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| Publications of David J. Madden :chronological alphabetical combined listing:%% Journal Articles @article{fds346503, Author = {Cunha, PP and Zhuang, J and Wright, JP and Madden, DJ and Potter, GG and Allen, K and Lad, E and Cousins, SW and Whitson, H}, Title = {Discrepancy between self-reported vision and visual acuity in patients with age-related macular degeneration.}, Journal = {JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY}, Volume = {66}, Pages = {S315-S315}, Publisher = {WILEY}, Year = {2018}, Month = {April}, Key = {fds346503} } @article{fds274816, Author = {Johnson, MA and Diaz, MT and Madden, DJ}, Title = {DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING (DTI) OF CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER INTEGRITY: GLOBAL VERSUS TRACT-SPECIFIC EFFECTS AND MEDIATION OF AGE-RELATED SLOWING}, Journal = {JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE}, Pages = {222-222}, Publisher = {MIT PRESS}, Year = {2013}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0898-929X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000317030501234&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds274816} } @article{fds274817, Author = {Diaz, MT and Johnson, MA and Pecoraro, A and Burke, DM and Madden, DJ}, Title = {FUNCTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN PHONOLOGICAL AND SEMANTIC PROCESSES UNDER DISTRACTING CONDITIONS}, Journal = {JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE}, Pages = {223-223}, Publisher = {MIT PRESS}, Year = {2013}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0898-929X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000317030501236&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds274817} } @article{fds274828, Author = {Bucur, B and Madden, DJ and Spaniol, J and Provenzale, JM and White, LE and Cabeza, R and Huettel, SA}, Title = {Age-related decreases in cerebral white matter integrity: Implications for episodic and semantic retrieval processes}, Journal = {JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE}, Pages = {234-234}, Publisher = {M I T PRESS}, Year = {2005}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0898-929X}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000227878701400&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds274828} } @article{fds39061, Author = {Madden DJ and Langley LK and Denny LL and Turkington TG and Provenzale JM, Hawk TC and Coleman RE}, Title = {Adult age differences in visual word identification: functional neuroanatomy by positron emission tomography}, Journal = {Brain Cogn.}, Volume = {49}, Number = {3}, Pages = {297-321}, Year = {2002}, Month = {August}, Key = {fds39061} } @article{fds39063, Author = {Madden, DJ}, Title = {Speed and timing of behavioral processes}, Series = {5th}, Pages = {288-312}, Booktitle = {Handbook of the psychology of aging}, Publisher = {San Diego: Academic Press}, Editor = {J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie}, Year = {2001}, Key = {fds39063} } @article{fds274827, Author = {MADDEN, DJ}, Title = {AGING AND THE ATTENTIONAL CAPACITY DEMANDS OF VISUAL-SEARCH}, Journal = {GERONTOLOGIST}, Volume = {25}, Pages = {230-230}, Publisher = {GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER}, Year = {1985}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0016-9013}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1985ASJ8800791&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds274827} } @article{fds274822, Author = {MADDEN, DJ}, Title = {AGE EFFECTS IN THE USE OF SENTENCE CONTEXT IN VISUAL WORD RECOGNITION}, Journal = {GERONTOLOGIST}, Volume = {24}, Pages = {77-77}, Publisher = {GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER}, Year = {1984}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0016-9013}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1984TN75000027&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds274822} } @article{fds274826, Author = {MADDEN, DJ}, Title = {AGE EFFECTS IN SEMANTIC ACTIVATION}, Journal = {GERONTOLOGIST}, Volume = {22}, Pages = {70-70}, Publisher = {GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER}, Year = {1982}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0016-9013}, url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1982PL41300061&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92}, Key = {fds274826} } %% Papers Published @article{fds375498, Author = {Merenstein, JL and Zhao, J and Overson, DK and Truong, T-K and Johnson, KG and Song, AW and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Depth- and curvature-based quantitative susceptibility mapping analyses of cortical iron in Alzheimer's disease.}, Journal = {Cereb Cortex}, Volume = {34}, Number = {2}, Year = {2024}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhad525}, Abstract = {In addition to amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with elevated iron in deep gray matter nuclei using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). However, only a few studies have examined cortical iron, using more macroscopic approaches that cannot assess layer-specific differences. Here, we conducted column-based QSM analyses to assess whether AD-related increases in cortical iron vary in relation to layer-specific differences in the type and density of neurons. We obtained global and regional measures of positive (iron) and negative (myelin, protein aggregation) susceptibility from 22 adults with AD and 22 demographically matched healthy controls. Depth-wise analyses indicated that global susceptibility increased from the pial surface to the gray/white matter boundary, with a larger slope for positive susceptibility in the left hemisphere for adults with AD than controls. Curvature-based analyses indicated larger global susceptibility for adults with AD versus controls; the right hemisphere versus left; and gyri versus sulci. Region-of-interest analyses identified similar depth- and curvature-specific group differences, especially for temporo-parietal regions. Finding that iron accumulates in a topographically heterogenous manner across the cortical mantle may help explain the profound cognitive deterioration that differentiates AD from the slowing of general motor processes in healthy aging.}, Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhad525}, Key = {fds375498} } @article{fds375497, Author = {Stout, JA and Mahzarnia, A and Dai, R and Anderson, RJ and Cousins, S and Zhuang, J and Lad, EM and Whitaker, DB and Madden, DJ and Potter, GG and Whitson, HE and Badea, A}, Title = {Accelerated Brain Atrophy, Microstructural Decline and Connectopathy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.}, Journal = {Biomedicines}, Volume = {12}, Number = {1}, Year = {2024}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010147}, Abstract = {Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has recently been linked to cognitive impairment. We hypothesized that AMD modifies the brain aging trajectory, and we conducted a longitudinal diffusion MRI study on 40 participants (20 with AMD and 20 controls) to reveal the location, extent, and dynamics of AMD-related brain changes. Voxel-based analyses at the first visit identified reduced volume in AMD participants in the cuneate gyrus, associated with vision, and the temporal and bilateral cingulate gyrus, linked to higher cognition and memory. The second visit occurred 2 years after the first and revealed that AMD participants had reduced cingulate and superior frontal gyrus volumes, as well as lower fractional anisotropy (FA) for the bilateral occipital lobe, including the visual and the superior frontal cortex. We detected faster rates of volume and FA reduction in AMD participants in the left temporal cortex. We identified inter-lingual and lingual-cerebellar connections as important differentiators in AMD participants. Bundle analyses revealed that the lingual gyrus had a lower streamline length in the AMD participants at the first visit, indicating a connection between retinal and brain health. FA differences in select inter-lingual and lingual cerebellar bundles at the second visit showed downstream effects of vision loss. Our analyses revealed widespread changes in AMD participants, beyond brain networks directly involved in vision processing.}, Doi = {10.3390/biomedicines12010147}, Key = {fds375497} } @article{fds373426, Author = {Madden, DJ and Merenstein, JL}, Title = {Quantitative susceptibility mapping of brain iron in healthy aging and cognition.}, Journal = {Neuroimage}, Volume = {282}, Pages = {120401}, Year = {2023}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120401}, Abstract = {Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that can assess the magnetic properties of cerebral iron in vivo. Although brain iron is necessary for basic neurobiological functions, excess iron content disrupts homeostasis, leads to oxidative stress, and ultimately contributes to neurodegenerative disease. However, some degree of elevated brain iron is present even among healthy older adults. To better understand the topographical pattern of iron accumulation and its relation to cognitive aging, we conducted an integrative review of 47 QSM studies of healthy aging, with a focus on five distinct themes. The first two themes focused on age-related increases in iron accumulation in deep gray matter nuclei versus the cortex. The overall level of iron is higher in deep gray matter nuclei than in cortical regions. Deep gray matter nuclei vary with regard to age-related effects, which are most prominent in the putamen, and age-related deposition of iron is also observed in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortical regions during healthy aging. The third theme focused on the behavioral relevance of iron content and indicated that higher iron in both deep gray matter and cortical regions was related to decline in fluid (speed-dependent) cognition. A handful of multimodal studies, reviewed in the fourth theme, suggest that iron interacts with imaging measures of brain function, white matter degradation, and the accumulation of neuropathologies. The final theme concerning modifiers of brain iron pointed to potential roles of cardiovascular, dietary, and genetic factors. Although QSM is a relatively recent tool for assessing cerebral iron accumulation, it has significant promise for contributing new insights into healthy neurocognitive aging.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120401}, Key = {fds373426} } @article{fds371016, Author = {Merenstein, JL and Zhao, J and Mullin, HA and Rudolph, MD and Song, AW and Madden, DJ}, Title = {High-resolution multi-shot diffusion imaging of structural networks in healthy neurocognitive aging.}, Journal = {Neuroimage}, Volume = {275}, Pages = {120191}, Year = {2023}, Month = {July}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120191}, Abstract = {Healthy neurocognitive aging has been associated with the microstructural degradation of white matter pathways that connect distributed gray matter regions, assessed by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). However, the relatively low spatial resolution of standard DWI has limited the examination of age-related differences in the properties of smaller, tightly curved white matter fibers, as well as the relatively more complex microstructure of gray matter. Here, we capitalize on high-resolution multi-shot DWI, which allows spatial resolutions < 1 mm3 to be achieved on clinical 3T MRI scanners. We assessed whether traditional diffusion tensor-based measures of gray matter microstructure and graph theoretical measures of white matter structural connectivity assessed by standard (1.5 mm3 voxels, 3.375 μl volume) and high-resolution (1 mm3 voxels, 1μl volume) DWI were differentially related to age and cognitive performance in 61 healthy adults 18-78 years of age. Cognitive performance was assessed using an extensive battery comprising 12 separate tests of fluid (speed-dependent) cognition. Results indicated that the high-resolution data had larger correlations between age and gray matter mean diffusivity, but smaller correlations between age and structural connectivity. Moreover, parallel mediation models including both standard and high-resolution measures revealed that only the high-resolution measures mediated age-related differences in fluid cognition. These results lay the groundwork for future studies planning to apply high-resolution DWI methodology to further assess the mechanisms of both healthy aging and cognitive impairment.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120191}, Key = {fds371016} } @article{fds369255, Author = {Rapp, PR and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Editor transition at Neurobiology of Aging.}, Journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, Volume = {124}, Pages = {51}, Publisher = {Elsevier BV}, Year = {2023}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.01.009}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.01.009}, Key = {fds369255} } @article{fds369256, Author = {Merenstein, JL and Mullin, HA and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Age-related differences in frontoparietal activation for target and distractor singletons during visual search.}, Journal = {Atten Percept Psychophys}, Volume = {85}, Number = {3}, Pages = {749-768}, Year = {2023}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-022-02640-x}, Abstract = {Age-related decline in visual search performance has been associated with different patterns of activation in frontoparietal regions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but whether these age-related effects represent specific influences of target and distractor processing is unclear. Therefore, we acquired event-related fMRI data from 68 healthy, community-dwelling adults ages 18-78 years, during both conjunction (T/F target among rotated Ts and Fs) and feature (T/F target among Os) search. Some displays contained a color singleton that could correspond to either the target or a distractor. A diffusion decision analysis indicated age-related increases in sensorimotor response time across all task conditions, but an age-related decrease in the rate of evidence accumulation (drift rate) was specific to conjunction search. Moreover, the color singleton facilitated search performance when occurring as a target and disrupted performance when occurring as a distractor, but only during conjunction search, and these effects were independent of age. The fMRI data indicated that decreased search efficiency for conjunction relative to feature search was evident as widespread frontoparietal activation. Activation within the left insula mediated the age-related decrease in drift rate for conjunction search, whereas this relation in the FEF and parietal cortex was significant only for individuals younger than 30 or 44 years, respectively. Finally, distractor singletons were associated with significant parietal activation, whereas target singletons were associated with significant frontoparietal deactivation, and this latter effect increased with adult age. Age-related differences in frontoparietal activation therefore reflect both the overall efficiency of search and the enhancement from salient targets.}, Doi = {10.3758/s13414-022-02640-x}, Key = {fds369256} } @article{fds363209, Author = {Troutman, SBW and Madden, DJ and Diaz, MT}, Title = {Cerebral White Matter Mediation of Age-Related Differences in Picture Naming Across Adulthood.}, Journal = {Neurobiol Lang (Camb)}, Volume = {3}, Number = {2}, Pages = {272-286}, Year = {2022}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/nol_a_00065}, Abstract = {As people age, one of the most common complaints is difficulty with word retrieval. A wealth of behavioral research confirms such age-related language production deficits, yet the structural neural differences that relate to age-related language production deficits remains an open area of exploration. Therefore, the present study used a large sample of healthy adults across adulthood to investigate how age-related white matter differences in three key left-hemisphere language tracts may contribute to age-related differences in language ability. Specifically, we used diffusion tensor imaging to measure fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) which are indicators of white matter structure. We then used a series of path models to test whether white matter from the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and the frontal aslant tract (FAT) mediated age-related differences in one form of language production, picture naming. We found that FA, as well as RD from the SLF and FAT mediated the relation between age and picture naming performance, whereas a control tract (corticospinal) was not a mediator. Moreover, differences between mediation of picture naming and a control naming condition suggest that left SLF has a greater role in higher-order aspects of naming, such as semantic and lexical selection whereas left FAT is more sensitive to sensorimotor aspects of fluency or speech motor planning. These results suggest that dorsal white matter contributes to age-related differences in generating speech and may be particularly important in supporting word retrieval across adulthood.}, Doi = {10.1162/nol_a_00065}, Key = {fds363209} } @article{fds360045, Author = {Howard, CM and Jain, S and Cook, AD and Packard, LE and Mullin, HA and Chen, N-K and Liu, C and Song, AW and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Cortical iron mediates age-related decline in fluid cognition.}, Journal = {Hum Brain Mapp}, Volume = {43}, Number = {3}, Pages = {1047-1060}, Year = {2022}, Month = {February}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25706}, Abstract = {Brain iron dyshomeostasis disrupts various critical cellular functions, and age-related iron accumulation may contribute to deficient neurotransmission and cell death. While recent studies have linked excessive brain iron to cognitive function in the context of neurodegenerative disease, little is known regarding the role of brain iron accumulation in cognitive aging in healthy adults. Further, previous studies have focused primarily on deep gray matter regions, where the level of iron deposition is highest. However, recent evidence suggests that cortical iron may also contribute to cognitive deficit and neurodegenerative disease. Here, we used quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to measure brain iron in 67 healthy participants 18-78 years of age. Speed-dependent (fluid) cognition was assessed from a battery of 12 psychometric and computer-based tests. From voxelwise QSM analyses, we found that QSM susceptibility values were negatively associated with fluid cognition in the right inferior temporal gyrus, bilateral putamen, posterior cingulate gyrus, motor, and premotor cortices. Mediation analysis indicated that susceptibility in the right inferior temporal gyrus was a significant mediator of the relation between age and fluid cognition, and similar effects were evident for the left inferior temporal gyrus at a lower statistical threshold. Additionally, age and right inferior temporal gyrus susceptibility interacted to predict fluid cognition, such that brain iron was negatively associated with a cognitive decline for adults over 45 years of age. These findings suggest that iron may have a mediating role in cognitive decline and may be an early biomarker of neurodegenerative disease.}, Doi = {10.1002/hbm.25706}, Key = {fds360045} } @article{fds355744, Author = {Zhuang, J and Madden, DJ and Cunha, P and Badea, A and Davis, SW and Potter, GG and Lad, EM and Cousins, SW and Chen, N-K and Allen, K and Maciejewski, AJ and Fernandez, XD and Diaz, MT and Whitson, HE}, Title = {Cerebral white matter connectivity, cognition, and age-related macular degeneration.}, Journal = {Neuroimage Clin}, Volume = {30}, Pages = {102594}, Year = {2021}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102594}, Abstract = {Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common retina disease associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. The mechanism(s) that account for the link between AMD and cognitive decline remain unclear. Here we aim to shed light on this issue by investigating whether relationships between cognition and white matter in the brain differ by AMD status. In a direct group comparison of brain connectometry maps from diffusion weighted images, AMD patients showed significantly weaker quantitative anisotropy (QA) than healthy controls, predominantly in the splenium and left optic radiation. The QA of these tracts, however, did not correlate with the visual acuity measure, indicating that this group effect is not directly driven by visual loss. The AMD and control groups did not differ significantly in cognitive performance.Across all participants, better cognitive performance (e.g. verbal fluency) is associated with stronger connectivity strength in white matter tracts including the splenium and the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus/inferior longitudinal fasciculus. However, there were significant interactions between group and cognitive performance (verbal fluency, memory), suggesting that the relation between QA and cognitive performance was weaker in AMD patients than in controls.This may be explained by unmeasured determinants of performance that are more common or impactful in AMD or by a recruitment bias whereby the AMD group had higher cognitive reserve. In general, our findings suggest that neural degeneration in the brain might occur in parallel to AMD in the eyes, although the participants studied here do not (yet) exhibit overt cognitive declines per standard assessments.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102594}, Key = {fds355744} } @article{fds352606, Author = {Madden, DJ and Jain, S and Monge, ZA and Cook, AD and Lee, A and Huang, H and Howard, CM and Cohen, JR}, Title = {Influence of structural and functional brain connectivity on age-related differences in fluid cognition.}, Journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, Volume = {96}, Pages = {205-222}, Year = {2020}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.09.010}, Abstract = {We used graph theoretical measures to investigate the hypothesis that structural brain connectivity constrains the influence of functional connectivity on the relation between age and fluid cognition. Across 143 healthy, community-dwelling adults 19-79 years of age, we estimated structural network properties from diffusion-weighted imaging and functional network properties from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We confirmed previous reports of age-related decline in the strength and efficiency of structural networks, as well as in the connectivity strength within and between structural network modules. Functional networks, in contrast, exhibited age-related decline only in system segregation, a measure of the distinctiveness among network modules. Aging was associated with decline in a composite measure of fluid cognition, particularly tests of executive function. Functional system segregation was a significant mediator of age-related decline in executive function. Structural network properties did not directly influence the age-related decline in functional system segregation. The raw correlational data underlying the graph theoretical measures indicated that structural connectivity exerts a limited constraint on age-related decline in functional connectivity.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.09.010}, Key = {fds352606} } @article{fds351494, Author = {Zuo, X and Zhuang, J and Chen, N-K and Cousins, S and Cunha, P and Lad, EM and Madden, DJ and Potter, G and Whitson, HE}, Title = {Relationship between neural functional connectivity and memory performance in age-related macular degeneration.}, Journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, Volume = {95}, Pages = {176-185}, Year = {2020}, Month = {November}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.020}, Abstract = {Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been linked to memory deficits, with no established neural mechanisms. We collected resting-state brain functional magnetic resonance imaging and standardized verbal recall tests from 42 older adults with AMD and 41 age-matched controls. We used seed-based whole brain analysis to quantify the strength of functional connectivity between hubs of the default mode network and a network of medial temporal regions relevant for memory. Our results indicated neither memory performance nor network connectivity differed by AMD status. However, the AMD participants exhibited stronger relationships than the controls between memory performance and connectivity from the memory network hub (left parahippocampal) to 2 other regions: the left temporal pole and the right superior/middle frontal gyri. Also, the connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex of default mode network correlated more strongly with memory performance in AMD compared to control. We concluded that stronger brain-behavior correlation in AMD may suggest a role for region-specific connectivity in supporting memory in the context of AMD.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.020}, Key = {fds351494} } @article{fds345369, Author = {Madden, DJ and Siciliano, RE and Tallman, CW and Monge, ZA and Voss, A and Cohen, JR}, Title = {Response-level processing during visual feature search: Effects of frontoparietal activation and adult age.}, Journal = {Atten Percept Psychophys}, Volume = {82}, Number = {1}, Pages = {330-349}, Year = {2020}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01823-3}, Abstract = {Previous research suggests that feature search performance is relatively resistant to age-related decline. However, little is known regarding the neural mechanisms underlying the age-related constancy of feature search. In this experiment, we used a diffusion decision model of reaction time (RT), and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate age-related differences in response-level processing during visual feature search. Participants were 80 healthy, right-handed, community-dwelling individuals, 19-79 years of age. Analyses of search performance indicated that targets accompanied by response-incompatible distractors were associated with a significant increase in the nondecision-time (t0) model parameter, possibly reflecting the additional time required for response execution. Nondecision time increased significantly with increasing age, but no age-related effects were evident in drift rate, cautiousness (boundary separation, a), or in the specific effects of response compatibility. Nondecision time was also associated with a pattern of activation and deactivation in frontoparietal regions. The relation of age to nondecision time was indirect, mediated by this pattern of frontoparietal activation and deactivation. Response-compatible and -incompatible trials were associated with specific patterns of activation in the medial and superior parietal cortex, and frontal eye field, but these activation effects did not mediate the relation between age and search performance. These findings suggest that, in the context of a highly efficient feature search task, the age-related influence of frontoparietal activation is operative at a relatively general level, which is common to the task conditions, rather than at the response level specifically.}, Doi = {10.3758/s13414-019-01823-3}, Key = {fds345369} } @article{fds346502, Author = {Madden, DJ and Melton, MS and Jain, S and Cook, AD and Browndyke, JN and Harshbarger, TB and Cendales, LC}, Title = {Neural activation for actual and imagined movement following unilateral hand transplantation: a case study.}, Journal = {Neurocase}, Volume = {25}, Number = {6}, Pages = {225-234}, Year = {2019}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2019.1667398}, Abstract = {Transplantation of a donor hand has been successful as a surgical treatment following amputation, but little is known regarding the brain mechanisms contributing to the recovery of motor function. We report functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings for neural activation related to actual and imagined movement, for a 54-year-old male patient, who had received a donor hand transplant 50 years following amputation. Two assessments, conducted 3 months and 6 months post-operatively, demonstrate engagement of motor-control related brain regions for the transplanted hand, during both actual and imagined movement of the fingers. The intact hand exhibited a more intense and focused pattern of activation for actual movement relative to imagined movement, whereas activation for the transplanted hand was more widely distributed and did not clearly differentiate actual and imagined movement. However, the spatial overlap of actual-movement and imagined-movement voxels, for the transplanted hand, did increase over time to a level comparable to that of the intact hand. At these relatively early post-operative assessments, brain regions outside of the canonical motor-control networks appear to be supporting movement of the transplanted hand.}, Doi = {10.1080/13554794.2019.1667398}, Key = {fds346502} } @article{fds340087, Author = {Diaz, MT and Johnson, MA and Burke, DM and Truong, T-K and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Age-related differences in the neural bases of phonological and semantic processes in the context of task-irrelevant information.}, Journal = {Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci}, Volume = {19}, Number = {4}, Pages = {829-844}, Year = {2019}, Month = {August}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-00671-2}, Abstract = {As we age we have increasing difficulty with phonological aspects of language production. Yet semantic processes are largely stable across the life span. This suggests a fundamental difference in the cognitive and potentially neural architecture supporting these systems. Moreover, language processes such as these interact with other cognitive processes that also show age-related decline, such as executive function and inhibition. The present study examined phonological and semantic processes in the presence of task-irrelevant information to examine the influence of such material on language production. Older and younger adults made phonological and semantic decisions about pictures in the presence of either phonologically or semantically related words, which were unrelated to the task. FMRI activation during the semantic condition showed that all adults engaged typical left-hemisphere language regions, and that this activation was positively correlated with efficiency across all adults. In contrast, the phonological condition elicited activation in bilateral precuneus and cingulate, with no clear brain-behavior relationship. Similarly, older adults exhibited greater activation than younger adults in several regions that were unrelated to behavioral performance. Our results suggest that as we age, brain-behavior relations decline, and there is an increased reliance on both language-specific and domain-general brain regions that are seen most prominently during phonological processing. In contrast, the core semantic system continues to be engaged throughout the life span, even in the presence of task-irrelevant information.}, Doi = {10.3758/s13415-018-00671-2}, Key = {fds340087} } @article{fds331315, Author = {Zhuang, J and Madden, DJ and Duong-Fernandez, X and Chen, N-K and Cousins, SW and Potter, GG and Diaz, MT and Whitson, HE}, Title = {Language processing in age-related macular degeneration associated with unique functional connectivity signatures in the right hemisphere.}, Journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, Volume = {63}, Pages = {65-74}, Year = {2018}, Month = {March}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.11.003}, Abstract = {Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal disease associated with significant vision loss among older adults. Previous large-scale behavioral studies indicate that people with AMD are at increased risk of cognitive deficits in language processing, particularly in verbal fluency tasks. The neural underpinnings of any relationship between AMD and higher cognitive functions, such as language processing, remain unclear. This study aims to address this issue using independent component analysis of spontaneous brain activity at rest. In 2 components associated with visual processing, we observed weaker functional connectivity in the primary visual cortex and lateral occipital cortex in AMD patients compared with healthy controls, indicating that AMD might lead to differences in the neural representation of vision. In a component related to language processing, we found that increasing connectivity within the right inferior frontal gyrus was associated with better verbal fluency performance across all older adults, and the verbal fluency effect was greater in AMD patients than controls in both right inferior frontal gyrus and right posterior temporal regions. As the behavioral performance of our patients is as good as that of controls, these findings suggest that preservation of verbal fluency performance in AMD patients might be achieved through higher contribution from right hemisphere regions in bilateral language networks. If that is the case, there may be an opportunity to promote cognitive resilience among seniors with AMD or other forms of late-life vision loss.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.11.003}, Key = {fds331315} } @article{fds326350, Author = {Monge, ZA and Geib, BR and Siciliano, RE and Packard, LE and Tallman, CW and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Functional modular architecture underlying attentional control in aging.}, Journal = {Neuroimage}, Volume = {155}, Pages = {257-270}, Year = {2017}, Month = {July}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.002}, Abstract = {Previous research suggests that age-related differences in attention reflect the interaction of top-down and bottom-up processes, but the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying this interaction remain an active area of research. Here, within a sample of community-dwelling adults 19-78 years of age, we used diffusion reaction time (RT) modeling and multivariate functional connectivity to investigate the behavioral components and whole-brain functional networks, respectively, underlying bottom-up and top-down attentional processes during conjunction visual search. During functional MRI scanning, participants completed a conjunction visual search task in which each display contained one item that was larger than the other items (i.e., a size singleton) but was not informative regarding target identity. This design allowed us to examine in the RT components and functional network measures the influence of (a) additional bottom-up guidance when the target served as the size singleton, relative to when the distractor served as the size singleton (i.e., size singleton effect) and (b) top-down processes during target detection (i.e., target detection effect; target present vs. absent trials). We found that the size singleton effect (i.e., increased bottom-up guidance) was associated with RT components related to decision and nondecision processes, but these effects did not vary with age. Also, a modularity analysis revealed that frontoparietal module connectivity was important for both the size singleton and target detection effects, but this module became central to the networks through different mechanisms for each effect. Lastly, participants 42 years of age and older, in service of the target detection effect, relied more on between-frontoparietal module connections. Our results further elucidate mechanisms through which frontoparietal regions support attentional control and how these mechanisms vary in relation to adult age.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.002}, Key = {fds326350} } @article{fds325978, Author = {Madden, DJ and Parks, EL and Tallman, CW and Boylan, MA and Hoagey, DA and Cocjin, SB and Packard, LE and Johnson, MA and Chou, Y-H and Potter, GG and Chen, N-K and Siciliano, RE and Monge, ZA and Honig, JA and Diaz, MT}, Title = {Sources of disconnection in neurocognitive aging: cerebral white-matter integrity, resting-state functional connectivity, and white-matter hyperintensity volume.}, Journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, Volume = {54}, Pages = {199-213}, Year = {2017}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.01.027}, Abstract = {Age-related decline in fluid cognition can be characterized as a disconnection among specific brain structures, leading to a decline in functional efficiency. The potential sources of disconnection, however, are unclear. We investigated imaging measures of cerebral white-matter integrity, resting-state functional connectivity, and white-matter hyperintensity volume as mediators of the relation between age and fluid cognition, in 145 healthy, community-dwelling adults 19-79 years of age. At a general level of analysis, with a single composite measure of fluid cognition and single measures of each of the 3 imaging modalities, age exhibited an independent influence on the cognitive and imaging measures, and the imaging variables did not mediate the age-cognition relation. At a more specific level of analysis, resting-state functional connectivity of sensorimotor networks was a significant mediator of the age-related decline in executive function. These findings suggest that different levels of analysis lead to different models of neurocognitive disconnection, and that resting-state functional connectivity, in particular, may contribute to age-related decline in executive function.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.01.027}, Key = {fds325978} } @article{fds325365, Author = {Cordero, DM and Towe, SL and Chen, N-K and Robertson, KR and Madden, DJ and Huettel, SA and Meade, CS}, Title = {Cocaine dependence does not contribute substantially to white matter abnormalities in HIV infection.}, Journal = {J Neurovirol}, Volume = {23}, Number = {3}, Pages = {441-450}, Year = {2017}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13365-017-0512-5}, Abstract = {This study investigated the association of HIV infection and cocaine dependence with cerebral white matter integrity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). One hundred thirty-five participants stratified by HIV and cocaine status (26 HIV+/COC+, 37 HIV+/COC-, 37 HIV-/COC+, and 35 HIV-/COC-) completed a comprehensive substance abuse assessment, neuropsychological testing, and MRI with DTI. Among HIV+ participants, all were receiving HIV care and 46% had an AIDS diagnosis. All COC+ participants were current users and met criteria for cocaine use disorder. We used tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to assess the relation of HIV and cocaine to fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). In whole-brain analyses, HIV+ participants had significantly reduced FA and increased MD compared to HIV- participants. The relation of HIV and FA was widespread throughout the brain, whereas the HIV-related MD effects were restricted to the corpus callosum and thalamus. There were no significant cocaine or HIV-by-cocaine effects. These DTI metrics correlated significantly with duration of HIV disease, nadir CD4+ cell count, and AIDS diagnosis, as well as some measures of neuropsychological functioning. These results suggest that HIV is related to white matter integrity throughout the brain, and that HIV-related effects are more pronounced with increasing duration of infection and greater immune compromise. We found no evidence for independent effects of cocaine dependence on white matter integrity, and cocaine dependence did not appear to exacerbate the effects of HIV.}, Doi = {10.1007/s13365-017-0512-5}, Key = {fds325365} } @article{fds325785, Author = {Siciliano, RE and Madden, DJ and Tallman, CW and Boylan, MA and Kirste, I and Monge, ZA and Packard, LE and Potter, GG and Wang, L}, Title = {Task difficulty modulates brain activation in the emotional oddball task.}, Journal = {Brain Res}, Volume = {1664}, Pages = {74-86}, Year = {2017}, Month = {June}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.028}, Abstract = {Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have reported that task-irrelevant, emotionally salient events can disrupt target discrimination, particularly when attentional demands are low, while others demonstrate alterations in the distracting effects of emotion in behavior and neural activation in the context of attention-demanding tasks. We used fMRI, in conjunction with an emotional oddball task, at different levels of target discrimination difficulty, to investigate the effects of emotional distractors on the detection of subsequent targets. In addition, we distinguished different behavioral components of target detection representing decisional, nondecisional, and response criterion processes. Results indicated that increasing target discrimination difficulty led to increased time required for both the decisional and nondecisional components of the detection response, as well as to increased target-related neural activation in frontoparietal regions. The emotional distractors were associated with activation in ventral occipital and frontal regions and dorsal frontal regions, but this activation was attenuated with increased difficulty. Emotional distraction did not alter the behavioral measures of target detection, but did lead to increased target-related frontoparietal activation for targets following emotional images as compared to those following neutral images. This latter effect varied with target discrimination difficulty, with an increased influence of the emotional distractors on subsequent target-related frontoparietal activation in the more difficult discrimination condition. This influence of emotional distraction was in addition associated specifically with the decisional component of target detection. These findings indicate that emotion-cognition interactions, in the emotional oddball task, vary depending on the difficulty of the target discrimination and the associated limitations on processing resources.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.028}, Key = {fds325785} } @article{fds323600, Author = {Madden, DJ and Parks, EL and Tallman, CW and Boylan, MA and Hoagey, DA and Cocjin, SB and Johnson, MA and Chou, Y-H and Potter, GG and Chen, N-K and Packard, LE and Siciliano, RE and Monge, ZA and Diaz, MT}, Title = {Frontoparietal activation during visual conjunction search: Effects of bottom-up guidance and adult age.}, Journal = {Hum Brain Mapp}, Volume = {38}, Number = {4}, Pages = {2128-2149}, Year = {2017}, Month = {April}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23509}, Abstract = {We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a visual search paradigm to test the hypothesis that aging is associated with increased frontoparietal involvement in both target detection and bottom-up attentional guidance (featural salience). Participants were 68 healthy adults, distributed continuously across 19 to 78 years of age. Frontoparietal regions of interest (ROIs) were defined from resting-state scans obtained prior to task-related fMRI. The search target was defined by a conjunction of color and orientation. Each display contained one item that was larger than the others (i.e., a size singleton) but was not informative regarding target identity. Analyses of search reaction time (RT) indicated that bottom-up attentional guidance from the size singleton (when coincident with the target) was relatively constant as a function of age. Frontoparietal fMRI activation related to target detection was constant as a function of age, as was the reduction in activation associated with salient targets. However, for individuals 35 years of age and older, engagement of the left frontal eye field (FEF) in bottom-up guidance was more prominent than for younger individuals. Further, the age-related differences in left FEF activation were a consequence of decreasing resting-state functional connectivity in visual sensory regions. These findings indicate that age-related compensatory effects may be expressed in the relation between activation and behavior, rather than in the magnitude of activation, and that relevant changes in the activation-RT relation may begin at a relatively early point in adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2128-2149, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, Doi = {10.1002/hbm.23509}, Key = {fds323600} } @article{fds323599, Author = {Chou, Y-H and Sundman, M and Whitson, HE and Gaur, P and Chu, M-L and Weingarten, CP and Madden, DJ and Wang, L and Kirste, I and Joliot, M and Diaz, MT and Li, Y-J and Song, AW and Chen, N-K}, Title = {Maintenance and Representation of Mind Wandering during Resting-State fMRI.