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Publications of Richard S. Keefe    :recent first  alphabetical  combined listing:

%% Journal Articles   
@article{fds273531,
   Author = {Davidson, M and Keefe, RS and Mohs, RC and Siever, LJ and Losonczy, MF and Horvath, TB and Davis, KL},
   Title = {L-dopa challenge and relapse in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {144},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {934-938},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.7.934},
   Abstract = {Neuroleptic administration has been shown to be superior to
             placebo in prolonging schizophrenic remission. However,
             individual patients are able to maintain long periods of
             remission in the absence of neuroleptic treatment, while
             others relapse soon after neuroleptic withdrawal. This study
             attempted to predict time to relapse in 28 schizophrenic
             patients withdrawn from neuroleptics and challenged with
             L-dopa for 7 days, then followed until relapse. Time to
             relapse correlated significantly with L-dopa-induced
             increase in BPRS score (p = .006). Five of six patients who
             responded to L-dopa relapsed within 4 weeks after L-dopa
             administration, while only four of 22 who did not respond
             relapsed in a comparable period.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.144.7.934},
   Key = {fds273531}
}

@article{fds273533,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Mohs, RC and Losonczy, MF and Davidson, M and Silverman,
             JM and Kendler, KS and Horvath, TB and Nora, R and Davis,
             KL},
   Title = {Characteristics of very poor outcome schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {144},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {889-895},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.7.889},
   Abstract = {The authors compared 21 "Kraepelinian" schizophrenic
             patients who had been ill and dependent on others for the
             past 5 years with 76 chronic schizophrenic patients in
             remission or with exacerbations requiring hospitalization.
             The Kraepelinian patients met the criteria for schizophrenia
             by more diagnostic systems than the exacerbated patients,
             were less responsive to haloperidol, had more severe
             negative symptoms, and had similarly severe positive
             symptoms. They had cerebral ventricles that were more
             asymmetrical and a greater family history of schizophrenia
             spectrum disorders than the other chronic patients. These
             data suggest that patients with 5 years of illness and
             complete dependency on others may represent a subgroup of
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.144.7.889},
   Key = {fds273533}
}

@article{fds273532,
   Author = {Silverman, JM and Mohs, RC and Davidson, M and Losonczy, MF and Keefe,
             RS and Breitner, JC and Sorokin, JE and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Familial schizophrenia and treatment response.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {144},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1271-1276},
   Year = {1987},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.10.1271},
   Abstract = {Thirty-nine patients with chronic schizophrenia for whom
             hospitalization was clinically indicated received
             haloperidol for 4 to 6 weeks in a standardized dose
             schedule. Responders were compared with nonresponders for
             family history, baseline symptom factors, and
             ventricle-brain ratio (VBR). The lifetime risk for
             schizophrenia spectrum disorders was higher among
             first-degree relatives of nonresponders than among
             first-degree relatives of responders. Treatment responders
             had higher baseline scores on the factors of activation and
             hostile-suspiciousness, but the groups did not differ in any
             other baseline symptom factor or in VBR. The authors suggest
             that there is an association between failure to respond to
             drugs and genetic loading for schizophrenia spectrum
             disorders.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.144.10.1271},
   Key = {fds273532}
}

@article{fds273535,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Mohs, RC and Davidson, M and Losonczy, MF and Silverman,
             JM and Lesser, JC and Horvath, TB and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Kraepelinian schizophrenia: a subgroup of
             schizophrenia?},
   Journal = {Psychopharmacology Bulletin},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {56-61},
   Year = {1988},
   Key = {fds273535}
}

@article{fds273534,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Siever, LJ and Mohs, RC and Peterson, AE and Mahon, TR and Bergman, RL and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Eye tracking, schizophrenic symptoms, and schizotypal
             personality disorder.},
   Journal = {European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological
             Sciences},
   Volume = {239},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {39-42},
   Year = {1989},
   ISSN = {0175-758X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01739742},
   Abstract = {Schizophrenic patients and patients with schizotypal
             personality disorder were significantly more likely than
             normal controls to demonstrate impaired eye tracking
             performance. Fifteen of 27 schizophrenics and 15 of 27
             schizotypals had impaired eye tracking, compared with 11 of
             39 normal controls. In the schizophrenic group, including 10
             out-patients in a stable state of relative remission,
             impaired eye tracking was associated with more severe formal
             thought disorder and more time spent in psychiatric
             hospitals. Among stable schizophrenic out-patients, poor eye
             tracking was related to more severe formal thought disorder
             and greater overall psychopathology. This pattern of results
             suggests a possible relation between eye tracking impairment
             and more severe enduring symptoms across the spectrum of
             schizophrenic and schizophrenia-related disorders.},
   Doi = {10.1007/BF01739742},
   Key = {fds273534}
}

@article{fds273537,
   Author = {Silverman, JM and Keefe, RS and Mohs, RC and Davis,
             KL},
   Title = {A study of the reliability of the family history method in
             genetic studies of Alzheimer disease.},
   Journal = {Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {218-223},
   Year = {1989},
   Abstract = {The reliability between 2 raters conducting independent
             family history interviews for Alzheimer disease-like and
             other dementias was investigated. The interviews were
             conducted at least 1 year apart with the second rater blind
             to the data collected by the first rater. Raters agreed on
             the presence and type of dementia in 153 relatives age 45 or
             older of 30 AD probands, the age at onset in secondary
             cases, and the age of nonaffected relatives.},
   Key = {fds273537}
}

@article{fds273536,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Mohs, RC and Losonczy, MF and Davidson, M and Silverman,
             JM and Horvath, TB and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Premorbid sociosexual functioning and long-term outcome in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {146},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {206-211},
   Year = {1989},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.146.2.206},
   Abstract = {Chronic schizophrenic patients with the most severe social
             deterioration have been shown to differ from other chronic
             schizophrenic patients with respect to measures of
             left-to-right ventricular asymmetry, negative symptoms, and
             response to haloperidol treatment. In the current study, the
             authors investigated the social antecedents of these
             characteristics of very poor outcome schizophrenia in 69
             chronic schizophrenic patients. Poor premorbid sociosexual
             functioning was associated with more severe left-to-right
             ventricular asymmetry, greater severity of negative
             symptoms, fewer positive symptoms, and worse current social
             functioning. These data suggest that factors associated with
             severe social deterioration in the end stage of
             schizophrenia are also associated with premorbid sociosexual
             impairment.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.146.2.206},
   Key = {fds273536}
}

@article{fds327117,
   Author = {KEEFE, RSE and MOHS, RC and SILVERMAN, JM and LOSONCZY, MF and DAVIDSON,
             M and HORVATH, TB and DAVIS, KL},
   Title = {CHARACTERISTICS OF KRAEPELINIAN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND THEIR
             RELATION TO PREMORBID SOCIOSEXUAL FUNCTIONING},
   Journal = {NEUROLEPTIC-NONRESPONSIVE PATIENT : CHARACTERIZATION AND
             TREATMENT},
   Volume = {27},
   Pages = {1-+},
   Publisher = {AMER PSYCHIATRIC PRESS},
   Editor = {ANGRIST, B and SCHULZ, SC},
   Year = {1990},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {0-88048-461-6},
   Key = {fds327117}
}

@article{fds273538,
   Author = {Siever, LJ and Keefe, R and Bernstein, DP and Coccaro, EF and Klar, HM and Zemishlany, Z and Peterson, AE and Davidson, M and Mahon, T and Horvath,
             T},
   Title = {Eye tracking impairment in clinically identified patients
             with schizotypal personality disorder.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {147},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {740-745},
   Year = {1990},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.6.740},
   Abstract = {Eye tracking accuracy, which has been found to be impaired
             in schizophrenic patients and their relatives, was assessed
             in 26 patients with schizotypal personality disorder, 17
             control subjects with other non-schizophrenia-related
             personality disorders, 29 normal control subjects, and 44
             schizophrenic patients. Both schizotypal and schizophrenic
             patients, but not control subjects with other personality
             disorders, demonstrated significantly more impaired tracking
             than the normal control subjects. These results suggest that
             patients with clinically defined schizotypal personality
             disorder may be biologically related to schizophrenic
             patients as part of a spectrum of schizophrenia-related
             disorders.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.147.6.740},
   Key = {fds273538}
}

@article{fds273540,
   Author = {Siever, LJ and Silverman, JM and Horvath, TB and Klar, H and Coccaro, E and Keefe, RS and Pinkham, L and Rinaldi, P and Mohs, RC and Davis,
             KL},
   Title = {Increased morbid risk for schizophrenia-related disorders in
             relatives of schizotypal personality disordered
             patients.},
   Journal = {Archives of General Psychiatry},
   Volume = {47},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {634-640},
   Year = {1990},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0003-990X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810190034005},
   Abstract = {To evaluate whether probands from a clinical sample
             diagnosed as having DSM-III schizotypal and/or paranoid
             personality disorder have a familial relationship to the
             schizophrenia-related disorders, the morbid risk for
             schizophrenia-related disorders and other psychiatric
             disorders were evaluated in the first-degree relatives of
             patients with schizotypal and/or paranoid personality
             disorder and compared with the corresponding risk for these
             disorders in the first-degree relatives of patients with
             other non-schizophrenia-related personality disorders. The
             morbid risk for all schizophrenia-related disorders, and
             specifically for schizophrenia-related personality
             disorders, was significantly greater among the relatives of
             the probands with schizotypal and/or paranoid personality
             disorder than among the relatives of probands with other
             personality disorder. The morbid risk for other psychiatric
             disorders did not differ significantly between the
             first-degree relatives of the schizotypal/paranoid
             personality disorder and the other personality disorder
             control proband samples. These results suggest a specific
             familial association between schizophrenia-related
             disorders, particularly schizophrenia-related personality
             disorders, and clinically diagnosed schizotypal
             patients.},
   Doi = {10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810190034005},
   Key = {fds273540}
}

