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| Publications of Mark R. Leary :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds367834,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Intellectual Humility as a Route to More Accurate Knowledge,
Better Decisions, and Less Conflict.},
Journal = {American Journal of Health Promotion : Ajhp},
Volume = {36},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1401-1404},
Year = {2022},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08901171221125326b},
Doi = {10.1177/08901171221125326b},
Key = {fds367834}
}
@article{fds364213,
Author = {Erwin, SR and Liu, PJ and Datta, N and Nicholas, J and Rivera-Cancel, A and Leary, M and Chartrand, TL and Zucker, NL},
Title = {Experiences of mimicry in eating disorders.},
Journal = {Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {10},
Number = {1},
Pages = {103},
Year = {2022},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00607-9},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: People unknowingly mimic the behaviors of
others, a process that results in feelings of affiliation.
However, some individuals with eating disorders describe
feeling "triggered" when mimicked. This study explores the
effects of implicit non-verbal mimicry on individuals with a
history of an eating disorder (ED-His) compared to healthy
controls (HCs). METHOD: Women (N = 118,
nED-His = 31; Mage = 21 years) participated in a
laboratory task with a confederate trained to either
discreetly mimic (Mimicry condition) or not mimic
(No-Mimicry condition) the mannerisms of the participant.
Participants rated the likability of the confederate and the
smoothness of the interaction. RESULTS: Participants in the
No-Mimicry condition rated the confederate as significantly
more likable than in the Mimicry condition, and ED-His rated
the confederate as more likable than HCs. ED-His in the
Mimicry condition rated the interaction as less smooth than
HCs, whereas this pattern was not found in the No-Mimicry
condition. Among ED-His, longer disorder duration
(≥ 3.87 years) was associated with less liking of a
confederate who mimicked and more liking of a confederate
who did not mimic. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the implications
of these findings for interpersonal therapeutic processes
and group treatment settings for eating disorders. Our study
on subtle, nonverbal mimicry revealed differences in social
behavior for women with a history of an eating disorder
compared to healthy women. For participants with an eating
disorder history, a longer duration of illness was
associated with a worse pattern of affiliation, reflected in
lower liking of a mimicker. Further research on how
diverging processes of affiliation may function to
perpetuate the chronicity of eating disorders and
implications for treatment is needed.},
Doi = {10.1186/s40337-022-00607-9},
Key = {fds364213}
}
@article{fds359575,
Author = {Rosenfeld, DL and Balcetis, E and Bastian, B and Berkman, ET and Bosson,
JK and Brannon, TN and Burrow, AL and Cameron, CD and Chen, S and Cook, JE and Crandall, C and Davidai, S and Dhont, K and Eastwick, PW and Gaither,
SE and Gangestad, SW and Gilovich, T and Gray, K and Haines, EL and Haselton, MG and Haslam, N and Hodson, G and Hogg, MA and Hornsey, MJ and Huo, YJ and Joel, S and Kachanoff, FJ and Kraft-Todd, G and Leary, MR and Ledgerwood, A and Lee, RT and Loughnan, S and MacInnis, CC and Mann, T and Murray, DR and Parkinson, C and Pérez, EO and Pyszczynski, T and Ratner, K and Rothgerber, H and Rounds, JD and Schaller, M and Silver,
RC and Spellman, BA and Strohminger, N and Swim, JK and Thoemmes, F and Urganci, B and Vandello, JA and Volz, S and Zayas, V and Tomiyama,
AJ},
Title = {Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social,
Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations.},
Journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science : a Journal of the
Association for Psychological Science},
Volume = {17},
Number = {2},
Pages = {311-333},
Year = {2022},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691621999374},
Abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of
psychological science from what research questions
psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists
can use to investigate them. In this article, we offer a
perspective on how to optimize new research in the
pandemic's wake. Because this pandemic is inherently a
social phenomenon-an event that hinges on human-to-human
contact-we focus on socially relevant subfields of
psychology. We highlight specific psychological phenomena
that have likely shifted as a result of the pandemic and
discuss theoretical, methodological, and practical
considerations of conducting research on these phenomena.
After this discussion, we evaluate metascientific issues
that have been amplified by the pandemic. We aim to
demonstrate how theoretically grounded views on the COVID-19
pandemic can help make psychological science stronger-not
weaker-in its wake.},
Doi = {10.1177/1745691621999374},
Key = {fds359575}
}
@article{fds359094,
Author = {Allen, K-A and Gray, DL and Baumeister, RF and Leary,
MR},
Title = {The Need to Belong: a Deep Dive into the Origins,
Implications, and Future of a Foundational
Construct.},
Journal = {Educational Psychology Review},
Volume = {34},
Number = {2},
Pages = {1133-1156},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09633-6},
Abstract = {The need to belong in human motivation is relevant for all
academic disciplines that study human behavior, with immense
importance to educational psychology. The presence of
belonging, specifically school belonging, has powerful long-
and short-term implications for students' positive
psychological and academic outcomes. This article presents a
brief review of belonging research with specific relevance
to educational psychology. Following this is an interview
with Emeritus Professors Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary,
foundational pioneers in belonging research which reflects
upon their influential 1995 paper, "The need to belong:
Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human
motivation," to explore the value and relevance of belonging
for understanding human behavior and promoting
well-being.},
Doi = {10.1007/s10648-021-09633-6},
Key = {fds359094}
}
@article{fds358767,
Author = {Kowalski, RM and Leary, M and Hendley, T and Rubley, K and Chapman, C and Chitty, H and Carroll, H and Cook, A and Richardson, E and Robbins, C and Wells, S and Bourque, L and Oakley, R and Bednar, H and Jones, R and Tolleson, K and Fisher, K and Graham, R and Scarborough, M and Welsh,
SA and Longacre, M},
Title = {K-12, college/university, and mass shootings: similarities
and differences.},
Journal = {The Journal of Social Psychology},
Volume = {161},
Number = {6},
Pages = {753-778},
Year = {2021},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2021.1900047},
Abstract = {In a 2003 study, we examined five antecedents of school
shootings - a history of rejection, acute rejection
experience, history of psychological problems, fascination
with death or violence, and fascination with guns. In three
studies, the current project examined the role of these
factors in 57 K-12 shootings, 24 college/university
shootings, and 77 mass shootings that occurred since the
original study. Over half of all shooters had a history of
psychological problems. More K-12 shooters than college or
mass shooters displayed a history of rejection. However,
more mass than school shooters had experienced an acute
rejection, such as a workplace firing. The characteristics
identified in the original study appeared as common
antecedent conditions of not only K-12 shootings but
college/university and mass shootings as well. These results
identify problems that can be addressed to minimize the
occurrence of school and mass shootings.},
Doi = {10.1080/00224545.2021.1900047},
Key = {fds358767}
}
@article{fds357320,
Author = {Kiknadze, NC and Leary, MR},
Title = {Comfort zone orientation: Individual differences in the
motivation to move beyond one's comfort zone},
Journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
Volume = {181},
Year = {2021},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111024},
Abstract = {Three studies examined the degree to which people value
doing things that push them out of their comfort zone. Study
1 showed that the boundaries of people's comfort zones are
related to their motives for engaging in a behavior and how
they expect to feel if they perform it. Study 2 involved the
development of a measure of comfort zone orientation (CZO),
the degree to which people value doing things outside of
their comfort zone. Predictors of CZO reflected
psychological influences on the value people place on
stepping outside their comfort zone, including a desire for
new and stimulating experiences, low anxiety, and
self-efficacy. Study 3 was a laboratory experiment that
examined the relationship between CZO and responses to an
anxiety-producing task. Participants who valued pushing
themselves out of their comfort zone were more confident
that they could make themselves perform tasks that fell
outside their comfort zone.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2021.111024},
Key = {fds357320}
}
@article{fds355825,
Author = {Bedrov, A and Leary, MR},
Title = {What you don't know might hurt me: Keeping secrets in
interpersonal relationships},
Journal = {Personal Relationships},
Volume = {28},
Number = {3},
Pages = {495-520},
Year = {2021},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pere.12373},
Abstract = {Despite being an inherently interpersonal phenomenon,
secrecy has rarely been studied within specific
relationships. This study examines how the secret-keeper's
relationship with the target relates to concealment among
undergraduates (n = 292) and MTurk workers (n = 249).
Participants rated keeping a personal secret as more
detrimental to well-being when it involved greater
concealment difficulty, rumination, and negative affect. For
MTurk workers, this burden was compounded when the
information was directly relevant to the target. Across both
samples, participants in higher quality relationships kept
their secrets to avoid shame or relationship damage and
perceived less distance from the target. These results
demonstrate that the motivations for and consequences of
keeping secrets vary with the specific relationships in
which they are kept.},
Doi = {10.1111/pere.12373},
Key = {fds355825}
}
@article{fds350532,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The need to belong, the sociometer, and the pursuit of
relational value: Unfinished business},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {20},
Number = {1},
Pages = {126-143},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2020.1779120},
Abstract = {Looking back through the research I have conducted on the
need to belong, I discovered three unpublished projects that
might be of interest. At the time, each of these projects
needed follow-up work to replicate findings and resolve
fuzziness in their results, yet each addressed unexplored
questions, generated useful findings, and offers directions
for future research. These projects involved distinguishing
the effects of social exclusion and low relational value on
reactions to rejection, the effects of darkness on the need
to belong, and the effect of acceptance and rejection on
interpersonal aspirations. Knowing that I will not be
digging deeper into these ideas myself, I describe them here
to put them on the record and possibly stimulate further
research.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2020.1779120},
Key = {fds350532}
}
@article{fds356459,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Emotional reactions to threats to acceptance and belonging:
a retrospective look at the big picture},
Journal = {Australian Journal of Psychology},
Volume = {73},
Number = {1},
Pages = {4-11},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1883410},
Abstract = {Looking back at more than 40 years of the author’s work
on social emotions reveals that emotional reactions as
diverse as hurt feelings, loneliness, social anxiety,
jealousy, guilt, embarrassment, and, often, sadness are
linked to people’s concerns with acceptance and belonging.
This article examines the nature and function of these
emotions, describes previously unpublished research
findings, examines the central role of relational value in
reactions to low acceptance and belonging, and applies these
ideas to speculate about the nature and function of
loneliness. KEY POINTS (1) Most negative social
emotions--such as social anxiety, loneliness, hurt feelings,
jealousy, and social sadness--are related to each other. (2)
One connection among these emotions is that all are
associated with a feeling of rejection or low belonging. (3)
This article provides a retrospective look at the author’s
work on social emotions over the past 40 years, providing an
integrative model of emotional reactions to rejection. (4)
Each of these emotions arises when people perceive that
their relational value is low–that others do not
adequately value having a relationship with them. (5) These
emotions function to alert people to possible threats to
belonging and acceptance and to motivate behaviors that
maintain high relational value and take reparative actions
when people perceive that their relational is low or
declining.},
Doi = {10.1080/00049530.2021.1883410},
Key = {fds356459}
}
@article{fds346494,
Author = {Banker, CC and Leary, MR},
Title = {Hypo-Egoic Nonentitlement as a Feature of
Humility.},
Journal = {Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {46},
Number = {5},
Pages = {738-753},
Year = {2020},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219875144},
Abstract = {Two studies tested the hypothesis that humility is
characterized by the belief that, no matter how
extraordinary one's accomplishments or characteristics may
be, one is not entitled to be treated special because of
them (hypo-egoic nonentitlement). Participants identified
either one (Study 1) or five (Study 2) positive
accomplishments or characteristics, rated those
accomplishments/characteristics, indicated how they believed
they should be treated because of them, and completed
measures of humility and related constructs. As predicted,
humility was inversely associated with the belief that other
people should treat one special because of one's
accomplishments and positive characteristics. However,
humility was not related to participants' ratings of the
positivity of their accomplishments or characteristics or of
themselves. Ancillary analyses examined the relationships
between hypo-egoic nonentitlement, humility, and measures of
self-esteem, narcissism, self- and other-interest,
psychological entitlement, individualism-collectivism, and
identification with humanity.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167219875144},
Key = {fds346494}
}
@article{fds339302,
Author = {Jongman-Sereno, KP and Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-judgments of authenticity},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {19},
Number = {1},
Pages = {32-63},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2020},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1526109},
Abstract = {People feel more authentic at certain times than at others,
and people differ in how authentic they believe they are
overall. Although self-judgments of authenticity and
inauthenticity are important to people, we know little about
factors that influence people’s inferences about or
reactions to their authenticity. Three studies examined
beliefs about authenticity and the criteria people use to
assess whether their actions are congruent with who they
really are. Authenticity beliefs fell into three categories
that: (a) require strict behavioral and attitudinal
congruence across time and situations, (b) allow behavioral
and attitudinal flexibility across time and situations, and
(c) view all behaviors as inevitably authentic. Study 1
showed that these three construals of authenticity
correlated in meaningful ways with views about authenticity
and behavioral variability. In Study 2, inducing the belief
that all behavior is authentic led participants to feel more
authentic. Study 3 challenged participants’ reasons for
feeling inauthentic, which led them to feel more authentic
and confirmed the use of these criteria to judge
authenticity. Results showed that self-judgments of
authenticity were affected by factors unrelated to
self-congruence per se, such as the positivity of the
behavior and the stringency of their construals of
authenticity.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2018.1526109},
Key = {fds339302}
}
@article{fds346926,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Hypo-egoic identity, prejudice, and intergroup
relations},
Journal = {Tpm Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied
Psychology},
Volume = {26},
Number = {3},
Pages = {335-346},
Year = {2019},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4473/TPM26.3.1},
Abstract = {People’s identities are based primarily on characteristics
that distinguish them from other people. However, some
people’s identities are influenced by their beliefs about
their connections with humanity and the world, connections
that emphasize similarity or sameness rather than
difference. This article examines the implications of
possessing such a hypo-egoic identity, focusing on four
constructs: The metapersonal self, allo-inclusive identity,
identification with all humanity, and the belief in oneness.
As would be predicted by research on the effects of having a
common ingroup identity, people who endorse a hypo-egoic
identity seem to have a more positive, inclusive, and
beneficent orientation toward other people and to be less
prejudiced.},
Doi = {10.4473/TPM26.3.1},
Key = {fds346926}
}
@article{fds344626,
Author = {Diebels, KJ and Leary, MR},
Title = {The psychological implications of believing that everything
is one},
Journal = {The Journal of Positive Psychology},
Volume = {14},
Number = {4},
Pages = {463-473},
Year = {2019},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1484939},
Abstract = {A variety of philosophical, religious, spiritual, and
scientific perspectives converge on the notion that
everything that exists is part of some fundamental entity,
substance, or process. People differ in the degree to which
they believe that everything is one, but we know little
about the psychological or social implications of holding
this belief. In two studies, believing in oneness was
associated with having an identity that includes distal
people and the natural world, feeling connected to humanity
and nature, and having values that focus on other people’s
welfare. However, the belief was not associated with a lower
focus on oneself or one’s concerns. Participants who
believed in oneness tended to view themselves as spiritual
but not necessarily religious, and reported experiences in
which they directly perceived everything as one. The belief
in oneness is a meaningful existential belief that has
numerous implications for people’s self-views,
experiences, values, relationships, and behavior.},
Doi = {10.1080/17439760.2018.1484939},
Key = {fds344626}
}
@article{fds338536,
Author = {Jongman-Sereno, KP and Leary, MR},
Title = {The Enigma of Being Yourself: A Critical Examination of the
Concept of Authenticity},
Journal = {Review of General Psychology},
Volume = {23},
Number = {1},
Pages = {133-142},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2019},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000157},
Abstract = {As the term is typically used, authenticity refers to the
degree to which a particular behavior is congruent with a
person’s attitudes, beliefs, values, motives, and other
dispositions. However, researchers disagree regarding the
best way to conceptualize and measure authenticity, whether
being authentic is always desirable, why people are
motivated to be authentic, and the nature of the
relationship between authenticity and psychological
well-being. In this article, we examine existing views of
authenticity, identify questionable assumptions about the
concept of authenticity, and discuss issues regarding
subjective feelings of inauthenticity, the implications of
authenticity for psychological and social well-being, and
the importance that people place on being
authentic.},
Doi = {10.1037/gpr0000157},
Key = {fds338536}
}
@article{fds339716,
Author = {Hoyle, RH and Kernis, MH and Leary, MR and Baldwin,
MW},
Title = {Selfhood: Identity, esteem, regulation},
Pages = {1-193},
Publisher = {Boulder, CO: Westview},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {0813331099},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429305818},
Abstract = {This text provides an integrative survey of the burgeoning
social-psychological literature on the self. By way of an
introduction, the authors establish the intellectual climate
that gave rise to contemporary perspectives on the self and
integrate early and more recent research on the structure of
the self. The core of the text surveys the
literatu.},
Doi = {10.4324/9780429305818},
Key = {fds339716}
}
@article{fds349395,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-presentation: Impression management and interpersonal
behavior},
Pages = {1-246},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780813330044},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429497384},
Abstract = {This book is about the ways which human behavior is affected
concerns with people may be doing, their public impressions
they typically prefer that No matter what else other people
perceive them in certain desired ways and not perceive them
in other, undesired ways. Put simply, human beings have a
pervasive and ongoing concern with their self-presentations.
Sometimes they act in ceflain ways just to make a particular
impression on someone else mras when a job applicant
responds inthat will satisfactorily impress the interviewer.
But more often, people 5 concerns with others’ impressions
simply constrain their behavioural options. Most of the time
inclined to do things that will lead others to see us as
incompetent, inwnoral, maladjusted, or otherwise socially
undesirable. As a result, our concerns with others’
impressions limit what we are willing to
do.Self-presentation almotives underlie and pervade near
corner of interpersonal life.},
Doi = {10.4324/9780429497384},
Key = {fds349395}
}
@article{fds337063,
Author = {Diebels, KJ and Leary, MR and Chon, D},
Title = {Individual differences in selfishness as a major dimension
of personality: A reinterpretation of the sixth personality
factor},
Journal = {Review of General Psychology},
Volume = {22},
Number = {4},
Pages = {367-376},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2018},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000155},
Abstract = {Research on the structure of personality has identified a
sixth major trait that emerges in addition to the Big Five.
This factor has been characterized in a number of ways-as
integrity, morality, trustworthiness, honesty, values, and,
most commonly, honesty-humility. Although each of these
labels captures some of the attributes associated with the
trait, none of them fully represents the range of associated
characteristics. In this article, we provide a
reinterpretation of the sixth factor as reflecting
individual differences in selfishness and review research
that supports this interpretation. Interpreting the sixth
trait as dispositional selfishness parsimoniously represents
the array of variables that are associated with the sixth
factor and reflects the behaviors of people who score low
versus high on the trait. This reinterpretation provides
greater coherence to six-factor models of personality and
suggests new directions for research on the sixth factor and
on dispositional selfishness more generally.},
Doi = {10.1037/gpr0000155},
Key = {fds337063}
}
@article{fds339751,
Author = {Martin, JL and Smart Richman and L and Leary, MR},
Title = {A lasting sting: Examining the short-term and long-term
effects of real-life group rejection},
Journal = {Group Processes & Intergroup Relations},
Volume = {21},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1109-1124},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2018},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217695443},
Abstract = {Although many studies have examined the short-term effects
of rejection in laboratory settings, few have investigated
the impact of rejection over time or in real-world contexts.
The university sorority recruitment process offers a unique
opportunity to address these shortcomings. Women
participating in sorority recruitment were surveyed directly
before recruitment, directly after recruitment, and 3 months
later. Rejected women experienced decreases in all
indicators of well-being directly after recruitment and did
not return to baseline on depressive symptoms, positive
mental health, satisfaction with life, perceived belonging,
or perceived social status 3 months later. Accepted women
showed no long-term changes in well-being, with the
exception that happiness and perceived social status
increased from baseline. A comparison group of women who did
not participate in sorority recruitment showed no
significant long-term changes in well-being. Perceived
belonging, but not social status, significantly mediated the
long-term emotional effects of rejection. These results
document that rejection experiences can have long-lasting
effects.},
Doi = {10.1177/1368430217695443},
Key = {fds339751}
}
@article{fds339300,
Author = {Stutts, LA and Leary, MR and Zeveney, AS and Hufnagle,
AS},
Title = {A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between
self-compassion and the psychological effects of perceived
stress},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {17},
Number = {6},
Pages = {609-626},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2018},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1422537},
Abstract = {Self-compassion is consistently associated with
psychological well-being, but most research has examined
their relationship at only a single point in time. This
study employed a longitudinal design to investigate the
relationship between baseline self-compassion, perceived
stress, and psychological outcomes in college students
(n = 462) when the outcomes were measured both
concurrently with perceived stress and after a lag of six
months. Self-compassion moderated the effects of perceived
stress such that stress was less strongly related to
depression, anxiety, and negative affect among participants
who scored high rather than low in self-compassion.
Self-compassion also moderated the effects of perceived
stress on depression and anxiety prospectively after six
months. Self-compassion predicted positive affect but
moderated the effects of perceived stress on positive affect
in only one analysis. This study suggests that high
self-compassion provides emotional benefits over time,
partly by weakening the link between stress and negative
outcomes.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2017.1422537},
Key = {fds339300}
}
@article{fds339301,
Author = {Parrish, MH and Inagaki, TK and Muscatell, KA and Haltom, KEB and Leary,
MR and Eisenberger, NI},
Title = {Self-compassion and responses to negative social feedback:
The role of fronto-amygdala circuit connectivity},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {17},
Number = {6},
Pages = {723-738},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2018},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1490344},
Abstract = {Self-compassion has been shown to have significant
relationships with psychological health and well-being.
Despite the increasing growth of research on the topic, no
studies to date have investigated how self-compassion
relates to neural responses to threats to the self. To
investigate whether self-compassion relates to
threat-regulatory mechanisms at the neural level of
analysis, we conducted a functional MRI study in a sample of
college-aged students. We hypothesized that self-compassion
would relate to greater negative connectivity between the
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and amygdala during a
social feedback task. Interestingly, we found a negative
correlation between self-compassion and VMPFC-amygdala
functional connectivity as predicted; however, this seemed
to be due to low levels of self-compassion relating to
greater positive connectivity in this circuit (rather than
high levels of self-compassion relating to more negative
connectivity). We also found significant relationships with
multiple subcomponents of self-compassion (Common Humanity,
Self-Judgment). These results shed light on how
self-compassion might affect neural responses to threat and
informs our understanding of the basic psychological
regulatory mechanisms linking a lack of self-compassion with
poor mental health.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2018.1490344},
Key = {fds339301}
}
@article{fds326829,
Author = {Leary, MR and Diebels, KJ and Davisson, EK and Jongman-Sereno, KP and Isherwood, JC and Raimi, KT and Deffler, SA and Hoyle,
RH},
Title = {Cognitive and Interpersonal Features of Intellectual
Humility.},
Journal = {Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {43},
Number = {6},
Pages = {793-813},
Year = {2017},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167217697695},
Abstract = {Four studies examined intellectual humility-the degree to
which people recognize that their beliefs might be wrong.
Using a new Intellectual Humility (IH) Scale, Study 1 showed
that intellectual humility was associated with variables
related to openness, curiosity, tolerance of ambiguity, and
low dogmatism. Study 2 revealed that participants high in
intellectual humility were less certain that their beliefs
about religion were correct and judged people less on the
basis of their religious opinions. In Study 3, participants
high in intellectual humility were less inclined to think
that politicians who changed their attitudes were
"flip-flopping," and Study 4 showed that people high in
intellectual humility were more attuned to the strength of
persuasive arguments than those who were low. In addition to
extending our understanding of intellectual humility, this
research demonstrates that the IH Scale is a valid measure
of the degree to which people recognize that their beliefs
are fallible.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167217697695},
Key = {fds326829}
}
@article{fds339712,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The Oxford Handbook of Hypo-Egoic Phenomena},
Pages = {304 pages},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2016},
Month = {October},
ISBN = {0199328072},
Abstract = {Thus, this Handbook offers the most comprehensive and
thoughtful analyses of hypo-egoicism to date.},
Key = {fds339712}
}
@article{fds322940,
Author = {Robinson, KJ and Mayer, S and Allen, AB and Terry, M and Chilton, A and Leary, MR},
Title = {Resisting self-compassion: Why are some people opposed to
being kind to themselves?},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {15},
Number = {5},
Pages = {505-524},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2016},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2016.1160952},
Abstract = {Although self-compassion is associated with positive
emotions, resilience, and well-being, some people resist
recommendations to treat themselves with kindness and
compassion. This study investigated how people’s personal
values and evaluations of self-compassionate behaviors
relate to their level of self-compassion. After completing
measures of trait self-compassion and values, participants
rated how they would view themselves after behaving in a
self-compassionate and self-critical way. Overall,
participants associated self-compassion with positive
attributes that connote emotional well-being, yet only those
who were low in trait self-compassion associated
self-compassionate responding with negative attributes that
involve low motivation, self-indulgence, low
conscientiousness, and poor performance. Participants’
endorsement of basic values was not meaningfully related to
their evaluations of self-compassionate vs. self-critical
behaviors or to self-compassion scores. We propose that
self-compassion might operate as an instrumental value
insofar as those high vs. low in self-compassion differ in
their beliefs about whether self-compassion affects
performance-related outcomes positively or
negatively.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2016.1160952},
Key = {fds322940}
}
@article{fds322941,
Author = {Gohar, D and Leary, MR and Costanzo, PR},
Title = {Self-presentational congruence and psychosocial adjustment:
A test of three models},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {35},
Number = {7},
Pages = {589-608},
Publisher = {Guilford Publications},
Year = {2016},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2016.35.7.589},
Abstract = {People regularly monitor and control the impressions others
form of them but differ in the degree to which they both
convey impressions that are consistent with their private
self-views (self-presentational congruence) and present
different images of themselves to different targets
(self-presentational variability). This study examined the
implications of self-presentational congruence and
variability for psychological and social well-being.
Participants rated the impressions that they tried to make
on nine individuals in their lives and completed measures of
psychosocial well-being. Results indicated that
self-presentational congruence predicted psychosocial
adjustment (higher subjective well-being, social support
quality, social efficacy, and self-esteem; and lower
anxiety, depression, and loneliness) beyond personality
variables such as self-consciousness, fear of negative
evaluation, and Machiavellianism. Self-presentational
variability across targets also predicted better
psychosocial adjustment, with variability across
nonintimates being most predictive. Thus,
self-presentational flexibility may promote psychosocial
well-being as long as people's projected images are
reasonably congruent with their private self-views.},
Doi = {10.1521/jscp.2016.35.7.589},
Key = {fds322941}
}
@article{fds322942,
Author = {Deffler, SA and Leary, MR and Hoyle, RH},
Title = {Knowing what you know: Intellectual humility and judgments
of recognition memory},
Journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
Volume = {96},
Pages = {255-259},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2016},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.016},
Abstract = {This study examined the relationship between recognition
memory and intellectual humility, the degree to which people
recognize that their personal beliefs are fallible.
Participants completed the General Intellectual Humility
Scale, an incidental old/new recognition task, and a task
that assessed the tendency to over-claim one's knowledge.