}, Journal = {Sci Rep}, Volume = {7}, Pages = {40722}, Year = {2017}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep40722}, Abstract = {Major advances in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques in the last two decades have provided a tool to better understand the functional organization of the brain both in health and illness. Despite such developments, characterizing regulation and cerebral representation of mind wandering, which occurs unavoidably during resting-state fMRI scans and may induce variability of the acquired data, remains a work in progress. Here, we demonstrate that a decrease or decoupling in functional connectivity involving the caudate nucleus, insula, medial prefrontal cortex and other domain-specific regions was associated with more sustained mind wandering in particular thought domains during resting-state fMRI. Importantly, our findings suggest that temporal and between-subject variations in functional connectivity of above-mentioned regions might be linked with the continuity of mind wandering. Our study not only provides a preliminary framework for characterizing the maintenance and cerebral representation of different types of mind wandering, but also highlights the importance of taking mind wandering into consideration when studying brain organization with resting-state fMRI in the future.}, Doi = {10.1038/srep40722}, Key = {fds323599} } @article{fds322126, Author = {Zhuang, J and Johnson, MA and Madden, DJ and Burke, DM and Diaz, MT}, Title = {Age-related differences in resolving semantic and phonological competition during receptive language tasks.}, Journal = {Neuropsychologia}, Volume = {93}, Number = {Pt A}, Pages = {189-199}, Year = {2016}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.10.016}, Abstract = {Receptive language (e.g., reading) is largely preserved in the aging brain, and semantic processes in particular may continue to develop throughout the lifespan. We investigated the neural underpinnings of phonological and semantic retrieval in older and younger adults during receptive language tasks (rhyme and semantic similarity judgments). In particular, we were interested in the role of competition on language retrieval and varied the similarities between a cue, target, and distractor that were hypothesized to affect the mental process of competition. Behaviorally, all participants responded faster and more accurately during the rhyme task compared to the semantic task. Moreover, older adults demonstrated higher response accuracy than younger adults during the semantic task. Although there were no overall age-related differences in the neuroimaging results, an Age×Task interaction was found in left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), with older adults producing greater activation than younger adults during the semantic condition. These results suggest that at lower levels of task difficulty, older and younger adults engaged similar neural networks that benefited behavioral performance. As task difficulty increased during the semantic task, older adults relied more heavily on largely left hemisphere language regions, as well as regions involved in perception and internal monitoring. Our results are consistent with the stability of language comprehension across the adult lifespan and illustrate how the preservation of semantic representations with aging may influence performance under conditions of increased task difficulty.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.10.016}, Key = {fds322126} } @article{fds322127, Author = {Monge, ZA and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Linking cognitive and visual perceptual decline in healthy aging: The information degradation hypothesis.}, Journal = {Neurosci Biobehav Rev}, Volume = {69}, Pages = {166-173}, Year = {2016}, Month = {October}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.031}, Abstract = {Several hypotheses attempt to explain the relation between cognitive and perceptual decline in aging (e.g., common-cause, sensory deprivation, cognitive load on perception, information degradation). Unfortunately, the majority of past studies examining this association have used correlational analyses, not allowing for these hypotheses to be tested sufficiently. This correlational issue is especially relevant for the information degradation hypothesis, which states that degraded perceptual signal inputs, resulting from either age-related neurobiological processes (e.g., retinal degeneration) or experimental manipulations (e.g., reduced visual contrast), lead to errors in perceptual processing, which in turn may affect non-perceptual, higher-order cognitive processes. Even though the majority of studies examining the relation between age-related cognitive and perceptual decline have been correlational, we reviewed several studies demonstrating that visual manipulations affect both younger and older adults' cognitive performance, supporting the information degradation hypothesis and contradicting implications of other hypotheses (e.g., common-cause, sensory deprivation, cognitive load on perception). The reviewed evidence indicates the necessity to further examine the information degradation hypothesis in order to identify mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.031}, Key = {fds322127} } @article{fds319645, Author = {Melton, MS and Browndyke, JN and Harshbarger, TB and Madden, DJ and Nielsen, KC and Klein, SM}, Title = {Changes in Brain Resting-state Functional Connectivity Associated with Peripheral Nerve Block: A Pilot Study.}, Journal = {Anesthesiology}, Volume = {125}, Number = {2}, Pages = {368-377}, Year = {2016}, Month = {August}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000001198}, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Limited information exists on the effects of temporary functional deafferentation (TFD) on brain activity after peripheral nerve block (PNB) in healthy humans. Increasingly, resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is being used to study brain activity and organization. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that TFD through PNB will influence changes in RSFC plasticity in central sensorimotor functional brain networks in healthy human participants. METHODS: The authors achieved TFD using a supraclavicular PNB model with 10 healthy human participants undergoing functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging before PNB, during active PNB, and during PNB recovery. RSFC differences among study conditions were determined by multiple-comparison-corrected (false discovery rate-corrected P value less than 0.05) random-effects, between-condition, and seed-to-voxel analyses using the left and right manual motor regions. RESULTS: The results of this pilot study demonstrated disruption of interhemispheric left-to-right manual motor region RSFC (e.g., mean Fisher-transformed z [effect size] at pre-PNB 1.05 vs. 0.55 during PNB) but preservation of intrahemispheric RSFC of these regions during PNB. Additionally, there was increased RSFC between the left motor region of interest (PNB-affected area) and bilateral higher order visual cortex regions after clinical PNB resolution (e.g., Fisher z between left motor region of interest and right and left lingual gyrus regions during PNB, -0.1 and -0.6 vs. 0.22 and 0.18 after PNB resolution, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study provides evidence that PNB has features consistent with other models of deafferentation, making it a potentially useful approach to investigate brain plasticity. The findings provide insight into RSFC of sensorimotor functional brain networks during PNB and PNB recovery and support modulation of the sensory-motor integration feedback loop as a mechanism for explaining the behavioral correlates of peripherally induced TFD through PNB.}, Doi = {10.1097/ALN.0000000000001198}, Key = {fds319645} } @article{fds314978, Author = {Houston, JR and Bennett, IJ and Allen, PA and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Visual Acuity does not Moderate Effect Sizes of Higher-Level Cognitive Tasks.}, Journal = {Exp Aging Res}, Volume = {42}, Number = {3}, Pages = {221-263}, Year = {2016}, ISSN = {0361-073X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2016.1156964}, Abstract = {BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: Declining visual capacities in older adults have been posited as a driving force behind adult age differences in higher-order cognitive functions (e.g., the "common cause" hypothesis of Lindenberger & Baltes, 1994, Psychology and Aging, 9, 339-355). McGowan, Patterson, and Jordan (2013, Experimental Aging Research, 39, 70-79) also found that a surprisingly large number of published cognitive aging studies failed to include adequate measures of visual acuity. However, a recent meta-analysis of three studies (La Fleur and Salthouse, 2014, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 1202-1208) failed to find evidence that visual acuity moderated or mediated age differences in higher-level cognitive processes. In order to provide a more extensive test of whether visual acuity moderates age differences in higher-level cognitive processes, we conducted a more extensive meta-analysis of topic. METHODS: Using results from 456 studies, we calculated effect sizes for the main effect of age across four cognitive domains (attention, executive function, memory, and perception/language) separately for five levels of visual acuity criteria (no criteria, undisclosed criteria, self-reported acuity, 20/80-20/31, and 20/30 or better). RESULTS: As expected, age had a significant effect on each cognitive domain. However, these age effects did not further differ as a function of visual acuity criteria. CONCLUSION: The current meta-analytic, cross-sectional results suggest that visual acuity is not significantly related to age group differences in higher-level cognitive performance-thereby replicating La Fleur and Salthouse (2014). Further efforts are needed to determine whether other measures of visual functioning (e.g., contrast sensitivity, luminance) affect age differences in cognitive functioning.}, Doi = {10.1080/0361073X.2016.1156964}, Key = {fds314978} } @article{fds274808, Author = {Johnson, MA and Diaz, MT and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Global versus tract-specific components of cerebral white matter integrity: relation to adult age and perceptual-motor speed.}, Journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, Volume = {220}, Number = {5}, Pages = {2705-2720}, Year = {2015}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {1863-2653}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0822-9}, Abstract = {Although age-related differences in white matter have been well documented, the degree to which regional, tract-specific effects can be distinguished from global, brain-general effects is not yet clear. Similarly, the manner in which global and regional differences in white matter integrity contribute to age-related differences in cognition has not been well established. To address these issues, we analyzed diffusion tensor imaging measures from 52 younger adults (18-28) and 64 older adults (60-85). We conducted principal component analysis on each diffusion measure, using data from eight individual tracts. Two components were observed for fractional anisotropy: the first comprised high loadings from the superior longitudinal fasciculi and corticospinal tracts, and the second comprised high loadings from the optic radiations. In contrast, variation in axial, radial, and mean diffusivities yielded a single-component solution in each case, with high loadings from most or all tracts. For fractional anisotropy, the complementary results of multiple components and variability in component loadings across tracts suggest regional variation. However, for the diffusivity indices, the single component with high loadings from most or all of the tracts suggests primarily global, brain-general variation. Further analyses indicated that age was a significant mediator of the relation between each component and perceptual-motor speed. These data suggest that individual differences in white matter integrity and their relation to age-related differences in perceptual-motor speed represent influences that are beyond the level of individual tracts, but the extent to which regional or global effects predominate may differ between anisotropy and diffusivity measures.}, Doi = {10.1007/s00429-014-0822-9}, Key = {fds274808} } @article{fds274804, Author = {Whitson, HE and Chou, Y-H and Potter, GG and Diaz, MT and Chen, N-K and Lad, EM and Johnson, MA and Cousins, SW and Zhuang, J and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Phonemic fluency and brain connectivity in age-related macular degeneration: a pilot study.}, Journal = {Brain Connect}, Volume = {5}, Number = {2}, Pages = {126-135}, Year = {2015}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {2158-0014}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/brain.2014.0277}, Abstract = {Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in developed nations, has been associated with poor performance on tests of phonemic fluency. This pilot study sought to (1) characterize the relationship between phonemic fluency and resting-state functional brain connectivity in AMD patients and (2) determine whether regional connections associated with phonemic fluency in AMD patients were similarly linked to phonemic fluency in healthy participants. Behavior-based connectivity analysis was applied to resting-state, functional magnetic resonance imaging data from seven patients (mean age=79.9±7.5 years) with bilateral AMD who completed fluency tasks prior to imaging. Phonemic fluency was inversely related to the strength of functional connectivity (FC) among six pairs of brain regions, representing eight nodes: left opercular portion of inferior frontal gyrus (which includes Broca's area), left superior temporal gyrus (which includes part of Wernicke's area), inferior parietal lobe (bilaterally), right superior parietal lobe, right supramarginal gyrus, right supplementary motor area, and right precentral gyrus. The FC of these reference links was not related to phonemic fluency among 32 healthy individuals (16 younger adults, mean age=23.5±4.6 years and 16 older adults, mean age=68.3±3.4 years). Compared with healthy individuals, AMD patients exhibited higher mean connectivity within the reference links and within the default mode network, possibly reflecting compensatory changes to support performance in the setting of reduced vision. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that phonemic fluency deficits in AMD reflect underlying brain changes that develop in the context of AMD.}, Doi = {10.1089/brain.2014.0277}, Key = {fds274804} } @article{fds274805, Author = {Li, W and Langkammer, C and Chou, Y-H and Petrovic, K and Schmidt, R and Song, AW and Madden, DJ and Ropele, S and Liu, C}, Title = {Association between increased magnetic susceptibility of deep gray matter nuclei and decreased motor function in healthy adults.}, Journal = {Neuroimage}, Volume = {105}, Pages = {45-52}, Year = {2015}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {1053-8119}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.009}, Abstract = {In the human brain, iron is more prevalent in gray matter than in white matter, and deep gray matter structures, particularly the globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and dentate nucleus, exhibit especially high iron content. Abnormally elevated iron levels have been found in various neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, iron overload and related neurodegeneration may also occur during aging, but the functional consequences are not clear. In this study, we explored the correlation between magnetic susceptibility--a surrogate marker of brain iron--of these gray matter structures with behavioral measures of motor and cognitive abilities, in 132 healthy adults aged 40-83 years. Latent variables corresponding to manual dexterity and executive functions were obtained using factor analysis. The factor scores for manual dexterity declined significantly with increasing age. Independent of gender, age, and global cognitive function, increasing magnetic susceptibility in the globus pallidus and red nuclei was associated with decreasing manual dexterity. This finding suggests the potential value of magnetic susceptibility, a non-invasive quantitative imaging marker of iron, for the study of iron-related brain function changes.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.009}, Key = {fds274805} } @article{fds274809, Author = {Diaz, MT and Johnson, MA and Burke, DM and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Age-related differences in the neural bases of phonological and semantic processes.}, Journal = {J Cogn Neurosci}, Volume = {26}, Number = {12}, Pages = {2798-2811}, Year = {2014}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {0898-929X}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00665}, Abstract = {Changes in language functions during normal aging are greater for phonological compared with semantic processes. To investigate the behavioral and neural basis for these age-related differences, we used fMRI to examine younger and older adults who made semantic and phonological decisions about pictures. The behavioral performance of older adults was less accurate and less efficient than younger adults' in the phonological task but did not differ in the semantic task. In the fMRI analyses, the semantic task activated left-hemisphere language regions, and the phonological task activated bilateral cingulate and ventral precuneus. Age-related effects were widespread throughout the brain and most often expressed as greater activation for older adults. Activation was greater for younger compared with older adults in ventral brain regions involved in visual and object processing. Although there was not a significant Age × Condition interaction in the whole-brain fMRI results, correlations examining the relationship between behavior and fMRI activation were stronger for younger compared with older adults. Our results suggest that the relationship between behavior and neural activation declines with age, and this may underlie some of the observed declines in performance.}, Doi = {10.1162/jocn_a_00665}, Key = {fds274809} } @article{fds274807, Author = {Madden, DJ and Parks, EL and Davis, SW and Diaz, MT and Potter, GG and Chou, Y-H and Chen, N-K and Cabeza, R}, Title = {Age mediation of frontoparietal activation during visual feature search.}, Journal = {Neuroimage}, Volume = {102 Pt 2}, Number = {0 2}, Pages = {262-274}, Year = {2014}, Month = {November}, ISSN = {1053-8119}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.053}, Abstract = {Activation of frontal and parietal brain regions is associated with attentional control during visual search. We used fMRI to characterize age-related differences in frontoparietal activation in a highly efficient feature search task, detection of a shape singleton. On half of the trials, a salient distractor (a color singleton) was present in the display. The hypothesis was that frontoparietal activation mediated the relation between age and attentional capture by the salient distractor. Participants were healthy, community-dwelling individuals, 21 younger adults (19-29 years of age) and 21 older adults (60-87 years of age). Top-down attention, in the form of target predictability, was associated with an improvement in search performance that was comparable for younger and older adults. The increase in search reaction time (RT) associated with the salient distractor (attentional capture), standardized to correct for generalized age-related slowing, was greater for older adults than for younger adults. On trials with a color singleton distractor, search RT increased as a function of increasing activation in frontal regions, for both age groups combined, suggesting increased task difficulty. Mediational analyses disconfirmed the hypothesized model, in which frontal activation mediated the age-related increase in attentional capture, but supported an alternative model in which age was a mediator of the relation between frontal activation and capture.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.053}, Key = {fds274807} } @article{fds274811, Author = {Bennett, IJ and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Disconnected aging: cerebral white matter integrity and age-related differences in cognition.}, Journal = {Neuroscience}, Volume = {276}, Pages = {187-205}, Year = {2014}, Month = {September}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24280637}, Abstract = {Cognition arises as a result of coordinated processing among distributed brain regions and disruptions to communication within these neural networks can result in cognitive dysfunction. Cortical disconnection may thus contribute to the declines in some aspects of cognitive functioning observed in healthy aging. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is ideally suited for the study of cortical disconnection as it provides indices of structural integrity within interconnected neural networks. The current review summarizes results of previous DTI aging research with the aim of identifying consistent patterns of age-related differences in white matter integrity, and of relationships between measures of white matter integrity and behavioral performance as a function of adult age. We outline a number of future directions that will broaden our current understanding of these brain-behavior relationships in aging. Specifically, future research should aim to (1) investigate multiple models of age-brain-behavior relationships; (2) determine the tract-specificity versus global effect of aging on white matter integrity; (3) assess the relative contribution of normal variation in white matter integrity versus white matter lesions to age-related differences in cognition; (4) improve the definition of specific aspects of cognitive functioning related to age-related differences in white matter integrity using information processing tasks; and (5) combine multiple imaging modalities (e.g., resting-state and task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI) with DTI to clarify the role of cerebral white matter integrity in cognitive aging.