@article{fds273539,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Keefe, RS and Moskowitz, J and Putnam, KM and Mohs, RC and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Attentional markers of vulnerability to schizophrenia:
             performance of medicated and unmedicated patients and
             normals.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {179-188},
   Year = {1990},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(90)90072-d},
   Abstract = {Medicated and unmedicated schizophrenic patients (both n's =
             14) were compared to a normal control sample (n = 15) on two
             attentional tasks hypothesized to be markers of
             vulnerability to schizophrenia. These tasks, the continuous
             performance test and the visual backward masking task, were
             found to be more deviant in schizophrenic patients than in
             normals. In addition, the group mean levels of performance
             did not differ consistently across medication status within
             the medicated patients. It was found, however, that the
             association between these tasks varied as a function of
             medication status, with unmedicated patients more similar to
             normals than to medicated patients. The implications of
             these results for the two tasks as markers are discussed,
             with special focus on those earlier studies that did not
             evaluate unmedicated patients.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0165-1781(90)90072-d},
   Key = {fds273539}
}

@article{fds273541,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Lobel, DS and Mohs, RC and Silverman, JM and Harvey, PD and Davidson, M and Losonczy, MF and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Diagnostic issues in chronic schizophrenia: kraepelinian
             schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia, and
             state-independent negative symptoms.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {71-79},
   Year = {1991},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(91)90026-n},
   Abstract = {Data are presented concerning three recent clinical
             distinctions in schizophrenia: kraepelinian versus
             non-kraepelinian patients; mixed versus simple
             undifferentiated subtypes; and state-dependent versus
             state-independent negative symptoms. Schizophrenic patients
             who have been ill and dependent on others for the past 5
             years ('kraepelinians') were compared to other chronic
             schizophrenics. The kraepelinian patients met the criteria
             for schizophrenia by more diagnostic systems than other
             patients, were less responsive to haloperidol, had more
             severe negative symptoms and formal thought disorder, and
             had similarly severe positive symptoms. They also had
             cerebral ventricles that demonstrated more left-to-right
             asymmetry and a greater family history of schizophrenia
             spectrum disorders. Mixed undifferentiated schizophrenic
             patients, who met criteria for more than one schizophrenic
             subtype, were compared to simple undifferentiated
             schizophrenic patients, who met criteria for no subtype. The
             mixed group was characterized by more severe positive and
             negative symptoms and formal thought disorder, worse social
             functioning, and a worse response to haloperidol. In a
             subgroup of patients who were studied once while in a state
             of exacerbation and once while in a state of relative
             remission, the negative symptoms of inattention and
             affective flattening were state-dependent, while
             anhedonia-asociality was state-independent.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0920-9964(91)90026-n},
   Key = {fds273541}
}

@article{fds273543,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Silverman, JM and Siever, LJ and Cornblatt,
             BA},
   Title = {Refining phenotype characterization in genetic linkage
             studies of schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Social Biology},
   Volume = {38},
   Number = {3-4},
   Pages = {197-218},
   Year = {1991},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1991.9988788},
   Abstract = {A definitive replicable genetic linkage for a major locus
             underlying the susceptibility to schizophrenia has not been
             identified to date. Although there are several possible
             explanations for the failure to find linkage in
             schizophrenia, one major problem is that the range of
             phenotypic expressions of the genes for schizophrenia has
             not been clarified. A more refined understanding of the
             various phenotypic expressions of a gene related to
             schizophrenia would enhance the power of studies designed to
             detect a genetic linkage with a major chromosomal locus and
             would benefit other strategies for understanding the
             etiology of schizophrenia. The genes for schizophrenia may
             be frequently expressed in relatives of schizophrenic
             patients, although with less severe symptoms than those of
             chronic schizophrenia. Two series of findings support this
             notion. Nonschizophrenic relatives of schizophrenic patients
             demonstrate an increased incidence of nonpsychotic
             schizophrenia-like symptoms and traits, and they manifest
             deficit performances on several different laboratory tests
             of neurocognitive functioning. A more refined phenotypic
             expression of a schizophrenia-related gene may thus be
             indicated by personality traits and subclinical
             neurocognitive deficits. These personality traits and
             neurocognitive deficits are considered here as possible aids
             in the identification of affected cases in genetic linkage
             studies of schizophrenia. Terminology for different
             indicators of neurocognitive deficits is introduced, and the
             relative utility of personality traits and indicators of
             neurocognitive deficit for genetic linkage studies is
             discussed. As specific examples, schizophrenia-related
             personality traits that are unrelated to affective symptoms
             and performance deficits on tasks of eye tracking and
             continuous attention are considered for strategies for
             broadening phenotype characterization without reducing the
             specificity of affected case identification.},
   Doi = {10.1080/19485565.1991.9988788},
   Key = {fds273543}
}

@article{fds327115,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Davidson, M and Mohs, RC and Keefe, RSE and Moskowitz, J and Knott, P and Duffelmeyer, M},
   Title = {Plasma HVA correlates of attentional performance in
             unmedicated schizophrenics},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {345-346},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(91)90258-s},
   Doi = {10.1016/0920-9964(91)90258-s},
   Key = {fds327115}
}

@article{fds327116,
   Author = {Frecska, E and Losonczy, M and Keefe, RSE and Silverman, JM and Davidson, M and Harvey, P and McQueeney, RT and Lobel, D and Apter, S and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Kraepelinian schizophrenia: A replication in an independent
             sample},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {257-257},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(91)90108-4},
   Doi = {10.1016/0920-9964(91)90108-4},
   Key = {fds327116}
}

@article{fds273542,
   Author = {Thaker, G and Moran, M and Cassady, S and Adami, H and Tamminga,
             C},
   Title = {Normal smooth pursuit eye movements in volunteer subjects
             meeting schizotypal personality disorder
             criteria.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {148},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1096-1097},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {August},
   Key = {fds273542}
}

@article{fds273544,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Putnam, KM and Davidson, M and Kahn, RS and Powchik, P and McQueeney, R and Keefe, RS and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Brief neuroleptic discontinuation and clinical symptoms in
             Kraepelinian and non-Kraepelinian chronic schizophrenic
             patients.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {38},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {285-292},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(91)90018-k},
   Abstract = {Neuroleptic medication was abruptly discontinued in 24 male
             chronic schizophrenic patients who were subdivided on the
             basis of their history of illness into Kraepelinian (n = 8)
             and non-Kraepelinian (n = 16) subgroups. These patients were
             kept drug free for 6 weeks and then returned to treatment
             with haloperidol, 20 mg/day. Half of the non-Kraepelinian
             patients developed exacerbations of their symptoms, which
             quickly resolved when they were returned to medication,
             while none of the Kraepelinian patients showed a worsening
             of symptomatology. On-medication clinical severity failed to
             predict risk for exacerbation, with severity of exacerbation
             predicting the amount of improvement when returned to
             medication. The Kraepelinian patients were found to be much
             less variable than the non-Kraepelinian patients in their
             symptoms during both medication manipulations, suggesting
             that medication truly has a negligible effect on
             them.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0165-1781(91)90018-k},
   Key = {fds273544}
}

@article{fds327114,
   Author = {CORNBLATT, BA and KEEFE, RSE},
   Title = {THE GENETICS OF MENTAL-ILLNESS - AN OVERVIEW},
   Journal = {Social Biology},
   Volume = {38},
   Number = {3-4},
   Pages = {R1-R5},
   Publisher = {SOC STUDY SOCIAL BIOLOGY},
   Year = {1991},
   Month = {September},
   Key = {fds327114}
}

@article{fds273546,
   Author = {Davidson, M and Kahn, RS and Stern, RG and Harvey, PD and Keefe, R and Knott, P and Apter, S and Webster, L and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Measurements of plasma homovanillic acid in schizophrenic
             patients.},
   Journal = {Clinical Neuropharmacology},
   Volume = {15 Suppl 1 Pt A},
   Pages = {521A-522A},
   Year = {1992},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199201001-00271},
   Doi = {10.1097/00002826-199201001-00271},
   Key = {fds273546}
}

@article{fds327112,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Silverman, JM and Amin, F and Lees, SE and Duncan, A and Harvey, PD and Davidson, M and Siever, LJ and Mohs, RC and Davis,
             KL},
   Title = {Frontal functioning and plasma HVA in the relatives of
             schizophrenic patients},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {158-158},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1992},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(92)90244-y},
   Doi = {10.1016/0920-9964(92)90244-y},
   Key = {fds327112}
}

@article{fds327113,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Kahn, RS and Davidson, M and Mohs, RC and Keefe, RSE and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Dopaminergic correlates of attentional performance in
             unmedicated schizophrenic patients},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {136-136},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1992},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(92)90194-a},
   Doi = {10.1016/0920-9964(92)90194-a},
   Key = {fds327113}
}

@article{fds273545,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Harvey, PD and Lenzenweger, MF and Davidson, M and Apter,
             SH and Schmeidler, J and Mohs, RC and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Empirical assessment of the factorial structure of clinical
             symptoms in schizophrenia: negative symptoms.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {44},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {153-165},
   Year = {1992},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(92)90049-9},
   Abstract = {The factor structure of the Scale for the Assessment of
             Negative Symptoms (SANS) was examined in a confirmatory
             factor analysis that used the LISREL procedure. Four models
             of negative symptom factors were tested in 130 hospitalized
             schizophrenic patients. A three-factor model of diminished
             expression, social dysfunction, and disorganization
             generated by the authors yielded a superior fit to the data
             relative to the two-factor model of Liddle (1987b) and a
             unifactorial severity model. A four-factor model based on
             the original subscale formulation of the SANS failed to fit
             the data.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0165-1781(92)90049-9},
   Key = {fds273545}
}

