial and consumer
choices. We examined whether age effects extend to
unpleasant physical experiences that elicit states of dread
which lead participants to speed up the outcomes just to get
them over with. We asked participants of different ages to
choose among electrical shocks that varied in timing and
intensity. We also assessed affective responses as a
potential mechanism behind age effects and considered other
potential covariates. In Study 1, the choice task involved
real outcomes and the sample consisted of younger and older
adults. In Study 2, the choice task was hypothetical and the
sample was an adult life span sample. Across both studies,
there was no evidence of age differences in the preferred
timing of shocks. Instead, dread-sensitive choices were
associated with higher conscientiousness. Age effects in
dread-sensitive choices remained nonsignificant even after
controlling for a range of age-associated covariates. We
discuss possible explanations for the lack of age effects
and consider implications for applied and clinical settings.
(PsycINFO Database Record},
Doi = {10.1037/pag0000136},
Key = {fds325039}
}
@article{fds325038,
Author = {Dang, LC and Castrellon, JJ and Perkins, SF and Le, NT and Cowan, RL and Zald, DH and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Reduced effects of age on dopamine D2 receptor levels in
physically active adults.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {148},
Pages = {123-129},
Year = {2017},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.018},
Abstract = {Physical activity has been shown to ameliorate dopaminergic
degeneration in non-human animal models. However, the
effects of regular physical activity on normal age-related
changes in dopamine function in humans are unknown. Here we
present cross-sectional data from forty-four healthy human
subjects between 23 and 80 years old, showing that typical
age-related dopamine D2 receptor loss, assessed with PET
[18F]fallypride, was significantly reduced in physically
active adults compared to less active adults.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.018},
Key = {fds325038}
}
@article{fds327149,
Author = {Hosking, JG and Kastman, EK and Dorfman, HM and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Baskin-Sommers, A and Kiehl, KA and Newman, JP and Buckholtz,
JW},
Title = {Disrupted Prefrontal Regulation of Striatal Subjective Value
Signals in Psychopathy.},
Journal = {Neuron},
Volume = {95},
Number = {1},
Pages = {221-231.e4},
Year = {2017},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.030},
Abstract = {Psychopathy is a personality disorder with strong links to
criminal behavior. While research on psychopathy has focused
largely on socio-affective dysfunction, recent data suggest
that aberrant decision making may also play an important
role. Yet, the circuit-level mechanisms underlying
maladaptive decision making in psychopathy remain unclear.
Here, we used a multi-modality functional imaging approach
to identify these mechanisms in a population of adult male
incarcerated offenders. Psychopathy was associated with
stronger subjective value-related activity within the
nucleus accumbens (NAcc) during inter-temporal choice and
with weaker intrinsic functional connectivity between NAcc
and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). NAcc-vmPFC
connectivity strength was negatively correlated with NAcc
subjective value-related activity; however, this putative
regulatory pattern was abolished as psychopathy severity
increased. Finally, weaker cortico-striatal regulation
predicted more frequent criminal convictions. These data
suggest that cortico-striatal circuit dysregulation drives
maladaptive decision making in psychopathy, supporting the
notion that reward system dysfunction comprises an important
neurobiological risk factor.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.030},
Key = {fds327149}
}
@article{fds328897,
Author = {Dang, LC and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Castrellon, JJ and Perkins, SF and Cowan, RL and Newhouse, PA and Zald, DH},
Title = {Spontaneous Eye Blink Rate (EBR) Is Uncorrelated with
Dopamine D2 Receptor Availability and Unmodulated by
Dopamine Agonism in Healthy Adults.},
Journal = {eNeuro},
Volume = {4},
Number = {5},
Pages = {ENEURO.0211-ENEU17.2017},
Year = {2017},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0211-17.2017},
Abstract = {Spontaneous eye blink rate (EBR) has been proposed as a
noninvasive, inexpensive marker of dopamine functioning.
Support for a relation between EBR and dopamine function
comes from observations that EBR is altered in populations
with dopamine dysfunction and EBR changes under a
dopaminergic manipulation. However, the evidence across the
literature is inconsistent and incomplete. A direct
correlation between EBR and dopamine function has so far
been observed only in nonhuman animals. Given significant
interest in using EBR as a proxy for dopamine function, this
study aimed to verify a direct association in healthy, human
adults. Here we measured EBR in healthy human subjects whose
dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) availability was assessed with
positron emission tomography (PET)-[18F]fallypride to
examine the predictive power of EBR for DRD2 availability.
Effects of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine on EBR also
were examined to determine the responsiveness of EBR to
dopaminergic stimulation and, in light of the hypothesized
inverted-U profile of dopamine effects, the role of DRD2
availability in EBR responsivity to bromocriptine. Results
from 20 subjects (age 33.6 ± 7.6 years, 9F) showed no
relation between EBR and DRD2 availability. EBR also was not
responsive to dopaminergic stimulation by bromocriptine, and
individual differences in DRD2 availability did not modulate
EBR responsivity to bromocriptine. Given that EBR is
hypothesized to be particularly sensitive to DRD2 function,
these findings suggest caution in using EBR as a proxy for
dopamine function in healthy humans.},
Doi = {10.1523/eneuro.0211-17.2017},
Key = {fds328897}
}
@article{fds326610,
Author = {Karrer, TM and Josef, AK and Mata, R and Morris, ED and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Reduced dopamine receptors and transporters but not
synthesis capacity in normal aging adults: a
meta-analysis.},
Journal = {Neurobiology of aging},
Volume = {57},
Pages = {36-46},
Year = {2017},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.006},
Abstract = {Many theories of cognitive aging are based on evidence that
dopamine (DA) declines with age. Here, we performed a
systematic meta-analysis of cross-sectional positron
emission tomography and single-photon emission-computed
tomography studies on the average effects of age on distinct
DA targets (receptors, transporters, or relevant enzymes) in
healthy adults (N = 95 studies including 2611
participants). Results revealed significant moderate to
large, negative effects of age on DA transporters and
receptors. Age had a significantly larger effect on D1- than
D2-like receptors. In contrast, there was no significant
effect of age on DA synthesis capacity. The average age
reductions across the DA system were 3.7%-14.0% per decade.
A meta-regression found only DA target as a significant
moderator of the age effect. This study precisely quantifies
prior claims of reduced DA functionality with age. It also
identifies presynaptic mechanisms (spared synthesis capacity
and reduced DA transporters) that may partially account for
previously unexplained phenomena whereby older adults appear
to use dopaminergic resources effectively. Recommendations
for future studies including minimum required samples sizes
are provided.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.006},
Key = {fds326610}
}
@article{fds329469,
Author = {Seaman, KL and Leong, JK and Wu, CC and Knutson, B and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Individual differences in skewed financial risk-taking
across the adult life span.},
Journal = {Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {17},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1232-1241},
Year = {2017},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-017-0545-5},
Abstract = {Older adults are disproportionately targeted by fraud
schemes that advertise unlikely but large returns
(positively skewed risks). We examined adult age differences
in choice and neural activity as individuals considered
risky gambles. Gambles were symmetric (50% chance of modest
win or loss), positively skewed (25% chance of large gain),
or negatively skewed (25% chance of large loss). The
willingness to accept positively skewed relative to
symmetric gambles increased with age, and this effect
replicated in an independent behavioral study. Whole-brain
functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses comparing
positively (vs. negatively) skewed trials revealed that
relative to younger adults, older adults showed increased
anticipatory activity for negatively skewed gambles but
reduced activity for positively skewed gambles in the
anterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal regions.
Individuals who were more biased toward positively skewed
gambles showed increased activity in a network of regions
including the nucleus accumbens. These results reveal age
biases toward positively skewed gambles and age differences
in corticostriatal regions during skewed risk-taking, and
have implications for identifying financial decision biases
across adulthood.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13415-017-0545-5},
Key = {fds329469}
}
@article{fds357570,
Author = {Gutchess, A and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Social Function and Motivation in the Aging
Brain},
Pages = {165-184},
Booktitle = {The aging brain: Functional adaptation across
adulthood.},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association},
Year = {2018},
ISBN = {1433830531},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/cv5jn},
Abstract = {<p>In this chapter, we review some themes from the emerging
literature on the social neuroscience of aging. Much of the
research thus far focuses on abilities at the intersection
of social function and emotion, such as empathy or thinking
about the self or other people. Intriguingly, findings from
social and motivational tasks largely depart from the
lessons about brain aging derived from cognitive tasks.
There are hints that strategy or goal shifts across the life
span may underlie some of the age differences, which
illustrate the importance of considering task context and
motivation across the life span.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/cv5jn},
Key = {fds357570}
}
@article{fds335712,
Author = {Kircanski, K and Notthoff, N and DeLiema, M and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Shadel, D and Mottola, G and Carstensen, LL and Gotlib,
IH},
Title = {Emotional arousal may increase susceptibility to fraud in
older and younger adults.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Volume = {33},
Number = {2},
Pages = {325-337},
Year = {2018},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000228},
Abstract = {Financial fraud is a societal problem for adults of all
ages, but financial losses are especially damaging to older
adults who typically live on fixed incomes and have less
time to recoup losses. Persuasion tactics used by fraud
perpetrators often elicit high levels of emotional arousal;
thus, studying emotional arousal may help to identify the
conditions under which individuals are particularly
susceptible to fraud. We examined whether inducing
high-arousal positive (HAP) and high-arousal negative (HAN)
emotions increased susceptibility to fraud. Older (ages 65
to 85) and younger (ages 30 to 40) adults were randomly
assigned to 1 of 3 emotional arousal conditions in a
laboratory task: HAP, HAN, or low arousal (LA). Fraud
susceptibility was assessed through participants' responses
to misleading advertisements. Both HAP and HAN emotions were
successfully induced in older and younger participants. For
participants who exhibited the intended induced emotional
arousal, both the HAP and HAN conditions, relative to the LA
condition, significantly increased participants' reported
intention to purchase falsely advertised items. These
effects did not differ significantly between older and
younger adults and were mitigated in participants who did
not exhibit the intended emotional arousal. However,
irrespective of the emotional arousal condition to which
older adults were assigned (HAP, HAN, or LA), they reported
greater purchase intention than did younger adults. These
results inform the literature on fraud susceptibility and
aging. Educating consumers to postpone financial decisions
until they are in calm emotional states may protect against
this common persuasion tactic. (PsycINFO Database
Record},
Doi = {10.1037/pag0000228},
Key = {fds335712}
}
@article{fds335711,
Author = {Seaman, KL and Brooks, N and Karrer, TM and Castrellon, JJ and Perkins,
SF and Dang, LC and Hsu, M and Zald, DH and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Subjective value representations during effort, probability
and time discounting across adulthood.},
Journal = {Social cognitive and affective neuroscience},
Volume = {13},
Number = {5},
Pages = {449-459},
Year = {2018},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy021},
Abstract = {Every day, humans make countless decisions that require the
integration of information about potential benefits (i.e.