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.026}, Key = {fds274811} } @article{fds274818, Author = {Chou, Y-H and Chen, N-K and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Functional brain connectivity and cognition: effects of adult age and task demands.}, Journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, Volume = {34}, Number = {8}, Pages = {1925-1934}, Year = {2013}, Month = {August}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523269}, Abstract = {Previous neuroimaging research has documented that patterns of intrinsic (resting state) functional connectivity (FC) among brain regions covary with individual measures of cognitive performance. Here, we examined the relation between intrinsic FC and a reaction time (RT) measure of performance, as a function of age group and task demands. We obtained filtered, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging data, and RT measures of visual search performance, from 21 younger adults (19-29 years old) and 21 healthy, older adults (60-87 years old). Age-related decline occurred in the connectivity strength in multiple brain regions, consistent with previous findings. Among 8 pairs of regions, across somatomotor, orbitofrontal, and subcortical networks, increasing FC was associated with faster responding (lower RT). Relative to younger adults, older adults exhibited a lower strength of this RT-connectivity relation and greater disruption of this relation by a salient but irrelevant display item (color singleton distractor). Age-related differences in the covariation of intrinsic FC and cognitive performance vary as a function of task demands.}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.02.012}, Key = {fds274818} } @article{fds274812, Author = {Potter, GG and Madden, DJ and Costello, MC and Steffens, DC}, Title = {Reduced comparison speed during visual search in late life depression.}, Journal = {J Clin Exp Neuropsychol}, Volume = {35}, Number = {10}, Pages = {1060-1070}, Year = {2013}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24219302}, Abstract = {Slowed information processing is a prominent deficit in late-life depression (LLD). To better differentiate processing speed components in LLD, we examined characteristics of visual search performance in 32 LLD and 32 control participants. Data showed specific slowing in the comparison stage of visual search in LLD, rather than in encoding/response stages, but also greater overall slowing in LLD during inefficient versus efficient search. We found no group differences on traditional neuropsychological measures of processing speed. Slowed processing speed in LLD may be specific rather than general, which underscores the need to link components of processing speed to underlying neural circuitry.}, Doi = {10.1080/13803395.2013.856381}, Key = {fds274812} } @article{fds274815, Author = {Parks, EL and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Brain connectivity and visual attention.}, Journal = {Brain Connect}, Volume = {3}, Number = {4}, Pages = {317-338}, Year = {2013}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23597177}, Abstract = {Emerging hypotheses suggest that efficient cognitive functioning requires the integration of separate, but interconnected cortical networks in the brain. Although task-related measures of brain activity suggest that a frontoparietal network is associated with the control of attention, little is known regarding how components within this distributed network act together or with other networks to achieve various attentional functions. This review considers both functional and structural studies of brain connectivity, as complemented by behavioral and task-related neuroimaging data. These studies show converging results: The frontal and parietal cortical regions are active together, over time, and identifiable frontoparietal networks are active in relation to specific task demands. However, the spontaneous, low-frequency fluctuations of brain activity that occur in the resting state, without specific task demands, also exhibit patterns of connectivity that closely resemble the task-related, frontoparietal attention networks. Both task-related and resting-state networks exhibit consistent relations to behavioral measures of attention. Further, anatomical structure, particularly white matter pathways as defined by diffusion tensor imaging, places constraints on intrinsic functional connectivity. Lastly, connectivity analyses applied to investigate cognitive differences across individuals in both healthy and diseased states suggest that disconnection of attentional networks is linked to deficits in cognitive functioning, and in extreme cases, to disorders of attention. Thus, comprehensive theories of visual attention and their clinical translation depend on the continued integration of behavioral, task-related neuroimaging, and brain connectivity measures.}, Doi = {10.1089/brain.2012.0139}, Key = {fds274815} } @article{fds274853, Author = {Madden, DJ and Bennett, IJ and Burzynska, A and Potter, GG and Chen, N-K and Song, AW}, Title = {Diffusion tensor imaging of cerebral white matter integrity in cognitive aging.}, Journal = {Biochim Biophys Acta}, Volume = {1822}, Number = {3}, Pages = {386-400}, Year = {2012}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0006-3002}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871957}, Keywords = {Age Factors • Cerebrum • Cognition • Cognition Disorders • Diffusion Tensor Imaging • Humans • Nerve Fibers, Myelinated • methods • pathology • pathology* • physiology*}, Abstract = {In this article we review recent research on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of white matter (WM) integrity and the implications for age-related differences in cognition. Neurobiological mechanisms defined from DTI analyses suggest that a primary dimension of age-related decline in WM is a decline in the structural integrity of myelin, particularly in brain regions that myelinate later developmentally. Research integrating behavioral measures with DTI indicates that WM integrity supports the communication among cortical networks, particularly those involving executive function, perceptual speed, and memory (i.e., fluid cognition). In the absence of significant disease, age shares a substantial portion of the variance associated with the relation between WM integrity and fluid cognition. Current data are consistent with one model in which age-related decline in WM integrity contributes to a decreased efficiency of communication among networks for fluid cognitive abilities. Neurocognitive disorders for which older adults are at risk, such as depression, further modulate the relation between WM and cognition, in ways that are not as yet entirely clear. Developments in DTI technology are providing a new insight into both the neurobiological mechanisms of aging WM and the potential contribution of DTI to understanding functional measures of brain activity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Imaging Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative disease.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.08.003}, Key = {fds274853} } @article{fds274850, Author = {Davis, SW and Kragel, JE and Madden, DJ and Cabeza, R}, Title = {The architecture of cross-hemispheric communication in the aging brain: linking behavior to functional and structural connectivity.}, Journal = {Cereb Cortex}, Volume = {22}, Number = {1}, Pages = {232-242}, Year = {2012}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {1460-2199}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21653286}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aging • Anisotropy • Brain • Brain Mapping* • Cognition • Corpus Callosum • Female • Functional Laterality • Humans • Image Processing, Computer-Assisted • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Male • Middle Aged • Nerve Fibers, Myelinated • Neural Pathways • Neuropsychological Tests • Reaction Time • Statistics as Topic • Young Adult • anatomy & histology • anatomy & histology* • blood supply • metabolism • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Contralateral recruitment remains a controversial phenomenon in both the clinical and normative populations. To investigate the neural correlates of this phenomenon, we explored the tendency for older adults to recruit prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions contralateral to those most active in younger adults. Participants were scanned with diffusion tensor imaging and functional magnetic rresonance imaging during a lateralized word matching task (unilateral vs. bilateral). Cross-hemispheric communication was measured behaviorally as greater accuracy for bilateral than unilateral trials (bilateral processing advantage [BPA]) and at the neural level by functional and structural connectivity between contralateral PFC. Compared with the young, older adults exhibited 1) greater BPAs in the behavioral task, 2) greater compensatory activity in contralateral PFC during the bilateral condition, 3) greater functional connectivity between contralateral PFC during bilateral trials, and 4) a positive correlation between fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum and both the BPA and the functional connectivity between contralateral PFC, indicating that older adults' ability to distribute processing across hemispheres is constrained by white matter integrity. These results clarify how older adults' ability to recruit extra regions in response to the demands of aging is mediated by existing structural architecture, and how this architecture engenders corresponding functional changes that allow subjects to meet those task demands.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhr123}, Key = {fds274850} } @article{fds274851, Author = {Bennett, IJ and Madden, DJ and Vaidya, CJ and Howard, JH and Howard, DV}, Title = {White matter integrity correlates of implicit sequence learning in healthy aging.}, Journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, Volume = {32}, Number = {12}, Pages = {2317.e1-2317.12}, Year = {2011}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {1558-1497}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452099}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Aged • Aging • Brain • Diffusion Tensor Imaging • Female • Humans • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Male • Middle Aged • Nerve Fibers, Myelinated • Photic Stimulation • Psychomotor Performance • Reaction Time • Serial Learning • Young Adult • methods • physiology • physiology* • psychology}, Abstract = {Previous research has identified subcortical (caudate, putamen, hippocampus) and cortical (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC; frontal motor areas) regions involved in implicit sequence learning, with mixed findings for whether these neural substrates differ with aging. The present study used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography to reconstruct white matter connections between the known gray matter substrates, and integrity of these tracts was related to learning in the alternating serial reaction time task (ASRT) in younger and healthy older adults. Both age groups showed significant sequence learning (better performance to predictable, frequently occurring vs. less frequent events), with an age-related difference in the late learning stage. Caudate-DLPFC and hippocampus-DLPFC tract integrity were related to ASRT sequence learning, and these brain-behavior relationships did not differ significantly between age groups. Additionally, age-related decreases in caudate-DLPFC tract integrity mediated age-related differences in late stage sequence learning. Together, these findings complement studies of gray matter substrates underlying implicit sequence learning, and provide evidence for similar white matter integrity-sequence learning relationships in younger and healthy older adults.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.03.017}, Key = {fds274851} } @article{fds274866, Author = {Allen, PA and Bucur, B and Grabbe, J and Work, T and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Influence of encoding difficulty, word frequency, and phonological regularity on age differences in word naming.}, Journal = {Exp Aging Res}, Volume = {37}, Number = {3}, Pages = {261-292}, Year = {2011}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {1096-4657}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21534029}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Attention* • Comprehension • Educational Status • Female • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Pattern Recognition, Visual • Phonetics* • Reaction Time • Reading* • Recognition (Psychology)* • Semantics* • Verbal Behavior* • Verbal Learning* • Vocabulary • Young Adult • psychology*}, Abstract = {It is presently unclear as to why older adults take longer than younger adults to recognize visually presented words. To examine this issue in more detail, the authors conducted two word-naming studies (Experiment 1: 20 older adults and 20 younger adults; Experiment 2: 60 older adults and 60 younger adults) to determine the relative effects of orthographic encoding (case type), lexical access (word frequency), and phonological regularity (regular vs. irregular phonology). The hypothesis was that older adults attempt to compensate for sensory and motor slowing by using progressively larger perceptual units (holistic encoding). However, if forced to use smaller perceptual units (e.g., by using mixed-case presentation), it was predicted that older adults would be particularly challenged. Older adults did show larger case-mixing effects than younger adults (suggesting that older adults' performances were especially poor when they were forced to use smaller perceptual units), but there were no age differences in word frequency or phonological regularity even though both age groups showed main effects for these variables. These results suggest that lexical access skill remains stable in the addressed (orthographic/semantic) and assembled (phonological) routes over the life span, but that older adults slow down in recognizing words because it takes them longer to normalize (perceptually "clean up") noisier sensory information.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1080/0361073X.2011.568805}, Key = {fds274866} } @article{fds274861, Author = {Winecoff, A and Labar, KS and Madden, DJ and Cabeza, R and Huettel, SA}, Title = {Cognitive and neural contributors to emotion regulation in aging.}, Journal = {Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci}, Volume = {6}, Number = {2}, Pages = {165-176}, Year = {2011}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {1749-5024}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20385663}, Keywords = {Aged • Aging • Brain • Brain Mapping* • Cognition • Emotions • Female • Humans • Image Processing, Computer-Assisted • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Male • Middle Aged • Neuropsychological Tests • Oxygen • Psychometrics • Statistics as Topic • Young Adult • anatomy & histology* • blood • blood supply • methods • physiology*}, Abstract = {Older adults, compared to younger adults, focus on emotional well-being. While the lifespan trajectory of emotional processing and its regulation has been characterized behaviorally, few studies have investigated the underlying neural mechanisms. Here, older adults (range: 59-73 years) and younger adults (range: 19-33 years) participated in a cognitive reappraisal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. On each trial, participants viewed positive, negative or neutral pictures and either naturally experienced the image ('Experience' condition) or attempted to detach themselves from the image ('Reappraise' condition). Across both age groups, cognitive reappraisal activated prefrontal regions similar to those reported in prior studies of emotion regulation, while emotional experience activated the bilateral amygdala. Psychophysiological interaction analyses revealed that the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and amygdala demonstrated greater inverse connectivity during the 'Reappraise' condition relative to the 'Experience' condition. The only regions exhibiting significant age differences were the left IFG and the left superior temporal gyrus, for which greater regulation-related activation was observed in younger adults. Controlling for age, increased performance on measures of cognition predicted greater regulation-related decreases in amygdala activation. Thus, while older and younger adults use similar brain structures for emotion regulation and experience, the functional efficacy of those structures depends on underlying cognitive ability.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1093/scan/nsq030}, Key = {fds274861} } @article{fds274855, Author = {Madden, DJ and Costello, MC and Dennis, NA and Davis, SW and Shepler, AM and Spaniol, J and Bucur, B and Cabeza, R}, Title = {Adult age differences in functional connectivity during executive control.}, Journal = {Neuroimage}, Volume = {52}, Number = {2}, Pages = {643-657}, Publisher = {ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE}, Year = {2010}, Month = {August}, ISSN = {1095-9572}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434565}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Brain • Brain Mapping • Cognition • Cues • Diffusion Tensor Imaging • Executive Function • Female • Humans • Language Tests • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Male • Middle Aged • Neural Pathways • Neuropsychological Tests • Reaction Time • Young Adult • pathology • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Task switching requires executive control processes that undergo age-related decline. Previous neuroimaging studies have identified age-related differences in brain activation associated with global switching effects (dual-task blocks versus single-task blocks), but age-related differences in activation during local switching effects (switch trials versus repeat trials, within blocks) have not been investigated. This experiment used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), to examine adult age differences in task switching across adjacent trials (i.e., local task switching). During fMRI scanning, participants performed a cued, word categorization task. From interspersed cue-only trials, switch-related processing associated with the cue was estimated separately from the target. Activation associated with task switching, within a distributed frontoparietal network, differed for cue- and target-related processing. The magnitude of event-related activation for task switching was similar for younger adults (n=20; 18-27years) and older adults (n=20; 60-85years), although activation sustained throughout the on-tasks periods exhibited some age-related decline. Critically, the functional connectivity of switch-related regions, during cue processing, was higher for younger adults than for older adults, whereas functional connectivity during target processing was comparable across the age groups. Further, individual differences in cue-related functional connectivity shared a substantial portion of the age-related variability in the efficiency of target categorization response (drift rate). This age-related difference in functional connectivity, however, was independent of white matter integrity within task-relevant regions. These findings highlight the functional connectivity of frontoparietal activation as a potential source of age-related decline in executive control.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.249}, Key = {fds274855} } @article{fds274869, Author = {Costello, MC and Madden, DJ and Shepler, AM and Mitroff, SR and Leber, AB}, Title = {Age-related preservation of top-down control over distraction in visual search.}, Journal = {Exp Aging Res}, Volume = {36}, Number = {3}, Pages = {249-272}, Year = {2010}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {1096-4657}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20544447}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Color Vision • Female • Humans • Intelligence Tests • Male • Middle Aged • Neuropsychological Tests • Photic Stimulation • Psychomotor Performance • Reaction Time • Visual Acuity • Visual Perception • Young Adult • physiology • physiology* • psychology*}, Abstract = {Visual search studies have demonstrated that older adults can have preserved or even increased top-down control over distraction. However, the results are mixed as to the extent of this age-related preservation. The present experiment assesses group differences in younger and older adults during visual search, with a task featuring two conditions offering varying degrees of top-down control over distraction. After controlling for generalized slowing, the analyses revealed that the age groups were equally capable of utilizing top-down control to minimize distraction. Furthermore, for both age groups, the distraction effect was manifested in a sustained manner across the reaction time distribution.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1080/0361073X.2010.484719}, Key = {fds274869} } @article{fds274852, Author = {Henninger, DE and Madden, DJ and Huettel, SA}, Title = {Processing speed and memory mediate age-related differences in decision making.}, Journal = {Psychol Aging}, Volume = {25}, Number = {2}, Pages = {262-270}, Year = {2010}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {1939-1498}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20545412}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aging • Decision Making* • Female • Humans • Individuality • Male • Mental Recall • Reaction Time* • Risk-Taking • Young Adult • psychology*}, Abstract = {Decision making under risk changes with age. Increases in risk aversion with age have been most commonly characterized, although older adults may be risk seeking in some decision contexts. An important, and unanswered, question is whether these changes in decision making reflect a direct effect of aging or, alternatively, an indirect effect caused by age-related changes in specific cognitive processes. In the current study, older adults (M = 71 years) and younger adults (M = 24 years) completed a battery of tests of cognitive capacities and decision-making preferences. The results indicated systematic effects of age upon decision quality-with both increased risk seeking and increased risk aversion observed in different tasks-consistent with prior studies. Path analyses, however, revealed that age-related effects were mediated by individual differences in processing speed and memory. When those variables were included in the model, age was no longer a significant predictor of decision quality. The authors conclude that the reduction in decision quality and associated changes in risk preferences commonly ascribed to aging are instead mediated by age-related changes in underlying cognitive capacities.