@article{fds273547,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Lenzenweger, MF and Keefe, RS and Pogge, DL and Serper,
             MR and Mohs, RC},
   Title = {Empirical assessment of the factorial structure of clinical
             symptoms in schizophrenic patients: formal thought
             disorder.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {44},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {141-151},
   Year = {1992},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(92)90048-8},
   Abstract = {Male schizophrenic patients (n = 142) were examined with a
             clinical assessment of their language dysfunctions with the
             Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language, and
             Communication (TLC). Confirmatory factor analyses were
             conducted to test the relative fit of several differential
             theoretical models of the factorial structure of thought
             disorders. The models examined were positive-negative
             thought disorder, a three-factor model based on the results
             of an earlier exploratory factor analysis, and a simpler
             verbal productivity-disconnection model that can be
             extracted from other exploratory analyses and empirical
             studies. The positive-negative thought disorder model failed
             to fit the data, while the three-factor model fit the data,
             but no better than the simpler verbal productivity-disconnection
             model.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0165-1781(92)90048-8},
   Key = {fds273547}
}

@article{fds273548,
   Author = {Frecska, E and Losonczy, MF and Keefe, RSE and Silverman, JM and Davidson, M and Davis, KL},
   Title = {The characteristics of poor outcome, 'Kraepelinian'
             schizophrenia},
   Journal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {400},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1993},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0924-977X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977X(93)90193-P},
   Doi = {10.1016/0924-977X(93)90193-P},
   Key = {fds273548}
}

@article{fds327110,
   Author = {DEVEGVAR, ML and KEEFE, RSE and MOSKOWITZ, J and LEES, S and KALUS, O and KNOTT, P and TRESTMAN, RL and SIEVER, LJ},
   Title = {PERFORMANCE ON TESTS SENSITIVE TO FRONTAL-LOBE DYSFUNCTION
             AND DEFICIT-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN SCHIZOTYPAL
             PERSONALITY-DISORDER},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {6A},
   Pages = {A101-A101},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {1993},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds327110}
}

@article{fds327111,
   Author = {KEEFE, RSE and BLUM, C and MERHIGE, DM and LEES, SE and ZOLOT, DM and DAVIDSON, M and HARVEY, PD and DAVIS, KL},
   Title = {TASKS FROM MONKEY CORTEX STUDIES AND SPECIFIC PREFRONTAL
             DYSFUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {6A},
   Pages = {A92-A92},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {1993},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds327111}
}

@article{fds273549,
   Author = {Siever, LJ and Kalus, OF and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {The boundaries of schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The Psychiatric Clinics of North America},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {217-244},
   Year = {1993},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30171-0},
   Abstract = {Evidence from a variety of domains including the
             phenomenologic, genetic, psychological, neuropsychological,
             psychophysiologic, neurochemical, imaging, outcome, and
             treatment response suggests that schizotypal personality
             disorder is related closely to chronic schizophrenia and
             that this disorder may be part of a continuum of
             schizophrenia-related disorders. Questions remain as to how
             the boundaries of schizophrenia should be defined. The
             commonalities across the schizophrenia spectrum as well as
             the differences between disorders on the spectrum need to be
             clarified further. A multidimensional approach to the
             pathogenesis of the schizophrenia-related disorders offers a
             beginning opportunity for such a clarification. The study of
             patients with schizotypal personality disorder suggest that
             a dimension of deficit-like or "negative" symptoms of
             asociality and interpersonal impairment may be associated
             with neuropsychological and psychophysiologic correlates of
             altered cortical, particularly frontal, function and raise
             the possibility in structural changes as reflected in
             increased ventricular size in frontal and third ventricle
             areas. On the other hand, the psychotic-like or "positive"
             symptoms seem to be more related to increases in
             dopaminergic activity that may be partially responsive to
             neuroleptic treatment. It is conceivable that these two
             dimensions may represent partially distinct but potentially
             interactive pathophysiologic processes that may converge and
             interact to result in chronic schizophrenia. In this way,
             the study of the boundaries of schizophrenia and the milder
             schizophrenia-related personality disorders may provide
             important clues as to the genetic and pathophysiology of
             chronic schizophrenia itself, as well as to illuminate a set
             of disorders that are clinically underrecognized but
             probably more prevalent than more severe forms of
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30171-0},
   Key = {fds273549}
}

@article{fds354411,
   Author = {DAVIDSON, M and BERMAN, I and KEEFE, RS and DUVVI, K and PONTECORVO,
             M},
   Title = {RISPERIDONE IN ELDERLY SCHIZOPHRENIC-PATIENTS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {197-197},
   Year = {1994},
   Key = {fds354411}
}

@article{fds327108,
   Author = {KEEFE, RSE and BLUM, C and HARVEY, PD and DAVIDSON, M and ROITMAN, SE and DAVIS, KL},
   Title = {WORKING-MEMORY DEFICITS IN SCHIZOPHRENICS WITH SEVERE
             SELF-CARE DYSFUNCTION},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {158-158},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds327108}
}

@article{fds327109,
   Author = {EPSTEIN, JI and KEEFE, RSE and HARVEY, PD and MOHS, RC and ROITMAN, SEL and DAVIDSON, M and SIEVER, LJ},
   Title = {THE EXTENT OF WORKING-MEMORY DEMANDS PREDICTS RESPONSE TO
             NEUROLEPTIC MEDICATION ON CONTINUOUS PERFORMANCE
             TESTS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {153-154},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds327109}
}

@article{fds273550,
   Author = {Kahn, RS and Harvey, PD and Davidson, M and Keefe, RS and Apter, S and Neale, JM and Mohs, RC and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Neuropsychological correlates of central monoamine function
             in chronic schizophrenia: relationship between CSF
             metabolites and cognitive function.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {217-224},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(94)90015-9},
   Abstract = {Schizophrenia is associated with multiple cognitive deficits
             which in turn may be related to abnormal dopamine (DA)
             function. To examine possible associations between cognitive
             dysfunction and central DA activity in schizophrenia,
             neuropsychological measures (visuospatial and verbal recall;
             performance on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST);
             visuospatial perception) were examined in 17 drug-free male
             schizophrenic patients and related to cerebrospinal fluid
             concentrations of the metabolites of dopamine (homovanillic
             acid (HVA)), serotonin, and norepinephrine. CSF HVA
             concentrations were correlated with the ability to recall
             visuospatial information, with attention to verbal tasks,
             and with WCST performance (low CSF HVA concentrations
             predicting poor performance on these tests) but not with the
             ability to recall verbally presented material and
             visuospatial perception. These data are consistent with
             earlier results suggesting that (cortical) DA function is
             associated with recall and retrieval of visuospatial
             information and with WCST performance.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0920-9964(94)90015-9},
   Key = {fds273550}
}

@article{fds327104,
   Author = {Frecska, E and Losonczy, MF and Keefe, RSE and Apter, S and Davidson, M and Mohs, RC and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Age dependent change of ventricular measures in
             schizophrenia: Cross-sectional analysis},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {704-705},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)90980-6},
   Doi = {10.1016/0006-3223(94)90980-6},
   Key = {fds327104}
}

@article{fds327105,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Blum, C and Roitman, SL and Harvey, PD and Davidson, M and Mohs, RC and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Working memory dysfunction in Kraepelinian
             schizophrenics},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {660-660},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)90820-6},
   Doi = {10.1016/0006-3223(94)90820-6},
   Key = {fds327105}
}

@article{fds327106,
   Author = {Epstein, JI and Keefe, RSE and Lees Roitman and SE and Harvey, PD and Davidson, M and Siever, LJ and Mohs, RC},
   Title = {Neuroleptic effects on CPT and eye tracking in
             schizophrenia},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {674-674},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)90872-9},
   Doi = {10.1016/0006-3223(94)90872-9},
   Key = {fds327106}
}

@article{fds327107,
   Author = {Apter, SH and Keefe, RSE and Hirschowitz, J and Davidson, M and Macaluso, JM and Amato, R and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Longitudinal classification in schizophrenia: The
             relationship between kraepelinian and deficit syndrome
             subtypologies},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {695-695},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)90944-x},
   Doi = {10.1016/0006-3223(94)90944-x},
   Key = {fds327107}
}

@article{fds273551,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Silverman, JM and Roitman, SE and Harvey, PD and Duncan,
             MA and Alroy, D and Siever, LJ and Davis, KL and Mohs,
             RC},
   Title = {Performance of nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic
             patients on cognitive tests.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-12},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(94)90091-4},
   Abstract = {We tested 54 nonpsychotic first degree relatives of 23
             schizophrenic probands and 18 control subjects matched for
             age and education on several neuropsychological tests. The
             tests were selected to assess overall intellectual ability
             or because previous work indicated that they are
             particularly sensitive measures of cognitive dysfunction in
             schizophrenic patients. The relatives of schizophrenic
             patients performed significantly worse than the control
             subjects on tests of verbal fluency and on Trailmaking, part
             B. Each of these tests contributed unique variance to the
             discrimination between groups. The groups did not differ
             significantly on the number of perseverative errors on the
             Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence
             Scale-Revised block design or vocabulary, or Trailmaking,
             part A. Eight relatives who met DSM-III-R criteria for
             schizotypal personality disorder were more impaired than the
             remaining 46 relatives on letter fluency, but otherwise
             their performance was similar to that of nonschizotypal
             relatives. These data suggest that close relatives of
             schizophrenic patients may have subtle neuropsychological
             impairments that are not necessarily associated with
             clinical symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum
             disorders.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0165-1781(94)90091-4},
   Key = {fds273551}
}