rewards) with other decision features (i.e. effort required,
probability of an outcome or time delays). Here, we examine
the overlap and dissociation of behavioral preferences and
neural representations of subjective value in the context of
three different decision features (physical effort,
probability and time delays) in a healthy adult life span
sample. While undergoing functional neuroimaging,
participants (N = 75) made incentive compatible choices
between a smaller monetary reward with lower physical
effort, higher probability, or a shorter time delay versus a
larger monetary reward with higher physical effort, lower
probability, or a longer time delay. Behavioral preferences
were estimated from observed choices, and subjective values
were computed using individual hyperbolic discount
functions. We found that discount rates were uncorrelated
across tasks. Despite this apparent behavioral dissociation
between preferences, we found overlapping subjective
value-related activity in the medial prefrontal cortex
across all three tasks. We found no consistent evidence for
age differences in either preferences or the neural
representations of subjective value across adulthood. These
results suggest that while the tolerance of decision
features is behaviorally dissociable, subjective value
signals share a common representation across
adulthood.},
Doi = {10.1093/scan/nsy021},
Key = {fds335711}
}
@article{fds335709,
Author = {Seaman, KL and Green, MA and Shu, S and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Individual differences in loss aversion and preferences for
skewed risks across adulthood.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Volume = {33},
Number = {4},
Pages = {654-659},
Year = {2018},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000261},
Abstract = {In a previous study, we found adult age differences in the
tendency to accept more positively skewed gambles (with a
small chance of a large win) than other equivalent risks, or
an age-related positive-skew bias. In the present study, we
examined whether loss aversion explained this bias. A total
of 508 healthy participants (ages 21-82) completed measures
of loss aversion and skew preference. Age was not related to
loss aversion. Although loss aversion was a significant
predictor of gamble acceptance, it did not influence the
age-related positive-skew bias. (PsycINFO Database
Record},
Doi = {10.1037/pag0000261},
Key = {fds335709}
}
@article{fds335708,
Author = {von Helversen, B and Mata, R and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Wilke,
A},
Title = {Foraging, exploration, or search? On the (lack of)
convergent validity between three behavioral
paradigms},
Journal = {Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences},
Volume = {12},
Number = {3},
Pages = {152-162},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2018},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000121},
Abstract = {Recently it has been suggested that individual humans and
other animals possess different levels of a general tendency
to explore or exploit that may influence behavior in
different contexts. In the present work, we investigated
whether individual differences in this general tendency to
explore (exploit) can be captured across three behavioral
paradigms that involve exploration- exploitation trade-offs:
A foraging task involving sequential search for fish in
several ponds, a multiarmed bandit task involving repeatedly
choosing from a set of options, and a sequential choice task
involving choosing a candidate from a pool of applicants.
Two hundred and sixty-one participants completed two
versions of each of the three tasks. Structural equation
modeling revealed that there was no single, general factor
underlying exploration behavior in all tasks, even though
individual differences in exploration were stable across the
two versions of the same task. The results suggest that
task-specific factors influence individual levels of
exploration. This finding causes difficulties in the
enterprise of measuring general exploration tendencies using
single behavioral paradigms and suggests that more work is
needed to understand how general exploration tendencies and
task-specific characteristics translate into exploratory
behavior in different contexts.},
Doi = {10.1037/ebs0000121},
Key = {fds335708}
}
@article{fds331245,
Author = {Dang, LC and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Smith, CT and Castrellon, JJ and Perkins, SF and Cowan, RL and Claassen, DO and Zald,
DH},
Title = {FTO affects food cravings and interacts with age to
influence age-related decline in food cravings.},
Journal = {Physiology & behavior},
Volume = {192},
Pages = {188-193},
Year = {2018},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.013},
Abstract = {The fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) was the first
gene identified by genome-wide association studies to
correlate with higher body mass index (BMI) and increased
odds of obesity. FTO remains the locus with the largest and
most replicated effect on body weight, but the mechanism
whereby FTO affects body weight and the development of
obesity is not fully understood. Here we tested whether FTO
is associated with differences in food cravings and a key
aspect of dopamine function that has been hypothesized to
influence food reward mechanisms. Moreover, as food cravings
and dopamine function are known to decline with age, we
explored effects of age on relations between FTO and food
cravings and dopamine function. Seven-eight healthy subjects
between 22 and 83years old completed the Food Cravings
Questionnaire and underwent genotyping for FTO rs9939609,
the first FTO single nucleotide polymorphism associated with
obesity. Compared to TT homozygotes, individuals carrying
the obesity-susceptible A allele had higher total food
cravings, which correlated with higher BMI. Additionally,
food cravings declined with age, but this age effect
differed across variants of FTO rs9939609: while TT
homozygotes showed the typical age-related decline in food
cravings, there was no such decline among A carriers. All
subjects were scanned with [18F]fallypride PET to assess a
recent proposal that at the neurochemical level FTO alters
dopamine D2-like receptor (DRD2) function to influence food
reward related mechanisms. However, we observed no evidence
of FTO effects on DRD2 availability.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.013},
Key = {fds331245}
}
@article{fds335710,
Author = {Dang, LC and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Castrellon, JJ and Perkins, SF and Cowan, RL and Zald, DH},
Title = {Individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor
availability correlate with reward valuation.},
Journal = {Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {18},
Number = {4},
Pages = {739-747},
Year = {2018},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-0601-9},
Abstract = {Reward valuation, which underlies all value-based
decision-making, has been associated with dopamine function
in many studies of nonhuman animals, but there is relatively
less direct evidence for an association in humans. Here, we
measured dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptor (DRD2) availability
in vivo in humans to examine relations between individual
differences in dopamine receptor availability and neural
activity associated with a measure of reward valuation,
expected value (i.e., the product of reward magnitude and
the probability of obtaining the reward). Fourteen healthy
adult subjects underwent PET with [<sup>18</sup>F]fallypride,
a radiotracer with strong affinity for DRD2, and fMRI (on a
separate day) while performing a reward valuation task.
[<sup>18</sup>F]fallypride binding potential, reflecting
DRD2 availability, in the midbrain correlated positively
with neural activity associated with expected value,
specifically in the left ventral striatum/caudate. The
present results provide in vivo evidence from humans showing
midbrain dopamine characteristics are associated with reward
valuation.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13415-018-0601-9},
Key = {fds335710}
}
@article{fds335707,
Author = {Leong, JK and MacNiven, KH and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Knutson,
B},
Title = {Distinct neural circuits support incentivized
inhibition.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {178},
Pages = {435-444},
Year = {2018},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.055},
Abstract = {The ability to inhibit responses under high stakes, or
"incentivized inhibition," is critical for adaptive impulse
control. While previous research indicates that right
ventrolateral prefrontal cortical (VLPFC) activity plays a
key role in response inhibition, less research has addressed
how incentives might influence this circuit. By combining a
novel behavioral task, functional magnetic resonance imaging
(FMRI), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), we targeted
and characterized specific neural circuits that support
incentivized inhibition. Behaviorally, large incentives
enhanced responses to obtain money, but also reduced
response inhibition. Functionally, activity in both right
VLPFC and right anterior insula (AIns) predicted successful
inhibition for high incentives. Structurally,
characterization of a novel white-matter tract connecting
the right AIns and VLPFC revealed an association of tract
coherence with incentivized inhibition performance. Finally,
individual differences in right VLPFC activity statistically
mediated the association of right AIns-VLPFC tract coherence
with incentivized inhibition performance. These multimodal
findings bridge brain structure, brain function, and
behavior to clarify how individuals can inhibit impulses,
even in the face of high stakes.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.055},
Key = {fds335707}
}
@article{fds339363,
Author = {Karrer, T and McLaughlin, C and Guaglianone, C and Samanez-Larkin,
G},
Title = {Reduced serotonin receptors and transporters in normal aging
adults: a meta-analysis of PET and SPECT imaging
studies},
Year = {2018},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/429266},
Abstract = {Abstract Alterations in serotonin (5-HT) function have been
hypothesized to underlie a range of physiological,
emotional, and cognitive changes in older age. Here, we
conducted a quantitative synthesis and comparison of the
effects of age on 5-HT receptors and transporters from
cross-sectional PET and SPECT imaging studies.
Random-effects meta-analyses of 31 studies including 1087
healthy adults yielded large negative effects of age in
5-HT-2A receptors (largest in global cortex), moderate
negative effects of age in 5-HT transporters (largest in
thalamus), and small negative effects of age in 5-HT-1A
receptors (largest in parietal cortex). Presynaptic 5-HT-1A
autoreceptors in raphe/midbrain, however, were preserved
across adulthood. Adult age differences were significantly
larger in 5-HT-2A receptors compared to 5-HT-1A receptors. A
meta-regression showed that 5-HT target, radionuclide, and
publication year significantly moderated the age effects.