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1037/a0019096}, Key = {fds274852} } @article{fds274870, Author = {Costello, MC and Madden, DJ and Mitroff, SR and Whiting, WL}, Title = {Age-related decline of visual processing components in change detection.}, Journal = {Psychol Aging}, Volume = {25}, Number = {2}, Pages = {356-368}, Year = {2010}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {1939-1498}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20545420}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aging • Attention* • Choice Behavior • Discrimination (Psychology)* • Female • Humans • Judgment • Male • Middle Aged • Pattern Recognition, Visual* • Psychomotor Performance • Reaction Time • Young Adult • psychology*}, Abstract = {Previous research has suggested that an age-related decline in change detection may be due to older adults using a more conservative response criterion. However, this finding may reflect methodological limitations of the traditional change detection design, in which displays are presented continuously until a change is detected. Across 2 experiments, the authors assessed adult age differences in a version of change detection that required a response after each pair of pre- and postchange displays, thus reducing the potential contribution of response criterion. Older adults performed worse than younger adults, committing more errors and requiring a greater number of display cycles for correct detection. These age-related performance declines were substantially reduced after controlling statistically for elementary perceptual speed. Search strategy was largely similar for the 2 age groups, but perceptual speed was less successful in accounting for age-related variance in detectability when a more precise spatial localization of change was required (Experiment 2). Thus, the negative effect of aging in the present tasks lies in a reduction of detection efficiency due largely to processing speed, though some strategy-level effects may also contribute. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1037/a0017625}, Key = {fds274870} } @article{fds274863, Author = {Bucur, B and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Effects of adult age and blood pressure on executive function and speed of processing.}, Journal = {Exp Aging Res}, Volume = {36}, Number = {2}, Pages = {153-168}, Year = {2010}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {1096-4657}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20209419}, Keywords = {Adult • Age Factors • Aged • Aging • Analysis of Variance • Blood Pressure* • Cognition • Cross-Sectional Studies • Executive Function* • Female • Humans • Hypertension • Male • Mental Processes • Middle Aged • Neuropsychological Tests • Reaction Time* • Stroop Test • Task Performance and Analysis • Trail Making Test • Young Adult • physiology* • physiopathology* • statistics & numerical data}, Abstract = {Previous research has established that the effects of chronically increased blood pressure (BP) on cognition interact with adult age, but the relevant cognitive processes are not well defined. In this cross-sectional study, using a sample matched for age, years of education, and sex, 134 individuals with either normal BP (n = 71) or chronically high BP (n = 63) were categorized into younger (19-39 years), middle-aged (41-58 years), and older (60-79 years) groups. Using a between-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA), covarying for race and years of education, composite measures of executive function and perceptual speed both exhibited age-related decline. The executive function measure, however, was associated with a differential decline in high BP older adults. This result held even when the executive function scores were covaried for speed, demonstrating an independent, age-related effect of higher BP on executive function.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1080/03610731003613482}, Key = {fds274863} } @article{fds274859, Author = {Biswal, BB and Mennes, M and Zuo, X-N and Gohel, S and Kelly, C and Smith, SM and Beckmann, CF and Adelstein, JS and Buckner, RL and Colcombe, S and Dogonowski, A-M and Ernst, M and Fair, D and Hampson, M and Hoptman, MJ and Hyde, JS and Kiviniemi, VJ and Kötter, R and Li, S-J and Lin, C-P and Lowe, MJ and Mackay, C and Madden, DJ and Madsen, KH and Margulies, DS and Mayberg, HS and McMahon, K and Monk, CS and Mostofsky, SH and Nagel, BJ and Pekar, JJ and Peltier, SJ and Petersen, SE and Riedl, V and Rombouts, SARB and Rypma, B and Schlaggar, BL and Schmidt, S and Seidler, RD and Siegle, GJ and Sorg, C and Teng, G-J and Veijola, J and Villringer, A and Walter, M and Wang, L and Weng, X-C and Whitfield-Gabrieli, S and Williamson, P and Windischberger, C and Zang, Y-F and Zhang, H-Y and Castellanos, FX and Milham, MP}, Title = {Toward discovery science of human brain function.}, Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, Volume = {107}, Number = {10}, Pages = {4734-4739}, Year = {2010}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {1091-6490}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20176931}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Age Factors • Aged • Algorithms • Analysis of Variance • Brain • Brain Mapping • Female • Humans • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Male • Middle Aged • Neural Pathways • Sex Factors • Young Adult • anatomy & histology • anatomy & histology* • methods* • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Although it is being successfully implemented for exploration of the genome, discovery science has eluded the functional neuroimaging community. The core challenge remains the development of common paradigms for interrogating the myriad functional systems in the brain without the constraints of a priori hypotheses. Resting-state functional MRI (R-fMRI) constitutes a candidate approach capable of addressing this challenge. Imaging the brain during rest reveals large-amplitude spontaneous low-frequency (<0.1 Hz) fluctuations in the fMRI signal that are temporally correlated across functionally related areas. Referred to as functional connectivity, these correlations yield detailed maps of complex neural systems, collectively constituting an individual's "functional connectome." Reproducibility across datasets and individuals suggests the functional connectome has a common architecture, yet each individual's functional connectome exhibits unique features, with stable, meaningful interindividual differences in connectivity patterns and strengths. Comprehensive mapping of the functional connectome, and its subsequent exploitation to discern genetic influences and brain-behavior relationships, will require multicenter collaborative datasets. Here we initiate this endeavor by gathering R-fMRI data from 1,414 volunteers collected independently at 35 international centers. We demonstrate a universal architecture of positive and negative functional connections, as well as consistent loci of inter-individual variability. Age and sex emerged as significant determinants. These results demonstrate that independent R-fMRI datasets can be aggregated and shared. High-throughput R-fMRI can provide quantitative phenotypes for molecular genetic studies and biomarkers of developmental and pathological processes in the brain. To initiate discovery science of brain function, the 1000 Functional Connectomes Project dataset is freely accessible at www.nitrc.org/projects/fcon_1000/.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0911855107}, Key = {fds274859} } @article{fds274860, Author = {Bennett, IJ and Madden, DJ and Vaidya, CJ and Howard, DV and Howard, JH}, Title = {Age-related differences in multiple measures of white matter integrity: A diffusion tensor imaging study of healthy aging.}, Journal = {Hum Brain Mapp}, Volume = {31}, Number = {3}, Pages = {378-390}, Year = {2010}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {1097-0193}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19662658}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Aged • Aging • Anisotropy • Brain • Diffusion Tensor Imaging • Female • Health Status • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Nerve Fibers, Myelinated • Neuropsychological Tests • Young Adult • pathology*}, Abstract = {Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures diffusion of molecular water, which can be used to calculate indices of white matter integrity. Early DTI studies of aging primarily focused on two global measures of integrity; the average rate (mean diffusivity, MD) and orientation coherence (fractional anisotropy, FA) of diffusion. More recent studies have added measures of water movement parallel (axial diffusivity, AD) and perpendicular (radial diffusivity, RD) to the primary diffusion direction, which are thought to reflect the neural bases of age differences in diffusion (i.e., axonal shrinkage and demyelination, respectively). In this study, patterns of age differences in white matter integrity were assessed by comparing younger and healthy older adults on multiple measures of integrity (FA, AD, and RD). Results revealed two commonly reported patterns (Radial Increase Only and Radial/Axial Increase), and one relatively novel pattern (Radial Increase/Axial Decrease) that varied by brain region and may reflect differential aging of microstructural (e.g., degree of myelination) and macrostructural (e.g., coherence of fiber orientation) properties of white matter. In addition, larger age differences in FA in frontal white matter were consistent with the anterior-posterior gradient of age differences in white matter integrity. Together, these findings complement other recent studies in providing information about patterns of diffusivity that are characteristic of healthy aging.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1002/hbm.20872}, Key = {fds274860} } @article{fds274854, Author = {Madden, DJ and Bennett, IJ and Song, AW}, Title = {Cerebral white matter integrity and cognitive aging: contributions from diffusion tensor imaging.}, Journal = {Neuropsychol Rev}, Volume = {19}, Number = {4}, Pages = {415-435}, Year = {2009}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {1573-6660}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19705281}, Keywords = {Aging • Animals • Brain • Cognition • Cognition Disorders • Diffusion Tensor Imaging • Humans • Nerve Fibers, Myelinated • Neural Pathways • etiology • pathology • pathology*}, Abstract = {The integrity of cerebral white matter is critical for efficient cognitive functioning, but little is known regarding the role of white matter integrity in age-related differences in cognition. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures the directional displacement of molecular water and as a result can characterize the properties of white matter that combine to restrict diffusivity in a spatially coherent manner. This review considers DTI studies of aging and their implications for understanding adult age differences in cognitive performance. Decline in white matter integrity contributes to a disconnection among distributed neural systems, with a consistent effect on perceptual speed and executive functioning. The relation between white matter integrity and cognition varies across brain regions, with some evidence suggesting that age-related effects exhibit an anterior-posterior gradient. With continued improvements in spatial resolution and integration with functional brain imaging, DTI holds considerable promise, both for theories of cognitive aging and for translational application.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1007/s11065-009-9113-2}, Key = {fds274854} } @article{fds274865, Author = {Chen, N-K and Chou, Y-H and Song, AW and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Measurement of spontaneous signal fluctuations in fMRI: adult age differences in intrinsic functional connectivity.}, Journal = {Brain Struct Funct}, Volume = {213}, Number = {6}, Pages = {571-585}, Year = {2009}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {1863-2653}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19727810}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aging • Cognition • Corpus Callosum • Diffusion Tensor Imaging • Female • Frontal Lobe • Humans • Image Processing, Computer-Assisted • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Male • Middle Aged • Perception • anatomy & histology • methods • methods* • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Functional connectivity (FC) reflects the coherence of spontaneous, low-frequency fluctuations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. We report a behavior-based connectivity analysis method, in which whole-brain data are used to identify behaviorally relevant, intrinsic FC networks. Nineteen younger adults (20-28 years) and 19 healthy, older adults (63-78 years) were assessed with fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Results indicated that FC involving a distributed network of brain regions, particularly the inferior frontal gyri, exhibited age-related change in the correlation with perceptual-motor speed (choice reaction time; RT). No relation between FC and RT was evident for younger adults, whereas older adults exhibited a significant age-related slowing of perceptual-motor speed, which was mediated by decreasing FC. Older adults' FC values were in turn associated positively with white matter integrity (from DTI) within the genu of the corpus callosum. The developed FC analysis illustrates the value of identifying connectivity by combining structural, functional, and behavioral data.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1007/s00429-009-0218-4}, Key = {fds274865} } @article{fds274868, Author = {Davis, SW and Dennis, NA and Buchler, NG and White, LE and Madden, DJ and Cabeza, R}, Title = {Assessing the effects of age on long white matter tracts using diffusion tensor tractography.}, Journal = {Neuroimage}, Volume = {46}, Number = {2}, Pages = {530-541}, Year = {2009}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {1095-9572}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19385018}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aging • Brain • Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Female • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Nerve Fibers, Myelinated • anatomy & histology* • cytology* • methods* • pathology* • physiology* • ultrastructure*}, Abstract = {Aging is associated with significant white matter deterioration and this deterioration is assumed to be at least partly a consequence of myelin degeneration. The present study investigated specific predictions of the myelodegeneration hypothesis using diffusion tensor tractography. This technique has several advantages over other methods of assessing white matter architecture, including the possibility of isolating individual white matter tracts and measuring effects along the whole extent of each tract. The study yielded three main findings. First, age-related white matter deficits increased gradually from posterior to anterior segments within specific fiber tracts traversing frontal and parietal, but not temporal cortex. This pattern inverts the sequence of myelination during childhood and early development observed in previous studies and lends support to a "last-in-first-out" theory of the white matter health across the lifespan. Second, both the effects of aging on white matter and their impact on cognitive performance were stronger for radial diffusivity (RD) than for axial diffusivity (AD). Given that RD has previously been shown to be more sensitive to myelin integrity than AD, this second finding is also consistent with the myelodegeneration hypothesis. Finally, the effects of aging on select white matter tracts were associated with age difference in specific cognitive functions. Specifically, FA in anterior tracts was shown to be primarily associated with executive tasks and FA in posterior tracts mainly associated with visual memory tasks. Furthermore, these correlations were mirrored in RD, but not AD, suggesting that RD is more sensitive to age-related changes in cognition. Taken together, the results help to clarify how age-related white matter decline impairs cognitive performance.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.068}, Key = {fds274868} } @article{fds274858, Author = {Madden, DJ and Spaniol, J and Costello, MC and Bucur, B and White, LE and Cabeza, R and Davis, SW and Dennis, NA and Provenzale, JM and Huettel, SA}, Title = {Cerebral white matter integrity mediates adult age differences in cognitive performance.}, Journal = {J Cogn Neurosci}, Volume = {21}, Number = {2}, Pages = {289-302}, Year = {2009}, Month = {February}, ISSN = {0898-929X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18564054}, Keywords = {Adult • Age Factors • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Anisotropy • Brain • Cognition • Corpus Callosum • Cues • Female • Humans • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Male • Middle Aged • Neuropsychological Tests • Psychomotor Performance • Reaction Time • Young Adult • anatomy & histology • anatomy & histology* • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Previous research has established that age-related decline occurs in measures of cerebral white matter integrity, but the role of this decline in age-related cognitive changes is not clear. To conclude that white matter integrity has a mediating (causal) contribution, it is necessary to demonstrate that statistical control of the white matter-cognition relation reduces the magnitude of age-cognition relation. In this research, we tested the mediating role of white matter integrity, in the context of a task-switching paradigm involving word categorization. Participants were 20 healthy, community-dwelling older adults (60-85 years), and 20 younger adults (18-27 years). From diffusion tensor imaging tractography, we obtained fractional anisotropy (FA) as an index of white matter integrity in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). Mean FA values exhibited age-related decline consistent with a decrease in white matter integrity. From a model of reaction time distributions, we obtained independent estimates of the decisional and nondecisional (perceptual-motor) components of task performance. Age-related decline was evident in both components. Critically, age differences in task performance were mediated by FA in two regions: the central portion of the genu, and splenium-parietal fibers in the right hemisphere. This relation held only for the decisional component and was not evident in the nondecisional component. This result is the first demonstration that the integrity of specific white matter tracts is a mediator of age-related changes in cognitive performance.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1162/jocn.2009.21047}, Key = {fds274858} } @article{fds319646, Author = {Chen, N-K and Chou, Y-H and Song, AW and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Measurement of spontaneous signal fluctuations in fMRI: adult age differences in intrinsic functional connectivity}, Journal = {Brain Structure and Function}, Pages = {1-15}, Year = {2009}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-009-0218-4}, Abstract = {Functional connectivity (FC) reflects the coherence of spontaneous, low-frequency fluctuations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. We report a behavior-based connectivity analysis method, in which whole-brain data are used to identify behaviorally relevant, intrinsic FC networks. Nineteen younger adults (20-28 years) and 19 healthy, older adults (63-78 years) were assessed with fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Results indicated that FC involving a distributed network of brain regions, particularly the inferior frontal gyri, exhibited age-related change in the correlation with perceptual-motor speed (choice reaction time; RT). No relation between FC and RT was evident for younger adults, whereas older adults exhibited a significant age-related slowing of perceptual-motor speed, which was mediated by decreasing FC. Older adults' FC values were in turn associated positively with white matter integrity (from DTI) within the genu of the corpus callosum. The developed FC analysis illustrates the value of identifying connectivity by combining structural, functional, and behavioral data. © 2009 Springer-Verlag.}, Doi = {10.1007/s00429-009-0218-4}, Key = {fds319646} } @article{fds274856, Author = {Bucur, B and Madden, DJ and Spaniol, J and Provenzale, JM and Cabeza, R and White, LE and Huettel, SA}, Title = {Age-related slowing of memory retrieval: contributions of perceptual speed and cerebral white matter integrity.}, Journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, Volume = {29}, Number = {7}, Pages = {1070-1079}, Year = {2008}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {1558-1497}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17383774}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aging • Brain • Female • Humans • Male • Mental Recall • Middle Aged • Nerve Fibers, Myelinated • Reaction Time • Speech Perception • Task Performance and Analysis • anatomy & histology* • physiology* • ultrastructure*}, Abstract = {Previous research suggests that, in reaction time (RT) measures of episodic memory retrieval, the unique effects of adult age are relatively small compared to the effects aging shares with more elementary abilities such as perceptual speed. Little is known, however, regarding the mechanisms of perceptual speed. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to test the hypothesis that white matter integrity, as indexed by fractional anisotropy (FA), serves as one mechanism of perceptual slowing in episodic memory retrieval. Results indicated that declines in FA in the pericallosal frontal region and in the genu of the corpus callosum, but not in other regions, mediated the relationship between perceptual speed and episodic retrieval RT. This relation held, though to a different degree, for both hits and correct rejections. These findings suggest that white matter integrity in prefrontal regions is one mechanism underlying the relation between individual differences in perceptual speed and episodic retrieval.