@article{fds273552,
   Author = {Siever, LJ and Friedman, L and Moskowitz, J and Mitropoulou, V and Keefe, R and Roitman, SL and Merhige, D and Trestman, R and Silverman,
             J and Mohs, R},
   Title = {Eye movement impairment and schizotypal psychopathology.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {151},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1209-1215},
   Year = {1994},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.8.1209},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Eye movement dysfunction in relation to a smooth
             pursuit task has been documented in schizophrenic patients
             and in patients with the related personality disorder,
             schizotypal personality disorder. To investigate which
             quantitative measures are associated with the eye movement
             dysfunction and whether the dysfunction is more related to
             the psychotic-like or the deficit-like symptoms of
             schizotypal personality disorder, ratings of eye movements
             in several groups of subjects were compared. METHOD: The
             study groups consisted of 26 patients with schizotypal
             personality disorder, 42 patients with other personality
             disorders (22 who also had two or more schizotypal
             personality traits and 20 who had fewer than two), and 37
             normal comparison subjects. Smooth pursuit eye tracking of
             sinusoidal and constant velocity targets was recorded by an
             infrared eye tracking system. Two raters evaluated pursuit
             gain and large and small saccades in the direction of the
             target and in the direction opposite to that of the target
             (quantitative ratings) and constant velocity (qualitative
             rating). RESULTS: Patients with schizotypal personality
             disorder and patients with other personality disorders and
             two or more schizotypal traits, but not those with fewer
             than two schizotypal traits, had significantly poorer
             qualitative ratings of tracking than the normal comparison
             subjects. Neither gain nor any of the saccadic measures
             significantly differed between groups. The number of large
             saccades in the direction of the target was the only
             quantitative variable that predicted low qualitative
             ratings. Qualitatively poor tracking was associated with the
             deficit-like, but not the psychotic-like, symptoms of
             schizotypal personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with
             schizotypal personality disorder demonstrate qualitatively
             poorer tracking than comparison groups, and the impaired
             tracking is associated with deficit-like
             symptoms.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.151.8.1209},
   Key = {fds273552}
}

@article{fds273383,
   Author = {Keefe, RS},
   Title = {The contribution of neuropsychology to psychiatry.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {152},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {6-15},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.1.6},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychological test data are applied with
             increasing frequency in research studies and clinical
             practice in psychiatry. This article addresses three popular
             assumptions about neuropsychological test data and describes
             the limitations and contributions of neuropsychological
             assessment of patients with psychiatric disorders. METHOD:
             All research articles from major journals in psychiatry and
             clinical psychology since 1991 that focused on
             neuropsychological assessment of psychiatric patients were
             reviewed. Other journals and earlier studies were reviewed
             selectively. RESULTS: Neuropsychological test data have made
             significant contributions to the development of hypotheses
             about abnormal brain structure and function in patients with
             psychiatric disorders, yet many findings from
             neuropsychological assessments of psychiatric patients are
             misinterpreted. The extent to which neuropsychological test
             data in psychiatric populations can be interpreted to
             reflect abnormalities in brain structure and function is
             frequently exaggerated, as is the ability of
             neuropsychological measures to serve as specific cognitive
             probes in imaging studies of physiological activation. On
             the other hand, the utility of neuropsychological test
             batteries as measures of the patterns of cognitive strength
             and deficit in individuals with specific psychiatric
             disorders is frequently underestimated. CONCLUSIONS: In
             addition to testing models of regional brain dysfunction in
             psychiatric disorders, neuropsychological tests can provide
             researchers in psychiatry with an improved understanding of
             the relation between central cognitive impairments and
             symptoms and serve to identify cognitive predictors of
             course of illness, and they may provide a method for
             discriminating among heterogeneous forms of some psychiatric
             disorders. Clinically, neuropsychological test data can be
             used to develop treatment strategies tailored for an
             individual's specific cognitive strengths and
             deficits.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.152.1.6},
   Key = {fds273383}
}

@article{fds273554,
   Author = {Yehuda, R and Keefe, RS and Harvey, PD and Levengood, RA and Gerber, DK and Geni, J and Siever, LJ},
   Title = {Learning and memory in combat veterans with posttraumatic
             stress disorder.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {152},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {137-139},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.1.137},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated a broad range of memory
             functions for stimuli unrelated to trauma to determine
             whether symptoms such as intrusive memories might reflect an
             underlying cognitive deficit unrelated to the psychological
             content of the traumatic memory in patients with
             posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD: The authors
             measured the intellectual functioning of 20 male combat
             veterans with PTSD and 12 normal comparison subjects using
             the WAIS and evaluated them for performance on memory using
             the California Verbal Learning Test. RESULTS: Veterans with
             PTSD showed normal abilities in the functions of initial
             attention, immediate memory, cumulative learning, and active
             interference from previous learning. However, these veterans
             showed a circumscribed cognitive deficit, manifested by the
             presence of substantial retroactive interference and
             revealed by a significant decrement in retention following
             exposure to an intervening word list. CONCLUSIONS: The data
             suggest that patients with PTSD may have fairly specific
             deficits in the monitoring and regulation of memory
             information.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.152.1.137},
   Key = {fds273554}
}

@article{fds273384,
   Author = {Davidson, M and Harvey, PD and Powchik, P and Parrella, M and White, L and Knobler, HY and Losonczy, MF and Keefe, RS and Katz, S and Frecska,
             E},
   Title = {Severity of symptoms in chronically institutionalized
             geriatric schizophrenic patients.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {152},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {197-207},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.2.197},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to characterize the
             symptoms of geriatric, chronically ill, institutionalized
             schizophrenic patients and investigate age-related
             differences in schizophrenic symptoms and cognitive
             performance from early adulthood to late senescence. METHOD:
             The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Mini-Mental
             State examination were used to assess the schizophrenic
             symptoms and cognitive performance, respectively, of 393
             institutionalized schizophrenic patients stratified into
             seven groups designated by 10-year age intervals from 25
             years to over 85 years. RESULTS: In the comparisons of the
             seven age groups, significant differences between groups in
             positive and negative subscale scores on the Positive and
             Negative Syndrome Scale and in Mini-Mental State scores were
             revealed. Significant correlations between Mini-Mental State
             scores and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale negative
             symptom scores, but not positive symptom scores, were found
             for all age groups, except for the youngest patients
             studied. Current treatment with neuroleptics and prior
             treatment with ECT, insulin coma, or leukotomy could not
             account for the poor cognitive performance of the older
             schizophrenic patients. CONCLUSIONS: The older schizophrenic
             patients continued to experience psychotic and nonpsychotic
             symptoms in senescence. Their positive symptoms were
             moderately less severe and their negative symptoms and
             cognitive impairment were significantly more severe than
             those of the younger patients. Somatic treatment appeared
             not to be responsible for the severe cognitive impairment
             and negative symptoms of the older patients. These data are
             relevant to chronically hospitalized geriatric schizophrenic
             patients but not necessarily to all geriatric schizophrenic
             patients.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.152.2.197},
   Key = {fds273384}
}

@article{fds327103,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Lees Roitman and S and Dupre, RL and Harvey, PD and Davis,
             KL and Mohs, RC},
   Title = {The relationship between working memory deficits and other
             measures sensitive to prefrontal dysfunction},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {123-123},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(95)95378-m},
   Doi = {10.1016/0920-9964(95)95378-m},
   Key = {fds327103}
}

@article{fds273553,
   Author = {Davidson, M and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {Cognitive impairment as a target for pharmacological
             treatment in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {123-129},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(95)00037-m},
   Doi = {10.1016/0920-9964(95)00037-m},
   Key = {fds273553}
}

@article{fds273555,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Roitman, SE and Harvey, PD and Blum, CS and DuPre, RL and Prieto, DM and Davidson, M and Davis, KL},
   Title = {A pen-and-paper human analogue of a monkey prefrontal cortex
             activation task: spatial working memory in patients with
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {25-33},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(95)00027-j},
   Abstract = {In order to pursue the hypothesis that the dorsolateral
             prefrontal cortex is a source of cognitive deficit in
             schizophrenia, we developed an easily administered
             pen-and-paper human analogue of a visuospatial working
             memory task that in non-human primates activates the neurons
             of Walker area 46 (Goldman-Rakic, 1987). Compared to normal
             controls, schizophrenic patients made significantly greater
             errors in identifying where a visuospatial stimulus had been
             presented to them 30 and 60 seconds earlier, and these
             differences were significantly greater than in an immediate
             recall condition. These data suggest that schizophrenic
             patients have visuospatial working memory deficits that are
             sensitive to pen-and-paper versions of the tasks that
             activate the Walker area 46 in non-human primates. The
             availability of an easily administered test that may be
             associated with the functioning of the prefrontal cortex may
             enable more specific assessment of this brain region in
             humans.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0920-9964(95)00027-j},
   Key = {fds273555}
}

@article{fds273381,
   Author = {Trestman, RL and Keefe, RS and Mitropoulou, V and Harvey, PD and deVegvar, ML and Lees-Roitman, S and Davidson, M and Aronson, A and Silverman, J and Siever, LJ},
   Title = {Cognitive function and biological correlates of cognitive
             performance in schizotypal personality disorder.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {127-136},
   Year = {1995},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1995TY65800014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {There is evidence that some schizophrenic patients have
             deficits on tests of cognitive function, particularly tests
             of executive function, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting
             Test (WCST) and the Trail-making Test, Part B. This study
             was conducted to determine the generalizability of these
             findings across the schizophrenia spectrum to schizotypal
             personality disorder (SPD). Forty DSM-III SPD patients, 56
             nonschizophrenia-related other personality disorder (OPD)
             patients, and 32 normal volunteers from two medical centers
             performed tests of executive function such as the WCST,
             Trail-making Part B, Stroop Word-Color Test, and Verbal
             Fluency, as well as tests of more general intellectual
             functioning such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale-Revised
             Vocabulary and Block Design subtests, and Trail-making Part
             A. SPD patients performed more poorly on the WCST and on
             Trail-making Part B than did OPD patients or normal
             subjects; the groups did not differ on tests of general
             intellectual functioning. SPD patients may share some of the
             cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0165-1781(95)02709-2},
   Key = {fds273381}
}