The findings overall identify reduced serotonergic signal
transmission in healthy aging. The evidence for the relative
preservation of 5-HT-1A compared to 5-HT-2A receptors may
partially explain psychological age differences, such as why
older adults use more emotion-focused rather than
problem-focused coping strategies.},
Doi = {10.1101/429266},
Key = {fds339363}
}
@article{fds340435,
Author = {Smith, CT and San Juan, MD and Dang, LC and Katz, DT and Perkins, SF and Burgess, LL and Cowan, RL and Manning, HC and Nickels, ML and Claassen,
DO and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Zald, DH},
Title = {Ventral striatal dopamine transporter availability is
associated with lower trait motor impulsivity in healthy
adults.},
Journal = {Translational psychiatry},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Pages = {269},
Year = {2018},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0328-y},
Abstract = {Impulsivity is a transdiagnostic feature of a range of
externalizing psychiatric disorders. Preclinical work links
reduced ventral striatal dopamine transporter (DAT)
availability with heightened impulsivity and novelty
seeking. However, there is a lack of human data
investigating the relationship between DAT availability,
particularly in subregions of the striatum, and the
personality traits of impulsivity and novelty seeking. Here
we collected PET measures of DAT availability
(BP<sub>ND</sub>) using the tracer <sup>18</sup>F-FE-PE2I in
47 healthy adult subjects and examined relations between
BP<sub>ND</sub> in striatum, including its subregions:
caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum (VS), and trait
impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: BIS-11) and
novelty seeking (Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire:
TPQ-NS), controlling for age and sex. DAT BP<sub>ND</sub> in
each striatal subregion showed nominal negative associations
with total BIS-11 but not TPQ-NS. At the subscale level, VS
DAT BP<sub>ND</sub> was significantly associated with BIS-11
motor impulsivity (e.g., taking actions without thinking)
after correction for multiple comparisons. VS DAT
BP<sub>ND</sub> explained 13.2% of the variance in motor
impulsivity. Our data demonstrate that DAT availability in
VS is negatively related to impulsivity and suggest a
particular influence of DAT regulation of dopamine signaling
in VS on acting without deliberation (BIS motor
impulsivity). While needing replication, these data converge
with models of ventral striatal functions that emphasize its
role as a key interface linking motivation to
action.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41398-018-0328-y},
Key = {fds340435}
}
@article{fds357569,
Author = {Burr, D and Castrellon, J and Zald, D and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Emotion dynamics across adulthood in everyday life: Older
adults are more emotionally stable and better at regulating
desires},
Year = {2019},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/a3ku2},
Abstract = {<p>Older adults report experiencing improved emotional
health, such as more intense positive affect and less
intense negative affect. However, there are mixed findings
on whether older adults are better at regulating emotion—a
hallmark feature of emotional health—and most research is
based on laboratory studies that may not capture how people
regulate their emotions in everyday life. We used experience
sampling to examine how multiple measures of emotional
health, including mean affect, dynamic fluctuations between
affective states and the ability to resist desires—a
common form of emotion regulation—differ in daily life
across adulthood. Participants (N = 122, ages 20-80)
reported how they were feeling and responding to desire
temptations for 10 days. Older adults experienced more
intense positive affect, less intense negative affect and
were more emotionally stable, even after controlling for
individual differences in global life satisfaction. Older
adults were more successful at regulating desires, even
though they experienced more intense desires than younger
adults. In addition, adults in general experiencing more
intense affect were less successful at resisting desires.
These results demonstrate how emotional experience is
related to more successful desire regulation in everyday
life and provide unique evidence that emotional health and
regulation improve with age.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/a3ku2},
Key = {fds357569}
}
@article{fds339897,
Author = {Castrellon, JJ and Seaman, KL and Crawford, JL and Young, JS and Smith,
CT and Dang, LC and Hsu, M and Cowan, RL and Zald, DH and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Individual Differences in Dopamine Are Associated with
Reward Discounting in Clinical Groups But Not in Healthy
Adults.},
Journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the
Society for Neuroscience},
Volume = {39},
Number = {2},
Pages = {321-332},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1984-18.2018},
Abstract = {Some people are more willing to make immediate, risky, or
costly reward-focused choices than others, which has been
hypothesized to be associated with individual differences in
dopamine (DA) function. In two studies using PET imaging,
one empirical (Study 1: <i>N</i> = 144 males and females
across 3 samples) and one meta-analytic (Study 2: <i>N</i> =
307 across 12 samples), we sought to characterize
associations between individual differences in DA and time,
probability, and physical effort discounting in human
adults. Study 1 demonstrated that individual differences in
DA D2-like receptors were not associated with time or
probability discounting of monetary rewards in healthy
humans, and associations with physical effort discounting
were inconsistent across adults of different ages.
Meta-analytic results for temporal discounting corroborated
our empirical finding for minimal effect of DA measures on
discounting in healthy individuals but suggested that
associations between individual differences in DA and reward
discounting depend on clinical features. Addictions were
characterized by negative correlations between DA and
discounting, but other clinical conditions, such as
Parkinson's disease, obesity, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder, were characterized by positive correlations
between DA and discounting. Together, the results suggest
that trait differences in discounting in healthy adults do
not appear to be strongly associated with individual
differences in D2-like receptors. The difference in
meta-analytic correlation effects between healthy controls
and individuals with psychopathology suggests that
individual difference findings related to DA and reward
discounting in clinical samples may not be reliably
generalized to healthy controls, and vice
versa.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Decisions to forgo large
rewards for smaller ones due to increasing time delays,
uncertainty, or physical effort have been linked to
differences in dopamine (DA) function, which is disrupted in
some forms of psychopathology. It remains unclear whether
alterations in DA function associated with psychopathology
also extend to explaining associations between DA function
and decision making in healthy individuals. We show that
individual differences in DA D2 receptor availability are
not consistently related to monetary discounting of time,
probability, or physical effort in healthy individuals
across a broad age range. By contrast, we suggest that
psychopathology accounts for observed inconsistencies in the
relationship between measures of DA function and reward
discounting behavior.},
Doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.1984-18.2018},
Key = {fds339897}
}
@article{fds330812,
Author = {Löckenhoff, CE and Rutt, JL and Samanez-Larkin, GR and O'Donoghue,
T and Reyna, VF},
Title = {Preferences for Temporal Sequences of Real Outcomes Differ
Across Domains but do not Vary by Age.},
Journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological
sciences and social sciences},
Volume = {74},
Number = {3},
Pages = {430-439},
Year = {2019},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx094},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>People's preferences for temporal
sequences of events have implications for life-long health
and well-being. Prior research suggests that other aspects
of intertemporal choice vary by age, but evidence for age
differences in sequence-preferences is limited and
inconclusive. In response, the present research examined age
differences in sequence-preferences for real outcomes
administered in a controlled laboratory setting.<h4>Methods</h4>A
pilot study examined sequence-preferences for aversive
electrodermal shocks in 30 younger and 30 older adults. The
main study examined sequence-preferences for electrodermal
shocks, physical effort, and monetary gambles in an adult
life-span sample (N = 120). It also examined emotional and
physiological responses to sequences as well as underlying
mechanisms including time perception and
emotion-regulation.<h4>Results</h4>There were no significant
age differences in sequence-preferences in either of the
studies, and there were no age differences in responses to
sequences in the main study. Instead, there was a domain
effect with participants preferring decreasing sequences for
shocks and mixed sequences for effort and
money.<h4>Discussion</h4>After considering potential
methodological limitations, theoretical contributions and
implications for real-life decisions are
discussed.},
Doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbx094},
Key = {fds330812}
}
@article{fds339420,
Author = {Smith, CT and Dang, LC and Burgess, LL and Perkins, SF and San Juan, MD and Smith, DK and Cowan, RL and Le, NT and Kessler, RM and Samanez-Larkin,
GR and Zald, DH},
Title = {Lack of consistent sex differences in D-amphetamine-induced
dopamine release measured with [18F]fallypride
PET.},
Journal = {Psychopharmacology},
Volume = {236},
Number = {2},
Pages = {581-590},
Year = {2019},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5083-5},
Abstract = {<h4>Rationale</h4>Sex differences in the dopaminergic
response to psychostimulants could have implications for
drug abuse risk and other psychopathology involving the
dopamine system, but human data are limited and
mixed.<h4>Objectives</h4>Here, we sought to investigate sex
differences in dopamine release after oral D-amphetamine
administration.<h4>Methods</h4>We used [<sup>18</sup>F]fallypride
positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the change in
dopamine D2/3 receptor availability (%ΔBP<sub>ND</sub>, an
index of dopamine release) between placebo and D-amphetamine
sessions in two independent datasets containing a total of
39 females (on either hormonal birth control n = 18,
postmenopausal n = 10, or studied in the first 10 days
of their menstrual cycle n = 11) and 37
males.<h4>Results</h4>Using both a priori anatomical regions
of interest based on previous findings and voxelwise
analyses, we failed to consistently detect broad sex
differences in D-amphetamine-induced dopamine release.
Nevertheless, there was limited evidence for greater right
ventral striatal dopamine release in young adult males
relative to similarly aged females, but this was not
consistently observed across samples. Plasma estradiol did
not correlate with dopamine release and this measure did not
differ in females on and off hormonal birth
control.<h4>Conclusions</h4>While our finding in young
adults from one dataset of greater %ΔBP<sub>ND</sub> in
males is partially consistent with a previously published
study on sex differences in D-amphetamine-induced dopamine
release, our data do not support the presence of consistent
widespread sex differences in this measure of dopamine
release.},
Doi = {10.1007/s00213-018-5083-5},
Key = {fds339420}
}
@article{fds333504,
Author = {Holland, CAC and Ebner, NC and Lin, T and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Emotion identification across adulthood using the Dynamic
FACES database of emotional expressions in younger, middle
aged, and older adults.},
Journal = {Cognition & emotion},
Volume = {33},
Number = {2},
Pages = {245-257},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1445981},
Abstract = {Facial stimuli are widely used in behavioural and brain
science research to investigate emotional facial processing.
However, some studies have demonstrated that dynamic
expressions elicit stronger emotional responses compared to
static images. To address the need for more ecologically
valid and powerful facial emotional stimuli, we created
Dynamic FACES, a database of morphed videos (n = 1026)
from younger, middle-aged, and older adults displaying
naturalistic emotional facial expressions (neutrality,
sadness, disgust, fear, anger, happiness). To assess adult
age differences in emotion identification of dynamic stimuli
and to provide normative ratings for this modified set of
stimuli, healthy adults (n = 1822, age range 18-86
years) categorised for each video the emotional expression
displayed, rated the expression distinctiveness, estimated
the age of the face model, and rated the naturalness of the
expression. We found few age differences in emotion
identification when using dynamic stimuli. Only for angry
faces did older adults show lower levels of identification
accuracy than younger adults. Further, older adults
outperformed middle-aged adults' in identification of
sadness. The use of dynamic facial emotional stimuli has
previously been limited, but Dynamic FACES provides a large
database of high-resolution naturalistic, dynamic
expressions across adulthood. Information on using Dynamic
FACES for research purposes can be found at
http://faces.mpib-berlin.mpg.de .},
Doi = {10.1080/02699931.2018.1445981},
Key = {fds333504}
}
@article{fds330813,
Author = {Smith, CT and Crawford, JL and Dang, LC and Seaman, KL and San Juan, MD and Vijay, A and Katz, DT and Matuskey, D and Cowan, RL and Morris, ED and Zald, DH and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Partial-volume correction increases estimated dopamine
D2-like receptor binding potential and reduces adult age
differences.},
Journal = {Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official
journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow
and Metabolism},
Volume = {39},
Number = {5},
Pages = {822-833},
Year = {2019},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x17737693},
Abstract = {The relatively modest spatial resolution of positron
emission tomography (PET) increases the likelihood of
partial volume effects such that binding potential
(BP<sub>ND</sub>) may be underestimated. Given structural
grey matter losses across adulthood, partial volume effects
may be even more problematic in older age leading to
overestimation of adult age differences. Here we examined
the effects of partial volume correction (PVC) in two
studies from different sites using different high-affinity
D2-like radioligands (18 F-Fallypride, 11C-FLB457) and
different PET camera resolutions (∼5 mm, 2.5 mm).