Signal detection analyses showed that higher intellectual
humility was associated with higher discriminability between
old and new items, regardless of whether the items were
congruent or incongruent with participants' own beliefs.
However, intellectual humility was not related to response
bias, indicating that intellectually arrogant people were
not biased to claim that they knew everything. Together, the
findings support a relationship between intellectual
humility and performance on memory tasks, indicating that
individual differences in intellectual humility may partly
reflect how people process information and judge what they
do and do not know.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.016},
Key = {fds322942}
}
@article{fds322943,
Author = {Hoyle, RH and Davisson, EK and Diebels, KJ and Leary,
MR},
Title = {Holding specific views with humility: Conceptualization and
measurement of specific intellectual humility},
Journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
Volume = {97},
Pages = {165-172},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2016},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.043},
Abstract = {Although significant progress has been made in the
conceptualization and measurement of intellectual humility,
little is known about intellectual humility with respect to
specific opinions, beliefs, and positions. We offer a
conceptualization of specific intellectual humility and
present three studies that examine its key tenets. Study 1
developed the Specific Intellectual Humility Scale and
showed that its psychometric properties are excellent and
invariant across a range of specific views. Study 2
considered additional specific views, further establishing
measurement invariance and providing evidence of convergent
and discriminant validity. Study 3 broadened the range of
specific views and revealed that intellectual humility with
respect to a specific view is a complex function of
dispositional intellectual humility, the extremity of the
view, and the basis for the view. These findings demonstrate
the value of investigating intellectual humility with
respect to specific views and the usefulness of the Specific
Intellectual Humility Scale.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.043},
Key = {fds322943}
}
@article{fds322944,
Author = {Jongman-Sereno, KP and Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-perceived Authenticity is Contaminated by the Valence
of One’s Behavior},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {15},
Number = {3},
Pages = {283-301},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2016},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1128964},
Abstract = {Abstract: Two studies tested whether people are biased to
infer that their positive actions are more authentic than
their negative actions. In Study 1, participants identified
a positive or negative personal characteristic and assessed
the authenticity of past behavior that reflected that
characteristic. In Study 2, people imagined themselves
performing positive and negative behaviors that they
authentically did or did not want to perform. Both studies
showed that people’s judgments of the authenticity of
their behavior were contaminated by their perceptions of the
valence of their behavior even when the objective
authenticity of the behavior was controlled. Future research
must disentangle authenticity and positivity to determine
the degree to which each contributes to positive outcomes
that have been attributed to authenticity.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2015.1128964},
Key = {fds322944}
}
@article{fds339713,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Introduction to Behavioral Research Methods},
Pages = {368 pages},
Publisher = {Pearson},
Year = {2016},
ISBN = {0134414403},
Abstract = {You can also purchase a loose-leaf print reference to
complement Revel Introduction to Behavioral Research Methods
. This is optional.},
Key = {fds339713}
}
@article{fds252484,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection.},
Journal = {Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience},
Volume = {17},
Number = {4},
Pages = {435-441},
Year = {2015},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1294-8322},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130157.003.0006},
Abstract = {A great deal of human emotion arises in response to real,
anticipated, remembered, or imagined rejection by other
people. Because acceptance by other people improved
evolutionary fitness, human beings developed
biopsychological mechanisms to apprise them of threats to
acceptance and belonging, along with emotional systems to
deal with threats to acceptance. This article examines seven
emotions that often arise when people perceive that their
relational value to other people is low or in potential
jeopardy, including hurt feelings, jealousy, loneliness,
shame, guilt, social anxiety, and embarrassment. Other
emotions, such as sadness and anger, may occur during
rejection episodes, but are reactions to features of the
situation other than low relational value. The article
discusses the evolutionary functions of rejection-related
emotions, neuroscience evidence regarding the brain regions
that mediate reactions to rejection, and behavioral research
from social, developmental, and clinical psychology
regarding psychological and behavioral concomitants of
interpersonal rejection.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130157.003.0006},
Key = {fds252484}
}
@article{fds322945,
Author = {Leary, MR and Diebels, KJ and Jongman-Sereno, KP and Fernandez,
XD},
Title = {Why Seemingly Trivial Events Sometimes Evoke Strong
Emotional Reactions: The Role of Social Exchange Rule
Violations.},
Journal = {The Journal of Social Psychology},
Volume = {155},
Number = {6},
Pages = {559-575},
Year = {2015},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1084985},
Abstract = {People sometimes display strong emotional reactions to
events that appear disproportionate to the tangible
magnitude of the event. Although previous work has addressed
the role that perceived disrespect and unfairness have on
such reactions, this study examined the role of perceived
social exchange rule violations more broadly. Participants
(N = 179) rated the effects of another person's behavior on
important personal outcomes, the degree to which the other
person had violated fundamental rules of social exchange,
and their reactions to the event. Results showed that
perceptions of social exchange rule violations accounted for
more variance in participants' reactions than the tangible
consequences of the event. The findings support the
hypothesis that responses that appear disproportionate to
the seriousness of the eliciting event are often fueled by
perceived rule violations that may not be obvious to
others.},
Doi = {10.1080/00224545.2015.1084985},
Key = {fds322945}
}
@article{fds252492,
Author = {Leary, MR and Raimi, KT and Jongman-Sereno, KP and Diebels,
KJ},
Title = {Distinguishing Intrapsychic From Interpersonal Motives in
Psychological Theory and Research.},
Journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science : a Journal of the
Association for Psychological Science},
Volume = {10},
Number = {4},
Pages = {497-517},
Year = {2015},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {1745-6916},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691615583132},
Abstract = {Many psychological phenomena have been explained primarily
in terms of intrapsychic motives to maintain particular
cognitive or affective states--such as motives for
consistency, self-esteem, and authenticity--whereas other
phenomena have been explained in terms of interpersonal
motives to obtain tangible resources, reactions, or outcomes
from other people. In this article, we describe and contrast
intrapsychic and interpersonal motives, and we review
evidence showing that these two distinct sets of motives are
sometimes conflated and confused in ways that undermine the
viability of motivational theories. Explanations that invoke
motives to maintain certain intrapsychic states offer a
dramatically different view of the psychological foundations
of human behavior than those that posit motives to obtain
desired interpersonal outcomes. Several phenomena are
examined as exemplars of instances in which interpersonal
and intrapsychic motives have been inadequately
distinguished, if not directly confounded, including
cognitive dissonance, the self-esteem motive, biases in
judgment and decision making, posttransgression accounts,
authenticity, and self-conscious emotions. Our analysis of
the literature suggests that theorists and researchers
should consider the relative importance of intrapsychic
versus interpersonal motives in the phenomena they study and
that they should make a concerted effort to deconfound
intrapsychic and interpersonal influences in their
research.},
Doi = {10.1177/1745691615583132},
Key = {fds252492}
}
@article{fds252489,
Author = {Crosskey, LB and Curry, JF and Leary, MR},
Title = {Role Transgressions, Shame, and Guilt Among
Clergy},
Journal = {Pastoral Psychology},
Volume = {64},
Number = {6},
Pages = {783-801},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2015},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0031-2789},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11089-015-0644-6},
Abstract = {After committing an error or transgression, people may
experience shame (they feel badly about themselves) or guilt
(they feel badly about their action or inaction). This study
investigated the possibility that people experience more
shame in domains that are relevant to their self-concept and
that shame in these domains is more strongly associated with
distress. Work or vocation is one domain in which
self-concept is often entangled. For instance, many clergy
fail to differentiate between who they are and what they do
in their role as pastor, raising the question of whether
transgressions that are relevant to the pastoral role evoke
greater shame than transgressions in other domains. Across
two studies, seminary students generated scenarios involving
failures that clergy may experience in their role as clergy,
and seminarians and clergy rated their reactions to these
scenarios and completed a measure of burnout. Results
demonstrated that higher shame, both in ministry situations
and in secular situations, was associated with higher
negative affect among seminarians and less satisfaction and
more emotional exhaustion in ministry among clergy. Contrary
to expectations, clergy did not experience more ministry
shame than general shame, nor was ministry shame more
strongly associated with clergy burnout than was general
shame. Implications for the mental health of ministers are
explored.},
Doi = {10.1007/s11089-015-0644-6},
Key = {fds252489}
}
@article{fds252502,
Author = {Allen, AB and Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-compassionate responses to aging.},
Journal = {Gerontologist},
Volume = {54},
Number = {2},
Pages = {190-200},
Year = {2014},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0016-9013},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns204},
Abstract = {<h4>Purpose</h4>Evidence suggests that self-compassion may
be beneficial to older adults who are struggling to cope
with the aging process. The purpose of this study was to
assess the thoughts of self-compassionate older adults and
to determine whether self-compassionate thoughts relate to
positive responses to aging.<h4>Design and
methods</h4>Participants (n = 121, M = 76.2 years,
approximately 65% female) completed measures of
self-compassion and self-esteem; were randomly assigned to
write about a positive, negative, or neutral age-related
event; and completed questions about the event and their
reactions. Responses were coded for self-compassionate
themes and emotional tone.<h4>Results</h4>Analyses indicated
that self-compassion predicted positive responses to aging
and that self-compassionate thoughts explained the
relationship between trait self-compassion and emotional
tone as well as the belief that one's attitude helped them
cope with age-related events.<h4>Implications</h4>Although
older adults who were low versus high in self-compassion
experienced similar age-related events, participants high in
self-compassion thought about these events in ways that
predicted positive outcomes. Encouraging older adults to be
more self-compassionate may improve well-being in old
age.},
Doi = {10.1093/geront/gns204},
Key = {fds252502}
}
@article{fds252503,
Author = {Brion, JM and Leary, MR and Drabkin, AS},
Title = {Self-compassion and reactions to serious illness: the case
of HIV.},
Journal = {Journal of Health Psychology},
Volume = {19},
Number = {2},
Pages = {218-229},
Year = {2014},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {1359-1053},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105312467391},
Abstract = {To test the hypothesis that self-compassion buffers people
against the emotional impact of illness and is associated
with medical adherence, 187 HIV-infected individuals
completed a measure of self-compassion and answered
questions about their emotional and behavioral reactions to
living with HIV. Self-compassion was related to better
adjustment, including lower stress, anxiety, and shame.
Participants higher in self-compassion were more likely to
disclose their HIV status to others and indicated that shame
had less of an effect on their willingness to practice safe
sex and seek medical care. In general, self-compassion was
associated with notably more adaptive reactions to having
HIV.},
Doi = {10.1177/1359105312467391},
Key = {fds252503}
}
@article{fds252487,
Author = {Leary, M},
Title = {The Interpersonal Basis of Self-Esteem: Death, Devaluation,
or Deference?},
Volume = {9781315800516},
Pages = {143-159},
Publisher = {PSYCHOLOGY PRESS},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315800516},
Doi = {10.4324/9781315800516},
Key = {fds252487}
}
@article{fds252500,
Author = {Raimi, KT and Leary, MR},
Title = {Belief superiority in the environmental domain: Attitude
extremity and reactions to fracking},
Journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
Volume = {40},
Pages = {76-85},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0272-4944},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.05.005},
Abstract = {This study examined belief superiority-the belief that one's
own beliefs are more correct than other viewpoints-in the
domain of environmental and energy issues. Replicating
research in other domains, attitude extremity on seven
energy issues was associated with belief superiority about
those viewpoints. Consequences of belief superiority were
also tested: participants read an article that either
confirmed or contradicted their position on hydraulic
fracturing ("fracking"). People high in belief superiority
rated the article's author more harshly when he disagreed
with them. However, these participants were also more
willing than those low in belief superiority to discuss and
work on fracking topics. Those high in belief superiority
thought they were better educated about energy than others,
and their certainty about their beliefs tended to increase
after reading the article, even when the article
contradicted those beliefs. Implications of belief
superiority for energy education and environmental campaigns
are discussed. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.05.005},
Key = {fds252500}
}
@article{fds252501,
Author = {Vanhalst, J and Leary, MR},
Title = {Sociotropic differentiation: Differential anticipatory
reactions to rejection by close versus distal others predict
well-being},
Journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
Volume = {68},
Pages = {176-182},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0191-8869},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.004},
Abstract = {This study introduces the construct of sociotropic
differentiation - the figurative array of people whose
acceptance and rejection matter to a person - and examines
whether differences in sociotropic differentiation predict
social and emotional well-being during the transition to
college. A total of 104 freshmen (40% men) participated in a
two-wave study with assessments at the beginning and end of
the first semester at college. Sociotropic differentiation
was operationalized by the relative tendency to be upset by
rejection by close others, acquaintances, and distal others.
Results indicated that being upset when rejected by close
others predicted better well-being (i.e., higher perceived
belonging, fewer aggressive urges, and lower depressive
symptoms), whereas being upset when rejected by distal
others predicted poorer well-being (i.e., lower perceived
belonging, more time spent alone, more aggressive urges,
more depressive symptoms, and lower positive affect).
Moreover, similar reactions to rejection by close and distal
others predicted decreased belonging and increased hostility
over time. Together, findings suggest that people who
differentiate close from distal relationships fare better in
new social environments. Implications of the findings and
suggestions for future studies are outlined. ©
2014.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.004},
Key = {fds252501}
}
@article{fds322946,
Author = {Leary, MR and Jongman-Sereno, KP},
Title = {When Rejection Kills: The Central Role of Low Relational
Value in School Violence},
Journal = {International Journal of Developmental Sciences},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1-2},
Pages = {25-27},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/DEV-1400133},
Doi = {10.3233/DEV-1400133},
Key = {fds322946}
}
@article{fds366407,
Author = {Leary, MR and Hoyle, RH},
Title = {Handbook of Individual Differences in Social
Behavior},
Pages = {624 pages},
Publisher = {Guilford Publications},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
ISBN = {1462514898},
Abstract = {This handbook provides a comprehensive, authoritative
examination of the full range of personality variables
associated with interpersonal judgment, behavior, and
emotion.},
Key = {fds366407}
}
@article{fds252506,
Author = {Keng, S-L and Robins, CJ and Smoski, MJ and Dagenbach, J and Leary,
MR},
Title = {Reappraisal and mindfulness: a comparison of subjective
effects and cognitive costs.},
Journal = {Behav Res Ther},
Volume = {51},
Number = {12},
Pages = {899-904},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24225174},
Abstract = {The present study investigated the relative effects of
mindfulness and reappraisal in reducing sad mood and whether
trait mindfulness and habitual reappraisal moderated the
effects. The study also compared the extent to which
implementation of these strategies incurred cognitive
resources. A total of 129 participants were randomly
assigned to receiving training in mindfulness, reappraisal,
or no training prior to undergoing an autobiographical sad
mood induction. Results showed that mindfulness and
reappraisal were superior to no training, and equivalent in
their effects in lowering sad mood. Compared to mindfulness,
reappraisal resulted in significantly higher interference
scores on a subsequent Stroop test, reflecting greater
depletion of cognitive resources. Higher trait mindfulness,
but not habitual reappraisal, predicted greater reductions
in sadness across conditions. The study suggests that
although mindfulness and reappraisal are equally effective
in down-regulating sad mood, they incur different levels of
cognitive costs.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.006},
Key = {fds252506}
}
@article{fds252509,
Author = {Toner, K and Leary, MR and Asher, MW and Jongman-Sereno,
KP},
Title = {Feeling superior is a bipartisan issue: extremity (not
direction) of political views predicts perceived belief
superiority.},
Journal = {Psychological Science},
Volume = {24},
Number = {12},
Pages = {2454-2462},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24096379},
Abstract = {Accusations of entrenched political partisanship have been
launched against both conservatives and liberals. But is
feeling superior about one's beliefs a partisan issue? Two
competing hypotheses exist: the rigidity-of-the-right
hypothesis (i.e., conservatives are dogmatic) and the
ideological-extremism hypothesis (i.e., extreme views on
both sides predict dogmatism). We measured 527 Americans'
attitudes about nine contentious political issues, the
degree to which they thought their beliefs were superior to
other people's, and their level of dogmatism. Dogmatism was
higher for people endorsing conservative views than for
people endorsing liberal views, which replicates the
rigidity-of-the-right hypothesis. However, curvilinear
effects of ideological attitude on belief superiority (i.e.,
belief that one's position is more correct than another's)
supported the ideological-extremism hypothesis. Furthermore,
responses reflecting the greatest belief superiority were
obtained on conservative attitudes for three issues and
liberal attitudes for another three issues. These findings
capture nuances in the relationship between political
beliefs and attitude entrenchment that have not been
revealed previously.},
Doi = {10.1177/0956797613494848},
Key = {fds252509}
}
@article{fds252512,
Author = {Terry, ML and Leary, MR and Mehta, S and Henderson,
K},
Title = {Self-compassionate reactions to health threats.},
Journal = {Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {39},
Number = {7},
Pages = {911-926},
Year = {2013},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23813424},
Abstract = {Four studies investigated the relationship between
self-compassion, health behaviors, and reactions to illness.
Participants completed measures of self-compassion,
health-related thoughts and feelings, reactions to actual
and hypothetical illnesses, and self-regulation. Study 1
revealed that self-compassion was related to health-related
cognitions and affect for healthy and unhealthy
participants. In Study 2, self-compassion predicted
participants' reactions to actual illnesses beyond the
influence of illness severity and other predictors of health
behaviors. Self-compassionate people also indicated they
would seek medical attention sooner when experiencing
symptoms than people lower in self-compassion. Study 3
demonstrated that self-compassion is related to
health-promoting behaviors even after accounting for
self-regulatory capabilities and illness cognitions. Study 4
revealed that the relationship between self-compassion and
health reactions is partially explained by a proactive
approach to health, benevolent self-talk, and a motivation
toward self-kindness. Overall, these studies demonstrate
that self-compassion has important implications for
health-promoting behaviors and reactions to
illness.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167213488213},
Key = {fds252512}
}
@article{fds252513,
Author = {Terry, ML and Leary, MR and Mehta, S},
Title = {Self-compassion as a Buffer against Homesickness,
Depression, and Dissatisfaction in the Transition to
College},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {12},
Number = {3},
Pages = {278-290},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2013},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {1529-8868},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2012.667913},
Abstract = {Life transitions that include moving to a new location are
stressful, particularly if difficulties arise in the new
environment. This study focused on the role of
self-compassion in moderating students' reactions to social
and academic difficulties in the transition to college.
Before starting college, 119 students completed a measure of
self-compassion, the degree to which people treat themselves
kindly during distressing situations. At the end of their
first semester, participants answered questions about their
social and academic difficulties and completed measures of
homesickness, depression, and satisfaction with their
decision to attend the university. Students who scored
higher in self-compassion weathered difficulties more
successfully, reported lower homesickness and less
depression, and expressed greater satisfaction with their
decision to attend the university. © 2013 Copyright Taylor
and Francis Group, LLC.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2012.667913},
Key = {fds252513}
}
@article{fds252504,
Author = {Kemppainen, JK and Brion, JM and Leary, M and Wantland, D and Sullivan,
K and Nokes, K and Bain, CA and Chaiphibalsarisdi, P and Chen, W-T and Holzemer, WL and Eller, LS and Iipinge, S and Johnson, MO and Portillo,
C and Voss, J and Tyer-Viola, L and Corless, IB and Nicholas, PK and Rose,
CD and Phillips, JC and Sefcik, E and Mendez, MR and Kirksey,
KM},
Title = {Use of a brief version of the self-compassion inventory with
an international sample of people with HIV/AIDS.},
Journal = {Aids Care Psychological and Socio Medical Aspects of
Aids/Hiv},
Volume = {25},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1513-1519},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23527887},
Abstract = {The objective of this study was to extend the psychometric
evaluation of a brief version of the Self-Compassion Scale
(SCS). A secondary analysis of data from an international
sample of 1967 English-speaking persons living with HIV
disease was used to examine the factor structure, and
reliability of the 12-item Brief Version Self-Compassion
Inventory (BVSCI). A Maximum Likelihood factor analysis and
Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization confirmed a two-factor
solution, accounting for 42.58% of the variance. The BVSCI
supported acceptable internal consistencies, with 0.714 for
the total scale and 0.822 for Factor I and 0.774 for Factor
II. Factor I (lower self-compassion) demonstrated strongly
positive correlations with measures of anxiety and
depression, while Factor II (high self-compassion) was
inversely correlated with the measures. No significant
differences were found in the BVSCI scores for gender, age,
or having children. Levels of self-compassion were
significantly higher in persons with HIV disease and other
physical and psychological health conditions. The scale
shows promise for the assessment of self-compassion in
persons with HIV without taxing participants, and may prove
essential in investigating future research aimed at
examining correlates of self-compassion, as well as
providing data for tailoring self-compassion interventions
for persons with HIV.},
Doi = {10.1080/09540121.2013.780119},
Key = {fds252504}
}
@article{fds252511,
Author = {Leary, MR and Kelly, KM and Cottrell, CA and Schreindorfer,
LS},
Title = {Construct validity of the need to belong scale: mapping the
nomological network.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality Assessment},
Volume = {95},
Number = {6},
Pages = {610-624},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0022-3891},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23905716},
Abstract = {Nine studies examined the construct validity of the Need to
Belong Scale. The desire for acceptance and belonging
correlated with, but was distinct from, variables that
involve a desire for social contact, such as extraversion
and affiliation motivation. Furthermore, need to belong
scores were not related to insecure attachment or
unfulfilled needs for acceptance. Need to belong was
positively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, and
neuroticism and with having an identity that is defined in
terms of social attributes. Need to belong was associated
with emotional reactions to rejection, values involving
interpersonal relationships, and subclinical manifestations
of certain personality disorders.},
Doi = {10.1080/00223891.2013.819511},
Key = {fds252511}
}
@article{fds252535,
Author = {Herbst, KC and Leary, MR and McColskey-Leary, CP},
Title = {Social-evaluative influences moderate the relationship
between price and perceived quality},
Journal = {Social Influence},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Pages = {54-69},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1553-4510},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2012.702665},
Abstract = {People often perceive products that cost more as having
higher quality. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that
the effect of price on perceived quality is attenuated when
people believe that their judgments of product quality will
be shared with other people. Shoppers rated wines that they
thought sold for a low or high price, believing that they
might have to explain their ratings or that their ratings
were private. The prospect of making public ratings
eliminated the tendency to rate higher-price wines more
positively, but this effect occurred only when participants
were told that their judgments would be public before
tasting the wines. The findings show that social-evaluative
concerns moderate the effects of price on perceived quality.
© 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group,
LLC.},
Doi = {10.1080/15534510.2012.702665},
Key = {fds252535}
}
@article{fds252485,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {What are the most pressing issues facing
researchers?},
Journal = {Self Esteem Issues and Answers: a Sourcebook of Current
Perspectives},
Pages = {421-429},
Year = {2013},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203759745},
Doi = {10.4324/9780203759745},
Key = {fds252485}
}
@article{fds339714,
Author = {Leary, MR and Miller, RS},
Title = {Social Psychology and Dysfunctional Behavior Origins,
Diagnosis, and Treatment},
Pages = {262 pages},
Publisher = {Springer Science & Business Media},
Year = {2012},
Month = {December},
ISBN = {1461395674},
Abstract = {A colleague recently recounted a conversation she had had
with a group of graduate students.},
Key = {fds339714}
}
@article{fds252533,
Author = {Gebauer, JE and Leary, MR and Neberich, W},
Title = {Big two personality and big three mate preferences:
similarity attracts, but country-level mate preferences
crucially matter.},
Journal = {Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {38},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1579-1593},
Year = {2012},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0146-1672},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212456300},
Abstract = {People differ regarding their "Big Three" mate preferences
of attractiveness, status, and interpersonal warmth. We
explain these differences by linking them to the "Big Two"
personality dimensions of agency/competence and
communion/warmth. The similarity-attracts hypothesis
predicts that people high in agency prefer attractiveness
and status in mates, whereas those high in communion prefer
warmth. However, these effects may be moderated by agentics'
tendency to contrast from ambient culture, and communals'
tendency to assimilate to ambient culture. Attending to such
agentic-cultural-contrast and communal-cultural-assimilation
crucially qualifies the similarity-attracts hypothesis. Data
from 187,957 online-daters across 11 countries supported
this model for each of the Big Three. For example,
agentics-more so than communals-preferred attractiveness,
but this similarity-attracts effect virtually vanished in
attractiveness-valuing countries. This research may
reconcile inconsistencies in the literature while utilizing
nonhypothetical and consequential mate preference reports
that, for the first time, were directly linked to mate
choice.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167212456300},
Key = {fds252533}
}
@article{fds252540,
Author = {Allen, AB and Goldwasser, ER and Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-Compassion and Well-being among Older
Adults.},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {11},
Number = {4},
Pages = {428-453},
Year = {2012},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {1529-8868},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23525647},
Abstract = {Two studies assessed the role of self-compassion as a
moderator of the relationship between physical health and
subjective well-being in the elderly. In Study 1, 132
participants, ranging in age from 67-90 years, completed a
questionnaire that assessed their perceptions of their
physical health, self-compassion, and subjective well-being.
Participants who were in good physical health had high
subjective well-being regardless of their level of
self-compassion. However, for participants with poorer
physical health, self-compassion was associated with greater
subjective well-being. In Study 2, 71 participants between
the ages of 63 and 97 completed a questionnaire assessing
self-compassion, well-being, and their willingness to use
assistance for walking, hearing, and memory.
Self-compassionate participants reported being less bothered
by the use of assistance than those low in self-compassion,
although the relationship between self-compassion and
willingness to use assistive devices was mixed. These
findings suggest that self-compassion is associated with
well-being in later life and that interventions to promote
self-compassion may improve quality of life among older
adults.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2011.595082},
Key = {fds252540}
}
@article{fds252537,
Author = {Toner, KM and Gan, M and Leary, MR},
Title = {The impact of individual and group feedback on environmental
intentions and self-beliefs},
Journal = {Environment and Behavior},
Year = {2012},
Month = {August},
Key = {fds252537}
}
@article{fds252538,
Author = {Gebauer, JE and Leary, MR and Neberich, W},
Title = {Unfortunate First Names: Effects of Name-Based Relational
Devaluation and Interpersonal Neglect},
Journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
Volume = {3},
Number = {5},
Pages = {590-596},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2012},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {1948-5506},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550611431644},
Abstract = {Can negative first names cause interpersonal neglect? Study
1 (N = 968) compared extremely negatively named
online-daters with extremely positively named online-daters.
Study 2 (N = 4,070) compared less extreme groups-namely,
online-daters with somewhat unattractive versus somewhat
attractive first names. Study 3 (N = 6,775) compared
online-daters with currently popular versus currently less
popular first names, while controlling for name-popularity
at birth. Across all studies, negatively named individuals
were more neglected by other online-daters, as indicated by
fewer first visits to their dating profiles. This form of
neglect arguably mirrors a name-based life history of
neglect, discrimination, prejudice, or even ostracism.