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.02.008}, Key = {fds274856} } @article{fds274857, Author = {Dennis, NA and Hayes, SM and Prince, SE and Madden, DJ and Huettel, SA and Cabeza, R}, Title = {Effects of aging on the neural correlates of successful item and source memory encoding.}, Journal = {J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn}, Volume = {34}, Number = {4}, Pages = {791-808}, Year = {2008}, Month = {July}, ISSN = {0278-7393}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605869}, Keywords = {Adult • Aging • Face • Female • Hippocampus • Humans • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Male • Memory • Neuropsychological Tests • Parahippocampal Gyrus • Prefrontal Cortex • physiology*}, Abstract = {To investigate the neural basis of age-related source memory (SM) deficits, young and older adults were scanned with fMRI while encoding faces, scenes, and face-scene pairs. Successful encoding activity was identified by comparing encoding activity for subsequently remembered versus forgotten items or pairs. Age deficits in successful encoding activity in hippocampal and prefrontal regions were more pronounced for SM (pairs) as compared with item memory (faces and scenes). Age-related reductions were also found in regions specialized in processing faces (fusiform face area) and scenes (parahippocampal place area), but these reductions were similar for item and SM. Functional connectivity between the hippocampus and the rest of the brain was also affected by aging; whereas connections with posterior cortices were weaker in older adults, connections with anterior cortices, including prefrontal regions, were stronger in older adults. Taken together, the results provide a link between SM deficits in older adults and reduced recruitment of hippocampal and prefrontal regions during encoding. The functional connectivity findings are consistent with a posterior-anterior shift with aging previously reported in several cognitive domains and linked to functional compensation.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.791}, Key = {fds274857} } @article{fds135359, Title = {Kramer, A. F., & Madden, D. J. (2008). Attention. In: F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (3rd ed., 189-249). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. }, Year = {2008}, Key = {fds135359} } @article{fds274849, Author = {Whiting, WL and Madden, DJ and Babcock, KJ}, Title = {Overriding age differences in attentional capture with top-down processing.}, Journal = {Psychol Aging}, Volume = {22}, Number = {2}, Pages = {223-232}, Year = {2007}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {0882-7974}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563178}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aging • Attention* • Color Perception* • Cues • Discrimination Learning* • Female • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Orientation* • Pattern Recognition, Visual* • Psychophysics • psychology*}, Abstract = {Two experiments investigated the influence of top-down information on adult age differences in the ability to search for singleton targets using spatial cues. In Experiment 1, both younger and older adults were equally able to use target-related top-down information (target feature predictability) to avoid attentional capture by uninformative (25% valid) cues. However, during informative (75% valid) cue conditions, older adults demonstrated less efficient use of this cue-related top-down information. The authors extended these findings in Experiment 2 using cues that were either consistent or inconsistent with top-down feature settings. Results from this second experiment showed that although older adults were capable of avoiding attentional capture when provided with top-down information related to target features, capture effects for older adults were notably larger than those of younger adults when only bottom-up information was available. The authors suggest that older adults' ability to use top-down information during search to avoid or attend to cues may be resource-limited.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1037/0882-7974.22.2.223}, Key = {fds274849} } @article{fds274872, Author = {Madden, DJ and Spaniol, J and Bucur, B and Whiting, WL}, Title = {Age-related increase in top-down activation of visual features.}, Journal = {Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)}, Volume = {60}, Number = {5}, Pages = {644-651}, Year = {2007}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {1747-0218}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17455072}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Age Factors • Aged • Aging • Discrimination (Psychology) • Female • Fixation, Ocular • Health Status* • Humans • Inhibition (Psychology) • Male • Middle Aged • Visual Fields • Visual Perception* • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Previous research suggests that, during visual search and discrimination tasks, older adults place greater emphasis than younger adults on top-down attention. This experiment investigated the relative contribution of target activation and distractor inhibition to this age difference. Younger and older adults performed a singleton discrimination task in which either an E or an R target (colour singleton) was present among distractor letters. Relative to a baseline condition in which the colours of the targets and distractors remained constant, an age-related slowing of performance was evident when either the colour of the target or that of the distractors varied across trials. The age-related slowing was more pronounced in response to target colour variation, suggesting that older adults place relatively greater emphasis on the top-down activation of target features.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1080/17470210601154347}, Key = {fds274872} } @article{fds274864, Author = {Madden, DJ}, Title = {Aging and Visual Attention.}, Journal = {Curr Dir Psychol Sci}, Volume = {16}, Number = {2}, Pages = {70-74}, Year = {2007}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {0963-7214}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18080001}, Abstract = {Older adults are often slower and less accurate than are younger adults in performing visual-search tasks, suggesting an age-related decline in attentional functioning. Age-related decline in attention, however, is not entirely pervasive. Visual search that is based on the observer's expectations (i.e., top-down attention) is relatively preserved as a function of adult age. Neuroimaging research suggests that age-related decline occurs in the structure and function of brain regions mediating the visual sensory input, whereas activation of regions in the frontal and parietal lobes is often greater for older adults than for younger adults. This increased activation may represent an age-related increase in the role of top-down attention during visual tasks. To obtain a more complete account of age-related decline and preservation of visual attention, current research is beginning to explore the relation of neuroimaging measures of brain structure and function to behavioral measures of visual attention.}, Language = {ENG}, Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00478.x}, Key = {fds274864} } @article{fds274871, Author = {Madden, DJ and Spaniol, J and Whiting, WL and Bucur, B and Provenzale, JM and Cabeza, R and White, LE and Huettel, SA}, Title = {Adult age differences in the functional neuroanatomy of visual attention: a combined fMRI and DTI study.}, Journal = {Neurobiol Aging}, Volume = {28}, Number = {3}, Pages = {459-476}, Year = {2007}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {1558-1497}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500004}, Keywords = {Adult • Aging • Anisotropy • Attention • Brain Mapping • Choice Behavior • Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging* • Female • Humans • Image Processing, Computer-Assisted • Magnetic Resonance Imaging* • Male • Multivariate Analysis • Oxygen • Photic Stimulation • Reaction Time • Statistics as Topic • Visual Cortex* • Visual Perception • anatomy & histology • blood • blood supply • metabolism • methods • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {We combined measures from event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and cognitive performance (visual search response time) to test the hypotheses that differences between younger and older adults in top-down (goal-directed) attention would be related to cortical activation, and that white matter integrity as measured by DTI (fractional anisotropy, FA) would be a mediator of this age-related effect. Activation in frontal and parietal cortical regions was overall greater for older adults than for younger adults. The relation between activation and search performance supported the hypothesis of age differences in top-down attention. When the task involved top-down control (increased target predictability), performance was associated with frontoparietal activation for older adults, but with occipital (fusiform) activation for younger adults. White matter integrity (FA) exhibited an age-related decline that was more pronounced for anterior brain regions than for posterior regions, but white matter integrity did not specifically mediate the age-related increase in activation of the frontoparietal attentional network.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.01.005}, Key = {fds274871} } @article{fds274867, Author = {Marks, BL and Madden, DJ and Bucur, B and Provenzale, JM and White, LE and Cabeza, R and Huettel, SA}, Title = {Role of aerobic fitness and aging on cerebral white matter integrity.}, Journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, Volume = {1097}, Pages = {171-174}, Year = {2007}, Month = {February}, ISSN = {0077-8923}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413020}, Keywords = {Adult • Aerobiosis • Aged • Aging • Anaerobic Threshold • Anisotropy • Body Mass Index • Brain • Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Female • Humans • Male • Motor Activity • Oxygen Consumption • Physical Fitness • Sex Characteristics • growth & development* • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Neuroimaging research suggests that cerebral white matter (WM) integrity, as reflected in fractional anisotropy (FA) via diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is decreased in older adults, especially in the prefrontal regions of the brain. Behavioral investigations of cognitive functioning suggest that some aspects of cognition may be better preserved in older adults who possess higher levels of aerobic fitness. There are only a few studies, however, investigating potential mechanisms for the improvements in aerobic fitness. Our study suggests that greater aerobic fitness may be related to greater WM integrity in select brain regions.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1196/annals.1379.022}, Key = {fds274867} } @article{fds274813, Author = {Bucur, B and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Information processing/cognition}, Pages = {749-758}, Booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Gerontology}, Publisher = {Elsevier}, Year = {2007}, Month = {January}, ISBN = {9780123708700}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-370870-2/00099-8}, Doi = {10.1016/B0-12-370870-2/00099-8}, Key = {fds274813} } @article{fds135360, Title = {Salthouse, T. A., & Madden, D. J. (2007). Information processing speed and aging. In J. Deluca & J. Kalmar (Eds.), Information processing speed in clinical populations (pp. 221-241). New York: Psychology Press.}, Year = {2007}, Key = {fds135360} } @article{fds274875, Author = {Daselaar, SM and Fleck, MS and Dobbins, IG and Madden, DJ and Cabeza, R}, Title = {Effects of healthy aging on hippocampal and rhinal memory functions: an event-related fMRI study.}, Journal = {Cereb Cortex}, Volume = {16}, Number = {12}, Pages = {1771-1782}, Year = {2006}, Month = {December}, ISSN = {1047-3211}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16421332}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aging • Behavior • Brain Mapping • Entorhinal Cortex • Hippocampus • Humans • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Memory • Neuropsychological Tests • ROC Curve • Recognition (Psychology) • anatomy & histology • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to study the effects of healthy aging on hippocampal and rhinal memory functions. Memory for past events can be based on retrieval accompanied by specific contextual details (recollection) or on the feeling that an event is old or new without the recovery of contextual details (familiarity). There is evidence that recollection is more dependent on hippocampus, whereas familiarity is more dependent on the rhinal cortex, and that healthy aging has greater effects on recollection than on familiarity. However, little evidence is available about the neural correlates of these effects. Here, we isolated activity associated with recollection and familiarity by distinguishing between linear and quasi-exponential "perceived oldness" functions derived from recognition confidence levels. The main finding was a double dissociation within the medial temporal lobes between recollection-related activity in hippocampus, which was reduced by aging, and familiarity-related activity in rhinal cortex, which was increased by aging. In addition, age dissociations were found within parietal and posterior midline regions. Finally, aging reduced functional connectivity within a hippocampal-retrosplenial/parietotemporal network but increased connectivity within a rhinal-frontal network. These findings indicate that older adults compensate for hippocampal deficits by relying more on rhinal cortex, possibly through a top-down frontal modulation. This finding has important clinical implications because early Alzheimer's disease impairs both hippocampus and rhinal cortex.}, Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhj112}, Key = {fds274875} } @article{fds274880, Author = {Spaniol, J and Madden, DJ and Voss, A}, Title = {A diffusion model analysis of adult age differences in episodic and semantic long-term memory retrieval.}, Journal = {J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn}, Volume = {32}, Number = {1}, Pages = {101-117}, Year = {2006}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0278-7393}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16478344}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Association Learning* • Attention* • Choice Behavior • Color Perception • Computer Graphics • Contrast Sensitivity • Decision Making • Female • Functional Laterality • Humans • Male • Memory, Short-Term* • Middle Aged • Models, Psychological • Orientation • Psychomotor Performance • Psychophysics • Reaction Time* • Retention (Psychology) • Serial Learning • Verbal Learning* • psychology*}, Abstract = {Two experiments investigated adult age differences in episodic and semantic long-term memory tasks, as a test of the hypothesis of specific age-related decline in context memory. Older adults were slower and exhibited lower episodic accuracy than younger adults. Fits of the diffusion model (R. Ratcliff, 1978) revealed age-related increases in non-decisional reaction time for both episodic and semantic retrieval. In Experiment 2, an age difference in boundary separation also indicated an age-related increase in conservative criterion setting. For episodic old-new recognition (Experiment 1) and source memory (Experiment 2), there was an age-related decrease in the quality of decision-driving information (drift rate). As predicted by the context-memory deficit hypothesis, there was no corresponding age-related decline in semantic drift rate.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.32.1.101}, Key = {fds274880} } @article{fds274877, Author = {Bucur, B and Madden, DJ and Allen, PA}, Title = {Age-related differences in the processing of redundant visual dimensions.}, Journal = {Psychol Aging}, Volume = {20}, Number = {3}, Pages = {435-446}, Year = {2005}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0882-7974}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16248703}, Keywords = {Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Analysis of Variance • Attention* • Color Perception* • Female • Humans • Male • Memory, Short-Term* • Middle Aged • Neuropsychological Tests • Orientation* • Pattern Recognition, Visual* • Psychometrics • Reaction Time* • Reproducibility of Results • psychology* • statistics & numerical data}, Abstract = {Age differences in the redundant-signals effect and coactivation of visual dimensions were investigated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1 the task required the conjoining of dimensions, whereas in Experiment 2 the spatial separation of dimensions was manipulated. Although coactivation was evident for both age groups when the redundant dimensions occurred at the same location, older adults showed more evidence for coactivation, perhaps because of compensation for declines in perceptual processing. When the redundant dimensions were separated, neither age group showed evidence for coactivation. These findings indicate that the coactive processing of redundant visual dimensions is spared in healthy older adults and that for both groups, attention must be focused on both dimensions for coactivation to occur.}, Doi = {10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.435}, Key = {fds274877} } @article{fds274876, Author = {Kealey, SM and Kim, Y and Whiting, WL and Madden, DJ and Provenzale, JM}, Title = {Determination of multiple sclerosis plaque size with diffusion-tensor MR Imaging: comparison study with healthy volunteers.}, Journal = {Radiology}, Volume = {236}, Number = {2}, Pages = {615-620}, Year = {2005}, Month = {August}, ISSN = {0033-8419}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16040917}, Keywords = {Adult • Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging* • Female • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Multiple Sclerosis • Retrospective Studies • pathology*}, Abstract = {PURPOSE: To use diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to measure involvement of normal-appearing white matter (WM) immediately adjacent to multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques and thus redefine actual plaque size on diffusion-tensor images through comparison with T2-weighted images of equivalent areas in healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Informed consent was not required given the retrospective nature of the study on an anonymized database. The study complied with requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Twelve patients with MS (four men, eight women; mean age, 35 years) and 14 healthy volunteers (six men, eight women; mean age, 25 years) were studied. The authors obtained fractional anisotropy (FA) values in MS plaques and in the adjacent normal-appearing WM in patients with MS and in equivalent areas in healthy volunteers. They placed regions of interest (ROIs) around the periphery of plaques and defined the total ROIs (ie, plaques plus peripheral ROIs) as abnormal if their mean FA values were at least 2 standard deviations below those of equivalent ROIs within equivalent regions in healthy volunteers. The combined area of the plaque and the peripheral ROI was compared with the area of the plaque seen on T2-weighted MR images by means of a Student paired t test (P = .05). RESULTS: The mean plaque size on T2-weighted images was 72 mm2 +/- 21 (standard deviation). The mean plaque FA value was 0.285 +/- 0.088 (0.447 +/- 0.069 in healthy volunteers [P < .001]; mean percentage reduction in FA in MS plaques, 37%). The mean plaque size on FA maps was 91 mm2 +/- 35, a mean increase of 127% compared with the size of the original plaque on T2-weighted images (P = .03). CONCLUSION: A significant increase in plaque size was seen when normal-appearing WM was interrogated with diffusion-tensor MR imaging. This imaging technique may represent a more sensitive method of assessing disease burden and may have a future role in determining disease burden and activity.}, Doi = {10.1148/radiol.2362040014}, Key = {fds274876} } @article{fds274879, Author = {Madden, DJ and Whiting, WL and Spaniol, J and Bucur, B}, Title = {Adult age differences in the implicit and explicit components of top-down attentional guidance during visual search.}, Journal = {Psychol Aging}, Volume = {20}, Number = {2}, Pages = {317-329}, Year = {2005}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {0882-7974}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16029095}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Attention* • Female • Humans • Knowledge • Male • Middle Aged • Task Performance and Analysis • Visual Perception* • psychology*}, Abstract = {Two experiments investigated adult age differences in the explicit (knowledge-based) and implicit (repetition priming) components of top-down attentional guidance during discrimination of a target singleton. Experiment 1 demonstrated an additional contribution of explicit top-down attention, relative to the implicit effect of repetition priming, which was similar in magnitude for younger and older adults. Experiment 2 examined repetition priming of target activation and distractor inhibition independently. The additional contribution of explicit top-down attention, relative to the repetition priming of distractor inhibition, was greater for older adults than for younger adults. The results suggest that some forms of top-down attentional control are preserved as a function of adult age and may operate in a compensatory manner.}, Doi = {10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.317}, Key = {fds274879} } @article{fds274881, Author = {Whiting, WL and Madden, DJ and Pierce, TW and Allen, PA}, Title = {Searching from the top down: ageing and attentional guidance during singleton detection.