Results across both data sets revealed that PVC increased
estimated BP<sub>ND</sub> and reduced, though did not
eliminate, age effects on BP<sub>ND</sub>. As expected, the
effects of PVC were smaller in higher compared to lower
resolution data. Analyses using uncorrected data that
controlled for grey matter volume in each region of interest
approximated PVC corrected data for some but not all
regions. Overall, the findings suggest that PVC increases
estimated BP<sub>ND</sub> in general and reduces adult age
differences especially when using lower resolution cameras.
The findings suggest that the past 30 years of research on
dopamine receptor availability, for which very few studies
use PVC, may overestimate effects of aging on dopamine
receptor availability.},
Doi = {10.1177/0271678x17737693},
Key = {fds330813}
}
@article{fds342369,
Author = {Seaman, KL and Smith, CT and Juarez, EJ and Dang, LC and Castrellon, JJ and Burgess, LL and San Juan, MD and Kundzicz, PM and Cowan, RL and Zald,
DH and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Differential regional decline in dopamine receptor
availability across adulthood: Linear and nonlinear effects
of age.},
Journal = {Human brain mapping},
Volume = {40},
Number = {10},
Pages = {3125-3138},
Year = {2019},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24585},
Abstract = {Theories of adult brain development, based on
neuropsychological test results and structural neuroimaging,
suggest differential rates of age-related change in function
across cortical and subcortical sub-regions. However, it
remains unclear if these trends also extend to the aging
dopamine system. Here we examined cross-sectional adult age
differences in estimates of D2-like receptor binding
potential across several cortical and subcortical brain
regions using PET imaging and the radiotracer [<sup>18</sup>
F]Fallypride in two samples of healthy human adults
(combined N = 132). After accounting for regional
differences in overall radioligand binding, estimated
percent difference in receptor binding potential by decade
(linear effects) were highest in most temporal and frontal
cortical regions (~6-16% per decade), moderate in
parahippocampal gyrus, pregenual frontal cortex, fusiform
gyrus, caudate, putamen, thalamus, and amygdala (~3-5%), and
weakest in subcallosal frontal cortex, ventral striatum,
pallidum, and hippocampus (~0-2%). Some regions showed
linear effects of age while many showed curvilinear effects
such that binding potential declined from young adulthood to
middle age and then was relatively stable until old age.
Overall, these data indicate that the rate and pattern of
decline in D2 receptor availability is regionally
heterogeneous. However, the differences across regions were
challenging to organize within existing theories of brain
development and did not show the same pattern of regional
change that has been observed in gray matter volume, white
matter integrity, or cognitive performance. This variation
suggests that existing theories of adult brain development
may need to be modified to better account for the spatial
dynamics of dopaminergic system aging.},
Doi = {10.1002/hbm.24585},
Key = {fds342369}
}
@article{fds343481,
Author = {Karrer, TM and McLaughlin, CL and Guaglianone, CP and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Reduced serotonin receptors and transporters in normal aging
adults: a meta-analysis of PET and SPECT imaging
studies.},
Journal = {Neurobiology of aging},
Volume = {80},
Pages = {1-10},
Year = {2019},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.021},
Abstract = {Alterations in serotonin (5-HT) function have been
hypothesized to underlie a range of physiological,
emotional, and cognitive changes in older age. Here, we
conducted a quantitative synthesis and comparison of the
effects of age on 5-HT receptors and transporters from
cross-sectional positron emission tomography and
single-photon emission computed tomography imaging studies.
Random-effects meta-analyses of 31 studies including 1087
healthy adults yielded large negative effects of age in
5-HT-2A receptors (largest in global cortex), moderate
negative effects of age in 5-HT transporters (largest in
thalamus), and small negative effects of age in 5-HT-1A
receptors (largest in parietal cortex). Presynaptic 5-HT-1A
autoreceptors in raphe/midbrain, however, were preserved
across adulthood. Adult age differences were significantly
larger in 5-HT-2A receptors compared with 5-HT-1A receptors.
A meta-regression showed that 5-HT target, radionuclide, and
publication year significantly moderated the age effects.
The findings overall identify reduced serotonergic signal
transmission in healthy aging. The evidence for the relative
preservation of 5-HT-1A compared with 5-HT-2A receptors may
partially explain psychological age differences, such as why
older adults use more emotion-focused rather than
problem-focused coping strategies.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.021},
Key = {fds343481}
}
@article{fds346775,
Author = {Juarez, EJ and Castrellon, JJ and Green, MA and Crawford, JL and Seaman,
KL and Smith, CT and Dang, LC and Matuskey, D and Morris, ED and Cowan, RL and Zald, DH and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Reproducibility of the correlative triad among aging,
dopamine receptor availability, and cognition.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Volume = {34},
Number = {7},
Pages = {921-932},
Year = {2019},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000403},
Abstract = {The evidence that dopamine function mediates the association
between aging and cognition is one of the most cited
findings in the cognitive neuroscience of aging. However,
few and relatively small studies have directly examined
these associations. Here we examined correlations among
adult age, dopamine D2-like receptor (D2R) availability, and
cognition in two cross-sectional studies of healthy human
adults. Participants completed a short cognitive test
battery and, on a separate day, a PET scan with either the
high-affinity D2R tracer [18F]Fallypride (Study 1) or
[11C]FLB457 (Study 2). Digit span, a measure of short-term
memory maintenance and working memory, was the only
cognitive test for which dopamine D2R availability partially
mediated the age effect on cognition. In Study 1, age was
negatively correlated with digit span. Striatal D2R
availability was positively correlated with digit span
controlling for age. The age effect on digit span was
smaller when controlling for striatal D2R availability.
Although other cognitive measures used here have
individually been associated with age and D2R availability
in prior studies, we found no consistent evidence for
significant associations between low D2R availability and
low cognitive performance on these measures. These results
at best only partially supported the correlative triad of
age, dopamine D2R availability, and cognition. While a
wealth of other research in human and nonhuman animals
demonstrates that dopamine makes critical contributions to
cognition, the present studies suggest caution in
interpreting PET findings as evidence that dopamine D2R loss
is a primary cause of broad age-related declines in fluid
cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all
rights reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/pag0000403},
Key = {fds346775}
}
@article{fds348032,
Author = {Castrellon, JJ and Young, JS and Dang, LC and Cowan, RL and Zald, DH and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Mesolimbic dopamine D2 receptors and neural representations
of subjective value.},
Journal = {Scientific reports},
Volume = {9},
Number = {1},
Pages = {20229},
Year = {2019},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56858-1},
Abstract = {The process by which the value of delayed rewards is
discounted varies from person to person. It has been
suggested that these individual differences in subjective
valuation of delayed rewards are supported by mesolimbic
dopamine D2-like receptors (D2Rs) in the ventral striatum.
However, no study to date has documented an association
between direct measures of dopamine receptors and neural
representations of subjective value in humans. Here, we
examined whether individual differences in D2R availability
were related to neural subjective value signals during
decision making. Human participants completed a monetary
delay discounting task during an fMRI scan and on a separate
visit completed a PET scan with the high affinity D2R tracer
[18 F]fallypride. Region-of-interest analyses revealed
that D2R availability in the ventral striatum was positively
correlated with subjective value-related activity in the
ventromedial prefrontal cortex and midbrain but not with
choice behavior. Whole-brain analyses revealed a positive
correlation between ventral striatum D2R availability and
subjective value-related activity in the left inferior
frontal gyrus and superior insula. These findings identify a
link between a direct measure of mesolimbic dopamine
function and subjective value representation in humans and
suggest a mechanism by which individuals vary in neural
representation of discounted subjective value.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-56858-1},
Key = {fds348032}
}
@article{fds349002,
Author = {Juarez, EJ and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Exercise, Dopamine, and Cognition in Older
Age.},
Journal = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
Volume = {23},
Number = {12},
Pages = {986-988},
Year = {2019},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.10.006},
Abstract = {Jonasson et al. investigated whether individual differences
in human dopamine receptors (D2R) were related to cognitive
performance before and after a 6-month aerobic exercise
intervention (compared with active control). While D2R
decreased (perhaps counterintuitively) with exercise, there
was no relationship between D2R and working memory at
baseline or following exercise.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2019.10.006},
Key = {fds349002}
}
@article{fds356136,
Author = {Seaman, KL and Juarez, E and Troutman, A and Salerno, J and Samanez-Larkin, S and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Decision making across adulthood during physical
distancing},
Year = {2020},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dr798},
Abstract = {<p>Covid-19-related social-distancing measures have
dramatically limited physical social contact between
individuals and increased monetary and health concerns for
individuals of all ages. We wondered how these new societal
conditions would impact the choices individuals make about
monetary, health, and social rewards, and if these
unprecedented conditions would have a differential impact on
older individuals. We conducted two racially diverse online
studies to examine temporal discounting of monetary, health,
and social rewards; stated preferences for monetary, health,
and social rewards; and social distancing behaviors. We used
the initial study (N = 233) to test our hypotheses and we
ran the second, pre-registered study (N = 243) to determine
if these relationships replicated. Both studies recruited
equal numbers of White/Caucasian, Black/African American,
and Hispanic/Latinx participants. In both studies, we found
that older adults were more likely to prefer smaller, sooner
social and health-related rewards in decision-making tasks,
despite the fact that there were no age differences in the
stated importance of social and health rewards and no age
differences in self-reported social distancing behaviors.