Supporting this argument, neglect mediated the relation
between negative names and lower self-esteem, more frequent
smoking, and less education. These results are consistent
with the name-based interpersonal neglect hypothesis:
Negative names evoke negative interpersonal reactions, which
in turn influence people's life outcomes for the worse. ©
The Author(s) 2012.},
Doi = {10.1177/1948550611431644},
Key = {fds252538}
}
@article{fds252534,
Author = {Wren, AA and Somers, TJ and Wright, MA and Goetz, MC and Leary, MR and Fras, AM and Huh, BK and Rogers, LL and Keefe, FJ},
Title = {Self-compassion in patients with persistent musculoskeletal
pain: relationship of self-compassion to adjustment to
persistent pain.},
Journal = {J Pain Symptom Manage},
Volume = {43},
Number = {4},
Pages = {759-770},
Year = {2012},
Month = {April},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071165},
Abstract = {CONTEXT: Self-compassion entails qualities such as kindness
and understanding toward oneself in difficult circumstances
and may influence adjustment to persistent pain.
Self-compassion may be a particularly influential factor in
pain adjustment for obese individuals who suffer from
persistent pain, as they often experience heightened levels
of pain and lower levels of psychological functioning.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to examine
the relationship of self-compassion to pain, psychological
functioning, pain coping, and disability among patients who
have persistent musculoskeletal pain and who are obese.
METHODS: Eighty-eight obese patients with persistent pain
completed a paper-and-pencil self-report assessment measure
before or after their appointment with their
anesthesiologist. RESULTS: Hierarchical linear regression
analyses demonstrated that even after controlling for
important demographic variables, self-compassion was a
significant predictor of negative affect (β=-0.48,
P<0.001), positive affect (β=0.29, P=0.01), pain
catastrophizing (β=-0.32, P=0.003), and pain disability
(β=-0.24, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study
indicate that self-compassion may be important in explaining
the variability in pain adjustment among patients who have
persistent musculoskeletal pain and are obese.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.04.014},
Key = {fds252534}
}
@article{fds252481,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Toward a Conceptualization of Interpersonal
Rejection},
Pages = {3-20},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2012},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130157.003.0001},
Abstract = {Non-acceptance can be perceived as inadequate relationship
value towards an individual. By nature, human beings try to
find a sense of belongingness and fear any form of
denunciation. This chapter recognizes the fact that not
everyone is expected to like and to be liked by everyone
else, but even with minimal amount, acceptance is sought
for. Inevitably, there will be instances where refusal of
one's proposal, elimination from a group, negative response
to outputs, etc. takes place. These events are then
categorized in a continuum that marks the level of inclusion
and its corresponding behavioral patterns. When the value of
an individual is seen to be on the positive leaning of the
spectrum, that person is said to be highly valued; when
placed on the opposite direction, that person encounters
banishment and discrimination. In the course of relational
valuation, the word rejection occupies a black-and-white
feature that makes it hard to capture.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130157.003.0001},
Key = {fds252481}
}
@article{fds252483,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Interpersonal Rejection},
Pages = {1-346},
Year = {2012},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130157.001.0001},
Abstract = {Interpersonal rejection ranks among the most potent and
distressing events that people experience. Romantic refusal,
ostracism, betrayal, stigmatization, job termination, and
other kinds of denial have the power to compromise the
quality of people's lives. As a result, individuals are
highly motivated to avoid social rejection, and, indeed,
much of human behavior appears to be designed to prevent
such experiences. With the widespread effects of real,
anticipated, and even imagined refutations, psychologists
have devoted their efforts on dissecting this topic under
different psychological subspecialties (e.g. social,
clinical, developmental, and personality). The goal of this
book is to consolidate all related literatures to further
understand the influences of interpersonal rejection on
behavior and emotion, and also, to have identifiable areas
for future research. Other topics covered include
sensitivity, emotional responses, and personality moderators
of reactions to rejection.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130157.001.0001},
Key = {fds252483}
}
@article{fds252505,
Author = {Toner, and Gan, and Leary},
Title = {The impact of individual and group feedback on environmental
attitudes and intentions},
Journal = {Environment & Behavior},
Volume = {46},
Number = {1},
Pages = {24-45},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2012},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916512451902},
Abstract = {The present study examined how feedback regarding one's
personal impact on the environment, along with feedback
regarding one's group's impact, influences environmental
attitudes, intentions, and self-beliefs. Using a bogus
carbon footprint calculator, participants received either
moderately or highly negative feedback about their own
environmental impact as well as feedback about the average
impact of students at their university. Participants
expressed the greatest intentions to behave
proenvironmentally, especially with behaviors that require a
high level of commitment, when their personal feedback was
worse than that of their group. Impact of feedback on
intentions was not mediated by attitudes, emotions, or
self-evaluations, suggesting that participants were not
motivated to improve their behaviors because they felt badly
about themselves. Instead, people were motivated to change
their behaviors when they believed their current behavior
differed from that of an important reference group. © The
Author(s) 2012.},
Doi = {10.1177/0013916512451902},
Key = {fds252505}
}
@article{fds252541,
Author = {Rubin, DC and Hoyle, RH and Leary, MR},
Title = {Differential predictability of four dimensions of affect
intensity.},
Volume = {26},
Number = {1},
Pages = {25-41},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2012},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21707262},
Abstract = {Individual differences in affect intensity are typically
assessed with the Affect Intensity Measure (AIM). Previous
factor analyses suggest that the AIM is comprised of four
weakly correlated factors: Positive Affectivity, Negative
Reactivity, Negative Intensity and Positive Intensity or
Serenity. However, little data exist to show whether its
four factors relate to other measures differently enough to
preclude use of the total scale score. The present study
replicated the four-factor solution and found that subscales
derived from the four factors correlated differently with
criterion variables that assess personality domains,
affective dispositions, and cognitive patterns that are
associated with emotional reactions. The results show that
use of the total AIM score can obscure relationships between
specific features of affect intensity and other variables
and suggest that researchers should examine the individual
AIM subscales.},
Doi = {10.1080/02699931.2011.561564},
Key = {fds252541}
}
@article{fds366408,
Author = {Leary, MR and Tangney, JP},
Title = {Handbook of Self and Identity, Second Edition},
Pages = {754 pages},
Publisher = {Guilford Press},
Year = {2011},
Month = {December},
ISBN = {1462503128},
Abstract = {Social self-analysis, 291–305 abstracting self-concepts,
301 comparison tests, 82 –83, 293–305 interpretation,
299–301 reliability and validity, 299–301 structure,
295–299 context sensitivity, 81–88 ideal versus
practical standards, 304–305 ...},
Key = {fds366408}
}
@article{fds252544,
Author = {Leary, MR and Allen, AB},
Title = {Personality and persona: personality processes in
self-presentation.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality},
Volume = {79},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1191-1218},
Year = {2011},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1467-6494},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21204836},
Abstract = {This article examines the role that personality variables
and processes play in people's efforts to manage their
public images. Although most research on self-presentation
has focused on situational influences, people differ greatly
in the degree to which they care about others' impressions
of them, the types of impressions they try to convey, and
their evaluations of their self-presentational
effectiveness. Personality constructs such as public
self-consciousness, approval motivation, and fear of
negative evaluation are associated with the motive to manage
one's impressions, and people who differ in self-disclosure
and desire for privacy differentially reveal information
about themselves to others. Other variables relating to
people's self-concepts, interpersonal goals, and traits
influence the construction of specific images. Finally, the
extent to which people believe they are capable of making
desired impressions influences their impression management
strategies and how they respond to other people's
evaluations.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00704.x},
Key = {fds252544}
}
@article{fds252542,
Author = {Leary, MR and Allen, AB},
Title = {Self-presentational persona: simultaneous management of
multiple impressions.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {101},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1033-1049},
Year = {2011},
Month = {November},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21688923},
Abstract = {Most research on self-presentation has examined how people
convey images of themselves on only 1 or 2 dimensions at a
time. In everyday interactions, however, people often manage
their impressions on several image-relevant dimensions
simultaneously. By examining people's self-presentations to
several targets across multiple dimensions, these 2 studies
offer new insights into the nature of self-presentation and
provide a novel paradigm for studying impression management.
Results showed that most people rely on a relatively small
number of basic self-presentational personas in which they
convey particular profiles of impressions as a set and that
these personas reflect both normative influences to project
images that are appropriate to a particular target and
distinctive influences by which people put an idiosyncratic
spin on these normative images. Furthermore, although
people's self-presentational profiles correlate moderately
with their self-views, they tailor their public images to
specific targets. The degree to which participants'
self-presentations were normative and distinctive, as well
as the extent to which they reflected their own self-views,
were moderated by individual differences in agreeableness,
self-esteem, authenticity, and Machiavellianism.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0023884},
Key = {fds252542}
}
@article{fds252543,
Author = {Eisenberger, NI and Inagaki, TK and Muscatell, KA and Byrne Haltom,
KE and Leary, MR},
Title = {The neural sociometer: brain mechanisms underlying state
self-esteem.},
Journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},
Volume = {23},
Number = {11},
Pages = {3448-3455},
Year = {2011},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0898-929X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00027},
Abstract = {On the basis of the importance of social connection for
survival, humans may have evolved a "sociometer"-a mechanism
that translates perceptions of rejection or acceptance into
state self-esteem. Here, we explored the neural
underpinnings of the sociometer by examining whether neural
regions responsive to rejection or acceptance were
associated with state self-esteem. Participants underwent
fMRI while viewing feedback words ("interesting," "boring")
ostensibly chosen by another individual (confederate) to
describe the participant's previously recorded interview.
Participants rated their state self-esteem in response to
each feedback word. Results demonstrated that greater
activity in rejection-related neural regions (dorsal ACC,
anterior insula) and mentalizing regions was associated with
lower-state self-esteem. Additionally, participants whose
self-esteem decreased from prescan to postscan versus those
whose self-esteem did not showed greater medial prefrontal
cortical activity, previously associated with
self-referential processing, in response to negative
feedback. Together, the results inform our understanding of
the origin and nature of our feelings about
ourselves.},
Doi = {10.1162/jocn_a_00027},
Key = {fds252543}
}
@article{fds252531,
Author = {Leary, M},
Title = {Why are (some) scientists so opposed to parapsychology?},
Journal = {Explore (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {7},
Number = {5},
Pages = {275-277},
Year = {2011},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1550-8307},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2011.06.006},
Doi = {10.1016/j.explore.2011.06.006},
Key = {fds252531}
}
@article{fds252530,
Author = {Terry, ML and Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-compassion, self-regulation, and health},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {10},
Number = {3},
Pages = {352-362},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2011},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {1529-8868},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.558404},
Abstract = {Self-compassion-treating oneself with kindness, care, and
concern in the face of negative life events-may promote the
successful self-regulation of health-related behaviors.
Self-compassion can promote self-regulation by lowering
defensiveness, reducing the emotional states and self-blame
that interfere with self-regulation, and increasing
compliance with medical recommendations. Furthermore,
because they cope better with stressful events, people high
in self-compassion may be less depleted by illness and
injury and, thus, have greater selfregulatory resources to
devote to self-care. Framing medical problems and their
treatment in ways that foster self-compassion may enhance
people's ability to manage their health-related behavior and
deal with medical problems. © 2011 Psychology
Press.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298868.2011.558404},
Key = {fds252530}
}
@article{fds252539,
Author = {Leary, MR and Allen, AB and Terry, ML},
Title = {Managing social images in naturalistic versus laboratory
settings: Implications for understanding and studying
self-presentation},
Journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
Volume = {41},
Number = {4},
Pages = {411-421},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Editor = {Rodriguez Mosquera and PM and Uskul, AK and Cross,
SE},
Year = {2011},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0046-2772},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.813},
Abstract = {Over the past 50years, research on self-presentation has
revealed a great deal about how people construct social
images by managing the impressions that others form of them.
However, inspection of the dominant research paradigms
reveals that most researchers have not addressed central
features of self-presentation as they occur in everyday
life. Using a framework that identifies four primary
features of everyday self-presentation, we compare and
contrast the nature of naturalistic self-presentation in
everyday life with the ways in which self-presentation has
been conceptualized, operationalized, and studied by
researchers. We also discuss the implications of failing to
incorporate naturalistic features of self-presentation into
research contexts and offer recommendations for ways to
enhance and expand research on self-presentation. © 2011
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1002/ejsp.813},
Key = {fds252539}
}
@article{fds339715,
Author = {Wren, AA and Somers, TJ and Wright, MA and Goetz, MC and Leary, MR and Fras, AM and Huh, BK and Rogers, LL and Keefe, FJ},
Title = {SELF-COMPASSION IN PATIENTS WHO ARE OBESE AND HAVE
PERSISTENT MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN: RELATIONSHIP OF
SELF-COMPASSION TO PAIN- AND WEIGHT-RELATED
FACTORS},
Journal = {Annals of Behavioral Medicine},
Volume = {41},
Pages = {S217-S217},
Publisher = {SPRINGER},
Year = {2011},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds339715}
}
@article{fds252536,
Author = {Leary, MR and Toner, K and Gan, M},
Title = {Self, identity, and reactions to distal threats: The case of
environmental behavior},
Journal = {Psychological Studies},
Volume = {56},
Number = {1},
Pages = {159-166},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {2011},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12646-011-0060-7},
Doi = {10.1007/s12646-011-0060-7},
Key = {fds252536}
}
@article{fds252510,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Social Anxiety as an Early Warning System: A Refinement and
Extension of the Self-Presentation Theory of Social
Anxiety},
Pages = {471-486},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2010},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375096-9.00018-3},
Abstract = {Although several explanations of social anxiety exist, most
of them emphasize one of three sets of antecedents:
biological mechanisms involving temperamental, genetic,
psychophysiological, and evolutionary factors; cognitive
patterns in how people think about themselves and their
social worlds; and interpersonal processes that occur in the
context of social interaction. The approach of this chapter
is decidedly social psychological in that it traces social
anxiety to concerns that arise in the context of real,
anticipated, and imagined interpersonal interactions. The
chapter describes a refinement and extension of the
self-presentational theory of social anxiety, a perspective
that explains people's nervousness in social encounters in
terms of their concerns about other people's perceptions of
them. Although the self-presentation theory has fared well
under the spotlight of empirical research, theoretical
developments shed additional light on the
self-presentational nature of social anxiety and provide a
bridge by which one's understanding of social anxiety may be
linked to other phenomena involving interpersonal motives,
social emotions, and the self. These theoretical refinements
do not contradict or refute self-presentation theory but
rather take it to a deeper level, demonstrating precisely
why it is that people worry so much about what other people
think of them. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-375096-9.00018-3},
Key = {fds252510}
}
@article{fds252546,
Author = {Allen, AB and Leary, MR},
Title = {Reactions to others' selfish actions in the absence of
tangible consequences},
Journal = {Basic and Applied Social Psychology},
Volume = {32},
Number = {1},
Pages = {26-34},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0197-3533},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973530903539861},
Abstract = {This research assessed the role of perceived selfishness in
people's reactions to events without tangible consequences.
In Experiment 1, participants were assigned to complete a
boring task by another person who gave a selfish,
legitimizing, or exculpatory explanation for the decision.
However, half of the participants knew that the other's
decision was irrelevant and that they would complete the
task regardless of the person's decision. In a second
experiment, participants were told that the decision was
irrelevant either before or after learning that the other
person assigned them to do the boring task. Both studies
showed that participants who received a selfish explanation
responded strongly to the other person whether or not the
person's decision had tangible consequences for them. ©
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.},
Doi = {10.1080/01973530903539861},
Key = {fds252546}
}
@article{fds252547,
Author = {Allen, AB and Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-Compassion, Stress, and Coping.},
Journal = {Social and Personality Psychology Compass},
Volume = {4},
Number = {2},
Pages = {107-118},
Year = {2010},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {1751-9004},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686629},
Abstract = {People who are high in self-compassion treat themselves with
kindness and concern when they experience negative events.
The present article examines the construct of
self-compassion from the standpoint of research on coping in
an effort to understand the ways in which people who are
high in self-compassion cope with stressful events.
Self-compassionate people tend to rely heavily on positive
cognitive restructuring but do not appear to differ from
less self-compassionate people in the degree to which they
cope through problem-solving and distraction. Existing
evidence does not show clear differences in the degree to
which people who are low vs. high in self-compassion seek
support as a coping strategy, but more research is
needed.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00246.x},
Key = {fds252547}
}
@article{fds252507,
Author = {Leary, MR and Adams, CE and Tate, EB},
Title = {Hypo-egoic Self-Regulation},
Pages = {474-497},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2010},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444318111.ch21},
Doi = {10.1002/9781444318111.ch21},
Key = {fds252507}
}
@article{fds252529,
Author = {Leary, MR and Estrada, MJ and Allen, AB},
Title = {The analogue-I and the analogue-Me: The avatars of the
self},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {8},
Number = {2-3},
Pages = {147-161},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2009},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {1529-8868},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298860802501532},
Abstract = {The analogue-I and analogue-me refer to mental self-relevant
images that take a first-person vs. third-person
perspective, respectively. Mental self-analogues are
essential for goal setting, planning, and rehearsal of
behavioral strategies, but they often fuel emotional and
interpersonal problems when people react to their analogue
selves as if they were real. This article examines the
beneficial and detrimental consequences of the analogue-I
and analogue-me, with a focus on egoic reactions that arise
from how people think about themselves in their own minds.
Phenomena such as counterfactual thinking, interpersonal
conflict, jealousy, and overreactions to inconsequential
events are used to illustrate the advantages and
disadvantages of the mental self-analogues.},
Doi = {10.1080/15298860802501532},
Key = {fds252529}
}
@article{fds252545,
Author = {Leary, MR and Terry, ML and Batts Allen and A and Tate,
EB},
Title = {The concept of ego threat in social and personality
psychology: is ego threat a viable scientific
construct?},
Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review : an Official
Journal of the Society for Personality and Social
Psychology, Inc},
Volume = {13},
Number = {3},
Pages = {151-164},
Year = {2009},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {1088-8683},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19648508},
Abstract = {Although widely invoked as an explanation for psychological
phenomena, ego threat has been conceptualized and induced in
a variety of ways. Most contemporary research conceptualizes
ego threat as a threat to a person's self-image or
self-esteem, but experimental operationalizations of ego
threat usually confound threats to self-esteem with threats
to public image or decreased control over negative events,
leading to an inability to distinguish the effects of
threats to people's personal egos from threats to public
image or threats to feelings of control. This article
reviews research on ego threat, discusses experimental
manipulations that confound ego threat with other processes,
and makes recommendations regarding the use of ego threat as
a construct in personality and social psychology.},
Doi = {10.1177/1088868309342595},
Key = {fds252545}
}
@article{fds252549,
Author = {Smart Richman and L and Leary, MR},
Title = {Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and
other forms of interpersonal rejection: a multimotive
model.},
Journal = {Psychological Review},
Volume = {116},
Number = {2},
Pages = {365-383},
Year = {2009},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0033-295X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19348546},
Abstract = {This article describes a new model that provides a framework
for understanding people's reactions to threats to social
acceptance and belonging as they occur in the context of
diverse phenomena such as rejection, discrimination,
ostracism, betrayal, and stigmatization. People's immediate
reactions are quite similar across different forms of
rejection in terms of negative affect and lowered
self-esteem. However, following these immediate responses,
people's reactions are influenced by construals of the
rejection experience that predict 3 distinct motives for
prosocial, antisocial, and socially avoidant behavioral
responses. The authors describe the relational, contextual,
and dispositional factors that affect which motives
determine people's reactions to a rejection experience and
the ways in which these 3 motives may work at
cross-purposes. The multimotive model accounts for the
myriad ways in which responses to rejection unfold over time
and offers a basis for the next generation of research on
interpersonal rejection.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0015250},
Key = {fds252549}
}
@article{fds252548,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Losing perspective: Emotion, ego, and overreactions to
undesired events.},
Journal = {Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the
Law},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds252548}
}
@article{fds252528,
Author = {Adams, CE and Leary, MR},
Title = {Promoting self-compassionate attitudes toward eating among
restrictive and guilty eaters},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {26},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1120-1144},
Publisher = {Guilford Publications},
Year = {2007},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0736-7236},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2007.26.10.1120},
Abstract = {This study investigated the possibility that inducing a
state of self-compassion would attenuate the tendency for
restrained eaters to overeat after eating an unhealthy food
preload (the disinhibition effect). College women completed
measures of two components of rigid restrained eating:
restrictive eating (desire and effort to avoid eating
unhealthy foods) and eating guilt (tendency to feel guilty
after eating unhealthily). Then, participants were asked
either to eat an unhealthy food preload or not and were
induced to think self-compassionately about their eating or
given no intervening treatment. Results showed that the
self-compassion induction reduced distress and attenuated
eating following the preload among highly restrictive
eaters. The findings highlight the importance of specific
individual differences in restrained eating and suggest
benefits of self-compassionate eating attitudes.},
Doi = {10.1521/jscp.2007.26.10.1120},
Key = {fds252528}
}
@article{fds252480,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The Curse of the Self: Self-Awareness, Egotism, and the
Quality of Human Life},
Pages = {1-237},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2007},
Month = {September},
ISBN = {0195172426},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172423.001.0001},
Abstract = {Human beings are unique in their ability to think
consciously about themselves. Because they have a capacity
for self-awareness not shared by other animals, people can
imagine themselves in the future, anticipate consequences,
plan ahead, improve themselves, and perform many other
behaviors that are uniquely characteristic of human beings.
Yet, despite the obvious advantages of self-reflection, the
capacity for self-thought comes at a high price as people's
lives are adversely affected and their inner chatter
interferes with their success, pollutes their relationships,
and undermines their happiness. Indeed, self-relevant
thought is responsible for most of the personal and social
difficulties that human beings face as individuals and as a
species. Among other things, the capacity for
self-reflection distorts people's perceptions, leading them
to make bad decisions based on faulty information. The self
conjures up a great deal of personal suffering in the form
of depression, anxiety, anger, envy, and other negative
emotions by allowing people to ruminate about the past or
imagine the future. Egocentrism and egotism blind people to
their own shortcomings, promote self-serving biases, and
undermine their relationships with others. The ability to
self-reflect also underlies social conflict by leading
people to separate themselves into ingroups and outgroups.
Ironically, many sources of personal unhappiness - such as
addictions, overeating, unsafe sex, infidelity, and domestic
violence - are due to people's inability to exert
self-control. For those inclined toward religion and
spirituality, visionaries throughout history have proclaimed
that the egoic self stymies the quest for spiritual
fulfillment and leads to immoral behavior.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172423.001.0001},
Key = {fds252480}
}
@article{fds252551,
Author = {Leary, MR and Tate, EB and Adams, CE and Allen, AB and Hancock,
J},
Title = {Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant
events: the implications of treating oneself
kindly.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {92},
Number = {5},
Pages = {887-904},
Year = {2007},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17484611},
Abstract = {Five studies investigated the cognitive and emotional
processes by which self-compassionate people deal with
unpleasant life events. In the various studies, participants
reported on negative events in their daily lives, responded
to hypothetical scenarios, reacted to interpersonal
feedback, rated their or others' videotaped performances in
an awkward situation, and reflected on negative personal
experiences. Results from Study 1 showed that
self-compassion predicted emotional and cognitive reactions
to negative events in everyday life, and Study 2 found that
self-compassion buffered people against negative
self-feelings when imagining distressing social events. In
Study 3, self-compassion moderated negative emotions after
receiving ambivalent feedback, particularly for participants
who were low in self-esteem. Study 4 found that
low-self-compassionate people undervalued their videotaped
performances relative to observers. Study 5 experimentally
induced a self-compassionate perspective and found that
self-compassion leads people to acknowledge their role in
negative events without feeling overwhelmed with negative
emotions. In general, these studies suggest that
self-compassion attenuates people's reactions to negative
events in ways that are distinct from and, in some cases,
more beneficial than self-esteem.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887},
Key = {fds252551}
}
@article{fds252553,
Author = {Leary, MR and Tate, EB},
Title = {The multi-faceted nature of mindfulness},
Journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
Volume = {18},
Number = {4},
Pages = {251-255},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1047-840X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598355},
Doi = {10.1080/10478400701598355},
Key = {fds252553}
}
@article{fds252554,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Motivational and emotional aspects of the
self.},
Journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
Volume = {58},
Pages = {317-344},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0066-4308},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953794},
Abstract = {Recent theory and research are reviewed regarding
self-related motives (self-enhancement, self-verification,
and self-expansion) and self-conscious emotions (guilt,
shame, pride, social anxiety, and embarrassment), with an
emphasis on how these motivational and emotional aspects of
the self might be related. Specifically, these motives and
emotions appear to function to protect people's social
well-being. The motives to self-enhance, self-verify, and
self-expand are partly rooted in people's concerns with
social approval and acceptance, and self-conscious emotions
arise in response to events that have real or imagined
implications for others' judgments of the individual. Thus,
these motives and emotions do not operate to maintain
certain states of the self, as some have suggested, but
rather to facilitate people's social interactions and
relationships.},
Doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085658},
Key = {fds252554}
}
@article{fds252550,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value:
Getting to the root of self-esteem},
Journal = {European Review of Social Psychology},
Volume = {16},
Number = {1},
Pages = {75-111},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2007},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10463280540000007},
Abstract = {: Despite the amount of attention that researchers have
devoted to the topic of self-esteem, many central questions
remain unanswered. Sociometer theory addresses many such
questions by suggesting that self-esteem is part of a
psychological system (the sociometer) that monitors the
social environment for cues indicating low or declining
relational evaluation (e.g., lack of interest, disapproval,
rejection) and warns the individual when such cues are
detected. The theory suggests that people are not motivated
to maintain their self-esteem per se as has been typically
assumed, but rather seek to increase their relational value
and social acceptance, using self-esteem as a gauge of their
effectiveness. The present chapter describes sociometer
theory's perspective on self-esteem, reviews evidence
relevant to the theory, and describes how it explains
phenomena in which self-esteem has been implicated,
including interpersonal emotion, social identity effects,
intergroup behaviour, and clinical disorders.},
Doi = {10.1080/10463280540000007},
Key = {fds252550}
}
@article{fds252576,
Author = {Leary, MR and Adams, CE and Tate, EB},
Title = {Hypo-egoic self-regulation: exercising self-control by
diminishing the influence of the self.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality},
Volume = {74},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1803-1831},
Year = {2006},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0022-3506},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17083667},
Abstract = {Theory and research dealing with self-regulation have
focused primarily on instances of self-regulation that
involve high levels of self-reflection and effortful
self-control. However, intentionally trying to control one's
behavior sometimes reduces the likelihood of achieving one's
goals. This article examines the process of hypo-egoic
self-regulation in which people relinquish deliberate,
conscious control over their own behavior so that they will
respond more naturally, spontaneously, or automatically. An
examination of spontaneously occurring hypo-egoic states
(such as flow, deindividuation, and transcendence) suggests
that hypo-egoic states are characterized by lowered
self-awareness and/or an increase in concrete and
present-focused self-thoughts. In light of this, people may
intentionally foster hypo-egoism via two pathways-(a) taking
steps to reduce the proportion of time that they are
self-aware (such as repeating a behavior until it is
automatic or practicing meditation) or (b) increasing the
concreteness of their self-thoughts (such as inducing a
concrete mindset or practicing mindfulness). In this way,
people may deliberately choose to regulate hypo-egoically
when effortful control might be detrimental to their
performance.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00429.x},
Key = {fds252576}
}
@article{fds252527,
Author = {Ginis, KAM and Leary, MR},
Title = {Single, physically active, female: The effects of
information about exercise participation and body weight on
perceptions of young women},
Journal = {Social Behavior and Personality: an International
Journal},
Volume = {34},
Number = {8},
Pages = {979-990},
Publisher = {Scientific Journal Publishers Ltd},
Year = {2006},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0301-2212},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.8.979},
Abstract = {This experiment examined whether information about a woman's
body weight moderates the effects of information about her
exercise habits on ratings of her personality and physical
appearance. In a 3 (target's exercise status) × 3 (target's
body weight) factorial design, participants (N = 164) read a
description of a young woman described as an exerciser,
nonexerciser, or control and who was underweight, average
weight, or overweight. They then rated her on various
personality and physical-attractiveness dimensions. For the
personality ratings, the nonexerciser was rated less
favorably than were exerciser and control targets,
regardless of her body weight. For the appearance ratings,
body weight moderated the effects of exercise habit
information such that being underweight countered negative
stereotypes associated with being a nonexerciser and being
an exerciser countered negative stereotypes associated with
being overweight. © Society for Personality Research
(Inc.).},
Doi = {10.2224/sbp.2006.34.8.979},
Key = {fds252527}
}
@article{fds252499,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The bridge between social and clinical psychology: Wide but
sparsely traveled},
Pages = {307-311},
Booktitle = {Bridging social psychology},
Publisher = {Routledge},
Editor = {P. Van Lange},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781410616982},
Doi = {10.4324/9781410616982},
Key = {fds252499}
}
@article{fds252586,
Author = {Leary, MR and Twenge, JM and Quinlivan, E},
Title = {Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and
aggression.},
Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review : an Official
Journal of the Society for Personality and Social
Psychology, Inc},
Volume = {10},
Number = {2},
Pages = {111-132},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1088-8683},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_2},
Abstract = {This article reviews the literature on the relationship
between interpersonal rejection and aggression. Four bodies
of research are summarized: laboratory experiments that
manipulate rejection, rejection among adults in everyday
life, rejection in childhood, and individual differences
that may moderate the relationship. The theoretical
mechanisms behind the effect are then explored. Possible
explanations for why rejection leads to anger and aggression
include: rejection as a source of pain, rejection as a
source of frustration, rejection as a threat to self-esteem,
mood improvement following aggression, aggression as social
influence, aggression as a means of reestablishing control,
retribution, disinhibition, and loss of self-control.},
Doi = {10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_2},
Key = {fds252586}
}
@article{fds252525,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Nuggets of social psychological wisdom},
Journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
Volume = {16},
Number = {4},
Pages = {176-179},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2005},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1047-840X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1604_07},
Doi = {10.1207/s15327965pli1604_07},
Key = {fds252525}
}
@article{fds252526,
Author = {Quinlivan, E and Leary, MR},
Title = {Women's perceptions of their bodies: Discrepancies between
self-appraisals and reflected appraisals},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {24},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1139-1163},
Publisher = {Guilford Publications},
Year = {2005},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0736-7236},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.8.1139},
Abstract = {Previous research has revealed that some women rate their
physique differently from how they believe others perceive
them. This study examined the nature of this discrepancy,
relying on research on self-verification and
self-enhancement regarding how people respond to consistent
vs. enhancing self-relevant information. Participants
received feedback about their appearance that was either
congruent with their self-appraisal, congruent with their
reflected appraisal, or more positive than their
self-appraisal. Affectively, participants responded to
positive feedback more favorably than negative feedback,
regardless of the direction of their discrepancy. For
perceived accuracy, participants who rated themselves
heavier than they thought other people see them responded
more favorably to self-enhancing feed-back, while
participants who rated themselves thinner than they thought
others see them responded more favorably to self-verifying
feedback.},
Doi = {10.1521/jscp.2005.24.8.1139},
Key = {fds252526}
}
@article{fds252552,
Author = {MacDonald, G and Leary, MR},
Title = {Roles of social pain and defense mechanisms in response to
social exclusion: Reply to Panksepp (2005) and Corr
(2005)},
Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
Volume = {131},
Number = {2},
Pages = {237-240},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2005},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0033-2909},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.237},
Abstract = {In comments on G. MacDonald and M. R. Leary (2005), J.