@article{fds327102,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Roitman, SEL and Dupre, RL and Harvey,
             PD},
   Title = {Laboratory and clinical tests of spatial working
             memory},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {XIII7-XIII7},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {February},
   Key = {fds327102}
}

@article{fds273385,
   Author = {Vocisano, C and Klein, DN and Keefe, RS and Dienst, ER and Kincaid,
             MM},
   Title = {Demographics, family history, premorbid functioning,
             developmental characteristics, and course of patients with
             deteriorated affective disorder.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {153},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {248-255},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.2.248},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study examined the
             characteristics of a group of unusual and previously
             undescribed patients with major affective disorder who not
             only had been continuously symptomatic for prolonged periods
             of time but were also so functionally impaired that they
             required years of continuous care in psychiatric facilities
             or by family members. METHOD: Twenty-seven inpatients with
             major mood disorders and 29 inpatients with schizophrenia
             were recruited from a large state hospital; 27 outpatients
             with major mood disorders were recruited from an affiliated
             outpatient facility. The research battery included the
             Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R--Patient
             Version, the Premorbid Adjustment Scale, and a
             semistructured interview designed to assess demographic,
             family history, developmental, and course information.
             RESULTS: Inpatients with deteriorated affective disorder
             differed from outpatients with nondeteriorated affective
             disorder along several important dimensions, including
             family history of mental illness, birth-related problems,
             physical disorders in infancy, premorbid functioning,
             presence of mixed episodes and rapid cycling, and medication
             non-compliance between hospitalizations. Inpatients with
             deteriorated affective disorder differed from inpatients
             with schizophrenia on the Premorbid Adjustment Scale.
             Patients with bipolar affective disorder differed from those
             with unipolar disorder on many of the variables associated
             with deterioration of functioning. CONCLUSIONS:
             Birth-related problems, physical disorders in infancy, and
             poor premorbid adjustment in childhood and adolescence
             appear to play an important role in deterioration of
             functioning among patients with unipolar depression.
             Disruption in treatment because of medication noncompliance
             and the appearance of mixed episodes and rapid cycling are
             associated with functional decline in bipolar affective
             disorder. Several characteristics previously considered
             specific to deterioration of functioning in schizophrenia,
             such as a high rate of birth complications and poor
             premorbid adjustment, appear to be associated with
             functional deterioration among patients with major
             depression as well.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.153.2.248},
   Key = {fds273385}
}

@article{fds273388,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Keefe, RSE and Mitroupolou, V and DuPre, R and Roitman,
             SL and Mohs, RC and Siever, LJ},
   Title = {Information-processing markers of vulnerability to
             schizophrenia: Performance of patients with schizotypal and
             nonschizotypal personality disorders},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {60},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {49-56},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(95)02764-5},
   Abstract = {Deficits in performance on tests of information processing
             have been proposed to be markers of vulnerability to
             schizophrenia. Very few of the previous studies of these
             information-processing deficits, however, have examined
             subjects who have clinical diagnoses of schizotypal
             personality disorders; most studies instead have focused on
             schizophrenic patients and their relatives or subjects
             selected on the basis of psychometric evidence of
             schizotypal traits. In this study, patients with DSM-III
             schizotypal (n = 29) and non-odd cluster (n = 33)
             personality disorders were examined With the Continuous
             Performance Test (CPT) and a backward masking test and
             compared with a group of normal volunteers (n = 31).
             Patients with schizotypal personality disorder manifested a
             specific deficit in performance, making significantly more
             errors of omission in the degraded stimulus condition of the
             CPT compared with the nondegraded condition, whereas non-odd
             cluster patients and the normal volunteers performed the
             same in both conditions. No differences in performance
             between the groups were found for any of the
             backward-masking measures. These data suggest that specific
             deficits in CPT performance, possibly reflecting reduced
             processing capacity or load responsiveness of the vigilance
             system, are associated with schizotypal personality disorder
             and fail to replicate previous studies finding
             backward-masking deficits in various nonclinical schizotypal
             populations.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0165-1781(95)02764-5},
   Key = {fds273388}
}

@article{fds327101,
   Author = {Roitman, SEL and Keefe, RSE and Dupre, RL and Siever,
             LJ},
   Title = {Visuospatial working memory in schizotypal personality
             disorder},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {266-266},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327101}
}

@article{fds273386,
   Author = {Siegel, BV and Trestman, RL and O'Flaithbheartaigh, S and Mitropoulou, V and Amin, F and Kirrane, R and Silverman, J and Schmeidler, J and Keefe, RS and Siever, LJ},
   Title = {D-amphetamine challenge effects on Wisconsin Card Sort Test.
             Performance in schizotypal personality disorder.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {20},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {29-32},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(95)00002-x},
   Abstract = {The authors assessed the effects on Wisconsin Card Sort
             (WCST) performance and psychiatric symptoms of 30 mg
             d-amphetamine, a dopamine and norepinephrine agonist, vs
             placebo in nine patients with schizotypal personality
             disorder (SPD). Patients, particularly those who made more
             perseverative errors, demonstrated amphetamine-associated
             improvement on WCST performance. The data in this
             preliminary study suggest that some of the cognitive
             dysfunction present in SPD may improve with amphetamine
             challenge.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0920-9964(95)00002-x},
   Key = {fds273386}
}

@article{fds273387,
   Author = {Epstein, JI and Keefe, RS and Roitman, SL and Harvey, PD and Mohs,
             RC},
   Title = {Impact of neuroleptic medications on continuous performance
             test measures in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {902-905},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0006-3223},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00588-9},
   Doi = {10.1016/0006-3223(95)00588-9},
   Key = {fds273387}
}

@article{fds273389,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Frescka, E and Apter, SH and Davidson, M and Macaluso, JM and Hirschowitz, J and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Clinical characteristics of Kraepelinian schizophrenia:
             replication and extension of previous findings.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {153},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {806-811},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.6.806},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Subtypologies of schizophrenia based on
             cross-sectional criteria, such as the nomenclature of the
             DSMs, have not been successful in identifying valid
             diagnostic subgroups among patients with schizophrenia. A
             subtypology that uses criteria to classify individuals on
             the basis of longitudinal deficits in self-care may identify
             a more valid subgroup of schizophrenic patients. METHOD:
             This study describes the clinical characteristics of a group
             of schizophrenic patients identified on the basis of a
             longitudinal criterion: at least 5 years of continuous and
             complete dependence on others for obtaining and maintaining
             the basic necessities of life, including food, clothing, and
             shelter. RESULTS: Sixty-one "Kraepelinian" schizophrenic
             inpatients, when compared to 80 non-Kraepelinian
             schizophrenic inpatients who were similar in years of
             illness, age, and education, demonstrated more severe
             negative symptoms and more severe formal thought disorder;
             yet the severity of their delusions, hallucinations, and
             bizarre behavior did not differ significantly. None of the
             Kraepelinian patients and eight non-Kraepelinian patients
             met DSM-III-R criteria for schizoaffective disorder.
             CONCLUSIONS: Data from this replication study suggest that
             Kraepelinian schizophrenic patients, identified on the basis
             of a longitudinal course characterized by severe
             dysfunctions in self-care, may represent an alternative, and
             possibly more valid, method of subtyping
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.153.6.806},
   Key = {fds273389}
}

@article{fds327100,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Cornblatt, BA},
   Title = {The neuropsychology of schizophrenia - David,AS,
             Cutting,JC},
   Journal = {Contemporary Psychology: a Journal of Reviews},
   Volume = {41},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {900-902},
   Publisher = {AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {September},
   Key = {fds327100}
}

@article{fds273390,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Davidson, M and White, L and Keefe, RS and Hirschowitz,
             J and Mohs, RC and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Empirical evaluation of the factorial structure of clinical
             symptoms in schizophrenia: effects of typical neuroleptics
             on the brief psychiatric rating scale.},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {40},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {755-760},
   Year = {1996},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0006-3223},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00486-6},
   Abstract = {There has been little investigation of the effect of
             neuroleptic medication on the structure of symptoms in
             schizophrenia. In this study, 135 male schizophrenic
             patients were rated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
             (BPRS) after 4 weeks of treatment with typical neuroleptic
             medication and after 2 weeks free of neuroleptics, with the
             order of assessment varying across patients. Confirmatory
             factor analyses (CFA) found that there were no differences
             in symptom structure across medication status and no
             differences in the structure of symptoms in treatment
             responders and nonresponders. The typical 5-factor BPRS
             model fit the data poorly and the fit improved considerably
             through deletion of items measuring symptoms not associated
             with schizophrenia, suggesting that some of the symptoms
             that contribute to a total BPRS score may be adding
             primarily error variance. Although the sample size in this
             study is limited, the results suggest that using total BPRS
             scores to measure severity of schizophrenic symptoms should
             be reconsidered.},
   Doi = {10.1016/0006-3223(95)00486-6},
   Key = {fds273390}
}

@article{fds273391,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and implications of
             atypical neuroleptic treatment},
   Journal = {Cns Spectrums},
   Volume = {2},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {41-55},
   Year = {1997},
   ISSN = {1092-8529},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900005034},
   Abstract = {Cognitive impairment is considered a central feature of
             schizophrenia. Many aspects of cognition are impaired in
             schizophrenia. Careful evaluation of the relationship
             between cognitive impairment and the other symptoms of
             schizophrenia has revealed several important findings. In
             this article, we discuss these findings, the effects of
             typical neuroleptic therapy on cognitive impairment, and
             important issues to address in cognitive enhancement studies
             in schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1017/S1092852900005034},
   Key = {fds273391}
}