These data further support the assertion that older adults
have increased motivation for social and health rewards
compared to younger individuals and that motivation is
important to consider when examining decision making across
the adult life span.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/dr798},
Key = {fds356136}
}
@article{fds356137,
Author = {Seaman, KL and Abiodun, S and Fenn, Z and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Mata,
R},
Title = {Temporal Discounting Across Adulthood: A Systematic Review
and Meta-analysis},
Year = {2020},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7ysxa},
Abstract = {<p>A number of developmental theories have been proposed
that make differential predictions about the links between
age and temporal discounting, or the devaluation of future
rewards. Most empirical studies examining adult age
differences in temporal discounting have relied on economic
intertemporal choice tasks, which pit choosing a smaller,
sooner monetary reward against choosing a larger, later one.
Although initial studies using these tasks suggested older
adults discount less than younger adults, follow-up studies
provided heterogeneous, and thus inconclusive, results.
Using an open science approach, we test the replicability of
adult age differences in temporal discounting by conducting
a preregistered systematic literature search and
meta-analysis of adult age differences in intertemporal
choice tasks. Across 37 cross-sectional studies (Total N =
104,737), a planned meta-analysis found no sizeable relation
between age and temporal discounting (r = -0.068, 95% CI
[-0.170, 0.035]). We also found little evidence of
publication bias or p-hacking. Exploratory analyses of
moderators found no effect of research design (e.g.,
extreme-group vs. continuous age), incentives (hypothetical
vs. real rewards), duration of delay (e.g., days, weeks,
months, or years), or quantification of discounting behavior
(e.g., proportion of immediate choices vs. parameters from
computational modeling). Additional analyses of 12
participant-level data sets found little support for a
nonlinear relation between age and temporal discounting
across adulthood. Overall, the results suggest that younger,
middle-aged, and older adults show similar preferences for
smaller, sooner over larger, later rewards. We provide
recommendations for future empirical work on temporal
discounting across the adult life span.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/7ysxa},
Key = {fds356137}
}
@article{fds356138,
Author = {Samanez-Larkin, GR and Mottola, G and Heflin, D and Yu, L and Boyle,
P},
Title = {Overconfidence in financial knowledge associated with
financial risk tolerance in older adults},
Year = {2020},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/p5gec},
Abstract = {<p>Taking excessive financial risk in older age can have
harmful, far-reaching consequences as opportunities to
recover lost wealth are limited. Better understanding the
mechanisms of financial risk taking in older age is
critically important for both identifying vulnerabilities in
certain older adults and for developing interventions to
empower aging investors to make wise financial choices into
the most advanced ages. The goals of the present study were
to identify age differences in financial literacy,
confidence in financial knowledge, and risk taking and how
literacy and confidence were related to financial risk
taking across older adults with and without cognitive
impairment (ages 58–101). Using cross-sectional data from
the Rush Memory and Aging Project, analyses revealed that
risk aversion was higher and self-reported willingness to
take financial risks was lower at older ages. Financial
literacy was similar across the sixties and seventies but
lower at the oldest ages. However, confidence in financial
knowledge was not associated with age when controlling for
financial literacy. In exploratory analyses, a measure of
overconfidence in financial knowledge was positively
associated with self-reported financial risk tolerance but
not a behavioral measure of risk aversion. The
overconfidence effect on risk tolerance did not vary across
individuals with no cognitive impairment or Mild Cognitive
Impairment (MCI). Overconfidence accounted for about 6% of
the variance in financial risk tolerance. The present
results suggest that overconfidence may contribute to risky
financial behavior. Calibration of confidence levels to
actual literacy is a potential target for future
interventions aimed at protecting senior
investors.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/p5gec},
Key = {fds356138}
}
@article{fds356139,
Author = {Castrellon, J and Meade, J and Greenwald, L and Hurst, K and Samanez-Larkin, G},
Title = {Dopaminergic modulation of reward discounting in healthy
rats: a systematic review and meta-analysis},
Year = {2020},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.024364},
Abstract = {Although numerous studies have suggested that
pharmacological alteration of the dopamine (DA) system
modulates reward discounting, these studies have produced
inconsistent findings. Here, we conducted a systematic
review and pre-registered meta-analysis to evaluate DA
drug-mediated effects on reward discounting of time,
probability, and effort costs in studies of healthy rats.
This produced a total of 1,343 articles to screen for
inclusion/exclusion. From the literature, we identified 117
effects from approximately 1,549 individual rats. Using
random-effects with maximum-likelihood estimation, we
meta-analyzed placebo-controlled drug effects for (1) DA
D1-like receptor agonists and (2) antagonists, (3) D2-like
agonists and (4) antagonists, and (5) DA
transporter-modulating drugs. Meta-analytic effects showed
that DAT-modulating drugs decreased reward discounting.
While D1-like and D2-like antagonists both increased
discounting, agonist drugs for those receptors had no
significant effect on discounting behavior. A number of
these effects appear contingent on study design features
like cost type, rat strain, and microinfusion location.
These findings suggest a nuanced relationship between DA and
discounting behavior and urge caution when drawing
generalizations about the effects of pharmacologically
manipulating dopamine on reward-based decision
making.},
Doi = {10.1101/2020.04.03.024364},
Key = {fds356139}
}
@article{fds357568,
Author = {Abiodun, S and Salerno, J and McAllister, G and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Seaman, KL},
Title = {Adult age differences in evoked emotional responses to
dynamic facial expressions},
Year = {2020},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4u3kc},
Abstract = {<p>Objective: Facial expressions are powerful social signals
that motivate feelings and action in the observer. Research
on face processing has overwhelmingly used static facial
images, which are limited in their ecological validity.
Previous research on the age-related positivity effect and
age differences in social motivation suggest that older
adults might experience different evoked emotional responses
to facial expressions than younger adults. Here we were
explored age-related differences in evoked responses to
dynamic facial expressions across adulthood.
<h4>Method:</h4> We used dynamic facial expressions which
varied by expression type (happy, sad, angry) and expression
level (low, medium, full) to gather participant ratings on
their evoked emotional response to these stimuli along the
dimensions of valence (positive vs. negative) and arousal.
<h4>Results:</h4> As predicted, older adults rated the
emotions evoked by positive facial expressions (happy) more
positively than younger adults. Further, older adults rated
the emotion evoked by negative facial expressions (angry and
sad) more negatively than younger adults. Contrary to our
predictions, older adults did not differ significantly in
arousal to negative expressions compared to younger adults.
Across all ages, individuals rated positive expressions as
more arousing than negative expressions.
<h4>Discussion:</h4> The findings provide some evidence that
older adults may be more sensitive to variations in dynamic
facial expressions than younger adults, particularly in
terms of their estimates of valence. These dynamic facial
stimuli that vary in magnitude are promising for future
studies of more naturalistic affect elicitation, studies of
social incentive processing, and use in incentive-driven
choice tasks.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/4u3kc},
Key = {fds357568}
}
@article{fds345724,
Author = {Löckenhoff, CE and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Age Differences in Intertemporal Choice: The Role of Task
Type, Outcome Characteristics, and Covariates.},
Journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological
sciences and social sciences},
Volume = {75},
Number = {1},
Pages = {85-95},
Year = {2020},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz097},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Prior research has revealed age
differences in the preferred timing of monetary outcomes,
but results are inconsistent across studies. The present
study examined the role of task type, outcome
characteristics, and a range of theoretically implicated
covariates that may contribute to variations in age
effects.<h4>Method</h4>Two types of intertemporal choice
paradigms (temporal discounting and sequence construction)
were administered to a diverse life-span sample (n = 287,
aged 18-87). The design experimentally manipulated outcome
delay (months vs years), amount (hundreds vs thousands), and
valence (gain vs loss) while statistically controlling for a
range of potential covariates including demographics,
affect, personality, time perspective, subjective health,
and numeracy.<h4>Results</h4>In the temporal discounting
task, no significant age differences were observed and this
pattern did not differ by outcome delay, amount, or valence.