Panksepp (2005) argued for more emphasis on social pain
mechanisms, whereas P. J. Corr (2005) argued for more
emphasis on physical defense mechanisms. In response to the
former, the authors clarify their positions on the topics of
anger, the usefulness of rat models, the role of analgesic
mechanisms, and basic motivational processes. In response to
the latter, the authors clarify their positions on the
topics of the relation of social exclusion to fear, the
value of the pain affect construct, and the nature of the
social pain experience. The authors conclude that
consideration of the roles of both social pain and defense
mechanisms is essential to best understand human response to
social exclusion.},
Doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.237},
Key = {fds252552}
}
@article{fds252587,
Author = {Macdonald, G and Leary, MR},
Title = {Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between
social and physical pain.},
Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
Volume = {131},
Number = {2},
Pages = {202-223},
Year = {2005},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0033-2909},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202},
Abstract = {The authors forward the hypothesis that social exclusion is
experienced as painful because reactions to rejection are
mediated by aspects of the physical pain system. The authors
begin by presenting the theory that overlap between social
and physical pain was an evolutionary development to aid
social animals in responding to threats to inclusion. The
authors then review evidence showing that humans demonstrate
convergence between the 2 types of pain in thought, emotion,
and behavior, and demonstrate, primarily through nonhuman
animal research, that social and physical pain share common
physiological mechanisms. Finally, the authors explore the
implications of social pain theory for rejection-elicited
aggression and physical pain disorders.},
Doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202},
Key = {fds252587}
}
@article{fds252522,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Digging deeper: The fundamental nature of "self-conscious"
emotions},
Journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
Volume = {15},
Number = {2},
Pages = {129-131},
Year = {2004},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1047-840X},
Key = {fds252522}
}
@article{fds252523,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The function of self-esteem in terror management theory and
sociometer theory: comment on Pyszczynski et al.
(2004).},
Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
Volume = {130},
Number = {3},
Pages = {478-482},
Year = {2004},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0033-2909},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.478},
Abstract = {By applying different standards of evidence to sociometer
theory than to terror management theory (TMT), T.
Pyszczynski, J. Greenberg, S. Solomon, J. Arndt, and J.
Schimel's (2004) review offers an imbalanced appraisal of
the theories' merits. Many of Pyszczynski et al.'s (2004)
criticisms of sociometer theory apply equally to TMT. and
others are based on misconstruals of the theory or
misunderstandings regarding how people respond when
rejected. Furthermore, much of their review is only
indirectly relevant to TMT's position on the function of
self-esteem, and the review fails to acknowledge logical and
empirical challenges to TMT. A more balanced review suggests
that each theory trumps the other in certain respects, both
have difficulty explaining all of the evidence regarding
self-esteem, and the propositions of each theory can be
roughly translated into the concepts of the other. For these
reasons, declaring a theoretical winner at this time is
premature.},
Doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.478},
Key = {fds252523}
}
@article{fds252571,
Author = {Martin Ginis and KA and Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-Presentational Processes in Health-Damaging
Behavior},
Journal = {Journal of Applied Sport Psychology},
Volume = {16},
Number = {1},
Pages = {59-74},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2004},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1041-3200},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200490260053},
Abstract = {Self-presentation has been shown to play a role in the
performance of a variety of potentially health-damaging
behaviors such as substance abuse, exercise avoidance,
failing to wear protective sports equipment, and failing to
seek medical treatment (Leary, Tchividjian, & Kraxberger,
1994; Martin, Leary, & Rejeski, 2000). Using the two
component model of impression management (Leary & Kowalski,
1990) as an organizational framework, this paper discusses
the role of impression-motivation and impression-construction
in the performance of health-damaging behaviors in physical
activity and other contexts. Research is reviewed that
examines both features of the immediate situation (e.g., the
number and identity of other people who are present,
operating norms and roles, incentives) and characteristics
of the individual (e.g., traits, values, goals,
self-concept) that affect the performance of health-damaging
behaviors for self-presentational reasons. Recommendations
for future research are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1080/10413200490260053},
Key = {fds252571}
}
@article{fds252524,
Author = {Sandra, AH and Rowatt, T and Brooks, L and Magid, V and Stage, R and Wydro,
P and Cramer, S and Walker, M and Wolfe, C and Singleton, R and Sigall, H and Eichelberger, A and Jordan, J and Leaf, S and Grahe, J and Brown, RP and Swim, J and Pearson, NB and Wetzel, C and Pezzo, M and Gosling, S and Maclin, K and Reifman, A and Awbrey, B and Wright, C and Jerzak, P and Samuels, SM and Lemmond, G and Leary, M and Setay,
C},
Title = {Measuring School Spirit: A National Teaching Exercise:The
School Spirit Study Group},
Journal = {Teaching of Psychology},
Volume = {31},
Number = {1},
Pages = {18-21},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2004},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0098-6283},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top3101_5},
Abstract = {We developed a novel variation on classroom data collection
by having students conduct a national research project.
Students at 20 different colleges and universities measured
“school spirit†at their institutions according
to several operational criteria (school apparel wearing, car
stickers, alumni donation rate, ratings by a major sports
publication, and questionnaire measures). Instructors then
combined this information into one large dataset, allowing
students to analyze and compare trends measured at their
school with those measured at other schools. We discuss the
process of organizing a national study (recruitment of
faculty participants, dissemination of instruments,
compilation of data), aspects of the project that
instructors thought were most educationally valuable, and
substantive results of the study (how well the different
measures of school spirit correlated). © 2004, Society for
the Teaching of Psychology. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1207/s15328023top3101_5},
Key = {fds252524}
}
@article{fds304689,
Author = {Buckley, KE and Winkel, RE and Leary, MR},
Title = {Reactions to acceptance and rejection: Effects of level and
sequence of relational evaluation},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
Volume = {40},
Number = {1},
Pages = {14-28},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2004},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00064-7},
Abstract = {Two experiments examined the effects of various levels and
sequences of acceptance and rejection on emotion, ratings of
self and others, and behavior. In Experiment 1, participants
who differed in agreeableness received one of five levels of
acceptance or rejection feedback, believing that they either
would or would not interact with the person who accepted or
rejected them. In Experiment 2, participants who differed in
rejection sensitivity received one of four patterns of
feedback over time, reflecting constant acceptance,
increasing acceptance, increasing rejection, or constant
rejection. In both studies, rejection elicited greater
anger, sadness, and hurt feelings than acceptance, as well
as an increased tendency to aggress toward the rejector. In
general, more extreme rejection did not lead to stronger
reactions than mild rejection, but increasing rejection
evoked more negative reactions than constant rejection.
Agreeableness and rejection-sensitivity scores predicted
participants' responses but did not moderate the effects of
interpersonal acceptance and rejection. © 2003 Elsevier
Science (USA). All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00064-7},
Key = {fds304689}
}
@article{fds252589,
Author = {Leary, MR and Herbst, KC and McCrary, F},
Title = {Finding pleasure in solitary activities: Desire for
aloneness or disinterest in social contact?},
Journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
Volume = {35},
Number = {1},
Pages = {59-68},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2003},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00141-1},
Abstract = {People balance their interpersonal engagements with time
spent alone but differ widely in the degree to which they
engage in and enjoy solitary activities. This study examined
the question of whether these differences are primarily a
function of a strong desire to spend time alone (high
solitropism) versus a weak desire to spend time with other
people (low sociotropism). Two-hundred and four respondents
completed multiple measures of solitropic and sociotropic
orientations, and answered questions about their
participation in and enjoyment of solitary activities. The
results suggested that the frequency and enjoyment of
solitary activities are more strongly related to a high
desire for solitude than to low sociotropism. © 2002
Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00141-1},
Key = {fds252589}
}
@article{fds252590,
Author = {Leary, MR and Kowalski, RM and Smith, L and Phillips,
S},
Title = {Teasing, Rejection, and Violence: Case Studies of the School
Shootings},
Journal = {Aggressive Behavior},
Volume = {29},
Number = {3},
Pages = {202-214},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2003},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.10061},
Abstract = {Media commentators have suggested that recent school
shootings were precipitated by social rejection, but no
empirical research has examined this claim. Case studies
were conducted of 15 school shootings between 1995 and 2001
to examine the possible role of social rejection in school
violence. Acute or chronic rejection-in the form of
ostracism, bullying, and/or romantic rejection-was present
in all but two of the incidents. In addition, the shooters
tended to be characterized by one or more of three other
risk factors-an interest in firearms or bombs, a fascination
with death or Satanism, or psychological problems involving
depression, impulse control, or sadistic tendencies.
Implications for understanding and preventing school
violence are discussed. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
Doi = {10.1002/ab.10061},
Key = {fds252590}
}
@article{fds304688,
Author = {Leary, MR and Gallagher, B and Fors, E and Buttermore, N and Baldwin, E and Kennedy, K and Mills, A},
Title = {The invalidity of disclaimers about the effects of social
feedback on self-esteem.},
Journal = {Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {29},
Number = {5},
Pages = {623-636},
Year = {2003},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0146-1672},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029005007},
Abstract = {Despite the fact that several theories suggest that people's
self-esteem is affected by social approval and disapproval,
many individuals steadfastly maintain that how other people
regard them has no effect on how they feel about themselves.
To examine the validity of these beliefs, two experiments
compared the effects of social approval and disapproval on
participants who had indicated either that their self-esteem
is affected by how other people evaluate them or that their
self-esteem is unaffected by interpersonal evaluation.
Results of both studies converged to show that approval and
disapproval clearly affected the self-esteem of even those
individuals who denied that social evaluations affected
their feelings about themselves.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167203029005007},
Key = {fds304688}
}
@article{fds252562,
Author = {Brown, JL and Sheffield, D and Leary, MR and Robinson,
ME},
Title = {Social support and experimental pain.},
Journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine},
Volume = {65},
Number = {2},
Pages = {276-283},
Year = {2003},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000030388.62434.46},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this experimental study was to
supplement and expand on clinical research demonstrating
that the provision of social support is associated with
lower levels of acute pain. METHODS:Undergraduates (52 men
and 49 women) performed the cold pressor task either alone
or accompanied by a friend or stranger who provided active
support, passive support, or interaction. Pain perception
was measured on a 10-point scale. RESULTS:Participants in
the active support and passive support conditions reported
less pain than participants in the alone and interaction
conditions, regardless of whether they were paired with a
friend or stranger. CONCLUSIONS:These data suggest that the
presence of an individual who provides passive or active
support reduces experimental pain.},
Doi = {10.1097/01.psy.0000030388.62434.46},
Key = {fds252562}
}
@article{fds252519,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Commentary on Self-Esteem as an Interpersonal Monitor: The
Sociometer Hypothesis (1995)},
Journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
Volume = {14},
Number = {3-4},
Pages = {270-274},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1047-840X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1403&4_15},
Doi = {10.1207/s15327965pli1403&4_15},
Key = {fds252519}
}
@article{fds252618,
Author = {Leary, MR and Buttermore, NR},
Title = {The Evolution of the Human Self: Tracing the Natural History
of Self-Awareness},
Journal = {Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour},
Volume = {33},
Number = {4},
Pages = {365-404},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-5914.2003.00223.x},
Abstract = {Previous discussions of the evolution of the self have
diverged greatly in their estimates of the date at which the
capacity for self-thought emerged, the factors that led
self-reflection to evolve, and the nature of the evidence
offered to support these disparate conclusions. Beginning
with the assumption that human self-awareness involves a set
of distinct cognitive abilities that evolved at different
times to solve different adaptive problems, we trace the
evolution of self-awareness from the common ancestor of
humans and apes to the beginnings of culture, drawing upon
paleontological, anthropological, biological, and
psychological evidence. These data converge to suggest that
that modern self-thought appeared just prior to die
Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition, approximately 60,000
years ago.},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1468-5914.2003.00223.x},
Key = {fds252618}
}
@article{fds252619,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Interpersonal aspects of optimal self-esteem and the
authentic self},
Journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
Volume = {14},
Number = {1},
Pages = {52-54},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds252619}
}
@article{fds252620,
Author = {MacDonald, G and Saltzman, JL and Leary, MR},
Title = {Social approval and trait self-esteem},
Journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
Volume = {37},
Number = {2},
Pages = {23-40},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00531-7},
Abstract = {Interpersonal theories of self-esteem that tie self-esteem
to perceptions of one's acceptability to other people
suggest that self-evaluations should predict global
self-esteem to the degree to which an individual believes
that a particular attribute is important for social
approval. In the present study, participants completed a
measure of global self-esteem, rated themselves in five
domains, and indicated how important those domains were for
approval or disapproval. The results showed that, in four of
five domains, the interaction between self-evaluations and
the perceived approval-value of that domain aided in the
prediction of global self-esteem. Generally, for
participants who rated themselves positively in a domain,
those who believed that the domain was important in
affecting social approval or disapproval had higher
self-esteem than those who did not believe it would
influence acceptability. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All
rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00531-7},
Key = {fds252620}
}
@article{fds366409,
Title = {Key readings in social-clinical psychology},
Publisher = {PSYCHOLOGY PRESS},
Editor = {Kowalski, RM and Leary, MR},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds366409}
}
@article{fds252563,
Author = {Culos-Reed, SN and Brawley, LR and Martin, KA and Leary,
MR},
Title = {Self-presentation concerns and health behaviors among
cosmetic surgery patients},
Journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
Volume = {32},
Number = {3},
Pages = {560-569},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2002},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0021-9029},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00230.x},
Abstract = {The present investigation examined the relationship between
self-presentational motives and physical activity in a
population of cosmetic surgery participants. Participants
were 50 female and 5 male cosmetic surgery patients (CSPs;
Mage = 38.5 years) who completed a battery of self-report
measures following either vein or acne treatment. Analyses
revealed significant group differences on
self-presentational concern and public self-consciousness
between: (a) those who elected the treatment for appearance
motives and those who elected treatment for health-based
motives, and (b) the more frequent (3 or more times per
week) and less frequent (2 or less times per week)
exercisers. Greater self-presentational concerns and greater
public self-consciousness were associated with having
appearance-related motives for treatment and with being a
less frequent exerciser.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00230.x},
Key = {fds252563}
}
@article{fds252623,
Author = {Nezlek, JB and Leary, MR},
Title = {Individual differences in self-presentational motives in
daily social interaction},
Journal = {Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {28},
Number = {2},
Pages = {211-223},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2002},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0146-1672},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167202282007},
Abstract = {In a study of self-presentational motives in everyday social
encounters, 164 first-year and upper-class undergraduate
students described their social interactions for 1 week
using a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record. These
descriptions focused on the strength of self-presentational
motives and concerns for others' evaluations. Participants
also completed measures of individual differences
hypothesized to be relevant to self-presentation, which
formed four distinct factors. A series of multilevel random
coefficient modeling analyses found that individual
differences in factors labeled Impression Motivation,
Impression Construction Positivity, and Impression
Construction Appropriateness were positively related to
participants'nervousness in interaction and individual
differences in Impression Motivation were positively related
to the strength of self-presentational motives in
interaction. A fourth factor, Negative Self-Evaluation, was
positively related to the strength of participants'
self-presentational motives for first-year students but
negatively related to self-presentational motives for
upper-class students, and Negative Self-Evaluation was
related to self-presentation differently for men and women.
© 2002 by the Society for Personality and Social
Psychology, Inc.},
Doi = {10.1177/0146167202282007},
Key = {fds252623}
}
@article{fds252622,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The self as a source of relational difficulties},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {137-142},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds252622}
}
@article{fds252625,
Author = {Leary, MR and Cottrell, CA and Phillips, M},
Title = {Deconfounding the effects of dominance and social acceptance
on self-esteem.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {81},
Number = {5},
Pages = {898-909},
Year = {2001},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.898},
Abstract = {Three studies examined the independent effects of social
acceptance and dominance on self-esteem. In Studies 1 and 2,
participants received false feedback regarding their
relative acceptance and dominance in a laboratory group, and
state self-esteem was assessed. Results indicated that
acceptance and dominance feedback had independent effects on
self-esteem. Study 2 showed that these effects were not
moderated by individual differences in participants'
self-reported responsivity to being accepted versus
dominant. In Study 3, participants completed multiple
measures of perceived dominance, perceived acceptance, and
trait self-esteem. Results showed that both perceived
dominance and perceived acceptance accounted for unique
variance in trait self-esteem, but that perceived acceptance
consistently accounted for substantially more variance than
perceived dominance. Also, trait self-esteem was related to
the degree to which participants felt accepted by specific
people in their lives, but not to the degree to which
participants thought those individuals perceived them as
dominant.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.898},
Key = {fds252625}
}
@article{fds252518,
Author = {Rapp, SR and Cottrell, CA and Leary, MR},
Title = {Social coping strategies associated with quality of life
decrements among psoriasis patients.},
Journal = {The British Journal of Dermatology},
Volume = {145},
Number = {4},
Pages = {610-616},
Year = {2001},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04444.x},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Individuals with psoriasis often report
significant psychological distress, physical disability,
social strain and reduced quality of life. Little is known
about how they cope with the illness.<h4>Objective</h4>The
primary aim of this study is to determine whether patients'
efforts to cope with psoriasis are associated with better or
worse health-related quality of life (HRQL).<h4>Methods</h4>Focus
groups identified seven commonly used coping strategies that
were subsequently measured, along with HRQL and other
variables, in a survey of 318 individuals with
psoriasis.<h4>Results</h4>Results revealed: (i) that
psoriasis is associated with decrements in all quality of
life domains that were assessed, and (ii) that commonly used
coping strategies such as telling others about psoriasis,
covering the lesions and avoiding people were associated
with greater decrements in HRQL after controlling for
covariates; however, telling others that psoriasis is not
contagious was associated with smaller HRQL
decreases.<h4>Conclusions</h4>How patients cope with the
social aspects of psoriasis is associated with their quality
of life.},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04444.x},
Key = {fds252518}
}
@article{fds252624,
Author = {Bourgeois, KS and Leary, MR},
Title = {Coping with rejection: Derogating those who choose us
last},
Journal = {Motivation and Emotion},
Volume = {25},
Number = {2},
Pages = {101-111},
Year = {2001},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010661825137},
Abstract = {Interpersonal rejection poses a threat to people's
identities as competent, desirable individuals. This study
examined the possibility that people buffer themselves
against the implications of rejection by derogating those
who reject them and by concluding that the rejector did not
know them well. Participants were led to believe that a team
captain had selected them either first or last for a
laboratory team, then rated the captain and indicated how
well he or she knew them. Results showed that, compared to
those who were selected first for the team, participants who
were selected last rated the team captains less positively,
were less interested in having them as friends, and
indicated that the captains knew them less well. Mediational
analyses suggested that ratings of the captains were
mediated by perceived rejection and that derogation helped
to maintain participants' positive affect following
rejection.},
Doi = {10.1023/A:1010661825137},
Key = {fds252624}
}
@article{fds252564,
Author = {Martin, KA and Leary, MR and O'Brien, J},
Title = {Role of self-presentation in the health practices of a
sample of Irish adolescents.},
Journal = {Journal of Adolescent Health},
Volume = {28},
Number = {4},
Pages = {259-262},
Year = {2001},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {1054-139X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(00)00209-3},
Abstract = {The association between self-presentational motives and
health behaviors were studied in a sample of 183 Irish
adolescents. Among girls, dieters and nonexercisers scored
higher on measures of trait self-presentational concern than
nondieters and exercisers. Self-presentational concerns were
positively correlated with boys' and girls' endorsement of
self-presentational motives for certain health
practices.},
Doi = {10.1016/s1054-139x(00)00209-3},
Key = {fds252564}
}
@article{fds252593,
Author = {Kurzban, R and Leary, MR},
Title = {Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: the functions of
social exclusion.},
Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
Volume = {127},
Number = {2},
Pages = {187-208},
Year = {2001},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0033-2909},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187},
Abstract = {A reconceptualization of stigma is presented that changes
the emphasis from the devaluation of an individual's
identity to the process by which individuals who satisfy
certain criteria come to be excluded from various kinds of
social interactions. The authors propose that phenomena
currently placed under the general rubric of stigma involve
a set of distinct psychological systems designed by natural
selection to solve specific problems associated with
sociality. In particular, the authors suggest that human
beings possess cognitive adaptations designed to cause them
to avoid poor social exchange partners, join cooperative
groups (for purposes of between-group competition and
exploitation), and avoid contact with those who are
differentially likely to carry communicable pathogens. The
evolutionary view contributes to the current
conceptualization of stigma by providing an account of the
ultimate function of stigmatization and helping to explain
its consensual nature.},
Doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187},
Key = {fds252593}
}
@article{fds252591,
Author = {Snapp, CM and Leary, MR},
Title = {Hurt feelings among new acquaintances: Moderating effects of
interpersonal familiarity},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Personal Relationships},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {315-326},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2001},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0265-4075},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407501183001},
Abstract = {Previous research suggests that people's feelings are hurt
more frequently by those whom they know well than by
strangers and acquaintances, but these findings are based on
retrospective accounts of hurtful events. This study
examined the moderating effect of familiarity on hurt
feelings among people who have recently become acquainted.
Participants were led to experience either a relatively low
or high degree of familiarity with a confederate.
Afterwards, the confederate chose to listen either primarily
to them or another participant as they talked about
themselves. Results showed that participants were
significantly more hurt when they were ignored by a
confederate who barely knew them than by a confederate who
was more familiar with them. Effects of being ignored showed
a similar pattern on a measure of state self-esteem.},
Doi = {10.1177/0265407501183001},
Key = {fds252591}
}
@article{fds252565,
Author = {Martin, KA and Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-presentational determinants of health risk behavior
among college freshmen},
Journal = {Psychology and Health},
Volume = {15},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-11},
Year = {2001},
ISSN = {0887-0446},
Abstract = {This study examined adolescents' use of unhealthy and
potentially dangerous behaviors for self-presentational
reasons. At the start of their first semester at college,
110 freshmen (M age = 18.2) completed trait measures of
self-presentational concern. At the end of the semester they
were asked about their use of health risk behaviors as
impression management tactics. Seventy-five percent of
respondents reported performing at least 1 risky behavior
for self-presentational reasons during their first college
semester. The most common behaviors were smoking, drinking,
driving recklessly and performing dangerous stunts. The
desire to be perceived as "cool" or a "risk-taker" often
prompted health risks. Modest correlations between the trait
measures and health risk behaviors provided additional
evidence that self-presentational motives sometimes play a
role in adolescent health risk behavior.},
Key = {fds252565}
}
@article{fds252592,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Living in the minds of others without knowing
it},
Journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
Volume = {12},
Pages = {2830},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds252592}
}
@article{fds252626,
Author = {Leary, MR and Patton, KM and Orlando, AE and Funk,
WW},
Title = {The impostor phenomenon: self-perceptions, reflected
appraisals, and interpersonal strategies.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality},
Volume = {68},
Number = {4},
Pages = {725-756},
Year = {2000},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00114},
Abstract = {Three studies tested theoretical assumptions regarding the
impostor phenomenon. In Study 1, participants completed
measures of impostorism, rated themselves, and indicated how
they thought other people regarded them. Contrary to
standard conceptualizations of impostorism, high impostors
were characterized by a combination of low self-appraisals
and low reflected appraisals. Study 2 was an experiment
designed to determine whether the behaviors associated with
the impostor phenomenon are interpersonal strategies.