@article{fds327099,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Courtney, M and McEvoy, JM},
   Title = {Self-monitoring deficits in schizophrenia: Autonoetic
             agnosia},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {110-110},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(97)82306-7},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(97)82306-7},
   Key = {fds327099}
}

@article{fds273392,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Silverman, JM and Mohs, RC and Siever, LJ and Harvey, PD and Friedman, L and Roitman, SE and DuPre, RL and Smith, CJ and Schmeidler,
             J and Davis, KL},
   Title = {Eye tracking, attention, and schizotypal symptoms in
             nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Archives of General Psychiatry},
   Volume = {54},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {169-176},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0003-990X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830140081014},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Biological relatives of patients with
             schizophrenia demonstrate an increased prevalence of
             schizotypal personality disorder symptoms, eye tracking
             deficits, and attentional disturbances. We investigated
             whether these hypothesized components of a
             schizophrenia-related phenotype are associated with one
             another or are independent in nonpsychotic relatives of
             patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Eighty-three
             nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of 38 patients with
             schizophrenia and 45 control subjects without a psychiatric
             diagnosis underwent clinical evaluation, eye tracking
             evaluation, and the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) of
             visual attention. RESULTS: Eye tracking qualitative rating
             was more powerful than quantitative eye tracking measures or
             CPT measures in discriminating relatives of patients with
             schizophrenia from control subjects. Correlations between
             neurocognitive variables and DSM-III-R schizotypal
             personality disorder symptom clusters suggested that CPT
             errors of omission are associated with positive schizotypal
             symptoms. Eye tracking measures were not significantly
             correlated with schizotypal symptoms or CPT errors in
             relatives of patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: Eye
             tracking deficits in the relatives of patients with
             schizophrenia are unrelated to CPT deficits and schizotypal
             symptoms. Eye tracking deficits and disturbances in visual
             attention may be separate components of a
             schizophrenia-related phenotype and should be considered as
             independent factors in genetic studies of
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830140081014},
   Key = {fds273392}
}

@article{fds327098,
   Author = {Roitman, SEL and Keefe, RSE and Mitropoulou, V and Dupre, RL and Siever,
             LJ},
   Title = {Visuospatial working memory in schizotypal personality
             disorder},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {355-355},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327098}
}

@article{fds273395,
   Author = {Roitman, SE and Cornblatt, BA and Bergman, A and Obuchowski, M and Mitropoulou, V and Keefe, RS and Silverman, JM and Siever,
             LJ},
   Title = {Attentional functioning in schizotypal personality
             disorder.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {154},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {655-660},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.5.655},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Previous research has shown biological,
             phenomenological, and cognitive similarities between
             schizophrenic patients and individuals with
             schizophrenia-related personality disorders and features.
             Evidence further suggests that of these common dysfunctions,
             abnormal attention is one of the most promising indicators
             of a biological susceptibility to schizophrenia-related
             disorders. Although attentional dysfunctions have been
             reliably detected in schizophrenic patients as well as in a
             variety of populations at risk for schizophrenia, few
             studies have investigated attention in clinical patients
             with schizotypal personality disorder. In this study, the
             extent of attentional impairment was assessed in subjects
             with schizotypal personality disorder, normal comparison
             subjects, patients with other personality disorders, and
             schizophrenic patients. METHOD: Thirty subjects with
             schizotypal personality disorder, 35 subjects with other
             personality disorders (i.e., clinic patients with non-odd
             cluster personality disorders), 36 subjects with
             schizophrenia, and 20 comparison subjects who did not meet
             criteria for any axis I or axis II disorder participated in
             this study. All subjects were diagnosed according to DSM-III
             criteria. Attention was assessed by using the Continuous
             Performance Test, Identical Pairs Version. RESULTS: Analyses
             indicated that subjects with schizotypal personality
             disorder, like schizophrenic subjects, performed
             significantly worse than comparison subjects on both the
             verbal and spatial tasks of the Continuous Performance Test,
             Identical Pairs Version. In contrast, patients with other
             personality disorders performed similarly to comparison
             subjects across conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These results
             suggest that patients with schizotypal personality disorder
             are impaired in their attentional functioning relative to
             normal comparison subjects and that they display deficits
             that are similar to the pattern characterizing schizophrenic
             patients.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.154.5.655},
   Key = {fds273395}
}

@article{fds273393,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Lees-Roitman, SE and Dupre, RL},
   Title = {Performance of patients with schizophrenia on a pen and
             paper visuospatial working memory task with short
             delay.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {9-14},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00037-6},
   Abstract = {Human and nonhuman primate data suggest that visuospatial
             working memory is mediated by a neural network that includes
             the prefrontal cortex. Simple working memory tasks are less
             complex than standard neuropsychological tests of frontal
             dysfunction. As such, they are less vulnerable to general
             performance factors such as amotivation and
             uncooperativeness in schizophrenic patients. These tasks
             thus hold promise as potential measures of frontal
             dysfunction in schizophrenia. However, the specific
             parameters of visuospatial working memory deficit in
             schizophrenia have not been established. This study assessed
             working memory functions in 18 schizophrenic patients and 28
             controls using a pen-and-paper analogue of a monkey
             prefrontal cortex activation task. Schizophrenic patients
             and controls performed similarly on a sensory-guided task
             that did not require working memory functions, yet
             schizophrenic patients performed significantly worse than
             controls on tasks that required subjects to retain
             visuospatial information for delay periods of 10 and 20 s.
             These data suggest that the working memory deficits in
             patients with schizophrenia begin to appear less than 10 s
             following encoding of visuospatial information and that
             these working memory deficits can be assessed with easily
             administered pen-and-paper tasks.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00037-6},
   Key = {fds273393}
}

@article{fds273394,
   Author = {Roitman, SE and Keefe, RS and Harvey, PD and Siever, LJ and Mohs,
             RC},
   Title = {Attentional and eye tracking deficits correlate with
             negative symptoms in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {139-146},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00044-3},
   Abstract = {Thirty patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia
             were assessed for severity of schizophrenic symptoms using
             the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and were tested on
             a Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and a smooth pursuit eye
             tracking task. Negative symptoms were significantly
             correlated with eye tracking impairment (r = 0.43, p < 0.01)
             and CPT deficits (r = 0.67, p < 0.001), but performance on
             neither task was correlated with positive symptoms. CPT
             performance and eye tracking performance were modestly
             correlated with each other (r = 0.39, p < 0.01) and CPT
             performance was found to be a stronger predictor of negative
             symptoms than eye tracking performance. These data indicate
             that neurocognitive markers of vulnerability to
             schizophrenia are associated with negative rather than
             positive symptoms.},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00044-3},
   Key = {fds273394}
}

@article{fds273396,
   Author = {Vocisano, C and Klein, DN and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {Lifetime comorbidity, lifetime history of psychosis and
             suicide attempts, and current symptoms of patients with
             deteriorated affective disorder.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {73},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {33-45},
   Year = {1997},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(97)00114-5},
   Abstract = {This study extends our prior research by examining the
             lifetime comorbidity, history of psychosis and suicide
             attempts, and current symptoms of an unusual group of
             patients with major affective disorders who have not only
             been symptomatic for prolonged periods but have also been so
             functionally impaired that they required years of care in
             psychiatric facilities or by family members. Twenty-seven of
             these deteriorated affective patients and 29 patients with
             deteriorated schizophrenia were recruited from a large state
             hospital; 27 patients with non-deteriorated affective
             disorder were recruited from an affiliated outpatient
             facility. Patients with deteriorated affective disorder, as
             compared to those with non-deteriorated affective disorder,
             were far more likely to have a history of psychotic symptoms
             with suicidal themes and a history of life-threatening
             suicide attempts and completed suicide. Deteriorated
             affective patients were also more likely to meet criteria
             for melancholia and to have attentional deficits, thought
             disorder and negative symptoms. The deteriorated and
             non-deteriorated affective groups had similar lifetime rates
             of psychotic symptoms (bizarre and non-bizarre) and lifetime
             psychiatric comorbidity. Functional deterioration in
             schizophrenia, as compared to functional deterioration in
             affective disorders, was distinguished by a virtual absence
             of psychotic symptoms with suicidal themes, lower lifetime
             rates of life-threatening suicide attempts, greater variety
             and severity of psychotic symptoms, and greater severity of
             current affective flattening, anhedonia-asociality and
             disorientation to time. The results of this study extend our
             previous research by demonstrating that patients with major
             mood disorders who have experienced extreme functional
             deterioration evidence a distinct constellation of symptoms
             that differentiates them from their better outcome peers
             with mood disorders, and from similarly functionally
             deteriorated patients with schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0165-1781(97)00114-5},
   Key = {fds273396}
}

@article{fds327097,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Courtney, M and Bayan, UJ and Harvey, PD and McEvoy,
             JM},
   Title = {Does autonoetic agnosia underlie specific psychotic symptoms
             in schizophrenia?},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {29},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {36-36},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(97)88379-x},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(97)88379-x},
   Key = {fds327097}
}