In the sequence-construction task, age was associated with a
preference for sequences of decreasing impact in the gain
condition but not in the loss condition, whereas outcome
delay and amount did not moderate age effects. Age patterns
in discounting and sequences preferences remained unchanged
after controlling for covariates.<h4>Discussion</h4>These
findings converge with prior studies reporting weak or null
effects of age in temporal discounting tasks and suggest
that inconsistent results are not due to variations in
outcome valence, delay, or amount across studies. Findings
also add to the scarce evidence for age differences
sequence-preferences. After discussing methodological
limitations, we consider implications for future research
and practice.},
Doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbz097},
Key = {fds345724}
}
@article{fds338426,
Author = {Löckenhoff, CE and Rutt, JL and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Gallagher, C and O'Donoghue, T and Reyna, VF},
Title = {Age Effects in Sequence-Construction for a Continuous
Cognitive Task: Similar Sequence-Trends but Fewer
Switch-Points.},
Journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological
sciences and social sciences},
Volume = {75},
Number = {4},
Pages = {762-771},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby090},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Many real-life settings require decision
makers to sort a predetermined set of outcomes or activities
into a preferred sequence and people vary in whether they
prefer to tackle the most challenging aspects first, leave
them for the last, or intersperse them with less challenging
outcomes. Prior research on age differences in
sequence-preferences has focused on discrete and
hypothetical events. The present study expands this work by
examining sequence-preferences for a realistic, continuous,
sustained, and cognitively challenging task.<h4>Methods</h4>Participants
(N = 121, aged 21-86) were asked to complete 10 min of a
difficult cognitive task (2-back), 10 min of an easy
cognitive task (1-back), and 10 min of rest over the course
of a 30-min interval. They could complete the tasks in any
order and switch tasks as often as they wished and they were
rewarded for correct performance. Additional measures
included affective and physiological responses, task
accuracy, time-perspective, and demographics.<h4>Results</h4>The
majority of participants constructed sequences with
decreasing task difficulty. Preferences for the general
trend of the sequence were not significantly related to age,
but the number of switches among the tasks decreased with
age, and task-switching tended to incur greater accuracy
decrements among older as compared to younger
adults.<h4>Discussion</h4>We address potential
methodological concerns, discuss theoretical implications,
and consider potential real-life applications.},
Doi = {10.1093/geronb/gby090},
Key = {fds338426}
}
@article{fds349001,
Author = {Burr, DA and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Advances in Emotion-Regulation Choice from Experience
Sampling.},
Journal = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
Volume = {24},
Number = {5},
Pages = {344-346},
Year = {2020},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.02.008},
Abstract = {Recent experience-sampling studies by Blanke et al. and
Grommisch et al. provide insights into how individuals
regulate their emotions in daily life. The rich datasets
accessible from experience sampling allow researchers to
detect nuances in the relationship between
emotion-regulation choice and psychological health that may
not be observed in traditional laboratory
studies.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2020.02.008},
Key = {fds349001}
}
@article{fds349874,
Author = {Botvinik-Nezer, R and Holzmeister, F and Camerer, CF and Dreber, A and Huber, J and Johannesson, M and Kirchler, M and Iwanir, R and Mumford,
JA and Adcock, RA and Avesani, P and Baczkowski, BM and Bajracharya, A and Bakst, L and Ball, S and Barilari, M and Bault, N and Beaton, D and Beitner, J and Benoit, RG and Berkers, RMWJ and Bhanji, JP and Biswal,
BB and Bobadilla-Suarez, S and Bortolini, T and Bottenhorn, KL and Bowring, A and Braem, S and Brooks, HR and Brudner, EG and Calderon, CB and Camilleri, JA and Castrellon, JJ and Cecchetti, L and Cieslik, EC and Cole, ZJ and Collignon, O and Cox, RW and Cunningham, WA and Czoschke,
S and Dadi, K and Davis, CP and Luca, AD and Delgado, MR and Demetriou, L and Dennison, JB and Di, X and Dickie, EW and Dobryakova, E and Donnat, CL and Dukart, J and Duncan, NW and Durnez, J and Eed, A and Eickhoff, SB and Erhart, A and Fontanesi, L and Fricke, GM and Fu, S and Galván, A and Gau,
R and Genon, S and Glatard, T and Glerean, E and Goeman, JJ and Golowin,
SAE and González-García, C and Gorgolewski, KJ and Grady, CL and Green, MA and Guassi Moreira and JF and Guest, O and Hakimi, S and Hamilton, JP and Hancock, R and Handjaras, G and Harry, BB and Hawco, C and Herholz, P and Herman, G and Heunis, S and Hoffstaedter, F and Hogeveen,
J and Holmes, S and Hu, C-P and Huettel, SA and Hughes, ME and Iacovella,
V and Iordan, AD and Isager, PM and Isik, AI and Jahn, A and Johnson, MR and Johnstone, T and Joseph, MJE and Juliano, AC and Kable, JW and Kassinopoulos, M and Koba, C and Kong, X-Z and Koscik, TR and Kucukboyaci, NE and Kuhl, BA and Kupek, S and Laird, AR and Lamm, C and Langner, R and Lauharatanahirun, N and Lee, H and Lee, S and Leemans, A and Leo, A and Lesage, E and Li, F and Li, MYC and Lim, PC and Lintz, EN and Liphardt, SW and Losecaat Vermeer and AB and Love, BC and Mack, ML and Malpica, N and Marins, T and Maumet, C and McDonald, K and McGuire, JT and Melero, H and Méndez Leal and AS and Meyer, B and Meyer, KN and Mihai, G and Mitsis, GD and Moll, J and Nielson, DM and Nilsonne, G and Notter, MP and Olivetti, E and Onicas, AI and Papale, P and Patil, KR and Peelle, JE and Pérez, A and Pischedda, D and Poline, J-B and Prystauka, Y and Ray, S and Reuter-Lorenz, PA and Reynolds, RC and Ricciardi, E and Rieck, JR and Rodriguez-Thompson, AM and Romyn, A and Salo, T and Samanez-Larkin,
GR and Sanz-Morales, E and Schlichting, ML and Schultz, DH and Shen, Q and Sheridan, MA and Silvers, JA and Skagerlund, K and Smith, A and Smith,
DV and Sokol-Hessner, P and Steinkamp, SR and Tashjian, SM and Thirion,
B and Thorp, JN and Tinghög, G and Tisdall, L and Tompson, SH and Toro-Serey, C and Torre Tresols and JJ and Tozzi, L and Truong, V and Turella, L and van 't Veer, AE and Verguts, T and Vettel, JM and Vijayarajah, S and Vo, K and Wall, MB and Weeda, WD and Weis, S and White,
DJ and Wisniewski, D and Xifra-Porxas, A and Yearling, EA and Yoon, S and Yuan, R and Yuen, KSL and Zhang, L and Zhang, X and Zosky, JE and Nichols,
TE and Poldrack, RA and Schonberg, T},
Title = {Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset
by many teams.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {582},
Number = {7810},
Pages = {84-88},
Year = {2020},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2314-9},
Abstract = {Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have
become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the
effect of this flexibility on the results of functional
magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams
to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante
hypotheses1. The flexibility of analytical approaches is
exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical
workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in
sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even
for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at
intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline. Variation in
reported results was related to several aspects of analysis
methodology. Notably, a meta-analytical approach that
aggregated information across teams yielded a significant
consensus in activated regions. Furthermore, prediction
markets of researchers in the field revealed an
overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings,
even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset2-5.
Our findings show that analytical flexibility can have
substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and identify
factors that may be related to variability in the analysis
of functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results
emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex
analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for performing
and reporting multiple analyses of the same data. Potential
approaches that could be used to mitigate issues related to
analytical variability are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2314-9},
Key = {fds349874}
}
@article{fds356134,
Author = {Sinclair, AH and Stanley, M and Hakimi, S and Cabeza, R and Adcock, A and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Imagining a Personalized Scenario Selectively Increases
Perceived Risk of Viral Transmission for Older
Adults},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6m5p4},
Abstract = {<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has created a serious and prolonged
public-health emergency. Older adults have been at
significantly greater risk of hospitalization, ICU
admission, and death due to COVID-19; as of February 2021,
over 81% of COVID-19-related deaths in the U.S. occurred for
people over the age of 65. Converging evidence from around
the world suggests that age is the most significant risk
factor for severe COVID-19 illness and for the experience of
adverse health outcomes. Therefore, effectively
communicating health-related risk information requires
tailoring interventions to older adults’ needs. Using a
novel informational intervention with a nationally-representative
sample of 546 U.S. residents, we found that older adults
reported increased perceived risk of COVID-19 transmission
after imagining a personalized scenario with social
consequences. Although older adults tended to forget
numerical information over time, the personalized
simulations elicited increases in perceived risk that
persisted over a 1-3 week delay. Overall, our results bear
broad implications for communicating information about
health risks to older adults, and suggest new strategies to
combat annual influenza outbreaks.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/6m5p4},
Key = {fds356134}
}
@article{fds356135,
Author = {Sinclair, AH and Hakimi, S and Stanley, M and Adcock, A and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Pairing Facts with Imagined Consequences Improves
Pandemic-Related Risk Perception},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/53a9f},
Abstract = {<p>The COVID-19 pandemic reached staggering new peaks during
a global resurgence more than a year after the crisis began.
Although public health guidelines initially helped to slow
the spread of disease, widespread pandemic fatigue and
prolonged harm to financial stability and mental wellbeing
contributed to this resurgence. In the late stage of the
pandemic, it became clear that new interventions were needed
to support long-term behavior change. Here, we examined
subjective perceived risk about COVID-19, and the
relationship between perceived risk and engagement in risky
behaviors. In Study 1 (N = 303), we found that subjective
perceived risk was likely inaccurate, but predicted
compliance with public health guidelines. In Study 2 (N =
735), we developed a multi-faceted intervention designed to
realign perceived risk with actual risk. Participants
completed an episodic simulation task; we expected that
imagining a COVID-related scenario would increase the
salience of risk information and enhance behavior change.
Immediately following the episodic simulation, participants
completed a risk estimation task with individualized
feedback about local risk levels. We found that information
prediction error, a measure of surprise, drove beneficial
change in perceived risk and willingness to engage in risky
activities. Imagining a COVID-related scenario beforehand
enhanced the effect of prediction error on learning.
Importantly, our intervention produced lasting effects that
persisted after a 1-3 week delay. Overall, we describe a
fast and feasible online intervention that effectively
changed beliefs and intentions about risky
behaviors.</p>},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/53a9f},
Key = {fds356135}
}
@article{fds357567,
Author = {Green, M and Seaman, K and Crawford, J and Kuhnen, C and Samanez-Larkin,
G},
Title = {Multivariate associations between dopamine receptor
availability and risky investment decision making across
adulthood},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.15.448537},
Abstract = {Pharmacological manipulations have revealed that enhancing
dopamine increases financial risk taking across adulthood.
However, it is unclear whether baseline individual
differences in dopamine function, assessed using PET
imaging, are related to performance on risky financial
decision making tasks. Here, thirty-five healthy adults
completed an incentive-compatible learning-based risky
investment decision task and a PET scan at rest using
[11C]FLB457 to assess dopamine D2-like receptor
availability. In the task, participants made choices between
a safe asset (bond) and a risky asset (stock) with either an
expected value less than the bond (“bad stock”) or
expected value greater than the bond (“good stock”).