Participants were told that they were expected to perform
either better or worse than they had previously predicted on
an upcoming test, then expressed their reactions anonymously
or publicly. High impostors expressed lower performance
expectations than low impostors only when their responses
were public. When expectations for performance were low,
participants high in impostorism responded differently under
public than private conditions. Study 3 examined the
possibility that high scores on measures of impostorism may
reflect two types of impostors--true impostors (who believe
that others perceive them too positively) and strategic
impostors (who only claim that they are not as good as other
people think). The results did not support this distinction;
however, evidence for the strategic nature of impostorism
was again obtained. Although people may experience true
feelings of impostorism, these studies suggest that the
characteristics attributed to so-called impostors are partly
interpersonal, self-presentational behaviors designed to
minimize the implications of poor performance.},
Doi = {10.1111/1467-6494.00114},
Key = {fds252626}
}
@article{fds252516,
Author = {Leary, MR and Baumeister, RF},
Title = {The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer
theory},
Journal = {Advances in Experimental Social Psychology},
Volume = {32},
Pages = {1-62},
Booktitle = {Advances in experimental social psychology},
Publisher = {San Diego, CA: Academic Press},
Editor = {M.P. Zanna},
Year = {2000},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0065-2601},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(00)80003-9},
Doi = {10.1016/s0065-2601(00)80003-9},
Key = {fds252516}
}
@article{fds252566,
Author = {Martin, KA and Leary, MR and Rejeski, WJ},
Title = {Self-presentational concerns in older adults: Implications
for health and well-being},
Journal = {Basic and Applied Social Psychology},
Volume = {22},
Number = {3},
Pages = {169-179},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2000},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2203_5},
Abstract = {Self-presentational concerns and their sequelae are not
unique to the young. Considerable research suggests that
older adults are also motivated to engage in strategic
self-presentation. This article reviews evidence that
numerous self-presentational concerns of older adults stem
from age- and health-related changes and are associated with
concerns about one's physical appearance, being perceived as
competent and self-reliant, and ascribing to behavioral
norms. For each of these areas, self-presentational concerns
and impression management strategies are identified. In
addition, the implications of using a self-presentational
approach to examine the physical and psychological
well-being of older individuals are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1207/S15324834BASP2203_5},
Key = {fds252566}
}
@article{fds252628,
Author = {Martin, KA and Leary, MR},
Title = {Would you drink after a stranger? The influence of
self-presentational motives on willingness to take a health
risk},
Journal = {Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {25},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1092-1100},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {1999},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0146-1672},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672992512003},
Abstract = {This experiment examined the influence of
self-presentational motives on a potentially unhealthy
behavior - drinking from a stranger's water bottle. In a 2
× 2 factorial design, participants' (N = 48) social
image-concern (low/high) was manipulated, and half of the
participants also received a verbal challenge to drink from
the bottle (challenged/not challenged). Participants in the
high image-concern condition drank significantly more water
(M = 50.8 ml) from the stranger's bottle than did
participants in the low image-concern condition (M = 30.1
ml), p < .05. Also, participants who were challenged drank
more (M = 53.7 ml) than those who were not challenged (M =
27.2 ml), p < .05. Discussion focuses on the utility of a
self-presentational approach for understanding health risk
behavior.},
Doi = {10.1177/01461672992512003},
Key = {fds252628}
}
@article{fds252629,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Making sense of self-esteem},
Journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Pages = {32-35},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {1999},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00008},
Abstract = {Sociometer theory proposes that the self-esteem system
evolved as a monitor of social acceptance, and that the
so-called self-esteem motive functions not to maintain
self-esteem per se but rather to avoid social devaluation
and rejection. Cues indicating that the individual is not
adequately valued and accepted by other people lower
self-esteem and motivate behaviors that enhance ralational
evaluation. Empirical evidence regarding the self-esteem
motive, the antecedents of self-esteem, the relation between
low self-esteem and psychological problems, and the
consequences of enhancing self-esteem is consistent with the
theory.},
Doi = {10.1111/1467-8721.00008},
Key = {fds252629}
}
@article{fds252627,
Author = {Leary, MR and Cottrell, CA},
Title = {Evolution of the self, the need to belong, and life in a
delayed-return environment},
Journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
Volume = {10},
Pages = {229-232},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds252627}
}
@article{fds252561,
Author = {Leary, MR and Rapp, SR and Herbst, KC and Exum, ML and Feldman,
SR},
Title = {Interpersonal concerns and psychological difficulties of
psoriasis patients: effects of disease severity and fear of
negative evaluation.},
Journal = {Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {17},
Number = {6},
Pages = {530-536},
Year = {1998},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.17.6.530},
Abstract = {Psoriasis creates interpersonal difficulties for many
sufferers, but little research has examined factors that
contribute to the degree of social and psychological
disability that a particular person experiences. In all, 318
psoriasis patients completed measures of psychological and
social well-being, the severity of their psoriasis, and
their dispositional level of fear of negative evaluation
(FNE). Analyses showed that disease severity and FNE
significantly predicted perceptions of being stigmatized,
interpersonal discomfort, stress over others' reactions,
distress regarding the observable symptoms of the disease,
the degree to which psoriasis interfered with the patients'
lives, and patients' quality of life. Furthermore, FNE
exerted a particularly strong influence for patients who had
severe cases of psoriasis.},
Doi = {10.1037//0278-6133.17.6.530},
Key = {fds252561}
}
@article{fds252630,
Author = {Leary, MR and Haupt, AL and Strausser, KS and Chokel,
JT},
Title = {Calibrating the sociometer: the relationship between
interpersonal appraisals and state self-esteem.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {74},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1290-1299},
Year = {1998},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1290},
Abstract = {Four experiments examined the functional relationship
between interpersonal appraisal and subjective feelings
about oneself. Participants imagined receiving one of
several positive or negative reactions from another person
(Experiments 1, 2, and 3) or actually received interpersonal
evaluations (Experiment 4), then completed measures relevant
to state self-esteem. All 4 studies showed that subjective
feelings were a curvilinear, ogival function of others'
appraisals. Although trait self-esteem correlated with state
reactions as a main effect, it did not moderate
participants' reactions to interpersonal
feedback.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1290},
Key = {fds252630}
}
@article{fds252594,
Author = {Leary, MR and Springer, C and Negel, L and Ansell, E and Evans,
K},
Title = {The causes, phenomenology, and consequences of hurt
feelings},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {74},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1225-1237},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1998},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1225},
Abstract = {One hundred sixty-four participants recounted situations in
which their feelings had been hurt (victim accounts) or in
which they had hurt another person's feelings (perpetrator
accounts) and then completed a questionnaire. Hurt feelings
were precipitated by events that connoted relational
devaluation, and the victims' distress correlated strongly
with feelings of rejection. Victims were typically hurt by
people whom they knew well, suggesting that familiarity or
closeness played a role. Analyses of the subjective
experience revealed that hurt feelings are characterized by
undifferentiated negative affect that is often accompanied
by emotions such as anxiety and hostility. Victims'
responses to the event were related to their attributions
for the perpetrators' actions, and hurtful episodes
typically had negative repercussions for the relationships
between perpetrators and victims. Copyright 1998 by the
American Psychological Association, Inc.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1225},
Key = {fds252594}
}
@article{fds252555,
Author = {Leary, MR and Saltzman, JL and Georgeson, JC},
Title = {Appearance motivation, obsessive-compulsive tendencies and
excessive suntanning in a community sample},
Journal = {Journal of Health Psychology},
Volume = {2},
Number = {4},
Pages = {493-499},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {1997},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {1359-1053},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135910539700200406},
Abstract = {Measures of appearance motivation, obsessive-compulsive
tendencies and tanning attitudes and behavior were completed
by 175 adults, ages 16-65, who were approached while
suntanning. Participants who scored high in both appearance
motivation and obsessive-compulsive tendencies most strongly
endorsed the importance of having a tan, spent the most time
in the sun, were least likely to use sunscreen and were more
likely to use tanning beds. In contrast, low-appearance
motivation combined with high obsession-compulsion was
associated with safe-sun practices.},
Doi = {10.1177/135910539700200406},
Key = {fds252555}
}
@article{fds339717,
Author = {Leary, MR and Kowalski, RM},
Title = {Social Anxiety},
Pages = {244 pages},
Publisher = {Guilford Press},
Year = {1997},
Month = {July},
ISBN = {1572302631},
Abstract = {The book includes scales for measuring different
manifestations of anxiety, as well as boxed material
providing coverage of topics ranging from social anxiety
among famous personalities to the implications of social
anxiety for student ...},
Key = {fds339717}
}
@article{fds252515,
Author = {Moore, MA and Britt, TW and Leary, MR},
Title = {Integrating Social and Counseling Psychological Perspectives
on the Self},
Journal = {The Counseling Psychologist},
Volume = {25},
Number = {2},
Pages = {220-239},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {1997},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000097252004},
Abstract = {Few areas present a more ideal opportunity for dialogue
between counseling and social psychologists than the self
Both disciplines have contributed significantly to the
development of self theories and the design of methodologies
suitable for understanding processes and practices relevant
to the self However, counseling and social psychologists are
finding it increasingly necessary to value and actively
initiate interdisciplinary discussion and collaboration in
order to prevent cognitive blind spots in understandings of
the self In this article, the authors examine impediments to
successful bridging of the disciplines and highlight areas
ripe for interface within the arenas of professional
training and development, theory, practice, methodology,
metatheory, and epistemology. More specifically, the authors
identify cultural, interpersonal, developmental,
motivational, evaluative, regulatory, structural, and
vocational aspects of the self that would benefit from
collaborative inquiry. Throughout this article, the authors
attempt to balance illustrations of the actual and potential
applications of knowledge relevant to the self with calls to
counseling and social psychologists to work together to
ensure the relevance of their self analyses to diverse
cultures. © 1997, Sage Publications. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1177/0011000097252004},
Key = {fds252515}
}
@article{fds252557,
Author = {Forsyth, DR and Leary, MR},
Title = {Achieving the Goals of the Scientist-Practitioner Model: The
Seven Interfaces of Social and Counseling
Psychology},
Journal = {The Counseling Psychologist},
Volume = {25},
Number = {2},
Pages = {180-200},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {1997},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000097252002},
Abstract = {Counseling psychology and social psychology have commingled
theoretically and empirically for many years, but both
fields have much to gain from a more complete integration
across seven domains: educational (learning, teaching, and
training), professional (relationships between researchers
and practitioners), practical (integrated attempts to solve
individual and societal problems), methodological (shared
empirical procedures and standards), theoretical (attempts
to construct conceptual models that span disciplines),
metatheoretical (shared assumptions about the phenomena
under study), and epistemological (fundamental assumptions
held in common about how knowledge is expanded). After
estimating the strength of the union between social and
counseling psychology on each of these seven planes,
suggestions for fortifying the weaker links and enhancing
the vitality of the stronger links are offered. © 1997,
Sage Publications. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1177/0011000097252002},
Key = {fds252557}
}
@article{fds252574,
Author = {Baumeister, RF and Leary, MR},
Title = {Writing narrative literature reviews},
Journal = {Review of General Psychology},
Volume = {1},
Number = {3},
Pages = {311-320},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1997},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1089-2680},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.3.311},
Abstract = {Narrative literature reviews serve a vital scientific
function, but few resources help people learn to write them.
As compared with empirical reports, literature reviews can
tackle broader and more abstract questions, can engage in
more post hoc theorizing without the danger of capitalizing
on chance, can make a stronger case for a null-hypothesis
conclusion, and can appreciate and use methodological
diversity better. Also, literature reviews can draw any of 4
conclusions: The hypothesis is correct, it has not been
conclusively established but is the currently best guess, it
is false, or the evidence permits no conclusion. Common
mistakes of authors of literature review manuscripts are
described.},
Doi = {10.1037/1089-2680.1.3.311},
Key = {fds252574}
}
@article{fds252595,
Author = {Martin, KA and Rejeski, WJ and Leary, MR and McAuley, E and Bane,
S},
Title = {Is the social physique anxiety scale really
multidimensional? Conceptual and statistical arguments for a
unidimensional model},
Journal = {Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology},
Volume = {19},
Number = {4},
Pages = {359-367},
Publisher = {Human Kinetics},
Year = {1997},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.19.4.359},
Abstract = {Recent research has suggested that the Social Physique
Anxiety Scale (SPAS) is a multidimensional rather than a
unidimensional measure. The present study challenged this
position on both conceptual and empirical grounds. After
deleting three questionable items from the SPAS, a series of
confirmatory factor analyses were conducted across four
samples of women who had completed the scale. Across all
samples, the model fit indices (i.e., all > .90) suggested
that a nine-item, single factor model of the SPAS is more
parsimonious and conceptually clear than a two-factor model.
It is recommended that researchers of social physique
anxiety begin to use the nine-item version of the SPAS
described in this paper.},
Doi = {10.1123/jsep.19.4.359},
Key = {fds252595}
}
@article{fds252632,
Author = {Nezlek, JB and Kowalski, RM and Leary, MR and Blevins, T and Holgate,
S},
Title = {Personality moderators of reactions to interpersonal
rejection: Depression and trait self-esteem},
Journal = {Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {23},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1235-1244},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {1997},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0146-1672},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672972312001},
Abstract = {Two experiments were conducted to examine the moderating
effects of depression and trait self-esteem on reactions to
social exclusion. Participants received information
indicating that they had been included in or excluded from a
laboratory group and that their inclusion or exclusion was
based either on the other group members' preferences or on a
random procedure. Participants who scored high in depression
(Experiment 1) and low in self-esteem (Experiment 2)
responded more strongly (and logically) to the experimental
manipulations than participants low in depression and high
in self-esteem. The results suggested that depression and
low self-esteem place people at risk for dysphoria and
self-devaluation following interpersonal
rejection.},
Doi = {10.1177/01461672972312001},
Key = {fds252632}
}
@article{fds252633,
Author = {Haupt, AL and Leary, MR},
Title = {The appeal of worthless groups: Moderating effects of trait
self-esteem},
Journal = {Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice},
Volume = {1},
Number = {2},
Pages = {124-132},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1997},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1089-2699},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.1.2.124},
Abstract = {The authors tested the hypothesis that people with low trait
self-esteem prefer to join seemingly worthless groups
because one's membership is less tenuous in worthless than
in worthwhile groups. One hundred fourteen undergraduate
students who completed a measure of trait self-esteem
expressed their preference for working in a group versus
alone on a task described as worthless or worthwhile.
Furthermore, they were told that if they worked with the
group, they might be removed from the group either randomly
or by a group vote. Participants with low trait self-esteem
preferred working with the worthless group more than the
worthwhile group, whereas participants with high self-esteem
snowed the opposite effect. In addition, the mere
possibility of exclusion by a group vote lowered the state
self-esteem of participants with low trait self-esteem but
raised the self-esteem of those with high self-esteem.
Copyright 1997 by the Educational Publishing
Foundation.},
Doi = {10.1037/1089-2699.1.2.124},
Key = {fds252633}
}
@article{fds252634,
Author = {Leary, MR and Schreindorfer, LS},
Title = {Unresolved issues with terror management
theory},
Journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
Volume = {8},
Pages = {26-29},
Year = {1997},
Key = {fds252634}
}
@article{fds252596,
Author = {Leary, MR and Landel, JL and Patton, KM},
Title = {The Motivated Expression of Embarrassment Following a
Self-Presentational Predicament},
Journal = {Journal of Personality},
Volume = {64},
Number = {3},
Pages = {619-636},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1996},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00524.x},
Abstract = {Two experiments tested hypotheses derived from an
interpersonal model of embarrassment. According to this
model, people who have suffered a self-presentational
predicament are motivated to convey to others that they feel
embarrassed as a way of repairing their social image and
lowering subjective embarrassment in such situations. In
Experiment 1, participants who performed an embarrassing
task subsequently expressed greater embarrassment if the
researcher did not already know that they were embarrassed
than if she was aware of their embarrassment. Experiment 2
showed that embarrassed participants who thought that the
researcher did not interpret their blushing as a sign of
embarrassment subsequently engaged in alternative
self-presentational tactics to improve their damaged social
image.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00524.x},
Key = {fds252596}
}
@article{fds252558,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Social anxiety and couples: Self-presentational concerns in
close relationships},
Journal = {The Family Digest: Bulletin of the International Association
of Marriage and Family Counselors},
Volume = {9},
Pages = {1-4},
Year = {1996},
Key = {fds252558}
}
@article{fds252597,
Author = {Baumeister, RF and Leary, MR},
Title = {The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as
a fundamental human motivation.},
Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
Volume = {117},
Number = {3},
Pages = {497-529},
Year = {1995},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497},
Abstract = {A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable
interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the
empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive
interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent
with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social
attachments readily under most conditions and resist the
dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have
multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on
cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a
variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and
well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning
satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is
likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation.
Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm
the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis
that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and
extremely pervasive motivation.},
Doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497},
Key = {fds252597}
}
@article{fds252636,
Author = {Leary, MR and Tambor, ES and Terdal, SK and Downs,
DL},
Title = {Self-Esteem as an Interpersonal Monitor: The Sociometer
Hypothesis},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {68},
Number = {3},
Pages = {518-530},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1995},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518},
Abstract = {Five studies tested hypotheses derived from the sociometer
model of self-esteem according to which the self-esteem
system monitors others' reactions and alerts the individual
to the possibility of social exclusion. Study 1 showed that
the effects of events on participants' state self-esteem
paralleled their assumptions about whether such events would
lead others to accept or reject them. In Study 2,
participants' ratings of how included they felt in a real
social situation correlated highly with their self-esteem
feelings. In Studies 3 and 4, social exclusion caused
decreases in self-esteem when respondents were excluded from
a group for personal reasons, but not when exclusion was
random, but this effect was not mediated by
self-presentation. Study 5 showed that trait self-esteem
correlated highly with the degree to which respondents
generally felt included versus excluded by other people.
Overall, results provided converging evidence for the
sociometer model. © 1995 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518},
Key = {fds252636}
}
@article{fds252635,
Author = {Leary, MR and Schreindorfer, LS and Haupt, AL},
Title = {The role of self-esteem in emotional and behavioral
problems: Why is low self-esteem dysfunctional?},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {14},
Pages = {297-314},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds252635}
}
@article{fds252637,
Author = {Leary, MR and Tchividjian, LR and Kraxberger, BE},
Title = {Self-presentation can be hazardous to your health:
impression management and health risk.},
Journal = {Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {13},
Number = {6},
Pages = {461-470},
Year = {1994},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.13.6.461},
Abstract = {People's concerns with how others perceive and evaluate them
can lead to behaviors that increase the risk of illness and
injury. This article reviews evidence that self-presentation
motives play a role in several health problems, including
HIV infection; skin cancer; malnutrition and eating
disorders; alcohol, tobacco, and drug use; injuries and
accidental death; failure to exercise; and acne. The
implications of a self-presentational perspective for
research in health psychology, the promotion of healthful
behaviors, and health care delivery are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1037//0278-6133.13.6.461},
Key = {fds252637}
}
@article{fds304686,
Author = {Leary, MR and Nezlek, JB and Downs, D and Radford-Davenport, J and Martin, J and McMullen, A},
Title = {Self-presentation in everyday interactions: effects of
target familiarity and gender composition.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {67},
Number = {4},
Pages = {664-673},
Year = {1994},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.67.4.664},
Abstract = {This study examined people's self-presentation motives in
unstructured, everyday social interaction as a function of
participants' gender similarity to, and general familiarity
with, the targets of their self-presentations. Participants
maintained a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record for
1 week. For every interaction that lasted 10 min or more,
they rated the degree to which they wanted to make each of 4
impressions (likable, competent, ethical, and attractive),
how much they thought about the impressions others in the
interaction formed of them, and how nervous they felt in the
interaction. In general, participants' self-presentational
motives were lower in interactions with highly familiar
people of their own sex than they were either in
interactions with less familiar people of their sex or in
interactions with people of the other sex regardless of
familiarity. When participants' interactions with only their
3 most familiar interactants were examined,
self-presentational concerns decreased with familiarity in
same-sex interactions but increased with familiarity in
cross-sex interactions.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-3514.67.4.664},
Key = {fds304686}
}
@article{fds252559,
Author = {Jones, JL and Leary, MR},
Title = {Effects of appearance-based admonitions against sun exposure
on tanning intentions in young adults.},
Journal = {Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {13},
Number = {1},
Pages = {86-90},
Year = {1994},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.13.1.86},
Abstract = {This experiment compared the effectiveness of health-based
versus appearance-based messages on university students'
intentions to protect their skin against the sun's damaging
rays. One hundred thirty-four Ss completed a measure of
appearance motivation, then responded to 1 of 3 essays about
tanning and skin cancer. One essay described the health
risks of excessive sun exposure, one essay discussed the
deleterious effects of tanning on physical appearance, and a
control essay described the process by which tanning occurs.
Overall, the essay that dealt with the negative effects of
the sun on appearance was most effective in promoting
intentions to practice safe-sun behaviors. However, the
appearance-based essay was effective primarily among Ss who
were low rather than high in appearance motivation.},
Doi = {10.1037//0278-6133.13.1.86},
Key = {fds252559}
}
@article{fds252572,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {How should we teach undergraduates about
personality?},
Journal = {Dialogue (Bulletin of the Society for Personality and Social
Psychology)},
Year = {1994},
Key = {fds252572}
}
@article{fds252599,
Author = {Leary, MR and Kowalski, RM},
Title = {The Interaction Anxiousness Scale: construct and
criterion-related validity.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality Assessment},
Volume = {61},
Number = {1},
Pages = {136-146},
Year = {1993},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6101_10},
Abstract = {This article presents data regarding the validity and
reliability of the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS; Leary
1983c), a self-report measure of dispositional social
anxiety. The IAS demonstrates high test-retest and internal
reliability. Correlations with measures relevant to social
and general anxiety document its convergent and discriminant
validity, and it correlates well with measures of anxiety
and interpersonal concern in actual interactions.},
Doi = {10.1207/s15327752jpa6101_10},
Key = {fds252599}
}
@article{fds252598,
Author = {Cutlip, WD and Leary, MR},
Title = {Anatomic and physiological bases of social blushing:
Speculations from neurology and psychology},
Journal = {Behavioural Neurology},
Volume = {6},
Number = {4},
Pages = {181-185},
Publisher = {Hindawi Limited},
Year = {1993},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/BEN-1993-6402},
Abstract = {Although a common and occasionally troubling reaction,
social blushing has received little systematic attention
from either medical or behavioral researchers. This article
reviews what is known of the physiological and psychological
processes that mediate social blushing, and speculates
regarding the role of central mechanisms in the phenomenon.
Blushing is characterized by the unusual combination of
cutaneous vasodilatation of the face, neck, and ears,
accompanied by activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Psychologically, blushing appears to occur when people
receive undesired social attention from others and may be
analogousto the appeasement displays observed in non-human
primates. Although poorly understood, the central mechanisms
that mediate blushing obviously involve both involuntary
autonomic effector systems and higher areas that involve
self-reflective thought. Questions for future research are
suggested. © 1993 Rapid Communications of Oxford
Ltd.},
Doi = {10.3233/BEN-1993-6402},
Key = {fds252598}
}
@article{fds252560,
Author = {Leary, MR and Jones, JL},
Title = {The social psychology of tanning and sunscreen use:
Self-presentational variables as a predictor of health
risk},
Journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
Volume = {23},
Number = {17},
Pages = {1390-1406},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1993},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01039.x},
Abstract = {To the extent that many people seek and maintain a suntan
because they believe it makes them more attractive, people
who are particularly motivated to make good impressions on
others or to be seen as physically attractive are at
increased risk for skin cancer. This study examined
cognitive, motivational, and attitudinal predictors of two
factors that are associated with increased risk for skin
cancer: engaging in behaviors that increase one's exposure
to UV radiation and inadequate use of sunscreen.
Self‐presentational motives involving a concern for one's
personal appearance and the belief that being tan enhances
one's attractiveness were the strongest predictors of the
degree to which respondents exposed themselves to natural
and artificial sources of UV radiation. Sunscreen use was
best predicted by knowing someone with skin cancer.
Implications for attempts to promote safe‐sun practices
are discussed. Copyright © 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All
rights reserved},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01039.x},
Key = {fds252560}
}
@article{fds252600,
Author = {Leary, MR and Britt, TW and Cutlip, WD and Templeton,
JL},
Title = {Social blushing.},
Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
Volume = {112},
Number = {3},
Pages = {446-460},
Year = {1992},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0033-2909},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.446},
Abstract = {This article reviews theory and research regarding the
physiology, situational and dispositional antecedents,
behavioral concomitants, and interpersonal consequences of
social blushing and offers a new theoretical account of
blushing. This model posits that people blush when they
experience undesired social attention. Puzzling questions
involving blushing in solitude, the phenomenology of
blushing, types of blushing, and blushing in dark-skinned
people are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.446},
Key = {fds252600}
}
@article{fds252639,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-presentational processes in exercise and
sport},
Journal = {Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology},
Volume = {14},
Pages = {339-351},
Year = {1992},
Key = {fds252639}
}
@article{fds252575,
Author = {Rezek, PJ and Leary, MR},
Title = {Perceived control, drive for thinness, and food consumption:
anorexic tendencies as displaced reactance.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality},
Volume = {59},
Number = {1},
Pages = {129-142},
Year = {1991},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00771.x},
Abstract = {Although loss of perceived control has been implicated in
the development of eating disorders, previous research has
not directly tested the relationship between perceived
control and food consumption. This study investigated the
hypothesis that individuals with anorexic tendencies react
to low perceived control by restricting food intake as a
means of regaining a sense of control. Forty female
undergraduates who scored either low or high on the Drive
for Thinness Scale (Garner & Olmsted, 1984) were led to
believe they would be participating in two separate studies.