@article{fds273397,
   Author = {Davis, KL and Buchsbaum, MS and Shihabuddin, L and Spiegel-Cohen, J and Metzger, M and Frecska, E and Keefe, RS and Powchik,
             P},
   Title = {Ventricular enlargement in poor-outcome schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {43},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {783-793},
   Year = {1998},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0006-3223},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00553-2},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: A subset of patients with schizophrenia, defined
             on the basis of longitudinal deficits in self-care, may show
             a classic ("Kraepelinian") degenerative course. An
             independent validator of the phenomenologically defined
             Kraepelinian subtype might be provided by a structural
             indicator of possible brain degeneration: ventricular size
             as measured by computed tomography (CT). METHODS: To examine
             whether Kraepelinian patients would show a differential
             increase in ventricular size over time, two CT scans were
             conducted at intervals separated by > 4 years, an average of
             5 years. Fifty-three male patients with DSM-III-R diagnoses
             of chronic schizophrenia were subdivided into Kraepelinian
             (n = 22; mean age = 42 +/- 6 years) and non-Kraepelinian (n
             = 31; mean age = 38 +/- 12.2 years) subgroups. Kraepelinian
             patients were defined on the basis of longitudinal criteria:
             > 5 years of complete dependence on others for life
             necessities and care, lack of employment, and sustained
             symptomatology. Thirteen normal elderly volunteers (mean age
             = 60 +/- 17.8) were also scanned at 4-year intervals. CT
             measurements were made by raters without knowledge of
             subgroup membership. A semiautomated computer program was
             used to trace the anterior horn, lateral ventricles, and
             temporal horns for each slice level on which they were
             clearly seen. RESULTS: The ventricles showed a bilateral
             increase in size over the 4-year interval in the
             Kraepelinian subgroup, more marked in the left hemisphere
             than the right. By contrast, neither the non-Kraepelinian
             subgroup nor the normal volunteers showed significant CT
             changes from scan 1 to scan 2. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the
             longitudinal dysfunctions in self-care that characterize the
             Kraepelinian patients were associated with an independent
             indicator of brain abnormality.},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00553-2},
   Key = {fds273397}
}

@article{fds273399,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Silva, SG and Perkins, DO and Lieberman,
             JA},
   Title = {The effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on
             neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a review and
             meta-analysis.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {25},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {201-222},
   Year = {1999},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10416727},
   Abstract = {Cognitive deficits are a fundamental feature of the
             psychopathology of schizophrenia. Yet the effect of
             treatment on this dimension of the illness has been unclear.
             Atypical antipsychotic medications have been reported to
             reduce the neurocognitive impairment associated with
             schizophrenia. However, studies of the pattern and degree of
             cognitive improvement with these compounds have been
             methodologically limited and have produced variable results,
             and few findings have been replicated. To clarify our
             understanding of the effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs
             on neurocognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia,
             we have (1) reported on newly established standards for
             research design in studies of treatment effects on cognitive
             function in schizophrenia, (2) reviewed the literature on
             this topic and determined the extent to which 15 studies on
             the effect of atypical antipsychotics met these standards,
             (3) performed a meta-analysis of the 15 studies, which
             suggested general cognitive enhancement with atypical
             antipsychotics, and (4) described the pharmacological
             profile of these agents and considered the pharmacological
             basis for their effects on neurocognition. Finally, we
             suggest directions for the development of new therapeutic
             strategies.},
   Doi = {10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033374},
   Key = {fds273399}
}

@article{fds273401,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Bollini, AM and Silva, SG},
   Title = {Do novel antipsychotics improve cognition? A report of a
             meta-analysis},
   Journal = {Psychiatric Annals},
   Volume = {29},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {623-629},
   Publisher = {SLACK INC},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19991101-08},
   Doi = {10.3928/0048-5713-19991101-08},
   Key = {fds273401}
}

@article{fds327096,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Bollini, AM and Courtney, MC and Wilson, WH and McEvoy,
             JP},
   Title = {Successful treatment of self-monitoring deficits predicts
             psychotic symptom decrease},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {36},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {172-172},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327096}
}

@article{fds273398,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Arnold, MC and Bayen, UJ and Harvey,
             PD},
   Title = {Source monitoring deficits in patients with schizophrenia; a
             multinomial modelling analysis.},
   Journal = {Psychological Medicine},
   Volume = {29},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {903-914},
   Year = {1999},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0033-2917},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799008673},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia patients, particularly those with
             symptoms such as thought insertion, passivity experiences
             and hallucinations, may share an underlying cognitive
             deficit in monitoring the generation of their own thoughts.
             This deficit, which has been referred to as 'autonoetic
             agnosia', may result in the conclusion that self-generated
             thoughts come from an external source. Previous work
             supports this notion, yet the statistical approaches that
             have been used have not enabled a distinction between
             specific deficits suggesting autonoetic agnosia and more
             general cognitive dysfunction. METHODS: Autonoetic agnosia
             was assessed using source-monitoring paradigms in 28
             patients with schizophrenia and 19 control subjects.
             Multinomial model analyses, which allow the distinction
             between deficits in recognizing information, remembering its
             source, and response biases, were applied to the data.
             RESULTS: Schizophrenia patients were impaired in
             discriminating between words that came from two external
             sources, from two internal sources, and one internal and one
             external source. In a condition requiring subjects to
             distinguish between words they had heard from those they had
             imagined hearing, when schizophrenic patients did not
             remember the source of the information, they showed a
             stronger bias than controls to report that it had come from
             an external source. CONCLUSIONS: The application of
             multinomial models to source monitoring data suggests that
             schizophrenia patients have source monitoring deficits that
             are not limited to the distinction between
             internally-generated and externally-perceived information.
             However, when schizophrenia patients do not remember the
             source of information, they may be more likely than controls
             to report that it came from an external source.},
   Doi = {10.1017/s0033291799008673},
   Key = {fds273398}
}

@article{fds273400,
   Author = {Roitman, SE and Mitropoulou, V and Keefe, RS and Silverman, JM and Serby, M and Harvey, PD and Reynolds, DA and Mohs, RC and Siever,
             LJ},
   Title = {Visuospatial working memory in schizotypal personality
             disorder patients.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {41},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {447-455},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00085-7},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognitive processing deficits have been
             identified as an abnormality that schizotypal personality
             disorder (SPD) individuals share with schizophrenic
             patients. It has been hypothesized that impaired working
             memory may be a critical component of several of the more
             complex cognitive deficits found in schizophrenia spectrum
             patients. METHOD: 18 DSM-III-R SPD patients, and 17 normal
             comparison subjects were compared on a pen and paper
             visuospatial working memory task. Moreover, we identified a
             second psychiatric comparison group comprised of nine
             patients with other, non-odd cluster personality disorder
             diagnoses who met no more than one of the SPD criteria and
             were also tested on the same task. Each person was given 14
             immediate recall trials and 10 trials using a 10 s delay.
             RESULTS: SPD patients performed significantly worse than
             normal control subjects on the working memory task. SPD
             patients also performed significantly worse compared to the
             non-schizophrenia-related personality disorder psychiatric
             comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: Like schizophrenic patients,
             SPD patients demonstrate working memory impairment compared
             to normal controls. This impairment may be specific to the
             schizophrenia-related personality disorders.},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00085-7},
   Key = {fds273400}
}

@article{fds273402,
   Author = {Bollini, AM and Arnold, MC and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {Test-retest reliability of the dot test of visuospatial
             working memory in patients with schizophrenia and
             controls.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {45},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {169-173},
   Year = {2000},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00216-9},
   Abstract = {To determine the test-retest reliability of the Dot Test of
             Visuospatial Working Memory, this task was administered to
             29 patients with schizophrenia and 19 normal controls on two
             consecutive days. The test involved "copying" trials
             followed by "delay" recall trials. For "copying" trials,
             subjects saw a dot and then drew it on a blank sheet of
             paper. For "delay" trials, subjects drew the dot following a
             10-, 20-, or 30-s delay. The distance between the stimulus
             and the drawn dot was measured for each trial. The composite
             score, termed "working memory deficit," is calculated by
             subtracting the average of the copying trials from the
             average of the delay trials. Pearson correlations revealed
             that overall performance in each group was comparable for
             days 1 and 2. Intra-class correlations of "working memory
             deficit" on days 1 and 2 were moderate in patients and
             controls, suggesting that task performance for each subject
             was similar on the testing days. Test-retest reliability
             tended to be higher for 10-s delay performance in patients
             and controls than for longer delay periods. Further analyses
             suggested that there was no significant learning effect on
             the task from day 1 to day 2 for either group on any
             measure. The Dot Test of Visuospatial Working Memory,
             especially the composite score, has moderate test-retest
             reliability and is a valuable tool that can be used to
             assess working memory functions in studies using a
             repeated-measures design.},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00216-9},
   Key = {fds273402}
}

@article{fds354410,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Seidman, LJ and Christensen, BK and Yurgelun-Todd, DA and Lewine, RR and Sitskoorn, MM and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Treatment of neurocognitive deficits with olanzapine or
             low-dose haloperidol in first episode psychosis},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {234-234},
   Year = {2001},
   Key = {fds354410}
}

@article{fds273403,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {Studies of cognitive change in patients with schizophrenia
             following novel antipsychotic treatment.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {158},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {176-184},
   Year = {2001},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.2.176},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Novel antipsychotic medications have been
             reported to have beneficial effects on cognitive functioning
             in patients with schizophrenia. However, these effects have
             been assessed in studies with considerable variation in
             methodology. A large number of investigator-initiated and
             industry-sponsored clinical trials are currently underway to
             determine the effect of various novel antipsychotics on
             cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia. The
             ability to discriminate between high- and low-quality
             studies will be required to understand the true implications
             of these studies and their relevance to clinical practice.
             METHOD: This article addresses several aspects of research
             on cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia, emphasizing how
             the assessment of cognitive function in clinical trials
             requires certain standards of study design to lead to
             interpretable results. RESULTS: Novel antipsychotic
             medications appear to have preliminary promise for the
             enhancement of cognitive functioning. However, the
             methodology for assessing the treatment of cognitive
             deficits is still being developed. CONCLUSIONS: Researchers
             and clinicians alike need to approach publications in this
             area with a watchful eye toward methodological weaknesses
             that limit the interpretability of findings.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.158.2.176},
   Key = {fds273403}
}