Five measures of behavioral performance (choice
inflexibility, risk seeking, suboptimal investment) and
beliefs (absolute error, optimism) were extracted from the
task data and average non-displaceable dopamine D2-like
binding potential was extracted from four brain regions of
interest (midbrain, amygdala, anterior cingulate, insula)
from the PET imaging data. Given the presence of multiple
independent and dependent variables, we used canonical
correlation analysis (CCA) to evaluate multivariate
associations between learning-based decision making and
dopamine function controlling for age. Decomposition of the
first dimension (r = .76) revealed that the strongest
associations were between measures of choice inflexibility,
incorrect choice, optimism, amygdala binding potential, and
age. Follow-up univariate analyses revealed that amygdala
binding potential and age were both independently associated
with choice inflexibility. The findings reveal latent
associations between baseline neural and behavioral measures
suggesting that individual differences in dopamine function
may be associated with learning-based financial risk taking
in healthy adults.},
Doi = {10.1101/2021.06.15.448537},
Key = {fds357567}
}
@article{fds362165,
Author = {Castrellon, J and Young, J and Dang, L and Smith, C and Cowan, R and Zald,
D and Samanez-Larkin, G},
Title = {Dopamine biases sensitivity to personal goals and social
influence in self-control over everyday desires},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.10.459829},
Abstract = {People regularly give in to daily temptations in spite of
conflict with personal goals. To test hypotheses about
neuropharmacological influences on self-control, we used
positron emission tomography to measure dopamine D2-like
receptors (D2R) and experience sampling surveys to
naturalistically track daily desires outside the laboratory
in everyday life in a sample of 103 adults. Higher D2R
availability in the ventral striatum was associated with
increased sensitivity to personal goal conflict but not
desire strength in deciding whether to attempt to resist a
desire. The influence of D2Rs on sensitivity to personal
goal conflict depended on whether desires were experienced
in a social context. D2R availability in the midbrain (but
not the ventral striatum) influenced whether desires were
enacted. These findings provide unique evidence that the
dopamine system influences decision making and regulatory
behavior and provides new insights into how these mechanisms
interact with personal goals and social contexts.},
Doi = {10.1101/2021.09.10.459829},
Key = {fds362165}
}
@article{fds353509,
Author = {Castrellon, JJ and Meade, J and Greenwald, L and Hurst, K and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Dopaminergic modulation of reward discounting in healthy
rats: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
Journal = {Psychopharmacology},
Volume = {238},
Number = {3},
Pages = {711-723},
Year = {2021},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05723-5},
Abstract = {<h4>Rationale</h4>Although numerous studies have suggested
that pharmacological alteration of the dopamine (DA) system
modulates reward discounting, these studies have produced
inconsistent findings.<h4>Objectives</h4>Here, we conducted
a systematic review and pre-registered meta-analysis to
evaluate DA drug-mediated effects on reward discounting of
time, probability, and effort costs in studies of healthy
rats. This produced a total of 1343 articles to screen for
inclusion/exclusion. From the literature, we identified 117
effects from approximately 1549 individual
rats.<h4>Methods</h4>Using random effects with
maximum-likelihood estimation, we meta-analyzed
placebo-controlled drug effects for (1) DA D1-like receptor
agonists and (2) antagonists, (3) D2-like agonists and (4)
antagonists, and (5) DA transporter-modulating
drugs.<h4>Results</h4>Meta-analytic effects showed that
DAT-modulating drugs decreased reward discounting. While
D1-like and D2-like antagonists both increased discounting,
agonist drugs for those receptors had no significant effect
on discounting behavior. A number of these effects appear
contingent on study design features like cost type, rat
strain, and microinfusion location.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These
findings suggest a nuanced relationship between DA and
discounting behavior and urge caution when drawing
generalizations about the effects of pharmacologically
manipulating dopamine on reward-based decision-making.},
Doi = {10.1007/s00213-020-05723-5},
Key = {fds353509}
}
@article{fds348794,
Author = {Burr, DA and Castrellon, JJ and Zald, DH and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Emotion dynamics across adulthood in everyday life: Older
adults are more emotionally stable and better at regulating
desires.},
Journal = {Emotion (Washington, D.C.)},
Volume = {21},
Number = {3},
Pages = {453-464},
Year = {2021},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000734},
Abstract = {Older adults report experiencing improved emotional health,
such as more intense positive affect and less intense
negative affect. However, there are mixed findings on
whether older adults are better at regulating emotion-a
hallmark feature of emotional health-and most research is
based on laboratory studies that may not capture how people
regulate their emotions in everyday life. We used experience
sampling to examine how multiple measures of emotional
health, including mean affect, dynamic fluctuations between
affective states and the ability to resist desires-a common
form of emotion regulation-differ in daily life across
adulthood. Participants (<i>N</i> = 122, ages 20-80)
reported how they were feeling and responding to desire
temptations for 10 days. Older adults experienced more
intense positive affect, less intense negative affect, and
were more emotionally stable, even after controlling for
individual differences in global life satisfaction. Older
adults were more successful at regulating desires, even
though they experienced more intense desires than younger
adults. In addition, adults in general experiencing more
intense affect were less successful at resisting desires.
These results demonstrate how emotional experience is
related to more successful desire regulation in everyday
life and provide unique evidence that emotional health and
regulation improve with age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c)
2021 APA, all rights reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/emo0000734},
Key = {fds348794}
}
@article{fds358693,
Author = {Sinclair, AH and Stanley, ML and Hakimi, S and Cabeza, R and Adcock, RA and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Imagining a Personalized Scenario Selectively Increases
Perceived Risk of Viral Transmission for Older
Adults.},
Journal = {Nat Aging},
Volume = {1},
Number = {8},
Pages = {677-683},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {2021},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43587-021-00095-7},
Abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has created a serious and prolonged
public-health emergency. Older adults have been at
substantially greater risk of hospitalization, ICU
admission, and death due to COVID-19; as of February 2021,
over 81% of COVID-19-related deaths in the U.S. occurred for
people over the age of 651,2. Converging evidence from
around the world suggests that age is the greatest risk
factor for severe COVID-19 illness and for the experience of
adverse health outcomes3,4. Therefore, effectively
communicating health-related risk information requires
tailoring interventions to older adults' needs5. Using a
novel informational intervention with a nationally-representative
sample of 546 U.S. residents, we found that older adults
reported increased perceived risk of COVID-19 transmission
after imagining a personalized scenario with social
consequences. Although older adults tended to forget
numerical information over time, the personalized
simulations elicited increases in perceived risk that
persisted over a 1-3 week delay. Overall, our results bear
broad implications for communicating information about
health risks to older adults, and they suggest new
strategies to combat annual influenza outbreaks.},
Doi = {10.1038/s43587-021-00095-7},
Key = {fds358693}
}
@article{fds358299,
Author = {Sinclair, AH and Hakimi, S and Stanley, ML and Adcock, RA and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Pairing facts with imagined consequences improves
pandemic-related risk perception.},
Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
Volume = {118},
Number = {32},
Pages = {e2100970118},
Year = {2021},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100970118},
Abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic reached staggering new peaks during a
global resurgence more than a year after the crisis began.
Although public health guidelines initially helped to slow
the spread of disease, widespread pandemic fatigue and
prolonged harm to financial stability and mental well-being
contributed to this resurgence. In the late stage of the
pandemic, it became clear that new interventions were needed
to support long-term behavior change. Here, we examined
subjective perceived risk about COVID-19 and the
relationship between perceived risk and engagement in risky
behaviors. In study 1 (n = 303), we found that subjective
perceived risk was likely inaccurate but predicted
compliance with public health guidelines. In study 2 (n =
735), we developed a multifaceted intervention designed to
realign perceived risk with actual risk. Participants
completed an episodic simulation task; we expected that
imagining a COVID-related scenario would increase the
salience of risk information and enhance behavior change.
Immediately following the episodic simulation, participants
completed a risk estimation task with individualized
feedback about local viral prevalence. We found that
information prediction error, a measure of surprise, drove
beneficial change in perceived risk and willingness to
engage in risky activities. Imagining a COVID-related
scenario beforehand enhanced the effect of prediction error
on learning. Importantly, our intervention produced lasting
effects that persisted after a 1- to 3-wk delay. Overall, we
describe a fast and feasible online intervention that
effectively changed beliefs and intentions about risky
behaviors.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.2100970118},
Key = {fds358299}
}
@article{fds358111,
Author = {Bazley, W and Korniotis, GM and Samanez-Larkin,
GR},
Title = {Can the Past Hinder Investor Learning?},
Year = {2021},
Month = {November},
Key = {fds358111}
}
@article{fds362164,
Author = {Sinclair, AH and Taylor, M and Brandel-Tanis, FA and Davidson, A and Chande, A and Rishishwar, L and Andris, C and Adcock, A and Weitz, J and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Beckett, S},
Title = {Communicating COVID-19 Exposure Risk with an Interactive
Website Counteracts Risk Misestimation},
Volume = {18},
Number = {10},
Pages = {e0290708},
Booktitle = {PsyArXiv},
Year = {2022},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/v8tdf},
Abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals depended on risk
information to make decisions about everyday behaviors and
public policy. Here, we assessed whether an interactive
website influenced individuals' risk tolerance to support
public health goals. We collected data from 11,169 unique
users who engaged with the online COVID-19 Event Risk Tool
(https://covid19risk.biosci.gatech.edu/) between 9/22/21 and
1/22/22. The website featured interactive elements,
including a dynamic risk map, survey questions, and a risk
quiz with accuracy feedback. After learning about the risk
of COVID-19 exposure, participants reported being less
willing to participate in events that could spread COVID-19,
especially for high-risk large events. We also uncovered a
bias in risk estimation: Participants tended to overestimate
the risk of small events but underestimate the risk of large
events. Importantly, even participants who voluntarily
sought information about COVID risks tended to misestimate
exposure risk, demonstrating the need for intervention.
Participants from liberal-leaning counties were more likely
to use the website tools and more responsive to feedback
about risk misestimation, indicating that political
partisanship influences how individuals seek and engage with
COVID-19 information. Lastly, we explored temporal dynamics
and found that user engagement and risk estimation
fluctuated over the course of the Omicron variant outbreak.
Overall, we report an effective large-scale method for
communicating viral exposure risk; our findings are relevant
to broader research on risk communication, epidemiological
modeling, and risky decision-making.},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/v8tdf},
Key = {fds362164}
}
@article{fds363999,
Author = {Sinclair, AH and Taylor, M and Davidson, A and Weitz, J and Beckett, S and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Scenario-Based Messages on Social Media Motivate COVID-19
Information Seeking},
Booktitle = {PsyArXiv},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2022},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/en35p},
Abstract = {Communicating information about health risks empowers
individuals to make informed decisions. To identify
effective communication strategies, we manipulated the
specificity, self-relevance, and emotional framing of
messages designed to motivate information seeking about
COVID-19 exposure risk. In Study 1 (N = 221,829), we
conducted a large-scale social media field study. Using
Facebook advertisements, we targeted users by age and
political attitudes. Episodic specificity drove engagement:
Advertisements that contextualized risk in specific
scenarios produced the highest click-through rates, across
all demographic groups. In Study 2, we replicated and
extended our findings in an online experiment (N = 4,233).
Message specificity (but not self-relevance or emotional
valence) drove interest in learning about COVID-19 risks.
Across both studies, we found that older adults and liberals
were more interested in learning about COVID-19 risks.
However, message specificity increased engagement across
demographic groups. Overall, evoking specific scenarios
motivated information seeking about COVID-19, facilitating
risk communication to a broad audience.},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/en35p},
Key = {fds363999}
}
@article{fds365959,
Author = {Taylor, M and Marsh, E and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Heuristic Decision Making Across Adulthood},
Volume = {38},
Number = {6},
Pages = {508-518},
Booktitle = {PsyArXiv},
Year = {2022},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dp3x5},
Abstract = {In general, research on aging and decision-making has grown
in recent years. Yet, little work has investigated how
reliance on classic heuristics may differ across adulthood.