Perceived control was experimentally manipulated such that
half of the subjects experienced low control and half
experienced high control over a social situation. Under the
guise of a second experiment, subjects tasted breakfast
cereals and completed measures relevant to eating and body
image. Results showed that subjects who were high in drive
for thinness (DT) who experienced low control ate less
sweetened cereal and planned to eat less at dinner than high
DT subjects who experienced high control. Low DT subjects
were unaffected by the control manipulation. The results are
discussed in terms of displaced reactance.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00771.x},
Key = {fds252575}
}
@article{fds252601,
Author = {Leary, MR and Meadows, S},
Title = {Predictors, Elicitors, and Concomitants of Social
Blushing},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {60},
Number = {2},
Pages = {254-262},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1991},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.254},
Abstract = {As blushing diffuses the likelihood of negative evaluations
(and, thus, potential rejection) when an individual's status
in a valued group is in jeopardy, people who are
particularly concerned with others' evaluations and with
their social relationships should be prone to blush. The
Blushing Propensity scale, a battery of personality
measures, and a questionnaire about blushing were completed
by 225 Ss. The frequency with which Ss reported blushing
correlated most strongly with measures that reflect people's
concerns with how they are regarded by others. Four
predictors (embarrassability, interaction anxiousness,
self-esteem, and refinement) accounted for 40% of the
variance in blushing propensity scores. A factor analysis
showed that 2 distinct but correlated factors accounted for
situations that elicit blushing. Finally, the predominant
physical and psychological concomitants of blushing were
described.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.254},
Key = {fds252601}
}
@article{fds322949,
Author = {Tardy, CH and Allen, MT and Thompson, WR and Leary,
MR},
Title = {Social anxiety and cardiovascular responses to interpersonal
communication},
Journal = {Southern Communication Journal},
Volume = {57},
Number = {1},
Pages = {25-34},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {1991},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10417949109372848},
Abstract = {This study reports data on the relationship of heart rate
and blood pressure to state and trait social anxiety.
Findings support the prediction that high trait anxiety
subjects evidence a correlation between physiological
measures and social anxiety. Measures of heart rate in both
resting and talking periods correlate with state anxiety
among high trait anxiety subjects. By contrast, systolic
blood pressure during the talking period correlates with
social anxiety for all subjects. These results confirm
predictions about the psychosomatics of speech anxiety and
demonstrate the importance of studying blood pressure. ©
1991, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.},
Doi = {10.1080/10417949109372848},
Key = {fds322949}
}
@article{fds252631,
Author = {Franke, R and Leary, MR},
Title = {Disclosure of sexual orientation by lesbians and gay men: A
comparison on private and public processes},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {10},
Pages = {262-269},
Year = {1991},
Key = {fds252631}
}
@article{fds252640,
Author = {Kowalski, RM and Leary, MR},
Title = {Strategic self-presentation and the avoidance of aversive
events: Antecedents and consequences of self-enhancement and
self-depreciation},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
Volume = {26},
Number = {4},
Pages = {322-336},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1990},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0022-1031},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(90)90042-K},
Abstract = {Two experiments examined the use of strategic
self-presentation as a means of avoiding an aversive event,
as well as the effects of such self-presentations on the
presenter's subsequent self-evaluation. The studies employed
a job simulation paradigm in which subjects were led to
believe that the more or less well-adjusted of two workers
would perform an onerous task for the "company". Subjects
rated themselves on adjectives relevant to adjustment, then
selected adjectives to show the supervisor who would
ostensibly make task assignments. In both experiments,
subjects self-depreciated to a greater extent when the
well-adjusted worker was to perform the onerous task. As
expected, strategic self-presentation was observed in
Experiment 1 only when the supervisor's power was high.
Results of Experiment 2 showed that subjects who were low
versus high in self-esteem did not differ in their use of
strategic self-presentation. As predicted, subjects who were
induced to self-enhance subsequently evaluated theselves
more favorably than those who were induced to
self-depreciate, but Experiment 2 showed that this effect
occurred only for subjects who were low in self-esteem. ©
1990.},
Doi = {10.1016/0022-1031(90)90042-K},
Key = {fds252640}
}
@article{fds252643,
Author = {Leary, MR and Kowalski, RM},
Title = {Impression Management: A Literature Review and Two-Component
Model},
Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
Volume = {107},
Number = {1},
Pages = {34-47},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1990},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0033-2909},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.34},
Abstract = {Impression management, the process by which people control
the impressions others form of them, plays an important role
in interpersonal behavior. This article presents a
2-component model within which the literature regarding
impression management is reviewed. This model conceptualizes
impression management as being composed of 2 discrete
processes. The 1st involves impression motivation-the degree
to which people are motivated to control how others see
them. Impression motivation is conceptualized as a function
of 3 factors: the goal-relevance of the impressions one
creates, the value of desired outcomes, and the discrepancy
between current and desired images. The 2nd component
involves impression construction. Five factors appear to
determine the kinds of impressions people try to construct:
the self-concept, desired and undesired identity images,
role constraints, target's values, and current social image.
The 2-component model provides coherence to the literature
in the area, addresses controversial issues, and supplies a
framework for future research regarding impression
management.},
Doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.34},
Key = {fds252643}
}
@article{fds252573,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Wanted: Half-baked ideas},
Journal = {Contemporary Social Psychology},
Volume = {14},
Pages = {48-49},
Year = {1990},
Key = {fds252573}
}
@article{fds252577,
Author = {Rezek, PJ and Leary, MR},
Title = {Evaluation apprehension, hypochondriasis, and the strategic
use of symptoms},
Journal = {Basic and Applied Social Psychology},
Volume = {11},
Number = {3},
Pages = {233-242},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {1990},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1103_1},
Abstract = {An experiment examined the relationships among
hypochondriasis, apprehension, and the strategic use of
symptoms in evaluative settings. One–hundred twenty
subjects, half of whom scored low versus high in
hypochondriasis, were told that they would be assigned
either to take a potentially ego– threatening test or
simply to read through the test items. Half of the subjects
thought assignment to one of the two tasks would be random;
the other half thought that their health would be
considered, and that subjects who had recently been ill
would not be assigned to take the test. Furthermore,
subjects were told that, if they actually took the test,
their scores would be seen by only them, by only the
researcher, or by no one. Results showed that, when the
assignment to take versus read the test was random, high
hypochondrical subjects expressed increased apprehension and
derogated the test to a greater extent than when their
health was considered in making the task assignment. Low
hypochondriacal subjects, on the other hand, were unaffected
by the experimental manipulations. Contrary to expectations,
subjects reported more symptoms when they thought their
health would not be considered in making assignments than
when the assignment was based on their health. © 1990,
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1207/s15324834basp1103_1},
Key = {fds252577}
}
@article{fds252641,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy,
loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {9},
Pages = {221-229},
Year = {1990},
Key = {fds252641}
}
@article{fds252642,
Author = {Lamphere, RA and Leary, MR},
Title = {Private and public self-processes: A return to James'
constituents of the self},
Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {16},
Pages = {717-725},
Year = {1990},
Key = {fds252642}
}
@article{fds252602,
Author = {Hart, EA and Leary, MR and Rejeski, WJ},
Title = {The measurement of social physique anxiety},
Journal = {Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology},
Volume = {11},
Pages = {94-104},
Year = {1989},
Key = {fds252602}
}
@article{fds252567,
Author = {Leary, MR and Snell, WE},
Title = {The relationship of instrumentality and expressiveness to
sexual behavior in males and females},
Journal = {Sex Roles},
Volume = {18},
Number = {9-10},
Pages = {509-522},
Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
Year = {1988},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0360-0025},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00287957},
Abstract = {In a study of the relationship between gender-relevant
personality attributes and sexuality, 259 unmarried males
and females completed the short form of the Bem Sex Role
Inventory and a detailed survey of their sexual experiences.
Multiple regression analyses showed that, for both men and
women, instrumental personality attributes were associated
with greater sexual experience, including the frequency of
sexual intercourse and oral sex, the number of sexual
partners, the age at which respondents first had sex, and
more relaxed feelings about having sex. Further,
interactions of instrumentality and expressiveness revealed
that women who scored high in instrumentality but low in
expressiveness were consistently more sexually active and
experienced than other groups. © 1988 Plenum Publishing
Corporation.},
Doi = {10.1007/BF00287957},
Key = {fds252567}
}
@article{fds252604,
Author = {Leary, MR and Kowalski, RM and Campbell, CD},
Title = {Self-presentational concerns and social anxiety: The role of
generalized impression expectancies},
Journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
Volume = {22},
Number = {3},
Pages = {308-321},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1988},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0092-6566},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(88)90032-3},
Abstract = {Two experiments examined the degree to which socially
anxious people's interpersonal concerns reflect doubts about
their personal self-presentational efficacy versus a
generalized belief that people tend to evaluate others
unfavorably. In the first study, subjects imagined how
another person would evaluate them after a brief glance,
after a 5-min conversation, or after a prolonged
interaction. Compared to subjects low in social anxiety,
socially anxious subjects thought they would be evaluated
more megatively in every condition. In a second study,
subjects were asked how a perceiver would evaluate either
them or another person after a very brief, short, or long
interaction. As before, anxious subjects thought they would
be judged less favorably than less anxious subjects
regardless of the length of the interaction. Importantly,
socially anxious subjects indicated that perceivers would
evaluate other people just as negatively, whereas low
anxiety subjects thought they personally would be evaluated
more positively than most other people. The implications of
these findings for the growing literature on adaptive
self-illusions is discussed. © 1988.},
Doi = {10.1016/0092-6566(88)90032-3},
Key = {fds252604}
}
@article{fds252644,
Author = {Barnes, BD and Mason, E and Leary, MR and Laurent, J and Griebel, C and Bergman, A},
Title = {Reactions to social vs self-evaluation: Moderating effects
of personal and social identity orientations},
Journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
Volume = {22},
Number = {4},
Pages = {513-524},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1988},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0092-6566},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(88)90007-4},
Abstract = {People differ in the degree to which their identities are
based on personal versus social identity characteristics.
This experiment tested the hypothesis that people are most
concerned about evaluations that are relevant to their
salient identity orientation. The Aspects of Identity
Questionnaire was used to classify subjects as low or high
in personal and social identities. Subjects then anticipated
taking a test, believing that their performance would be
known by only them, by only a research assistant, by both
them and a research assistant, or by no one. Subjects then
completed thought-listing and self-report measures of
evaluation apprehension. Subjects who scored high in social
identity reacted more strongly to the social evaluation than
subjects low in social identity. Although subjects high in
personal identity were not particularly threatened by
private feedback, personal identity seemed to buffer
subjects against the threat of social-evaluation. The
results are discussed in the context of recent work on
private and public aspects of the self. ©
1988.},
Doi = {10.1016/0092-6566(88)90007-4},
Key = {fds252644}
}
@article{fds252603,
Author = {Maddux, JE and Norton, LW and Leary, MR},
Title = {Cognitive components of social anxiety: An investigation of
the integration of self-presentation theory and
self-efficacy theory},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {6},
Pages = {180-190},
Year = {1988},
Key = {fds252603}
}
@article{fds252605,
Author = {Leary, MR and Kowalski, RM and Bergen, DJ},
Title = {Interpersonal information acquisition and confidence in
first encounters},
Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {14},
Pages = {68-77},
Year = {1988},
Key = {fds252605}
}
@article{fds252606,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {A comprehensive approach to the treatment of social
anxieties: The self-presentation model},
Journal = {Phobia Practice Research Journal},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {48-57},
Year = {1988},
Key = {fds252606}
}
@article{fds252578,
Author = {Leary, MR and Maddux, JE},
Title = {Progress toward a viable interface between social and
clinical-counseling psychology.},
Journal = {American Psychologist},
Volume = {42},
Number = {10},
Pages = {904-911},
Year = {1987},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0003-066X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.42.10.904},
Abstract = {This article examines the history of the relation between
social psychology and clinical-counseling psychology. The
authors discuss the barriers that traditionally have impeded
close collaboration between the fields and the ways in which
these barriers have eroded recently to allow for the
emergence of a viable interface between social and
clinical-counseling psychology. They describe the current
social-clinical-counseling domain, discuss the implicit
assumptions underlying the interface, assess the impact of
this movement on academic and professional psychology, and
make suggestions for further improving the working relations
among these fields. © 1987 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037//0003-066x.42.10.904},
Key = {fds252578}
}
@article{fds252579,
Author = {Leary, MR and Kowalski, RM and Maddux, JE and Stoltenberg,
C},
Title = {Required reading at the interface of social, clinical, and
counseling psychology},
Journal = {Contemporary Social Psychology},
Volume = {12},
Pages = {68-70},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds252579}
}
@article{fds252580,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The three faces of social-clinical-counseling
psychology},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {168-175},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds252580}
}
@article{fds252607,
Author = {Leary, MR and Kowalski, RM},
Title = {Manual for the Interaction Anxiousness Scale},
Volume = {16},
Number = {2},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds252607}
}
@article{fds252617,
Author = {Leary, MR and Knight, PD and Johnson, KA},
Title = {Social anxiety and dyadic conversation: A verbal response
analysis},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {34-50},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds252617}
}
@article{fds252645,
Author = {Leary, MR and Barnes, BD and Griebel, C and Mason, E and McCormack,
D},
Title = {The impact of conjoint threats to social- and self-esteem on
evaluation apprehension},
Journal = {Social Psychology Quarterly},
Volume = {50},
Pages = {304-311},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds252645}
}
@article{fds252649,
Author = {Leary, MR and Shepperd, JA},
Title = {Behavioral Self-Handicaps Versus Self-Reported Handicaps. A
Conceptual Note},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {51},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1265-1268},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1986},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1265},
Abstract = {An examination of the literature on self-handicapping
reveals that the construct has been operationalized in two
different ways. Some writers have regarded self-handicapping
as a behavioral strategy that would be expected to make
success on a task more difficult, thereby augmenting a
nonability explanation for failure. Other writers have
treated self-handicapping as a verbal claim that one's
performance has been handicapped by factors beyond one's
control. These two uses of the term are discussed, and
recommendations are made regarding ways of resolving the
conceptual confusion resulting from using a single term to
refer to both phenomena. © 1986 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1265},
Key = {fds252649}
}
@article{fds252614,
Author = {Leary, MR and Rogers, PA and Canfield, RW and Coe,
C},
Title = {Boredom in Interpersonal Encounters. Antecedents and Social
Implications},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {51},
Number = {5},
Pages = {968-975},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1986},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.968},
Abstract = {We conducted three studies to explore the antecedents and
concomitants of interpersonal boredom. In Study 1, 297
subjects rated how bored they would be by an individual who
performed each of 43 behaviors. A factor analysis of their
ratings revealed nine behavioral factors: passivity,
tediousness, distraction, ingratiation, seriousness,
negative egocentrism, self-preoccupation, banality, and low
affectivity. Of these, egocentric and banal behaviors were
judged most boring. In Study 2 we examined the
conversational styles of individuals who had been rated
previously as boring or interesting. Transcripts of 52
unstructured 5-min laboratory conversations were coded using
the Verbal Response Mode Taxonomy. Results showed that
boring subjects used proportionally fewer disclosures
(expressions of subjective information) and edifications
(expressions of objective information), but proportionally
more questions and acknowledgments than interesting
subjects. In the third study, 72 subjects listened to three
interesting and three boring conversations and then rated
the participants. Subjects evaluated boring interactants
more unfavorably than interesting interactants on virtually
every dimension examined. © 1986 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.968},
Key = {fds252614}
}
@article{fds252650,
Author = {Leary, MR and Robertson, RB and Barnes, BD and Miller,
RS},
Title = {Self-Presentations of Small Group Leaders. Effects of Role
Requirements and Leadership Orientation},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {51},
Number = {4},
Pages = {742-748},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1986},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.742},
Abstract = {Two experiments were conducted to examine the
self-presentations of task-oriented and relationship-oriented
leaders in response to situational pressures to adopt a
task-oriented or interpersonal leadership style. Leaders of
ad hoc groups were led to believe that either a
task-oriented or relationship-oriented approach would be
most effective in facilitating their group's performance,
and the leaders' self-presentations to other group members
were assessed. In both studies, leaders conveyed images of
themselves to the group that were consistent with the type
of leader they believed was needed for maximal
effectiveness. In Experiment 1, this effect was partially
qualified by subjects' leadership styles (as assessed by the
Least Preferred Coworker Scale) and by subject sex.
Experiment 2 was conducted to explore the possible mediating
effects of leaders' self-confidence in their task versus
relationship abilities on their self-presentations, but no
effects of self-confidence were obtained. © 1986 American
Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.742},
Key = {fds252650}
}
@article{fds252647,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The impact of interactional impediments on social anxiety
and self-presentation},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
Volume = {22},
Number = {2},
Pages = {122-135},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1986},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0022-1031},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(86)90032-6},
Abstract = {Pairs of subjects classified as high or low in dispositional
social anxiousness interacted in the presence of noise that
they believed would or would not interfere with their
ability to interact and form accurate impressions of one
another. As predicted by the self-presentational theory of
social anxiety, subjects were less aroused (as measured by
changes in pulse rates) when they were told that the noise
would interfere with their conversation than when they
believed it would not, and this effect was strongest for
dispositionally socially anxious subjects. Presumably,
knowing that other interactants might attribute their social
difficulties to the distracting noise reduced
self-presentational concerns and social anxiety. Believing
that the noise was interpersonally debilitating also
eliminated dispositional differences between high and low
socially anxious subjects' self-presentations to their
conversation partners following the interaction. ©
1986.},
Doi = {10.1016/0022-1031(86)90032-6},
Key = {fds252647}
}
@article{fds252568,
Author = {Leary, MR and Shepperd, JA and McNeil, M and Jenkins, TB and Barnes,
BD},
Title = {Objectivism in information utilization: Theory and
measurement},
Journal = {Journal of Personality Assessment},
Volume = {50},
Number = {1},
Pages = {32-43},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {1986},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_5},
Abstract = {A self-report scale was constructed and validated that
measures individual differences in objectivism-the tendency
to base one's judgments and beliefs on empirical information
and rational considerations. Validity data showed that,
compared to people who score low on the Objectivism Scale,
highly objective individuals enjoy thinking more, rely more
on observable facts when making decisions, and place less
emphasis on subjective and intuitive styles of decision
making. Among graduate students in psychology, objectivism
correlated positively with ratings of research-oriented
careers, but negatively with ratings of mental health
careers; also, highly objective students were more critical
of nonobjective psychological assessment techniques and
placed greater importance on research. Objectivism also
predicted preferences for newspaper articles, college course
selections, and the criteria respondents use when making
decisions. © 1986, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_5},
Key = {fds252568}
}
@article{fds252615,
Author = {Leary, MR and Atherton, SC and Hill, S and Hur, C},
Title = {Attributional mediators of social inhibition and
avoidance},
Journal = {Journal of Personality},
Volume = {54},
Number = {4},
Pages = {188-200},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1986},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00421.x},
Abstract = {People differ in the degree to which they become inhibited
and avoidant when they feel socially anxious This study
explored the hypothesis that characterological attributions
for one's feelings of nervousness in social settings are
related to social inhibition and avoidance In a preliminary
study, the dimensions people use to explain their feelings
of nervousness and relaxation were determined One hundred
and twenty‐five subjects then completed measures of social
anxiousness, inhibition, and avoidance, and made
attributions for feeling nervous and relaxed in 10
interpersonal scenarios As predicted, attributions of
nervousness to characterological factors, such as ability
and personality traits, correlated positively with social
inhibition and avoidance Unexpectedly, behavioral
attributions for nervousness also predicted inhibition and
avoidance Copyright © 1986, Wiley Blackwell. All rights
reserved},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00421.x},
Key = {fds252615}
}
@article{fds252616,
Author = {Leary, MR and Atherton, S},
Title = {Self-efficacy, anxiety, and inhibition in interpersonal
encounters},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {4},
Pages = {256-267},
Year = {1986},
Key = {fds252616}
}
@article{fds252646,
Author = {Leary, MR and Knight, PD and Barnes, BD},
Title = {Ethical ideologies of the Machiavellian},
Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {12},
Pages = {75-80},
Year = {1986},
Key = {fds252646}
}
@article{fds252648,
Author = {Leary, MR and Wheeler, DS and Jenkins, TB},
Title = {Aspects of identity and behavioral preference: Studies of
occupational and recreational choice},
Journal = {Social Psychology Quarterly},
Volume = {49},
Pages = {11-18},
Year = {1986},
Key = {fds252648}
}
@article{fds252651,
Author = {Leary, MR and Barnes, BD and Griebel, C},
Title = {Cognitive, affective, and attributional effects of potential
threats to self-esteem},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {4},
Pages = {461-474},
Year = {1986},
Key = {fds252651}
}
@article{fds252652,
Author = {McColskey, W and Leary, MR},
Title = {Differential effects of norm-referenced and self-referenced
feedback on performance expectancies, attributions, and
motivation},
Journal = {Contemporary Educational Psychology},
Volume = {10},
Number = {3},
Pages = {275-284},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1985},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0361-476X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-476X(85)90024-4},
Abstract = {When feedback is provided to students in a norm-referenced
manner that compares the individual's performance to that of
others, people who perform poorly tend to attribute their
failures to lack of ability, expect to perform poorly in the
future, and demonstrate decreased motivation on subsequent
tasks. The present study examined the hypothesis that the
deleterious effects of failure might be attenuated when
failure is expressed in self-referenced terms-relative to
the individual's known level of ability as assessed by other
measures. In this study, subjects received feedback
indicating that they did well or poorly on an anagram test,
and this feedback was described as either norm-referenced
(comparing the individual's performance to that of others)
or as self-referenced (comparing performance to other
measures of the individual's ability). As predicted,
compared to norm-referenced failure, self referenced
feedback resulted in higher expectancies regarding future
performance and increased attributions to effort. Contrary
to expectations, attributions to ability were not affected.
The implications of the results for the structure of
academic feedback are discussed. © 1985.},
Doi = {10.1016/0361-476X(85)90024-4},
Key = {fds252652}
}
@article{fds322950,
Author = {Forsyth, DR and Schlenker, BR and McCown, NE and Leary,
MR},
Title = {Self-presentational determinants of sex differences in
leadership behavior},
Journal = {Small Group Research},
Volume = {16},
Number = {2},
Pages = {197-210},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {1985},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104649648501600205},
Abstract = {Men and women placed in leadership positions communicated
information about their skills and abilities to their
subordinates. Although leaders’ perceptions of their
abilities, group members’ knowledge of their leader's
abilities, and the specific skills needed by the leader were
all manipulated in the experimental setting, self-
presentations of ability were primarily determined by sex
role stereotypes rather than by situational factors. Results
indicated that (1) male leaders emphasized their social
influence and task abilities; (2) female leaders emphasized
their interper sonal, socioemotional abilities; and (3)
group members felt task ability, as com pared to
interpersonal ability, was a far more important skill for a
leader to possess. It was concluded that sex differences in
male and female leadership behavior may be due to
self-presentational conformity to sex roles, and that this
conformity enhances males’ leadership effectiveness while
detracting from females’ leadership effectiveness. ©
1985, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1177/104649648501600205},
Key = {fds322950}
}
@article{fds252581,
Author = {Altmaier, EM and Leary, MR and Halpern, S and Sellers,
JE},
Title = {Effects of stress inoculation and participant modeling on
confidence and anxiety: Testing predictions of self-efficacy
theory},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {3},
Pages = {500-505},
Year = {1985},
Key = {fds252581}
}
@article{fds252582,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Teaching a course at the interface of social and
clinical-counseling psychology},
Journal = {Contemporary Social Psychology},
Volume = {11},
Pages = {120-123},
Year = {1985},
Key = {fds252582}
}
@article{fds252608,
Author = {Schlenker, BR and Leary, MR},
Title = {Social anxiety and communication about the
self},
Journal = {Journal of Language and Social Psychology},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3-4},
Pages = {171-192},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {1985},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927X8543002},
Abstract = {The reciprocal relationship between social anxiety and the
communication of information about the self is examined.
Social anxiety appears to arise from people's concerns about
the impressions others are forming of them. Specifically, it
is proposed that social anxiety occurs when people are
motivated to create a desired impression on audiences but
doubt they will do so. High social anxiety, in turn, is
associated with qualitative and quantitative changes in how
people communicate. It is argued that the combination of an
important goal (i.e. to create a desired impression) and low
expectations of goal achievement produces negative affect,
physical or psychological withdrawal from the situation, and
self-preoccupation with one's limitations. These distracting
concomitants of high social anxiety impede optimally
effective self-monitoring and control. A protective
self-presentational style, in which the focus is on avoiding
blatant failures rather than achieving major successes, is
engaged. The result is a lowered level of participation in
interactions (e.g. initiating fewer conversations, talking
less frequently), the avoidance of topics that might reveal
one's ignorance (e.g. factual matters), minimal disclosure
of information about the self, cautious self-descriptions
that are less positive and less likely to assert unique
qualities that draw attention to the self, and a passive yet
pleasant interaction style that avoids disagreement (e.g.
reflective listening, agreeing with others, smiling). ©
1985, MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1177/0261927X8543002},
Key = {fds252608}
}
@article{fds252583,
Author = {Leary, MR and Jenkins, TB and Shepperd, JA},
Title = {The growth of interest in clinically-relevant research in
social psychology},
Journal = {Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {2},
Pages = {333-338},
Year = {1984},
Key = {fds252583}
}
@article{fds252653,
Author = {Stokes, JM and Leary, MR},
Title = {Evaluations of others' decisions by intellectually gifted
and average children: Effects of decision consequences and
decentering prompts},
Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {10},
Pages = {564-573},
Year = {1984},
Key = {fds252653}
}
@article{fds252609,
Author = {Leary, MR and Dobbins, SE},
Title = {Social anxiety, sexual behavior, and contraceptive
use.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {45},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1347-1354},
Year = {1983},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.45.6.1347},
Abstract = {Two hundred and sixty college students completed a
questionnaire that provided information regarding their
sexual experience, knowledge, and attitudes; their
self-evaluations on dimensions related to sexuality; and
their level of heterosocial anxiety (anxiety experienced in
social interactions with members of the other sex). Compared
with subjects low in heterosocial anxiety, highly anxious
respondents were less sexually experienced, engaged in
sexual activity less frequently, had fewer sexual partners,
were less likely to have engaged in oral sex, expressed a
higher degree of apprehension about sex, and had a somewhat
higher incidence of sexual dysfunctions. In addition, low
socially anxious women tended to use the pill, whereas
highly anxious women preferred the condom. High and low
heterosocially anxious respondents also differed on
self-ratings related to their sexuality but did not differ
in their attitudes or knowledge regarding sex. The results
are discussed in terms of the cognitive, behavioral, and
affective concomitants of social anxiety.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-3514.45.6.1347},
Key = {fds252609}
}
@article{fds252613,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Social anxiousness: the construct and its
measurement.},
Journal = {Journal of Personality Assessment},
Volume = {47},
Number = {1},
Pages = {66-75},
Year = {1983},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4701_8},
Abstract = {The self-report measures of social anxiety that are commonly
used in social psychological and personality research
confound the measurement of social anxiousness with the
measurement of specific behaviors that often, but not
always, accompany social anxiety. Theoretical and
methodological issues regarding this problem are discussed,
and two new scales are presented that measure interaction
and audience anxiousness independent of specific social
behaviors. Psychometric data show the scales to possess high
internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as
strong evidence of construct and criterion
validity.},
Doi = {10.1207/s15327752jpa4701_8},
Key = {fds252613}
}
@article{fds252610,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The conceptual distinctions are important: Another look at
communication apprehension and related constructs},
Journal = {Human Communication Research},
Volume = {10},
Number = {2},
Pages = {305-312},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
Year = {1983},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00020.x},
Abstract = {A recent comparative analysis of the constructs of
reticence, shyness, communication apprehension, and
unwillingness to communicate concluded that there are no
important distinctions among these terms. The purpose of
this article is to demonstrate that there are important
conceptual distinctions among these and related constructs.