}, Journal = {Q J Exp Psychol A}, Volume = {58}, Number = {1}, Pages = {72-97}, Year = {2005}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {0272-4987}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15881292}, Keywords = {Adult • Age Factors • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Attention* • Exploratory Behavior* • Female • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Reaction Time • Signal Detection (Psychology)* • Space Perception* • physiology*}, Abstract = {Previous investigations of adult age differences in visual search suggest that an age-related decline may exist in attentional processes dependent on the observer's knowledge of task-relevant features (top-down processing). The present experiments were conducted to examine age-related changes in top-down attentional guidance during a highly efficient form of search, singleton detection. In Experiment 1 reaction times to detect targets were lower when target features were constant (feature condition) than when target features were allowed to vary between trials (mixed condition), and this reaction time benefit was similar for younger and older adults. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated possible interactions between top-down and bottom-up (stimulus-driven) processes. Experiment 2 demonstrated that search times for both age groups could be improved when targets varied on an additional feature from distractors (double-feature condition) but only when top-down control was available (feature search). In Experiment 3, the availability of top-down guidance enabled both younger and older adults to override the distracting effects of a noninformative spatial location cue. 'l'hese findings indicate that top-down attentional control mechanisms interact with bottom-up processes to guide search for targets, and that in the context of singleton detection these mechanisms of top-down control are preserved for older adults.}, Doi = {10.1080/02724980443000205}, Key = {fds274881} } @article{fds135361, Title = {Madden, D. J., Whiting, W. L., & Huettel, S. A. (2005). Age-related changes in neural activity during visual perception and attention. In R. Cabeza, L. Nyberg, & D. C. Park (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Linking cognitive and cerebral aging (pp. 155-183). New York: Oxford University Press. }, Year = {2005}, Key = {fds135361} } @article{fds274873, Author = {Madden, DJ and Whiting, WL and Cabeza, R and Huettel, SA}, Title = {Age-related preservation of top-down attentional guidance during visual search.}, Journal = {Psychol Aging}, Volume = {19}, Number = {2}, Pages = {304-309}, Year = {2004}, Month = {June}, ISSN = {0882-7974}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15222823}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Age Factors • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Attention* • Cues* • Exploratory Behavior* • Female • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Questionnaires • Random Allocation • Reaction Time* • Visual Perception* • physiology*}, Abstract = {Younger (19-27 years of age) and older (60-82 years of age) adults performed a letter search task in which a color singleton was either noninformative (baseline condition) or highly informative (guided condition) regarding target location. In the guided condition, both age groups exhibited a substantial decrease in response time (RT) to singleton targets, relative to the baseline condition, as well as an increase in RT to nonsingleton targets. The authors conclude that under conditions that equate the physical structure of individual displays, top-down attentional guidance can be at least as effective for older adults as for younger adults.}, Doi = {10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.304}, Key = {fds274873} } @article{fds274878, Author = {Madden, DJ and Whiting, WL and Huettel, SA and White, LE and MacFall, JR and Provenzale, JM}, Title = {Diffusion tensor imaging of adult age differences in cerebral white matter: relation to response time.}, Journal = {Neuroimage}, Volume = {21}, Number = {3}, Pages = {1174-1181}, Year = {2004}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {1053-8119}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15006684}, Keywords = {Adult • Aging • Algorithms • Anisotropy • Brain • Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Female • Humans • Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted • Male • Neural Pathways • Prefrontal Cortex • Psychomotor Performance • Reaction Time • anatomy & histology • anatomy & histology* • growth & development* • methods* • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures the displacement of water molecules across tissue components, thus providing information regarding the microstructure of cerebral white matter. Fractional anisotropy (FA), the degree to which diffusion is directionally dependent, is typically higher for compact, homogeneous fiber bundles such as the corpus callosum. Previous DTI studies in adults have demonstrated an age-related decline in white matter FA, but whether the relation between FA and behavioral performance varies as a function of age has not been determined. We investigated adult age differences in FA, and age-related changes in the relation between FA and response time (RT), in a visual target-detection task. The results confirmed that, independently of age, FA is higher in the corpus callosum than in other brain regions. We also observed an age-related decline in FA that did not vary significantly across the brain regions. For both age groups, a lower level of integrity of the cerebral white matter (as indexed by FA), in specific brain regions, was associated with slower responses in the visual task. An age-related change in this relation was evident, however, in that the best predictor of RT for younger adults was FA in the splenium of the corpus callosum, whereas for older adults the best predictor was FA in the anterior limb of the internal capsule. This pattern is consistent with measures of the task-related cortical activation obtained from these same individuals and suggests an age-related increase in the attentional control of responses mediated by corticostriatal or corticothalamic circuits.}, Language = {eng}, Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.004}, Key = {fds274878} } @article{fds274882, Author = {Madden, DJ and Whiting, WL and Provenzale, JM and Huettel, SA}, Title = {Age-related changes in neural activity during visual target detection measured by fMRI.}, Journal = {Cereb Cortex}, Volume = {14}, Number = {2}, Pages = {143-155}, Year = {2004}, Month = {February}, ISSN = {1047-3211}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704211}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aging • Analysis of Variance • Female • Humans • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Male • Middle Aged • Neurons • Photic Stimulation • Prefrontal Cortex • Reaction Time • Regression Analysis • Visual Perception • methods* • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of a visual target detection (oddball) task to investigate age differences in neural activation for the detection of two types of infrequent events: visually simple items requiring a response shift (targets) and visually complex items that did not entail a response shift (novels). Targets activated several prefrontal regions (e.g. middle frontal gyrus), as well as deep gray matter regions (caudate, putamen, thalamus and insula). Prefrontal activation was similar for younger and older adults, whereas deep gray matter activation was relatively greater for the older adults. Novels activated occipital regions (fusiform and lateral occipital gyri), and this activation was relatively reduced for older adults. The changes in behavioral performance across the task conditions were similar for the two age groups, although the older adults' responses were slower overall. Regression analyses of the relation between neural activation and task performance (response time) indicated that whereas performance was mediated most directly by prefrontal cortex for younger adults, older adults' performance was influenced to a greater extent by deep gray matter structures. Older adults may place relatively greater emphasis on the attentional control of response regulation, in compensation for the age-related decline in visual processing efficiency.}, Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhg113}, Key = {fds274882} } @article{fds135365, Title = {Madden, D. J., & Whiting, W. L. (2004). Age-related changes in visual attention. In P. T. Costa & I. C. Siegler (Eds.), Recent advances in psychology and aging (pp. 41-88). Amsterdam: Elsevier.}, Year = {2004}, Key = {fds135365} } @article{fds274842, Author = {Madden, DJ and Langley, LK and Thurston, RC and Whiting, WL and Blumenthal, JA}, Title = {Interaction of Blood Pressure and Adult Age in Memory Search and Visual Search Performance}, Journal = {Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition}, Volume = {10}, Number = {4}, Pages = {241-254}, Publisher = {Informa UK Limited}, Year = {2003}, Month = {December}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/anec.10.4.241.28973}, Abstract = {According to one model of the interaction between blood pressure and adult age, chronically elevated blood pressure accelerates age-related decline in fluid intelligence. To test this model, 48 unmedicated individuals with high blood pressure (HBP) and 48 individuals with normal blood pressure (NBP), comprising three categories of adult age (20-39, 40-59, and 60-79 years), performed memory search and visual search tasks. In contrast to the prediction, performance slowing related to HBP was evident for middle-aged adults, but not for the older adults, perhaps as a result of survival and selective attrition effects. There were specific age-related changes associated with memory search and visual search, in addition to generalized slowing, whereas the HBP-related changes were not task-specific.}, Doi = {10.1076/anec.10.4.241.28973}, Key = {fds274842} } @article{fds135350, Author = {WL Whiting and DJ Madden and LK Langley and LL Denny and TG Turkington and JM Provenzale and TC Hawk and RE Coleman}, Title = {Lexical and sublexical components of age-related changes in neural activation during visual word identification.}, Journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience, United States}, Volume = {15}, Number = {3}, Pages = {475-87}, Year = {2003}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {0898-929X}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aging • Brain Mapping • Cerebrovascular Circulation • Discrimination (Psychology)* • Female • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Reaction Time • Reading* • Regional Blood Flow • Tomography, Emission-Computed • Visual Perception • Vocabulary • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Positron emission tomography data (Madden, Langley, et al., 2002) were analyzed to investigate adult age differences in the relation between neural activation and the lexical (word frequency) and sublexical (word length) components of visual word identification. The differential influence of these components on reaction time (RT) for word/nonword discrimination (lexical decision) was generally similar for the two age groups, with word frequency accounting for a greater proportion of lexical decision RT variance relative to word length. The influence of word length on RT, however, was relatively greater for older adults. Activation in regions of the ventral occipito-temporal cortex was related to the RT changes associated with word frequency and length for older adults, but not for younger adults. Specifically, older adults' frequency effects were related to activation in both anterior (Brodmann's area [BA] 37) and posterior (BAs 17 and 18) regions of the occipito-temporal pathway, whereas word length effects were only associated with posterior activation (BA 17). We conclude that aging affects the neural mechanisms supporting word identification performance although behavioral measures of this ability are generally constant as a function of age.}, Key = {fds135350} } @article{fds274949, Author = {Whiting, WL and Madden, DJ and Langley, LK and Denny, LL and Turkington, TG and Provenzale, JM and Hawk, TC and Coleman, RE}, Title = {Lexical and sublexical components of age-related changes in neural activation during visual word identification.}, Journal = {J Cogn Neurosci}, Volume = {15}, Number = {3}, Pages = {475-487}, Year = {2003}, Month = {April}, ISSN = {0898-929X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12729497}, Abstract = {Positron emission tomography data (Madden, Langley, et al., 2002) were analyzed to investigate adult age differences in the relation between neural activation and the lexical (word frequency) and sublexical (word length) components of visual word identification. The differential influence of these components on reaction time (RT) for word/nonword discrimination (lexical decision) was generally similar for the two age groups, with word frequency accounting for a greater proportion of lexical decision RT variance relative to word length. The influence of word length on RT, however, was relatively greater for older adults. Activation in regions of the ventral occipito-temporal cortex was related to the RT changes associated with word frequency and length for older adults, but not for younger adults. Specifically, older adults' frequency effects were related to activation in both anterior (Brodmann's area [BA] 37) and posterior (BAs 17 and 18) regions of the occipito-temporal pathway, whereas word length effects were only associated with posterior activation (BA 17). We conclude that aging affects the neural mechanisms supporting word identification performance although behavioral measures of this ability are generally constant as a function of age.}, Doi = {10.1162/089892903321593171}, Key = {fds274949} } @article{fds135293, Author = {DJ Madden and LK Langley}, Title = {Age-related changes in selective attention and perceptual load during visual search.}, Journal = {Psychology and aging, United States}, Volume = {18}, Number = {1}, Pages = {54-67}, Year = {2003}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0882-7974}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Attention* • Female • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Models, Psychological* • Visual Perception* • physiology • psychology*}, Abstract = {Three visual search experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that age differences in selective attention vary as a function of perceptual load (E. A. Maylor & N. Lavie, 1998). Under resource-limited conditions (Experiments 1 and 2), the distraction from irrelevant display items generally decreased as display size (perceptual load) increased. This perceptual load effect was similar for younger and older adults, contrary to the findings of Maylor and Lavie. Distraction at low perceptual loads appeared to reflect both general and specific inhibitory mechanisms. Under more data-limited conditions (Experiment 3), an age-related decline in selective attention was evident, but the age difference was not attributable to capacity limitations as predicted by the perceptual load theory.}, Key = {fds135293} } @article{fds274950, Author = {Madden, DJ and Langley, LK}, Title = {Age-related changes in selective attention and perceptual load during visual search.}, Journal = {Psychol Aging}, Volume = {18}, Number = {1}, Pages = {54-67}, Year = {2003}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0882-7974}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12641312}, Abstract = {Three visual search experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that age differences in selective attention vary as a function of perceptual load (E. A. Maylor & N. Lavie, 1998). Under resource-limited conditions (Experiments 1 and 2), the distraction from irrelevant display items generally decreased as display size (perceptual load) increased. This perceptual load effect was similar for younger and older adults, contrary to the findings of Maylor and Lavie. Distraction at low perceptual loads appeared to reflect both general and specific inhibitory mechanisms. Under more data-limited conditions (Experiment 3), an age-related decline in selective attention was evident, but the age difference was not attributable to capacity limitations as predicted by the perceptual load theory.}, Doi = {10.1037/0882-7974.18.1.54}, Key = {fds274950} } @article{fds274839, Author = {Madden, DJ and Whiting, WL}, Title = {Age-related changes in visual attention}, Journal = {Advances in Cell Aging and Gerontology}, Volume = {15}, Pages = {41-88}, Publisher = {Elsevier}, Year = {2003}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {1566-3124}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1566-3124(03)15003-1}, Doi = {10.1016/S1566-3124(03)15003-1}, Key = {fds274839} } @article{fds274948, Author = {Madden, DJ and Langley, LK and Denny, LL and Turkington, TG and Provenzale, JM and Hawk, TC and Coleman, RE}, Title = {Adult age differences in visual word identification: functional neuroanatomy by positron emission tomography.}, Journal = {Brain Cogn}, Volume = {49}, Number = {3}, Pages = {297-321}, Year = {2002}, Month = {August}, ISSN = {0278-2626}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12139956}, Keywords = {Adult • Age Factors • Aged • Aging • Brain • Cerebrovascular Circulation • Cognition Disorders • Female • Functional Laterality • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Reaction Time • Semantics • Tomography, Emission-Computed* • Visual Perception • Vocabulary • anatomy & histology* • blood supply • diagnosis • epidemiology • metabolism* • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Adult age differences in the neural systems mediating semantic (context-independent) memory were investigated using positron emission tomography (PET). Younger (20-29 years) and older (62-70 years) participants performed lexical decision (word/nonword discrimination) and nonsemantic (simple visual search) baseline tasks during PET scanning. Within the lexical decision task, display duration and presentation rate were varied across scans. The behavioral data suggested that although an age-related slowing was evident in visual feature and response processing, the retrieval of semantic/lexical information was similar for younger and older adults. For both age groups, lexical-related activation occurred in inferior prefrontal and occipitotemporal regions of the left hemisphere. Differential activation, as a function of age group, was observed in the left occipitotemporal pathway as a result of older adults' maintaining higher levels of neural activity in striate cortex (during visual search) and in inferior temporal cortex (during lexical decision). The prefrontal activation was similar for the two age groups. Thus, although this form of semantic memory retrieval does not undergo significant age-related decline, an age-related change in the associated pattern of neural activation is evident. These findings differ from previous neuroimaging studies of episodic (context-dependent) memory retrieval, which have suggested that age-related compensatory mechanisms are expressed primarily by greater activation of prefrontal regions for older adults than for younger adults.}, Doi = {10.1006/brcg.2001.1502}, Key = {fds274948} } @article{fds274898, Author = {Allen, PA and Sliwinski, M and Bowie, T and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Differential age effects in semantic and episodic memory.}, Journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, Volume = {57}, Number = {2}, Pages = {P173-P186}, Year = {2002}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {1079-5014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11867665}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Age Factors • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Factor Analysis, Statistical • Humans • Language Tests • Memory • Middle Aged • Reaction Time • Task Performance and Analysis* • Vocabulary* • physiology* • psychology*}, Abstract = {Results from 4 experimental tasks and 8 data sets (the 4 tasks involved either multiple sessions or different stimuli) as well as a vocabulary test conducted on the same 80 participants (40 younger and 40 older adults) are reported. The authors employed 2 semantic memory tasks (lexical decision and multiplication verification) using data from 2 sessions (for a total of 4 semantic data sets) and 2 episodic memory tasks (hybrid visual search and memory search with digits and with words as stimuli). Factor analyses using slope and intercept data from the 8 experimental data sets indicated the presence of 3 latent factors: a single intercept factor for both episodic and semantic tasks and separate slope factors for episodic and semantic tasks. A structural equation model with paths from age to 3 different 1st-order latent factors (episodic central processes, semantic central processes, and combined episodic and semantic peripheral processes) fit better than general factor models. These data are consistent with a theoretical framework in which there are age-related dissociations between peripheral and central processes across semantic and episodic memory.}, Doi = {10.1093/geronb/57.2.p173}, Key = {fds274898} } @article{fds274947, Author = {Madden, DJ and Turkington, TG and Provenzale, JM and Denny, LL and Langley, LK and Hawk, TC and Coleman, RE}, Title = {Aging and attentional guidance during visual search: functional neuroanatomy by positron emission tomography.}, Journal = {Psychol Aging}, Volume = {17}, Number = {1}, Pages = {24-43}, Year = {2002}, Month = {March}, ISSN = {0882-7974}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11931285}, Abstract = {Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to examine adult age differences in neural activation during visual search. Target detection was less accurate for older adults than for younger adults, but both age groups were successful in using color to guide attention to a subset of display items. Increasing perceptual difficulty led to greater activation of occipitotemporal cortex for younger adults than for older adults, apparently as the result of older adults maintaining higher levels of activation within the easier task conditions. The results suggest that compensation for age-related decline in the efficiency of occipitotemporal cortical functioning was implemented by changes in the relative level of activation within this visual processing pathway, rather than by the recruitment of other cortical regions.}, Doi = {10.1037//0882-7974.17.1.24}, Key = {fds274947} } @article{fds135306, Title = {Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., & Madden, D. J. (2002). Benign senescent forgetfulness, age-associated memory impairment, and age-related cognitive decline. In J. Copeland, M. Abou-Saleh, & D. G. Blazer (Eds.), Principles and practice of geriatric psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 303-304). Sussex, England: Wiley.