For example, younger adults rely on the availability of
information from memory when judging the relative frequency
of plane crashes versus car accidents, but it is unclear if
older adults are similarly reliant on this heuristic. In the
present study, participants aged 20-90 years old made
judgments that could be answered by relying on five
different heuristics: anchoring, availability, recognition,
representativeness, and sunk-cost bias. We found no evidence
of age-related differences in the use of the classic
heuristics-younger and older adults employed anchoring,
availability, recognition, and representativeness to equal
degrees in order to make decisions. However, replicating
past work, we found age-related differences in the sunk-cost
bias-older adults were more likely to avoid this fallacy
compared to younger adults. We explain these different
patterns by drawing on the distinctive roles that stored
knowledge and personal experience likely play across
heuristics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all
rights reserved).},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/dp3x5},
Key = {fds365959}
}
@article{fds362096,
Author = {Seaman, KL and Abiodun, SJ and Fenn, Z and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Mata,
R},
Title = {Temporal discounting across adulthood: A systematic review
and meta-analysis.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Volume = {37},
Number = {1},
Pages = {111-124},
Year = {2022},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000634},
Abstract = {A number of developmental theories have been proposed that
make differential predictions about the links between age
and temporal discounting, or the devaluation of future
rewards. Most empirical studies examining adult age
differences in temporal discounting have relied on economic
intertemporal choice tasks, which pit choosing a smaller,
sooner monetary reward against choosing a larger, later one.
Although initial studies using these tasks suggested older
adults discount less than younger adults, follow-up studies
provided heterogeneous, and thus inconclusive, results.
Using an open science approach, we test the replicability of
adult age differences in temporal discounting by conducting
a preregistered systematic literature search and
meta-analysis of adult age differences in intertemporal
choice tasks. Across 37 cross-sectional studies (Total N =
104,737), a planned meta-analysis found no sizeable relation
between age and temporal discounting, r = -0.068, 95% CI
[-0.170, 0.035]. We also found little evidence of
publication bias or p-hacking. Exploratory analyses of
moderators found no effect of research design (e.g.,
extreme-group vs. continuous age), incentives (hypothetical
vs. real rewards), duration of delay (e.g., days, weeks,
months, or years), or quantification of discounting behavior
(e.g., proportion of immediate choices vs. parameters from
computational modeling). Additional analyses of 12
participant-level data sets found little support for a
nonlinear relation between age and temporal discounting
across adulthood. Overall, the results suggest that younger,
middle-aged, and older adults show similar preferences for
smaller, sooner over larger, later rewards. We provide
recommendations for future empirical work on temporal
discounting across the adult life span. (PsycInfo Database
Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/pag0000634},
Key = {fds362096}
}
@article{fds358298,
Author = {Seaman, KL and Juarez, EJ and Troutman, A and Salerno, JM and Samanez-Larkin, SP and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Decision Making across Adulthood during Physical
Distancing.},
Journal = {Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol
Cogn},
Volume = {30},
Number = {1},
Pages = {53-65},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2021.1962793},
Abstract = {Covid-19-related social-distancing measures have
dramatically limited physical social contact between
individuals and increased monetary and health concerns for
individuals of all ages. We wondered how these new societal
conditions would impact the choices individuals make about
monetary, health, and social rewards, and if these
unprecedented conditions would have a differential impact on
older individuals. We conducted two online studies to
examine temporal discounting of monetary, health, and social
rewards; stated preferences for monetary, health, and social
rewards; and physical distancing behaviors. Both studies
recruited equal numbers of White/Caucasian, Black/African
American, and Hispanic/Latinx participants. We found that
older adults were more likely to prefer smaller, sooner
social and health-related rewards in decision-making tasks.
These data further support the assertion that older adults
have increased motivation for social and health rewards
compared to younger individuals and that these age
differences in motivation are important to consider when
examining decision-making across the adult life
span.},
Doi = {10.1080/13825585.2021.1962793},
Key = {fds358298}
}
@article{fds369179,
Author = {Sinclair, AH and Taylor, MK and Weitz, JS and Beckett, SJ and Samanez-Larkin, GR},
Title = {Reasons for Receiving or Not Receiving Bivalent COVID-19
Booster Vaccinations Among Adults - United States, November
1-December 10, 2022.},
Journal = {MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report},
Volume = {72},
Number = {3},
Pages = {73-75},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7203a5},
Abstract = {Bivalent COVID-19 booster vaccines, developed to protect
against both ancestral and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 variants, are
recommended to increase protection against SARS-CoV-2
infection and severe disease* (1,2). However, relatively few
eligible U.S. adults have received a bivalent booster dose
(3), and reasons for low coverage are unclear. An opt-in
Internet survey of 1,200 COVID-19-vaccinated U.S. adults was
conducted to assess reasons for receiving or not receiving a
bivalent booster dose. Participants could select multiple
reasons from a list of suggested reasons to report why they
had or had not received a bivalent booster dose. The most
common reasons cited for not receiving the bivalent booster
dose were lack of awareness of eligibility for vaccination
(23.2%) or of vaccine availability (19.3%), and perceived
immunity against infection (18.9%). After viewing
information about eligibility and availability, 67.8% of
participants who had not received the bivalent booster dose
indicated that they planned to do so; in a follow-up survey
1 month later, 28.6% of these participants reported having
received the dose. Among those who had planned to receive
the booster dose but had not yet done so, 82.6% still
intended to do so. Participants who had still not received
the booster dose most commonly reported being too busy to
get vaccinated (35.6%). To help increase bivalent booster
dose coverage, health care and public health professionals
should use evidence-based strategies to convey information
about booster vaccination recommendations and waning
immunity (4), while also working to increase convenient
access.},
Doi = {10.15585/mmwr.mm7203a5},
Key = {fds369179}
}
@article{fds370892,
Author = {Green, MA and Crawford, JL and Kuhnen, CM and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Seaman, KL},
Title = {Multivariate associations between dopamine receptor
availability and risky investment decision-making across
adulthood.},
Journal = {Cerebral cortex communications},
Volume = {4},
Number = {2},
Pages = {tgad008},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/texcom/tgad008},
Abstract = {Enhancing dopamine increases financial risk taking across
adulthood but it is unclear whether baseline individual
differences in dopamine function are related to risky
financial decisions. Here, thirty-five healthy adults
completed an incentive-compatible risky investment decision
task and a PET scan at rest using [11C]FLB457 to assess
dopamine D2-like receptor availability. Participants made
choices between a safe asset (bond) and a risky asset
(stock) with either an expected value less than the bond
("bad stock") or expected value greater than the bond ("good
stock"). Five measures of behavior (choice inflexibility,
risk seeking, suboptimal investment) and beliefs (absolute
error, optimism) were computed and D2-like binding potential
was extracted from four brain regions of interest (midbrain,
amygdala, anterior cingulate, insula). We used canonical
correlation analysis to evaluate multivariate associations
between decision-making and dopamine function controlling
for age. Decomposition of the first dimension
(<i>r</i> = 0.76) revealed that the strongest
associations were between measures of choice inflexibility,
incorrect choice, optimism, amygdala binding potential, and
age. Follow-up univariate analyses revealed that amygdala
binding potential and age were both independently associated
with choice inflexibility. The findings suggest that
individual differences in dopamine function may be
associated with financial risk taking in healthy
adults.},
Doi = {10.1093/texcom/tgad008},
Key = {fds370892}
}
@article{fds374402,
Author = {Castrellon, JJ and Zald, DH and Samanez-Larkin, GR and Seaman,
KL},
Title = {Adult age-related differences in susceptibility to social
conformity pressures in self-control over daily
desires.},
Journal = {Psychology and aging},
Year = {2023},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000790},
Abstract = {Developmental literature suggests that susceptibility to
social conformity pressure peaks in adolescence and
disappears with maturity into early adulthood. Predictions
about these behaviors are less clear for middle-aged and
older adults. On the one hand, while age-related increases
in prioritization of socioemotional goals might predict
greater susceptibility to social conformity pressures, aging
is also associated with enhanced emotion regulation that
could support resistance to conformity pressures. In this
exploratory research study, we used mobile experience
sampling surveys to naturalistically track how 157 healthy
adults between the ages of 18 and 80 practice self-control
over spontaneous desires in daily life. Many of these
desires were experienced in the presence of others enacting
that desire. Results showed that middle-aged and older
adults were better at controlling their desires than younger
adults when desires were experienced in the presence of
others enacting that desire. Consistent with the literature
on improved emotion regulation with age, these results
provide evidence that the ability to resist social
conformity pressure is enhanced across the adult life span.
(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights
reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/pag0000790},
Key = {fds374402}
}
@article{fds372974,
Author = {Abiodun, SJ and Salerno, JM and McAllister, GA and Samanez-Larkin,
GR and Seaman, KL},
Title = {Adult Age Differences in Evoked Emotional Responses to
Dynamic Facial Expressions.},
Journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological
sciences and social sciences},
Volume = {79},
Number = {1},
Pages = {gbad141},
Year = {2024},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbad141},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>Facial expressions are powerful social
signals that motivate feelings and actions in the observer.
Research on face processing has overwhelmingly used static
facial images, which have limited ecological validity.
Previous research on the age-related positivity effect and
age differences in social motivation suggest that older
adults might experience different evoked emotional responses
to facial expressions than younger adults. Here, we
introduce a new method to explore age-related differences in
evoked responses to dynamic facial expressions across
adulthood.<h4>Methods</h4>We used dynamic facial expressions
which varied by expression type (happy, sad, and angry) and
expression magnitude (low, medium, and full) to gather
participant ratings on their evoked emotional response to
these stimuli along the dimensions of valence (positive vs
negative) and arousal.<h4>Results</h4>As predicted, older
adults rated the emotions evoked by positive facial
expressions (happy) more positively than younger adults.
Furthermore, older adults rated the emotion evoked by
negative facial expressions (angry and sad) more negatively
than younger adults. Contrary to our predictions, older
adults did not differ significantly in arousal to negative
expressions compared with younger adults. Across all ages,
individuals rated positive expressions as more arousing than
negative expressions.<h4>Discussion</h4>The findings provide
some evidence that older adults may be more sensitive to
variations in dynamic facial expressions than younger
adults, particularly in terms of their estimates of valence.
These dynamic facial stimuli that vary in magnitude are
promising for future studies of more naturalistic affect
elicitation, studies of social incentive processing, and use
in incentive-driven choice tasks.},
Doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbad141},
Key = {fds372974}
}
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