Some of these terms refer to subjective, affective
responses, and comprise specific instances of the umbrella
construct of social anxiety. Others refer to patterns of
overt, social‐communicative behaviors. The failure to
distinguish between anxiety and behavior results in
conceptual confusion, measurement and methodological
problems in research, and in unfocused, nonspecific
treatments for communication difficulties. Recommendations
for the amelioration of conceptual and methodological
problems in the area are presented. Copyright © 1983, Wiley
Blackwell. All rights reserved},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00020.x},
Key = {fds252610}
}
@article{fds252611,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation
Scale},
Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {9},
Pages = {371-376},
Year = {1983},
Key = {fds252611}
}
@article{fds339718,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Understanding social anxiety social, personality and
clinical perspectives},
Pages = {224 pages},
Publisher = {SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC},
Year = {1983},
ISBN = {0803921667},
Abstract = {It is an intriguing scientific examination of the experience
of shyness.'This is a ver},
Key = {fds339718}
}
@article{fds252612,
Author = {Schlenker, BR and Leary, MR},
Title = {Social anxiety and self-presentation: a conceptualization
and model.},
Journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
Volume = {92},
Number = {3},
Pages = {641-669},
Year = {1982},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0033-2909},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641},
Abstract = {Presents a self-presentation approach to the study of social
anxiety that proposes that social anxiety arises when
individuals are motivated to make a preferred impression on
real or imagined audiences, but perceive or imagine
unsatisfactory evaluative reactions from subjectively
important audiences. The authors presume that specific
situational and dispositional antecedents of social anxiety
operate by influencing people's motivation to impress others
and their expectations of satisfactorily doing so. In
contrast to drive models of anxiety but consistent with
social learning theory, it is argued that the cognitive
state of the individual mediates both affective arousal and
behavior. The traditional inverted--U relation between
anxiety and performance is reexamined in this light.
Counseling implications are considered, including the
recommendation that treatments be tailored to specific types
of self-presentational problems. (142 ref) (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1982
American Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641},
Key = {fds252612}
}
@article{fds252584,
Author = {Altmaier, EM and Ross, SL and Leary, MR and Thornbrough,
M},
Title = {Matching stress inoculation's treatment components to
client's anxiety mode},
Journal = {Journal of Counseling Psychology},
Volume = {29},
Number = {3},
Pages = {331-334},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1982},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0022-0167},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.29.3.331},
Abstract = {65 speech-anxious undergraduates (determined by the Personal
Report of Confidence as a Speaker) were classified as
experiencing primarily cognitive or somatic symptoms of
anxiety as measured on the Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety
Questionnaire. Ss received cognitive restructuring, coping
relaxation, a combined cognitive-somatic treatment (stress
inoculation), or no treatment. Indices of anxiety (e.g., the
Anxiety scale of the Affect Adjective Check List) were
obtained. The cognitive indices of anxiety provided the
strongest support for the "matching" hypothesis, in that
matched treatments resulted in more facilitative patterns of
cognitions relevant to the stressor. All treatments were
more effective than the no-treatment control in reducing
behavioral indicants of anxiety, although a self-report
measure of speech anxiety failed to show such treatment
effects. Results are discussed in the context of treating
focused anxieties by attending to the individual's concerns
in the anxiety-arousing situation. (12 ref) (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1982
American Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-0167.29.3.331},
Key = {fds252584}
}
@article{fds252654,
Author = {Schlenker, BR and Leary, MR},
Title = {Audiences' reactions to self-enhancing, self-denigrating,
and accurate self-presentations},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
Volume = {18},
Number = {1},
Pages = {89-104},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1982},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0022-1031},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(82)90083-X},
Abstract = {Subjects in three experiments evaluated hypothetical actors
whose claims about either an upcoming or past performance
and whose performances were system-atically varied from very
positive to very negative. Positive, self-enhancing claims
were effective in generating favorable evaluations when
either the claim was congruent with the performance or the
subjects were unaware of how the actor performed. In
general, accurate self-presentations were most favorably
evaluated, especially when the claim occurred after the
performance. The two exceptions to the preference for
accurate self-presenters occurred when (a) the actor
modestly underestimated a clearly superior prior performance
by claiming to have done "only" well or all right, in which
case he/she was evaluated more favorably than an accurate
but seemingly boastful actor who claimed to have done
extremely well, and (b) the actor self-deprecatingly
predicted an inferior performance, in which case he/she was
disliked even when accurate. Disclaimers about the
importance of the performance (e.t., "I did well, but it's
no big deal") were seen as boastful rather than modest and
decreased evaluations. The results mirror many of the
tactics used by actor-subjects in past experiments,
suggesting that people generally vary their
self-presentations in optimal fashion to create the most
favorable possible impression on the audience. ©
1982.},
Doi = {10.1016/0022-1031(82)90083-X},
Key = {fds252654}
}
@article{fds252655,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Distorted hindsight and the 1980 Presidential
election},
Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {8},
Pages = {257-263},
Year = {1982},
Key = {fds252655}
}
@article{fds252656,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The distorted nature of hindsight},
Journal = {Journal of Social Psychology},
Volume = {115},
Number = {1},
Pages = {25-29},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {1981},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1981.9711984},
Abstract = {Research has shown that individuals tend retrospectively to
overestimate the degree to which they expected certain
events to occur. Previous explanations of this phenomenon
have focused on their inability to reconstruct prior
probabilities once the outcome of an event is known. The
present study examined the possible roles of the motives to
maintain one's self-esteem or appear well to others in
producing the effect. Ss (51 males, 42 females) classified
as either high or low in ego-involvement regarding knowledge
of football were asked pregame, under either public or
anonymous conditions, to predict the score of a football
game, or were asked postgame, under the same conditions, to
indicate what they would have predicted the score to be.
Results showed that Ss' hindsight predictions were closer to
the actual score of the game than predictions made before
the game, but there were no effects of either mode of
prediction (public or anonymous) or ego-involvement.
Hindsight distortion appeared to reflect biases in
information processing and may have occurred in the absence
of motivational effects. © 1981 Taylor & Francis Group,
LLC.},
Doi = {10.1080/00224545.1981.9711984},
Key = {fds252656}
}
@article{fds252658,
Author = {Schlenker, BR and Forsyth, DR and Leary, MR and Miller,
RS},
Title = {Self-presentational analysis of the effects of incentives on
attitude change following counterattitudinal
behavior},
Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
Volume = {39},
Number = {4},
Pages = {553-577},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1980},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0022-3514},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.39.4.553},
Abstract = {Hypothesized that when payment is introduced in a context
that increases Ss' concerns about moral evaluation relevant
to bribery, a direct relationship should occur between
magnitude of payment and attitude change. If payment is
introduced in a context that minimizes moral evaluation
relevant to bribery, however, an inverse relationship should
occur. Three experiments with 384 undergraduates provided
support for these hypotheses. In addition, attitude change
was enhanced when Ss thought they were presenting their
accounts to an audience that had observed their actions.
Finally, compared to observers, Ss who had received large
payments attempted to redefine them to make them appear more
legitimate. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA,
all rights reserved). © 1980 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-3514.39.4.553},
Key = {fds252658}
}
@article{fds252569,
Author = {Leary, MR and Altmaier, EM},
Title = {Type I error in counseling research: A plea for multivariate
analyses},
Journal = {Journal of Counseling Psychology},
Volume = {27},
Number = {6},
Pages = {611-615},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1980},
ISSN = {0022-0167},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.27.6.611},
Abstract = {Maintains that a Type I error becomes inflated beyond
conventional acceptable levels when a researcher performs
individual univariate statistics (such as t tests or ANOVAs)
on each of several dependent variables within a single
research project. The present article examines the
prevalence of inflated Type I error in counseling research
and recommends wider use of multivariate statistics to
correct the problem. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c)
2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1980 American
Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-0167.27.6.611},
Key = {fds252569}
}
@article{fds252657,
Author = {Leary, MR and Schlenker, BR},
Title = {Self-presentation in a task-oriented leadership
situation},
Journal = {Representative Research in Social Psychology},
Volume = {11},
Pages = {152-159},
Year = {1980},
Key = {fds252657}
}
@article{fds252585,
Author = {Altmaier, EM and Leary, MR and Forsyth, DR and Ansel,
JC},
Title = {Attribution therapy: Effects of locus of control and timing
of treatment},
Journal = {Journal of Counseling Psychology},
Volume = {26},
Number = {6},
Pages = {481-486},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1979},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0022-0167},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.26.6.481},
Abstract = {The reduction of debilitating self-blame following negative
events through the use of attribution therapy was
investigated. Ss were 112 undergraduates, who first
completed the Personal Orientation Scale, a measure of locus
of control. After receiving harsh personal criticism from a
peer, Ss were given information that suggested this negative
event was caused by an external factor. Results indicated
that the effectiveness of attribution therapy depended on
when the intervention occurred and the locus of control
orientation of the S. In general, externals' ratings of
self-evaluation were not influenced by the intervention, but
internals evidenced greater self-acceptance when the
intervention occurred prior to the negative evaluation or
was postponed. It is concluded that attribution therapy is
most effective when the attributional information is made
salient to the individual. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1979 American
Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-0167.26.6.481},
Key = {fds252585}
}
@article{fds252570,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Levels of discomfirmability and social psychological theory:
A response to Greenwald},
Journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {149-153},
Year = {1979},
Key = {fds252570}
}
@article{fds252659,
Author = {Schlenker, BR and Miller, RS and Leary, MR and McCown,
NE},
Title = {Group performance and interpersonal evaluation as
determinants of egotistical attributions in
groups},
Journal = {Journal of Personality},
Volume = {47},
Number = {4},
Pages = {575-594},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1979},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00210.x},
Abstract = {Group members often try to claim personal credit for the
successes of their group while avoiding blame for group
failures. Two experiments examined the effects of
evaluations from their fellows on such egotism in groups. In
Experiment 1, 96 subjects participated in four‐person,
problem‐solving groups, and, after completing the group
tasks, rated the competency and worth of each of the other
group members. Subjects then received bogus written feedback
indicating that the group had either succeeded or failed,
and that the other members had considered them: (a) the most
competent member of the group, (b) the least competent, or
(c) of average competence. Group performance and personal
evaluations interacted in influencing subjects' perceptions
of their personal performances, relative responsibility for
the group performance, and potency within the group,
generally supporting predictions derived from self‐esteem
and equity theory. Subjects claimed more responsibility for
success than for failure only when they were favorably
evaluated by their peers, and claimed the least
responsibility for group success when they were unfavorably
evaluated. The latter acceptance of negative peer
evaluations was examined in Experiment 2, which manipulated
the consensus of the evaluations given 76 high or low
self‐esteem subjects. Regardless of their self‐esteem or
the consensus of the evaluations, subjects again seemed to
accept unfavorable evaluations. High self‐esteem subjects
did, though, rate their personal performance and relative
responsibility higher than low self‐esteem subjects.
Copyright © 1979, Wiley Blackwell. All rights
reserved},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00210.x},
Key = {fds252659}
}
%% Books
@book{fds198636,
Author = {M. R. Leary},
Title = {Introduction to Behavioral Research Methods, 6th
ed.},
Publisher = {Pearson},
Address = {Boston},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds198636}
}
@book{fds140117,
Author = {Leary, M. R.},
Title = {Introduction to Behavioral Research Methods, 5th
edition},
Publisher = {Allyn & Bacon},
Address = {Boston, MA},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds140117}
}
@book{fds51335,
Author = {Leary, M. R.},
Title = {Introduction to behavioral research methods},
Series = {4th edition},
Publisher = {Boston: Allyn & Bacon},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds51335}
}
@book{fds51336,
Author = {Leary, M. R.},
Title = {The curse of the self: Self-awareness, egotism, and the
quality of human life},
Publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds51336}
}
@book{fds51331,
Author = {M.R. Leary},
Title = {Introduction to behavioral research methods},
Series = {3rd edition},
Publisher = {Boston: Allyn & Bacon},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds51331}
}
@book{fds51326,
Author = {M.R. Leary},
Title = {Self-presentation: Impression management and interpersonal
behavior},
Publisher = {Boulder, CO: Westview},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds51326}
}
@book{fds51327,
Author = {M.R. Leary},
Title = {Introduction to behavioral research methods},
Series = {2nd edition},
Publisher = {Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds51327}
}
@book{fds51328,
Author = {M.R. Leary and R.M. Kowalski},
Title = {Social anxiety},
Publisher = {New York: Guilford Press},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds51328}
}
@book{fds51325,
Author = {M.R. Leary},
Title = {Introduction to behavioral research methods},
Publisher = {Belmont, CA: Wadsworth},
Year = {1990},
Key = {fds51325}
}
@book{fds51287,
Author = {M.R. Leary and R.S. Miller},
Title = {Social psychology and dysfunctional behavior},
Publisher = {New York: Springer-Verlag},
Year = {1986},
Key = {fds51287}
}
%% Chapters in Books
@misc{fds362093,
Author = {Leary, MR and Gabriel, S},
Title = {The relentless pursuit of acceptance and
belonging},
Volume = {9},
Pages = {135-178},
Booktitle = {Advances in Motivation Science},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780323990868},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2021.12.001},
Abstract = {A great deal of human behavior is motivated by the desire
for acceptance and belonging, and a high proportion of
people's emotional reactions stems from concerns with actual
or potential social rejection. The pervasive quest for
acceptance can be seen in the attention and effort people
devote to their physical appearance, their efforts to be
liked, achievement-related behaviors, conformity,
accumulating resources that others need, and generally being
the sort of person with whom others want to have social
connections. Depending on the context, concerns with social
acceptance are typically accompanied by emotions such as
social anxiety, embarrassment, jealousy, hurt feelings, and
guilt, as well as lowered self-esteem. In addition, people
who feel inadequately valued and accepted may behave in ways
to increase acceptance, aggress against those who rejected
them, distance themselves from other people, and/or engage
in symbolic efforts to increase their subjective sense of
being accepted. Concerns with acceptance and belonging exert
a pervasive, ongoing effect on human thought, behavior, and
emotion.},
Doi = {10.1016/bs.adms.2021.12.001},
Key = {fds362093}
}
@misc{fds367654,
Author = {Leary, MR and Acosta, J},
Title = {Acceptance, Rejection, and the Quest for Relational
Value},
Pages = {378-390},
Booktitle = {The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, Second
Edition},
Year = {2018},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781107130265},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.030},
Doi = {10.1017/9781316417867.030},
Key = {fds367654}
}
@misc{fds332882,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Self-awareness, hypo-egoicism, and psychological
well-being},
Pages = {392-408},
Booktitle = {Subjective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction},
Publisher = {Routledge},
Year = {2017},
Month = {December},
ISBN = {9781138282070},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351231879},
Doi = {10.4324/9781351231879},
Key = {fds332882}
}
@misc{fds332883,
Author = {Leary, MR and Bolino, MC},
Title = {An actor-perceiver model of impression management in
organizations},
Pages = {253-272},
Booktitle = {The Self at Work: Fundamental Theory and
Research},
Publisher = {Routledge},
Year = {2017},
Month = {December},
ISBN = {9781138648227},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315626543},
Doi = {10.4324/9781315626543},
Key = {fds332883}
}
@misc{fds336523,
Author = {Leary, MR and Jongman-Sereno, KP},
Title = {Self-presentation: Signaling personal and social
characteristics},
Pages = {69-77},
Booktitle = {Social Signal Processing},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Year = {2017},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {1107161266},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316676202.007},
Abstract = {When people interact, their behaviors are greatly influenced
by the impressions they have of one another’s
personalities, abilities, attitudes, intentions, identities,
roles, and other characteristics. In fact, many important
outcomes in life - outcomes as diverse as friendships,
professional success, income, romantic relationships,
influence over others, and social support - depend to a
significant extent on the impressions that people make on
others. Knowing that others respond to them on the basis of
their public impressions, people devote considerable thought
and energy to conveying impressions that will lead others to
treat them in desired ways. In many instances, the
impressions people project of themselves are reasonably
accurate attempts to let other people know who they are and
what they are like (Murphy, 2007). At other times, people
may convey impressions of themselves that they know are not
entirely accurate, if not blatantly deceptive, when they
believe that fostering such images will result in desired
outcomes (Hancock & Toma, 2009). Social and behavioral
scientists refer to people’s efforts to manage their
public images as self-presentation or impression management
(Goffman, 1959; Schlenker, 2012). Some researchers use
different terms for the process of controlling one’s
public image depending on whether the efforts are honest or
deceitful and whether they involve impressions of one’s
personal characteristics or information about one’s social
roles and identity. But we will use the terms
interchangeably to refer to any intentional effort to convey
a particular impression of oneself to another person without
respect to the accuracy or content of the effort. Tactics of
Self-presentation Nearly every aspect of people’s behavior
provides information from which others can draw inferences
about them, but actions are considered self-presentational
only if they are enacted, at least in part, with the goal of
leading other people to perceive the individual in a
particular way. People convey information about their
personal and social characteristics using a wide array of
tactics. Verbal Claims The most direct self-presentational
tactics involve verbal statements that make a particular
claim regarding one’s personal or social
characteristics.},
Doi = {10.1017/9781316676202.007},
Key = {fds336523}
}
@misc{fds327434,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Motivational and emotional aspects of interpersonal
rejection: Twenty-five years of theory and
research},
Pages = {46-60},
Booktitle = {Ostracism, Exclusion, and Rejection},
Publisher = {Routledge},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781848725577},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315308470},
Doi = {10.4324/9781315308470},
Key = {fds327434}
}
@misc{fds252491,
Author = {Leary, MR and Jongman-Sereno, KP and Diebels, KJ},
Title = {Measures of Concerns with Public Image and Social
Evaluation},
Pages = {448-473},
Booktitle = {Measures of Personality and Social Psychological
Constructs},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780123869159},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00016-4},
Abstract = {People differ in the degree to which they are attuned to
other people's evaluations of them, are motivated to make
desired impressions on others, experience distress when
their public images are damaged or others' evaluations of
them are unfavorable, and use various tactics to convey
public impressions of themselves to others. This chapter
focuses on measures of nine personality characteristics that
reflect individual differences in such concerns, including
public self-consciousness, self-monitoring, approval
motivation, social anxiety, social scrutiny fear, social
physique anxiety, embarrassability, self-presentation
tactics, and impression management styles. Each measure is
described, along with psychometric information regarding its
reliability and validity.},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00016-4},
Key = {fds252491}
}
@misc{fds252488,
Author = {Leary, MR and Jongman-Sereno, KP and Diebels, KJ},
Title = {The pursuit of status: A self-presentational perspective on
the quest for social value},
Pages = {159-178},
Booktitle = {The Psychology of Social Status},
Publisher = {Springer New York},
Year = {2014},
Month = {April},
ISBN = {1493908669},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0867-7_8},
Abstract = {This chapter focuses on the ways in which people seek status
in their interpersonal interactions and relationships. Our
analysis conceptualizes status as the degree to which other
people perceive that an individual possesses resources or
personal characteristics that are important for the
attainment of collective goals. That is, people have status
to the degree that others perceive that they have
instrumental social value. In being based on instrumental
social value, status is distinguishable from interpersonal
acceptance, which is based on relational value. Thus, the
routes to obtaining status and respect are different from
those that lead to acceptance and liking. The chapter
discusses the central role that self-presentation plays in
the pursuit of status, the ways in which people enhance
their status through impression management, the features of
social situations that moderate how people manage their
public images in the pursuit of status, and the dilemma that
people sometimes face in balancing their efforts to be
respected and gain status with their efforts to be liked and
accepted.},
Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-0867-7_8},
Key = {fds252488}
}
@misc{fds252490,
Author = {Leary, MR and Jongman-Sereno, KP},
Title = {Social Anxiety as an Early Warning System: A Refinement and
Extension of the Self-Presentation Theory of Social
Anxiety},
Pages = {579-597},
Booktitle = {Social Anxiety: Clinical, Developmental, and Social
Perspectives},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780123978196},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394427-6.00020-0},
Abstract = {This chapter describes a refinement and extension of the
self-presentational theory of social anxiety, which explains
social anxiety in terms of people’s concerns with the
impressions that other people are forming of them.
Theoretical developments involving the need for belonging
and acceptance demonstrate precisely why people worry so
much about what other people think of them, identify the
conditions under which such concerns do and do not cause
people to feel socially anxious, and link social anxiety to
the processes by which people assess the degree to which
they are relationally valued by others. The revised
self-presentational theory also explains the behaviors that
accompany social anxiety and offers implications for
clinical treatment of socially anxious clients.},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-394427-6.00020-0},
Key = {fds252490}
}
@misc{fds252498,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Functions of the self in interpersonal relationships: What
does the self actually do?},
Pages = {95-115},
Booktitle = {The Self and Social Relationships},
Publisher = {Routledge},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780203783061},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203783061},
Doi = {10.4324/9780203783061},
Key = {fds252498}
}
@misc{fds220690,
Author = {M.R. Leary and M. L. Terry},
Title = {Self-evaluation and self-esteem},
Pages = {534-547},
Booktitle = {Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Address = {Oxford, U.K.},
Editor = {D. Carlston},
Year = {2013},
Key = {fds220690}
}
@misc{fds220691,
Author = {M.R. Leary and M. L. Terry},
Title = {Interpersonal aspects of receiving interpersonal
feedback},
Booktitle = {Feedback: The handbook of praise, criticism, and
advice},
Publisher = {Peter Lang},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {R. Sutton and M. Hornsey and K. Douglas},
Year = {2013},
Key = {fds220691}
}
@misc{fds220693,
Author = {M.R. Leary and K. J. Diebels},
Title = {Hypo-egoic states: Features and developmental
processes},
Booktitle = {Theory driving research: New wave perspectives on
self-processes and human development.},
Publisher = {Information Age Publishing},
Address = {Charlotte, NC},
Editor = {D. M. McInerney and H. W. Marsh and R. G. Craven and F.
Guay},
Year = {2013},
Key = {fds220693}
}
@misc{fds220695,
Author = {M. R. Leary and Kaitlin E. Toner},
Title = {Psychological theories of blushing},
Pages = {63-76},
Booktitle = {The psychological significance of the blush},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Address = {Cambridge, U.K.},
Editor = {P. de Jong and W. R. Crozier},
Year = {2013},
Key = {fds220695}
}
@misc{fds220699,
Author = {M.R. Leary and C. A. Cottrell},
Title = {Evolutionary perspectives on interpersonal acceptance and
rejection},
Pages = {9-19},
Booktitle = {Oxford handbook of social exclusion},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Address = {New York, NY},
Editor = {N. DeWall},
Year = {2013},
Key = {fds220699}
}
@misc{fds252495,
Author = {Costanzo, PR and Hoyle, RH and Leary, MR},
Title = {Personality, Social Psychology, and Psychopathology:
Reflections on a Lewinian Vision},
Pages = {573-596},
Booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social
Psychology},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Address = {Oxford, UK},
Editor = {K. Deaux and M. Snyder},
Year = {2012},
Month = {September},
ISBN = {9780195398991},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398991.013.0023},
Abstract = {In this chapter, we first consider the historical and
conceptual roots of the tripartite, but at times rocky,
marriage of the fields of personality, social, and abnormal
psychology. After briefly describing the hopes of early
20th-century scholars to array the study of normal and
abnormal behavior, thought, and feeling on the same
conceptual continua, we call for the rekindling of these
conjunctive hopes. Indeed, we argue that with the advent of
current cross-cutting developments in cognitive,
socioemotional, and biological perspectives in the broader
domain of the behavioral sciences, that the time is ripe for
rearranging the marriage among these fields. In order to
provide a conceptual frame for such a conjunctive effort, we
return to Lewinian field theory and its definition of forces
of locomotion in the life space as a particularly notable
way to put the examination of normal and abnormal psychology
in the same theoretical space. By addressing some critical
ideational themes in the domains of personality and social
psychology, we attempt to illustrate the overlap of these
themes with the ideas and questions of scholars of abnormal
behavior. Of course, in deploying a Lewinian model our
analyses turn to the dynamics of person x environment
interactions in the regions of the life space. In doing so
we define the phenomena of meaning-making and the multiple
"worldview" existential models in social and personality
psychology as the forces constituting the primary dynamics
defining the permeability of adaptive regions of the "life
space" or phenomenal field. We illustrate these dynamics by
detailed consideration of human adaptation in two critical
regions or domains of life experience in the behavioral
field: the domain of regulatory transactions and the domain
of acceptance, social affection, and relationships. While
these domains certainly do not exhaust all regions of the
life space, we argue that they are particularly pertinent
for parsing continua of normal-to-abnormal adaptation and
conjoining the nature of psychopathology with the everyday
struggles of personal and social significance to all humans.