}, Year = {2002}, Key = {fds135306} } @article{fds274883, Author = {Allen, PA and Smith, AF and Groth, KE and Pickle, JL and Grabbe, JW and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Differential age effects for case and hue mixing in visual word recognition.}, Journal = {Psychology and Aging}, Volume = {17}, Number = {4}, Pages = {622-635}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {2002}, ISSN = {0882-7974}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12507359}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aged, 80 and over • Aging • Cognition • Color • Decision Making • Humans • Language • Middle Aged • Pattern Recognition, Visual* • Recognition (Psychology)* • psychology*}, Abstract = {The authors compare older adults' lexical-decision data with younger adults' data reported in P. Allen, A. F. Smith, et al. (2002). On the basis of their work, it was proposed that consistent-case wordswould be processed by the faster holistic (magnodominated) stream, but that mixed-case words would be processed by the slower analytic (interblob-dominated or blob-dominated) steams. Hue mixing was predicted to have no effect on consistent-case performance, but mixed-hue/mixed-case words were predicted to be recognized faster than monochrome/mixed-case words. Younger adults showed the predicted results, but older adults did not. These results suggest that holistic central processes are maintained, but that older adults exhibited an analytic decrement}, Doi = {10.1037//0882-7974.17.4.622}, Key = {fds274883} } @article{fds375247, Author = {Madden, DJ and Turkington, TG and Provenzale, JM and Denny, LL and Langley, LK and Hawk, TC and Coleman, RE}, Title = {Aging and attentional guidance during visual search: Functional neuroanatomy by positron emission tomography.}, Journal = {Psychology and Aging}, Volume = {17}, Number = {1}, Pages = {24-43}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {2002}, ISSN = {0882-7974}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.17.1.24}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aging • Attention • Brain Mapping • Cerebral Cortex • Color Perception • Discrimination Learning • Female • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Occipital Lobe • Orientation • Pattern Recognition, Visual • Reference Values • Temporal Lobe • Tomography, Emission-Computed* • Visual Pathways • physiology • physiology* • radionuclide imaging}, Abstract = {Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to examine adult age differences in neural activation during visual search. Target detection was less accurate for older adults than for younger adults, but both age groups were successful in using color to guide attention to a subset of display items. Increasing perceptual difficulty led to greater activation of occipitotemporal cortex for younger adults than for older adults, apparently as the result of older adults maintaining higher levels of activation within the easier task conditions. The results suggest that compensation for age-related decline in the efficiency of occipitotemporal cortical functioning was implemented by changes in the relative level of activation within this visual processing pathway, rather than by the recruitment of other cortical regions.}, Doi = {10.1037//0882-7974.17.1.24}, Key = {fds375247} } @article{fds274843, Author = {Khatri, P and Blumenthal, JA and Babyak, MA and Craighead, WE and Herman, S and Baldewicz, T and Madden, DJ and Doraiswamy, M and Waugh, R and Krishnan, KR}, Title = {Effects of exercise training on cognitive functioning among depressed older men and women}, Journal = {Journal of Aging and Physical Activity}, Volume = {9}, Number = {1}, Pages = {43-57}, Publisher = {Human Kinetics}, Year = {2001}, Month = {January}, ISSN = {1063-8652}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.9.1.43}, Abstract = {The effects of a structured exercise program on the cognitive functioning of 84 clinically depressed middle-aged and older adults (mean age = 57 years) were examined. Participants were randomized to either 4 months of aerobic exercise (n = 42) or antidepressant medication (n = 42). Assessments of cognitive functioning (memory, psychomotor speed, executive functioning, and attention/concentration), depression, and physical fitness (aerobic capacity and exercise endurance) were conducted before and after the intervention. Exercise-related changes (accounting for baseline levels of cognitive functioning and depression) were observed for memory (p = .01) and executive functioning (p = .03). There were no treatment-group differences on tasks measuring either attention/concentration or psychomotor speed. Results indicate that exercise can exert influence on specific areas of cognitive functioning among depressed older adults. Further research is necessary to clarify the kinds of cognitive processes that are affected by exercise and the mechanisms by which exercise affects cognitive functioning.}, Doi = {10.1123/japa.9.1.43}, Key = {fds274843} } @article{fds135271, Title = {Madden, D. J. (2001). Speed and timing of behavioral processes. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (5th ed., pp. 288-312). San Diego: Academic Press.}, Year = {2001}, Key = {fds135271} } @article{fds135304, Title = {Jonas, D. L., Blumenthal, J. A., Madden, D. J., & Serra, M. (2001). Cognitive consequences of antihypertensive medications. In S. R. Waldstein & M. F. Elias (Eds.), Neuropsychology of cardiovascular disease (pp. 167-188). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.}, Year = {2001}, Key = {fds135304} } @article{fds135305, Title = {Khatri, P., Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Craighead, W. E., Herman, S., Baldewicz, T., Madden, D. J., Doraiswamy, M., Waugh, R., & Krishnan, K. R. (2001). Effects of exercise training on cognitive functioning among depressed older men and women. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 9, 43-57.}, Year = {2001}, Key = {fds135305} } @article{fds274912, Author = {Madden, DJ}, Title = {Neuroimaging of memory. Introduction.}, Journal = {Microsc Res Tech}, Volume = {51}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-5}, Year = {2000}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {1059-910X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11002348}, Keywords = {Brain • Brain Mapping • Diagnostic Imaging* • Humans • Memory • physiology*}, Doi = {10.1002/1097-0029(20001001)51:1<1::AID-JEMT1>3.0.CO;2-Z}, Key = {fds274912} } @article{fds274933, Author = {Langley, LK and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Functional neuroimaging of memory: implications for cognitive aging.}, Journal = {Microsc Res Tech}, Volume = {51}, Number = {1}, Pages = {75-84}, Year = {2000}, Month = {October}, ISSN = {1059-910X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11002355}, Keywords = {Adult • Aging • Brain • Cognition • Hemodynamic Processes • Humans • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Memory • Tomography, Emission-Computed • methods • physiology* • radionuclide imaging}, Abstract = {Our understanding of the ways in which changes in specific neural systems mediate adult age differences in memory is rapidly increasing, due in no small part to the advent of functional neuroimaging techniques. This article reviews age-related changes in memory performance obtained with behavioral measures, describes models of the neural mechanisms of memory, and derives predictions from these models regarding age-related changes in brain activation patterns. The neuroimaging findings obtained to date support models emphasizing the role of prefrontal cortex in age-related changes in memory functioning, especially for episodic memory retrieval. In general, neural activation associated with episodic memory encoding is regionally similar for younger and older adults but relatively lower in magnitude for older adults. During retrieval, activation that is restricted to the right prefrontal cortex for younger adults is more likely to be bilateral for older adults. Prefrontal activation exhibits an age-related increase when working memory tasks require simple storage and an age-related decrease when working memory requires higher-level executive processes. Although the evidence is limited, behavioral performance and activation patterns appear to be similar among younger and older adults on tests of semantic (context-independent) and implicit memory. We conclude that several methodological issues, such as defining the relation between brain structure and function, and determining the relationship between performance and activation, are particularly important for understanding age-related changes. Future directions for aging research include further investigation of the relation between encoding and retrieval and the identification of both spared and impaired neural systems.}, Doi = {10.1002/1097-0029(20001001)51:1<75::AID-JEMT8>3.0.CO;2-6}, Key = {fds274933} } @article{fds274838, Author = {Allen, PA and Stadtlander, LM and Groth, KE and Pickle, JL and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Adult age invariance in sentence unitization}, Journal = {Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition}, Volume = {7}, Number = {1}, Pages = {54-67}, Year = {2000}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/anec.7.1.54.808}, Abstract = {We examined age differences on a letter detection task that was performed on four-word sentences in order to examine how letter-level and word-level processing is integrated with sentence-level unitization. Sentence-level unitization is defined as the formation of a sentence-level code that delays access to letter-level or word-level codes. There was a consistent word-frequency disadvantage for both age groups in which it took longer to detect letters within high and medium high frequency words than in low frequency words. This finding suggested that word-level and letter-level input channels were involved in a parallel 'horse race' to the central processor while simultaneously outputting codes to the sentence-level at the second tier of processing. The present data also revealed that both age groups showed a larger relative increase in reaction time for letter detection for the fourth word position compared to the third word position on syntactically 'intact' sentences relative to syntactically 'scrambled' sentences. These data indicated that both age groups formed sentence-level codes that made letter-level codes more difficult to access. Finally, older adults' data showed a larger cost than younger adults' data for scrambled sentences than for intact sentences. These results suggest that older adults are more reliant on a syntactical processor that facilitates the parafoveal preview during the reading of syntactically intact sentences. These data suggest that whereas there are age differences in the perceptual processing of letters and words, sentence unitization and syntactical processing remain intact with increasing adult age.}, Doi = {10.1076/anec.7.1.54.808}, Key = {fds274838} } @article{fds274896, Author = {Madden, DJ and Gottlob, LR and Denny, LL and Turkington, TG and Provenzale, JM and Hawk, TC and Coleman, RE}, Title = {Aging and recognition memory: changes in regional cerebral blood flow associated with components of reaction time distributions.}, Journal = {J Cogn Neurosci}, Volume = {11}, Number = {5}, Pages = {511-520}, Year = {1999}, Month = {September}, ISSN = {0898-929X}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10511640}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aging • Brain • Brain Mapping • Cerebrovascular Circulation* • Female • Humans • Language • Male • Memory • Mental Recall • Middle Aged • Prefrontal Cortex • Reaction Time* • Regression Analysis • Statistical Distributions • Tomography, Emission-Computed • Visual Perception • blood supply • physiology • physiology* • radionuclide imaging}, Abstract = {We used H(2)15O positron emission tomography (PET) to measure age-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during a verbal recognition memory task. Twelve young adults (20 to 29 years) and 12 older adults (62 to 79 years) participated. Separate PET scans were conducted during Encoding, Baseline, and Retrieval conditions. Each of the conditions involved viewing a series of 64 words and making a two-choice response manually. The complete reaction time (RT) distributions in each task condition were characterized in terms of an ex-Gaussian model (convolution of exponential and Gaussian functions). Parameter estimates were obtained for the mean of the exponential component (tau), representing a task-specific decision process and the mean of the Gaussian component (mu) representing residual sensory coding and response processes. Independently of age group, both tau and mu were higher in the Encoding and Retrieval conditions than in the Baseline condition, and tau was higher during Retrieval than during Encoding. Age-related slowing in task performance was evident primarily in mu. For young adults, rCBF activation in the right prefrontal cortex, in the Retrieval condition, was correlated positively with mu but not with tau. For older adults, rCBF changes (both increases and decreases) in several cortical regions were correlated with both mu and tau. The data suggest that the attentional demands of this task are relatively greater for older adults and consequently lead to the recruitment of additional neural systems during task performance.}, Doi = {10.1162/089892999563571}, Key = {fds274896} } @article{fds274905, Author = {Gottlob, LR and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Age similarities in the inertial properties of attention.}, Journal = {Percept Psychophys}, Volume = {61}, Number = {4}, Pages = {740-755}, Year = {1999}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {0031-5117}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10370340}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aging • Analysis of Variance • Attention • Cross-Sectional Studies • Cues • Discrimination (Psychology) • Female • Humans • Linear Models • Male • Middle Aged • Models, Psychological • Perceptual Masking • Reaction Time • Space Perception • Volition • physiology • physiology*}, Abstract = {Adult age differences in the mode of allocation of visual attention were investigated, using a visual search task with a circular display containing one target letter and seven distractor letters. In two experiments, a total of 56 younger adults (M = 20 years) and 56 older adults (M = 66 years) searched for a target appearing with equal probability at one of two cued locations. The first cue appeared 115 msec before display onset, and the second cue appeared with display onset; distance between the two cued locations was varied. Target identification performance indicated that attention was inertial, in that reaction time for second-cued targets was related either to the area of the portion of the visual field containing possible target locations or to the mean path length of a serial self-terminating search. There were no age-related decrements in the allocation of visual attention.}, Doi = {10.3758/bf03205542}, Key = {fds274905} } @article{fds274927, Author = {Gottlob, LR and Madden, DJ}, Title = {Age differences in the strategic allocation of visual attention.}, Journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, Volume = {54}, Number = {3}, Pages = {P165-P172}, Year = {1999}, Month = {May}, ISSN = {1079-5014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10363038}, Keywords = {Adolescent • Adult • Aged • Aging • Attention* • Female • Humans • Male • Mental Processes • Middle Aged • Visual Perception* • psychology*}, Abstract = {The allocation of visual spatial attention was investigated in two groups of adults, younger (n = 24; M = 19 yrs) and older (n = 24; M = 68 yrs). Two sequential target displays were presented on a computer screen. If a target letter appeared in Display 1, then observers were to identify a target letter in Display 2. Based on accuracy of Display 1 target detection, the older adults had a more restricted range of visual processing than the younger adults. Based on reaction times for Display 2 target identification, older adults appeared to use a spotlight (serial) scanning mechanism, whereas younger adults appeared to use an activity-distribution (parallel) mechanism. Results are consistent with age-related cognitive slowing, but also suggest a difference in strategy according to the availability of visual information.}, Doi = {10.1093/geronb/54b.3.p165}, Key = {fds274927} } @article{fds274837, Author = {Madden, DJ and Welsh-Bohmer, KA and Tupler, LA}, Title = {Task complexity and signal detection analyses of lexical decision performance in Alzheimer's disease}, Journal = {Developmental Neuropsychology}, Volume = {16}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-18}, Publisher = {Informa UK Limited}, Year = {1999}, Month = {January}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15326942DN160101}, Abstract = {This experiment addressed the issue of whether the changes in semantic memory performance associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) could be distinguished from a generalized cognitive slowing. Young adults, healthy older adults, and AD patients performed 3 different reaction time (RT) tasks involving yes-no responses to visually presented letter strings. Task complexity analyses indicated that performance in the semantic task (lexical decision) was consistent with a generalized slowing of cognitive function that was greater in magnitude for AD than for normal aging. Signal detection analyses of the lexical decision data demonstrated AD-related changes in word-nonword discrimination, response bias, and the relation between discrimination and RT. The general cognitive slowing associated with AD was accompanied by additional changes specific to the performance of this semantic memory task.}, Doi = {10.1207/S15326942DN160101}, Key = {fds274837} } @article{fds274897, Author = {Madden, DJ and Gottlob, LR and Allen, PA}, Title = {Adult age differences in visual search accuracy: Attentional guidance and target detectability.}, Journal = {Psychology and Aging}, Volume = {14}, Number = {4}, Pages = {683-694}, Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, Year = {1999}, ISSN = {0882-7974}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10632154}, Keywords = {Adult • Age Factors • Aged • Aging • Attention • Female • Humans • Male • Middle Aged • Signal Detection (Psychology) • Visual Perception • Wechsler Scales • physiology*}, Abstract = {Previous research, relying primarily on reaction time measures of highly accurate performance, suggests that both younger and older adults can increase the efficiency of visual search by guiding attention to a candidate subset of items. The authors investigated attentional guidance when accuracy was well below ceiling to focus more specifically on the role of perceptual processes. In the most difficult condition (conjunction search), the likelihood of missing a target was greater for older adults than for younger adults, and this effect was not attributable entirely to generalized slowing. Both age groups were able to improve search efficiency by attending to a distinct subset of display items, indicating that attentional guidance to perceptual features does not exhibit age-related decline. A signal-detection model of the conjunction search data demonstrated that the age difference represented an age-related decline in target detectability.}, Doi = {10.1037//0882-7974.14.4.683}, Key = {fds274897} } @article{fds274920, Author = {Madden, DJ and Turkington, TG and Provenzale, JM and Denny, LL and Hawk, TC and Gottlob, LR and Coleman, RE}, Title = {Adult age differences in the functional neuroanatomy of verbal recognition memory.}, Journal = {Hum Brain Mapp}, Volume = {7}, Number = {2}, Pages = {115-135}, Year = {1999}, ISSN = {1065-9471}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9950069}, Keywords = {Adult • Aged • Aging • Brain • Cerebrovascular Circulation • Discrimination (Psychology) • Female • Humans • Language* • Male • Memory • Middle Aged • Observer Variation • Reaction Time • Tomography, Emission-Computed* • physiology • physiology* • radionuclide imaging*}, Abstract = {Adult age differences are frequently observed in the performance of memory tasks, but the changes in neural function mediating these differences are largely unknown. We used (H2)15O positron emission tomography (PET) to measure changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during Encoding, Baseline, and Retrieval conditions of a recognition memory task. Twelve young adults (20-29 years) and 12 older adults (62-79 years) participated. During each task condition, participants made a two-choice manual response to each of 64 words. Analyses of the performance data yielded evidence of age-related slowing of encoding and retrieval processes, and an age-related decline in the accuracy of yes/no recognition (d'). The rCBF activation associated with both encoding and retrieval was greater for older adults than for young adults, but this pattern was more clearly evident for memory retrieval. For young adults, rCBF activation during retrieval occurred primarily in right prefrontal cortex, whereas older adults exhibited a more bilateral pattern of prefrontal activation. Regression analyses predicting reaction time in the memory task from regional PET counts confirmed that the neural system mediating memory retrieval is more widely distributed for older adults than for young adults. Both age groups exhibited some decrease in rCBF activation in the second half of the test session, relative to the first half. The practice-related decrease in rCBF activation was more prominent for young adults, suggesting that the older adults' recruitment of additional neural systems reflects a more continual allocation of attention to support task performance.}, Doi = {10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1999)7:2<115::aid-hbm5>3.0.co;2-n}, Key = {fds274920} } @article{fds274836, Author = {Madden, DJ and Turkington, TG and Provenzale, JM and Denny, LL and Hawk, TC and Gottlob, LR and Coleman, RE}, Title = {Age-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow during verbal recognition memory: Evidence from H | |
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