We conclude our analysis by rather unabashed advocacy, not
specifically for the model we explore, but for scholarship
that is aimed at developing models that link the normal to
what we refer to as the abnormal or psychopathological. As
humans, the cloths of our selves and our environments are
made from common as well as individually unique fibers. We
conclude that to disambiguate how such fibers are woven
together to frame the forces driving our travels from
blissful adaptation to painful maladjustment should be a
primary agenda for our interconnected sciences of human
behavior.},
Doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398991.013.0023},
Key = {fds252495}
}
@misc{fds322947,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {Sociometer theory},
Pages = {141-159},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology},
Publisher = {SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD},
Address = {London},
Editor = {L. Van Lange and A. W. Kruglanski and E. T. Higgins},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780857029614},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n33},
Doi = {10.4135/9781446249222.n33},
Key = {fds322947}
}
@misc{fds212369,
Author = {M. R. Leary and K. M. Toner},
Title = {Reducing egoistic biases in self-views},
Booktitle = {Handbook of self-knowledge.},
Publisher = {Guilford Publications},
Editor = {S. Vazire and T. Wilson},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds212369}
}
@misc{fds212370,
Author = {M. R. Leary and J. P. Tangney},
Title = {The self as an organizing concept in the social and
behavioral sciences},
Pages = {1-18},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Self and Identity (2nd ed.)},
Publisher = {Guilford Publications},
Editor = {M. R. Leary and J. P. Tangney},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds212370}
}
@misc{fds212372,
Author = {M. R. Leary and M. L. Terry},
Title = {Hypo-egoic mindsets: Antecedents and implications of
quieting the self},
Pages = {268-288},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Self and Identity (2nd ed.)},
Editor = {M. R. Leary and J. P. Tangney},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds212372}
}
@misc{fds252497,
Author = {Leary, MR and Guadagno, J},
Title = {The Role of Hypo-egoic Self-Processes in Optimal Functioning
and Subjective Well-Being},
Pages = {135-146},
Booktitle = {Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving
Forward},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {K. Sheldon and T. Kashdan and M. Steger},
Year = {2011},
Month = {May},
ISBN = {9780195373585},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0009},
Abstract = {Many phenomena of interest to positive psychology share a
common feature that involves a particular pattern of
self-relevant cognitive activity. This hypo-egoic state is
responsible both for the sense of well-being that tends to
accompany many positive psychological experiences (such as
flow, meditation, and transcendence) and for prosocial
beliefs and actions in which people behave in ways that
benefit other people, sometimes at cost to themselves. The
chapter describes the hypo-egoic state and then discusses
the role of self-process in five phenomena: humility,
positive emotions, other-oriented states (such as
compassion, altruism, and love), wisdom, and
transcendence.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0009},
Key = {fds252497}
}
@misc{fds252496,
Author = {Leary, MR and Allen, AB},
Title = {Belonging motivation: Establishing, maintaining, and
repairing relational value},
Pages = {37-55},
Booktitle = {Social Motivation},
Publisher = {PSYCHOLOGY PRESS},
Address = {Philadelphia},
Editor = {D. Dunning},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781841697543},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203833995},
Doi = {10.4324/9780203833995},
Key = {fds252496}
}
@misc{fds184223,
Author = {M. R. Leary and E. B. Tate},
Title = {The role of self-awareness in dysfunctional patterns of
thought, emotion, and behavior.},
Booktitle = {Social psychological foundations of clinical
psychology},
Publisher = {Guilford},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {J. E. Maddux and J. P. Tangney},
Year = {2010},
Month = {Fall},
Key = {fds184223}
}
@misc{fds184227,
Author = {M. R. Leary and J. Guadagno},
Title = {The sociometer, self-esteem, and the regulation of
interpersonal behavior},
Pages = {339-354},
Booktitle = {Handbook of self-regulation (2nd ed.)},
Publisher = {Guilford},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {R. F. Baumeister and K. Vohs},
Year = {2010},
Month = {Fall},
Key = {fds184227}
}
@misc{fds184228,
Author = {M. R. Leary},
Title = {Social anxiety as an early warning system: A refinement and
extension of the self-presentational theory of social
anxiety},
Booktitle = {Social phobia and social anxiety: An integration (2nd
ed.)},
Publisher = {Allyn & Bacon},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {S. G. Hofman and P. M. DiBartolo},
Year = {2010},
Month = {Fall},
Key = {fds184228}
}
@misc{fds184224,
Author = {M. R. Leary and C. E. Adams and E. B. Tate},
Title = {Hypo-egoic self-regulation},
Booktitle = {Handbook of personality and self-regulation},
Publisher = {Guilford},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {R. H. Hoyle},
Year = {2010},
Month = {Spring},
Key = {fds184224}
}
@misc{fds252493,
Author = {Leary, MR and Toner, K},
Title = {Psychological theories of blushing},
Pages = {63-76},
Booktitle = {The Psychological Significance of the Blush},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781107013933},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139012850.007},
Abstract = {Blushing is the uncontrollable experience of warmth, usually
accompanied by reddening of the skin, on the face, neck,
ears and upper chest that people sometimes experience in
reaction to real or perceived evaluation or social
attention. Physiologically, blushing reflects the
vasodilatation of cutaneous blood vessels in the blush
region. Dilation of these vessels causes an increase in
blood volume in the affected area, which is experienced
subjectively as warmth in the blush region and often
perceived by others as a reddening or darkening of the skin,
assuming that the individual’s skin tone is light enough
to allow the blush to be seen (Edelmann, 1987). Dark-skinned
people – such as Blacks and Indians – show the same
physiological responses when blushing as Whites but report
that others often do not notice their blushing (Drummond &
Lim, 2000; Simon & Shields, 1996). In addition to these
physical sensations, blushing is typically accompanied by a
sense of self-consciousness or conspicuousness, as well as
by emotions such as social anxiety, embarrassment, shame or
fear, as might happen following a transgression or violation
of social norms. However, not all emotional reactions that
accompany blushing are negative. People may also blush while
experiencing happiness or gratitude, such as when receiving
a compliment or public recognition. Therefore, blushing
cannot be tied exclusively to any particular emotion or even
one valence of emotion. Rather, blushing seems to be
experienced alongside a range of emotional reactions that
are associated with social evaluation and
self-consciousness.},
Doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139012850.007},
Key = {fds252493}
}
@misc{fds252494,
Author = {Leary, MR and Leder, S},
Title = {The nature of hurt feelings: Emotional experience and
cognitive appraisals},
Pages = {15-33},
Booktitle = {Feeling Hurt in Close Relationships},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {A. Vangelisti},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780521866903},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511770548.003},
Abstract = {A prevailing question in the study of emotion has involved
the number and identity of human emotions. Theorists have
sliced the emotional pie in a variety of ways, but most fall
into one of two camps. Advocates of categorical approaches
have identified a relatively small number of “basic”
emotions – such as anger, fear, joy, sadness, disgust, and
surprise – that cannot be reduced to other, more
fundamental states (e.g., Ekman, 1992; Izard, 1991;
Plutchik, 1980; Tomkins, 1962). These theorists suggest that
all emotional experiences can be defined as mixes, blends,
or hybrids of these basic emotions. In contrast, proponents
of dimensional models have argued that emotions are not
divisible into discrete units. Rather, they suggest that
much of the variance in emotional experience can be captured
by a small number of primary dimensions. Some theorists
endorse two-dimensional models characterized by the valence
of the emotion (pleasant vs. unpleasant) and the degree of
arousal or activation involved (aroused vs. tranquil; see
Larsen & Diener, 1992; Russell, 1980; Watson & Tellegen,
1985). Others suggest that the data are better explained by
a three-dimensional model defined by dimensions of valence,
potency, and activity (Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O'Conner,
1987).},
Doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511770548.003},
Key = {fds252494}
}
@misc{fds170060,
Author = {M. R. Leary and K. M. Kelly},
Title = {Belonging motivation},
Pages = {400-409},
Booktitle = {Handbook of individual differences in social
behavior},
Publisher = {Guilford Press},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {M. R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds170060}
}
@misc{fds170063,
Author = {M. R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle},
Title = {Situations, dispositions, and the study of social
behavior},
Pages = {3-11},
Booktitle = {Handbook of individual differences in social
behavior},
Publisher = {Guilford Press},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {M. R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds170063}
}
@misc{fds170064,
Author = {R. H. Hoyle and M. R. Leary},
Title = {Methods for the study of individual differences in social
behavior},
Pages = {12-25},
Booktitle = {Handbook on Individual Differences in Social
Behavior},
Publisher = {Guilford Press},
Address = {New York},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds170064}
}
@misc{fds153877,
Author = {M. R. Leary},
Title = {Functions of the self in interpersonal relationships: What
does the self actually do?},
Pages = {95-115},
Booktitle = {Self and relationships},
Publisher = {Psychology Press},
Address = {Philadelphia, PA},
Editor = {A. Tesser and J. Holmes and J. Wood},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds153877}
}
@misc{fds153878,
Author = {M.R. Leary and J. Tipsord and E. B. Tate},
Title = {Allo-inclusive identity: Incorporating the natural and
social worlds into one’s sense of self.},
Pages = {137-147},
Booktitle = {Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of
the quiet ego},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association},
Address = {Washington, DC},
Editor = {H. Wayment and J. Bauer},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds153878}
}
@misc{fds153951,
Author = {M. R. Leary and C. Cox},
Title = {Belomging motivation: A mainspring of social
action},
Pages = {27-40},
Booktitle = {Handbook of motivation science},
Publisher = {Guilford Press},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {J. Shah and W. Gardner},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds153951}
}
@misc{fds322948,
Author = {Leary, MR},
Title = {The Self We Know and the Self We Show: Self-esteem,
Self-presentation, and the Maintenance of Interpersonal
Relationships},
Pages = {457-477},
Booktitle = {Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal
Processes},
Publisher = {Blackwell Publishers Ltd},
Year = {2007},
Month = {December},
ISBN = {0631212280},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470998557.ch18},
Abstract = {As the capacity for self-reflection evolved among the
prehistoric people from whom modern human beings descended,
they presumably became aware that other individuals did not
always see them the way that they saw themselves. This
realization was a benchmark in human social life because it
involved the emergence of a private sense of self that the
individual knew was not accessible to others and created the
possibility that people could purposefully convey images of
themselves that were inconsistent with how they knew
themselves to be. Many other animals engage in displays
that, in one sense, do not jibe with how they really are
(fluffing hair or feathers to appear larger, for example),
and chimpanzees have been observed to deceive other chimps
and their human caretakers (de Waal, 1986). But other
animals' efforts at self-presentation pale in comparison to
those of human beings, limited by their meager ability to
self-reflect (Gallup, 1977; Gallup & Suarez, 1986). Only in
human beings do we see deliberate efforts to convey a public
image to other people, an image that may or may not mesh
with the individual's private view of him- or herself.
Following James's (1890) seminal descriptions of various
public and private aspects of the self, two traditions
emerged in the study of the self, one focusing primarily on
the private, subjective self and the other on the social,
public self. Early theorists and researchers interested in
the private self explored how people develop a sense of
self, the factors that determine the nature of people's
self-concepts, the psychological motives that affect their
self-views, and the emotional and behavioral implications of
how people perceive themselves (Cooley, 1902; Lecky, 1945;
Mead, 1934; Rogers, 1959; Rosenberg, 1965; Wylie, 1961).
Interest in the public or social self was spurred by
developments in sociology, particularly those that emerged
from the symbolic interactionist and dramaturgical
perspectives. Goffman (1959), for example, championed a
purely public characterization of the self, proposing that
the only true self was the public one. In discussing the
link between the self and self-presentation, Goffman wrote:
"A correctly staged and performed scene leads the audience
to impute a self to a performed character, but this
imputation - this self - is a product of a scene that comes
off and is not a cause of it" (p. 252, italics in original).
He cautioned that the self should not be regarded as an
internal, organic thing but rather as the dramatic effect of
a person's public presentation. When social psychologists
began to explore the dynamics of self-presentation (e.g., E.
E. Jones, 1964; Jones, Gergen, & Jones, 1963), they adopted
a view of the self that drew from both the psychological and
sociological traditions. They assumed the existence of a
private psychological self, but saw as one of its functions
the management of a public identity. Although early symbolic
interactionists had discussed the interplay between the self
as known to the individual and the self as seen by others
(Cooley, 1902; Mead, 1934), psychological theory and
research on the private vs. public aspects of the self were,
for the most part, pursued separately for many years.
Researchers who were interested in the inner workings of the
self did not deny that private psychological processes
affect people's public persona and vice versa, but they were
interested primarily in the intrapsychic aspects of the
self. In contrast, researchers interested in the public self
did not ignore ways in which the public, social self was
influenced by the private, psychological self, but they were
interested primarily in the interpersonal factors that
affect the kinds of public selves that people present to
others, and the private self took a back seat. Since the
1980s, however, much has been written about the relationship
between the private and public aspects of the self (e.g.,
Baumeister, 1982a, 1986; Carver & Scheier, 1981; Greenwald,
1982; Greenwald & Breckler, 1985; Leary & Baumeister, 2000;
Schlenker, 1985, 1986), but it is not my intention to review
this extensive literature here. Rather, my interest in this
chapter is on one particular motivational feature of the
private and public selves.},
Doi = {10.1002/9780470998557.ch18},
Key = {fds322948}
}
@misc{fds140110,
Author = {Leary, M. R.},
Title = {A functional, evolutionary analysis of the impact of
interpersonal events on intrapersonal self-processes},
Pages = {219-236},
Booktitle = {Self and Relationships},
Publisher = {Guilford},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {K. D. Vohs and E. J. Finkel},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds140110}
}
@misc{fds140107,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {How the self became involved in affective experience: Three
sources of self-reflection emotions},
Pages = {38-52},
Booktitle = {The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research},
Publisher = {New York: Guilford},
Editor = {J. Tracy. R. Robins, and J. Tangney},
Year = {2007},
ISBN = {978-1-59385-486-7},
Key = {fds140107}
}
@misc{fds140108,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Cox, C},
Title = {Belongingness motivation: The mainspring of social
action},
Pages = {27-40},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Motivation Science},
Publisher = {Guilford},
Editor = {J. Shah and W. Gardner},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds140108}
}
@misc{fds140118,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Functions of the self in interpersonal relationships: What
does the self actually do?},
Booktitle = {The Self and Social Relationships},
Publisher = {Psychology Press},
Address = {Philadelphia},
Editor = {A. Tesser and J. Holmes and J. Wood},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds140118}
}
@misc{fds51482,
Author = {Leary, M. R.},
Title = {The self and social behavior},
Booktitle = {Social psychology: An integration of theory, research, and
application},
Publisher = {New York: Wiley},
Editor = {T. Britt and R. M. Kowalski},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds51482}
}
@misc{fds51487,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Tate, E. B},
Title = {The role of self-awareness in dysfunctional patterns of
thought, emotion, and behavior},
Booktitle = {Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology.
New},
Publisher = {New York: Guilford},
Editor = {J. E. Maddux and J. P. and Tangney},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds51487}
}
@misc{fds51465,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {To what extent is self-esteem influenced by interpersonal
processes compared with intrapersonal processes},
Pages = {195-200},
Booktitle = {Self-esteem: Issues and answers},
Publisher = {New York: Psychology Press},
Editor = {M. H. Kernis},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds51465}
}
@misc{fds51466,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {Where do we go from here?},
Pages = {424-429},
Booktitle = {Self-esteem: Issues and answers},
Publisher = {New York: Psychology Press},
Editor = {M. H. Kernis},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds51466}
}
@misc{fds51638,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Varieties of interpersonal rejection},
Booktitle = {The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection,
and bullying},
Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
Editor = {K. D. Williams and J. P. Forgas and B. von Hippel},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds51638}
}
@misc{fds51458,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {Interpersonal cognition and the pursuit of social
acceptance: Inside the sociometer},
Booktitle = {Interpersonal Cognition},
Publisher = {New York: Guilford},
Editor = {M. Baldwin},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds51458}
}
@misc{fds52228,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Kowalski, R. M},
Title = {An introduction to social-clinical psychology},
Booktitle = {The interface of social and clinical psychology},
Publisher = {New York: Psychology Press},
Editor = {R.M. Kowalski and M.R. Leary},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds52228}
}
@misc{fds52244,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {The scientific study of personality},
Series = {3rd edition},
Booktitle = {Personality: Contemporary theory and research},
Editor = {V. Derlega and B. Winstead and W. Jones},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds52244}
}
@misc{fds51456,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {The sociometer, self-esteem, and the regulation of
interpersonal behavior},
Booktitle = {Handbook of self-regulation},
Publisher = {New York: Guilford},
Editor = {R. F. Baumeister and K. Vohs},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds51456}
}
@misc{fds51634,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {The self and emotion: The role of self-reflection in the
generation and regulation of affective experience},
Pages = {773-786},
Booktitle = {The handbook of affective sciences},
Publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
Editor = {R. J. Davidson and K. R. Scherer and H. H. Goldsmith},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds51634}
}
@misc{fds51452,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Tangney, J. P},
Title = {The self as an organizing construct in the behavioral
sciences},
Booktitle = {Handbook of self and identity},
Publisher = {New York: Guilford Press},
Editor = {M. R. Leary and J.P. Tangney},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds51452}
}
@misc{fds51453,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and MacDonald, G},
Title = {Individual differences in self-esteem: A review and
theoretical integration},
Booktitle = {Handbook of self and identity},
Publisher = {New York: Guilford Press},
Editor = {M. R. Leary and J.P. Tangney},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds51453}
}
@misc{fds51445,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {When selves collide: The nature of the self and the dynamics
of interpersonal relationships},
Volume = {2},
Pages = {119-145},
Booktitle = {Psychological perspectives on self and identity},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: American Psychological Association},
Editor = {A. Tesser and J. Wood and D. Stapel},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds51445}
}
@misc{fds51446,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {The interpersonal basis of self-esteem: Death, devaluation,
or deference?},
Booktitle = {The social self: Cognitive, interpersonal, and intergroup
perspectives},
Publisher = {New York: Psychology Press},
Editor = {J. Forgas and K. D. Williams},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds51446}
}
@misc{fds51629,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Toward a conceptualization of interpersonal
rejection},
Pages = {3-20},
Booktitle = {Interpersonal rejection},
Publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
Editor = {M.R. Leary},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds51629}
}
@misc{fds51632,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {The self in shyness},
Booktitle = {The self, shyness, and social anxiety: A handbook of
concepts, research, and interventions},
Publisher = {New York: John Wiley and Sons},
Editor = {R. Crozier and L. Alden},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds51632}
}
@misc{fds51442,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {The self we know and the self we show: Self-esteem,
self-presentation, and the maintenance of interpersonal
relationships},
Pages = {457-477},
Booktitle = {Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Interpersonal
processes},
Publisher = {Malden, MA: Blackwell},
Editor = {G. J. O. Fletcher and M. Clark},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds51442}
}
@misc{fds51628,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Koch, E. and Hechenbleikner,
N},
Title = {Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection},
Pages = {145-166},
Booktitle = {Interpersonal rejection},
Publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
Editor = {M.R. Leary},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds51628}
}
@misc{fds51625,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Affect, cognition, and the social emotions},
Pages = {331-356},
Booktitle = {Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social
cognition},
Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
Editor = {J. P. Forgas},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds51625}
}
@misc{fds51439,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {Self-consciousness},
Booktitle = {Encyclopedia of psychology},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: American Psychological Association},
Editor = {A. E. Kazdin},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds51439}
}
@misc{fds51440,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Miller, R. S},
Title = {Self-presentational perspectives on personal
relationships},
Booktitle = {The social psychology of personal relationships},
Publisher = {New York: Wiley},
Editor = {S. Duck and W. Ickes},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds51440}
}
@misc{fds51441,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {The psychology of impression management},
Booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the social and behavioral
sciences},
Publisher = {London: Elsvier},
Editor = {N. J. Smelser and P. B. Baltes},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds51441}
}
@misc{fds51626,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Springer, C},
Title = {Hurt feelings: The neglected emotion},
Pages = {151-175},
Booktitle = {Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal
relationships},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: American Psychological Association},
Editor = {R. M. Kowalski},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds51626}
}
@misc{fds51627,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Buckley, K},
Title = {Social anxiety as an early warning system: A refinement and
extension of the self-presentational theory of social
anxiety},
Booktitle = {Social phobia and social anxiety: An integration},
Publisher = {New York: Allyn & Bacon},
Editor = {S. G. Hofman and P. M. DiBartolo},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds51627}
}
@misc{fds52222,
Author = {Kowalski, R. M. and Leary, M. R},
Title = {The interface of social-clinical psychology: Where we’ve
been, where we are},
Pages = {3-33},
Booktitle = {The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems:
Interfaces of social and clinical psychology},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: American Psychological Association},
Editor = {R.M. Kowalski and M.R. Leary},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds52222}
}
@misc{fds51433,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {The social and psychological importance of
self-esteem},
Pages = {197-221},
Booktitle = {The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems:
Interfaces of social and clinical psychology},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: American Psychological Association},
Editor = {R. M. Kowalski and M. R. Leary},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds51433}
}
@misc{fds52241,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {The scientific study of personality},
Series = {2nd edition},
Booktitle = {Personality: Contemporary theory and research},
Publisher = {Chicago: Nelson-Hall},
Editor = {V. Derlega and B. Winstead and W. Jones},
Year = {1998},
Key = {fds52241}
}
@misc{fds52221,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Schreindorfer, L. S},
Title = {The stigmatization of HIV and AIDS: Rubbing salt in the
wound},
Pages = {12-29},
Booktitle = {HIV infection and social interaction},
Publisher = {Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage},
Editor = {V. Derlega and A. Barbee},
Year = {1998},
Key = {fds52221}
}
@misc{fds51431,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Bednarski, R. and Hammon, D. and Duncan,
T},
Title = {Blowhards, snobs, and narcissists: Interpersonal reactions
to excessive egotism},
Booktitle = {Aversive interpersonal behaviors},
Publisher = {New York: Plenum},
Editor = {R. M. Kowalski},
Year = {1997},
Key = {fds51431}
}
@misc{fds51620,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Kowalski, R. M},
Title = {The self-presentation model of social anxiety/phobia},
Booktitle = {Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and
treatment},
Publisher = {New York: Guilford},
Editor = {R. Heimberg and M. Liebowitz and D. Hope and F.
Schneier},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds51620}
}
@misc{fds51412,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Downs, D. L},
Title = {Interpersonal functions of the self-esteem motive: The
self-esteem system as a sociometer},
Pages = {123-144},
Booktitle = {Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem},
Publisher = {New York: Plenum},
Editor = {M. Kernis},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds51412}
}
@misc{fds51409,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {The interplay of private self-processes and interpersonal
factors in self-presentation},
Volume = {4},
Pages = {127-155},
Booktitle = {Psychological perspectives on the self},
Publisher = {Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum},
Editor = {J. Suls},
Year = {1993},
Key = {fds51409}
}
@misc{fds51616,
Author = {Miller, R. S. and Leary, M. R},
Title = {Social sources and interactive functions of emotion: The
case of embarrassment},
Pages = {202-221},
Booktitle = {Emotion and social behavior},
Publisher = {Beverly Hills, CA: Sage},
Editor = {M. S. Clark},
Year = {1992},
Key = {fds51616}
}
@misc{fds51521,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Anxiety, cognition, and behavior: In search of a broader
perspective},
Pages = {39-44},
Booktitle = {Communication, cognition, and anxiety},
Publisher = {Newbury Park, CA: Sage},
Editor = {M. Booth-Butterfield},
Year = {1991},
Key = {fds51521}
}
@misc{fds52212,
Author = {Forsyth, D. R. and Leary, M. R},
Title = {Metatheoretical and epistemological issues at the interface
of social and clinical psychology},
Booktitle = {Handbook of social and clinical psychology},
Publisher = {New York: Pergamon},
Editor = {C. R. Snyder and D. R. Forsyth},
Year = {1990},
Key = {fds52212}
}
@misc{fds51520,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Social anxiety, shyness, and related constructs},
Pages = {161-194},
Booktitle = {Measures of personality and social psychological
attitudes},
Publisher = {New York: Academic Press},
Editor = {J. Robinson and P. Shaver and L. Wrightsman},
Year = {1990},
Key = {fds51520}
}
@misc{fds51402,
Author = {Leary, M.R},
Title = {Self-presentational processes in leadership emergence and
effectiveness},
Booktitle = {Impression management in the organization},
Publisher = {Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum},
Editor = {R. A. Giacalone and P. Rosenfeld},
Year = {1989},
Key = {fds51402}
}
@misc{fds51512,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Socially-based anxiety: A review of measures},
Pages = {365-384},
Booktitle = {A handbook for the study of human communication},
Publisher = {Norwood, NJ: Ablex},
Editor = {C. Tardy},
Year = {1988},
Key = {fds51512}
}
@misc{fds51398,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Forsyth, D. R},
Title = {Attributions of responsibility for collective
endeavors},
Pages = {167-188},
Booktitle = {Group processes},
Publisher = {Newbury Park, CA: Sage},
Editor = {C. Hendrick},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds51398}
}
@misc{fds51504,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {A self-presentational model for the treatment of social
anxieties},
Booktitle = {Social processes in clinical and counseling
psychology},
Publisher = {New York: Springer-Verlag},
Editor = {J. E. Maddux and C. D. Stoltenberg and R. Rosenwein},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds51504}
}
@misc{fds51653,
Author = {Maddux, J. E. and Stoltenberg, C. D. and Rosenwein, R. and Leary,
M. R},
Title = {Social processes in clinical and counseling psychology:
Introduction and orienting assumptions},
Booktitle = {Social processes in clinical and counseling
psychology},
Publisher = {New York: Springer-Verlag},
Editor = {J. E. Maddux and C. D. Stoltenberg and R. Rosenwein},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds51653}
}
@misc{fds51500,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Affective and behavioral components of shyness: Implications
for theory, measurement, and research},
Pages = {27-38},
Booktitle = {Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment},
Publisher = {New York: Plenum},
Editor = {W. H. Jones and J. M. Cheek and S. R. Briggs},
Year = {1986},
Key = {fds51500}
}
@misc{fds51492,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Social anxiety},
Volume = {3},
Booktitle = {Review of personality and social psychology},
Publisher = {Beverly Hills: Sage},
Editor = {L. Wheeler},
Year = {1982},
Key = {fds51492}
}
@misc{fds51489,
Author = {Leary, M. R. and Schlenker, B. R},
Title = {The social psychology of shyness: A self-presentation
model},
Booktitle = {Impression management theory and social psychological
research},
Publisher = {New York: Academic Press},
Editor = {J.T. Tedeschi},
Year = {1981},
Key = {fds51489}
}
%% Commentaries/Book Reviews
@article{fds52240,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {About face. [Review of The Challenge of Facework]},
Journal = {Contemporary Psychology},
Volume = {40},
Pages = {1002},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds52240}
}
@article{fds52238,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Confession is good for the soul...and other things. [Review
of Opening Up: The Healing Power of Confiding in
Others.]},
Journal = {Contemporary Psychology},
Volume = {37},
Pages = {290-291},
Year = {1992},
Key = {fds52238}
}
@article{fds52236,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Bridging the gap between science and practice. [Review of
Social Cognition and Clinical Psychology.]},
Journal = {Contemporary Psychology},
Volume = {35},
Pages = {675-676},
Year = {1990},
Key = {fds52236}
}
%% Edited Volumes
@misc{fds212367,
Author = {M. R. Leary and J. P. Tangney},
Title = {Handbook of Self and Identity (2nd ed)},
Publisher = {Guilford Publications},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds212367}
}
@misc{fds170057,
Author = {M. R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle},
Title = {Handbook of Individual Differences in Social
Behavior},
Publisher = {Guilford Press},
Address = {New York},
Year = {2009},
Month = {Summer},
Abstract = {This volume contains 39 chapters that review theory and
research on the most commonly studied personality variables.
Each chapter is written by the premier expert on the
topic--either the person who first identified the construct,
developed seminal measures of it, or conducted the greatest
quantity of research.},
Key = {fds170057}
}
@misc{fds51460,
Title = {Handbook of self and identity},
Publisher = {New York: Guilford Press},
Editor = {M.R. Leary and J.P. Tangney},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds51460}
}
@misc{fds51462,
Title = {Interpersonal rejection},
Publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
Editor = {M.R. Leary},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds51462}
}
@misc{fds51463,
Title = {The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems:
Interfaces of social and clinical psychology},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: American Psychological Association},
Editor = {R.M. Kowalski and M.R. Leary},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds51463}
}
@misc{fds52235,
Title = {The state of social psychology: Issues, themes, and
controversies},
Booktitle = {Journal of Social Behavior and Personality},
Editor = {M.R. Leary},
Year = {1988},
Key = {fds52235}
}
%% Other
@misc{fds198637,
Author = {M. R. Leary},
Title = {Solving the Mysteries of Human Behavior},
Publisher = {The Teaching Company},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds198637}
}
@misc{fds52243,
Author = {Leary, M. R},
Title = {Editorial: Do we need another journal? A converted
skeptic’s reply},
Journal = {Self and Identity},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {1-2},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds52243}
}
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