@article{fds273404,
   Author = {Conway, CR and Bollini, AM and Graham, BG and Keefe, RSE and Schiffman,
             SS and McEvoy, JP},
   Title = {Sensory acuity and reasoning in delusional
             disorder.},
   Journal = {Comprehensive Psychiatry},
   Volume = {43},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {175-178},
   Year = {2002},
   ISSN = {0010-440X},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11994833},
   Abstract = {Systematic research on delusional disorder (DD) is limited.
             The goal of this study was to assess DD patients in the
             following areas: sensory capacities, decision-making style,
             and complex reasoning. Ten DD patients and 10 matched normal
             controls completed the following (1) smell, taste, and
             vision testing; (2) a probabilistic inference test in which
             subjects made probability decisions; and (3) a gambling task
             assessing complex reasoning. No significant difference was
             found between DD subjects and normals for taste acuity,
             olfactory acuity, or olfactory discrimination. No difference
             in visual acuity was noted, but sample size was limited. In
             addition, DD subjects required significantly less data to
             make probability decisions than normal controls. Despite
             using less data, DD subjects were as certain as controls
             regarding the accuracy of their decisions. As for complex
             reasoning, DD subjects performed as well as normal controls,
             but tended to surmise the purpose of the task sooner than
             normals, a difference that approached significance. In
             conclusion, these results suggest no differences between DD
             and normal subjects regarding olfaction, taste, and vision.
             The reasoning studies suggest that DD subjects may have a
             "cognitive set" that predisposes them to make conclusions
             with significantly less data than normals. Further, the
             study suggests that this reasoning difference generalizes to
             events outside the DD subjects' delusional realm and can be
             evoked in an experimental environment.},
   Doi = {10.1053/comp.2002.32358},
   Key = {fds273404}
}

@article{fds273406,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {[The evaluation of cognitive dysfunctions in
             schizophrenia].},
   Journal = {L'Encephale},
   Volume = {28 Spec No 2 Pt 2},
   Number = {5 II},
   Pages = {S11-S13},
   Year = {2002},
   ISSN = {0013-7006},
   Key = {fds273406}
}

@article{fds273405,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Arnold, MC and Bayen, UJ and McEvoy, JP and Wilson,
             WH},
   Title = {Source-monitoring deficits for self-generated stimuli in
             schizophrenia: multinomial modeling of data from three
             sources.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {51-67},
   Year = {2002},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165376},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Schizophrenia patients, particularly those
             with specific types of hallucinations and delusions, may
             have a deficit in monitoring the generation of thought. This
             deficit, termed autonoetic agnosia, may result in the
             conclusion that self-generated thoughts come from an
             external source. METHODS: This study assessed autonoetic
             agnosia in 29 schizophrenic patients and 19 controls by
             applying a recently developed technique from cognitive
             science: multinomial modeling of source-monitoring data.
             RESULTS: Schizophrenic patients demonstrated deficits in
             monitoring the source of self-generated information, yet
             performed similarly to controls in monitoring the source of
             visual and auditory information. Schizophrenic patients with
             specific "target" symptoms such as auditory hallucinations
             and thought insertion had greater deficits than other
             patients in recognizing self-generated information.
             CONCLUSION: This study offers partial support for the notion
             that schizophrenic patients manifest autonoetic
             agnosia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00306-1},
   Key = {fds273405}
}

@article{fds273408,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Mohs, RC and Bilder, RM and Harvey, PD and Green, MF and Meltzer, HY and Gold, JM and Sano, M},
   Title = {Neurocognitive assessment in the Clinical Antipsychotic
             Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) project
             schizophrenia trial: development, methodology, and
             rationale.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {29},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {45-55},
   Year = {2003},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006990},
   Abstract = {Patients with schizophrenia are severely impaired in crucial
             aspects of neurocognitive function. This impairment is the
             strongest clinical correlate of poor long-term outcome and
             adaptive dysfunction. Reports of neurocognitive enhancement
             with second generation antipsychotic medications have thus
             offered promise for improvement in the long-term outcome of
             patients with schizophrenia. However, the majority of these
             studies have had serious weaknesses in methodology, such as
             open-label design, small samples, or inappropriate dosing of
             medications. More recent studies have addressed these
             methodological issues but have been of short duration and
             have largely been sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. The
             Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness
             (CATIE) project is a unique opportunity to address the
             comparative neurocognitive effectiveness of available
             antipsychotic medications. This article describes the
             neurocognitive methods used in the schizophrenia trial of
             the CATIE project, including the selection and training of
             neurocognitive raters, patient inclusion criteria for
             assessment, rationale for the choice of neurocognitive
             instruments, and methodology for each neurocognitive
             test.},
   Doi = {10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006990},
   Key = {fds273408}
}

@article{fds354407,
   Author = {Yurgelun-Todd, DA and Renshaw, PF and Wei, H and Keefe, RS and Charles,
             HC and Tohen, M and Liebermann, JA},
   Title = {Improved attention is associated with reductions in frontal
             lobe lactate levels in first episode psychosis},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {60},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {318-318},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(03)80271-2},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(03)80271-2},
   Key = {fds354407}
}

@article{fds354408,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Seidman, LJ and Christensen, B and Hamer, RM and Yurgelun-Todd, D and Lewine, R and Sitskoorn, M and Sharma, T and Tohen,
             M and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Neurocognitive effects of olanzapine and low-dose
             haloperidol: A two-year treatment study in first episode
             psychosis},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {60},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {289-289},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(03)80477-2},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(03)80477-2},
   Key = {fds354408}
}

@article{fds354409,
   Author = {Breier, A and Keefe, RS and Young, CA and Purdon, SE and Gold, JM and Davis, KL},
   Title = {A one-year double-blind comparison of the neurocognitive
             efficacy of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in
             patients with schizophrenia},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {60},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {274-275},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(03)80434-6},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(03)80434-6},
   Key = {fds354409}
}

@article{fds327095,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Seidman, LJ and Christensen, BK and Hamer, RM and Yurgelun-Todd, DA and Lewine, RRJ and Sitskoorn, MM and Sharma, T and Tohen, M and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Neurocognitive effects of olanzapine and low-dose
             haloperidol: A two-year treatment study in first episode
             psychosis},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {26S-26S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327095}
}

@article{fds326768,
   Author = {Yurgelun-Todd, DA and Renshaw, PF and Wei, H and Keefe, RSE and Charles,
             HC and Tohen, M and Seidman, LJ and Christensen, BK and Hamer, RM and Sharma, T and Sitskoorn, MM and Gur, RC and Tollefson, GD and Lieberman,
             JA},
   Title = {Improved attention is associated with reductions in frontal
             lobe lactate levels in first episode psychosis},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {156S-156S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds326768}
}

@article{fds273407,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Poe, MP and McEvoy, JP and Vaughan,
             A},
   Title = {Source monitoring improvement in patients with schizophrenia
             receiving antipsychotic medications.},
   Journal = {Psychopharmacology},
   Volume = {169},
   Number = {3-4},
   Pages = {383-389},
   Year = {2003},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0033-3158},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12759802},
   Abstract = {RATIONALE: The absence of a relationship between cognitive
             deficit treatment response and positive symptom treatment
             response is often assumed, and few data have shed light on
             this issue. Most of these data have been collected using
             standard neuropsychological measures, which are ill-designed
             to assess the types of neurocognitive disturbances
             associated with psychotic symptoms. This study investigates
             the effect of treatment on source monitoring performance and
             its relation to the reduction of certain psychotic symptoms
             associated with the inability to identify self-generated
             mental events, known as "autonoetic agnosia". OBJECTIVES: To
             determine whether risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol
             were differentially effective in reducing autonoetic agnosia
             and whether changes in this aspect of cognition were related
             to reduction of specific symptoms of psychosis. METHODS:
             From a cohort of 49 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia by
             DSM-IV criteria and randomly assigned to double-blind
             treatment with risperidone, olanzapine, or haloperidol, 16
             patients were identified with symptoms believed to reflect
             autonoetic agnosia ("target symptoms") as assessed with the
             Schneiderian Symptom Rating Scale, and then evaluated during
             a baseline period, and then at 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Autonoetic
             agnosia was assessed as the ability of a patient to
             distinguish self-generated words from both
             experimenter-generated words and pictorially presented
             words. RESULTS: Analysis of patients from all treatment
             groups found a significant reduction in the number of
             "target" Schneiderian symptoms. Discrimination for items
             from the self-generated and heard sources significantly
             improved with treatment, as did the number of self-generated
             items that patients remembered as coming from the heard
             source ("self-hear errors"). The correlation between
             improvement in recognition of self-generated items and
             reduction in target Schneiderian symptoms after 2 weeks of
             treatment suggested a modest relationship between symptom
             improvement and changes in autonoetic agnosia. CONCLUSIONS:
             While the differences between medications were not
             statistically significant, antipsychotic medication in
             general was associated with improvements in symptoms and
             cognitive deficits that may underlie autonoetic agnosia.
             Improvement of autonoetic agnosia was a weak predictor of
             positive symptom improvement in a limited
             sample.},
   Doi = {10.1007/s00213-003-1476-0},
   Key = {fds273407}
}

@article{fds354403,
   Author = {Perkins, D and Gu, HB and Zipursky, RB and Christensen, BK and Dixon, V and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {Neurocognitive function in individuals "at-risk" for
             psychosis},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {29},
   Pages = {S220-S220},
   Year = {2004},
   Key = {fds354403}
}

@article{fds354406,
   Author = {Keefe, RS and Eesley, CE and Poe, MP},
   Title = {Defining a cognitive function decrement in
             schizophrenia},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {55},
   Pages = {41S-41S},
   Year = {2004},
   Key = {fds354406}
}

@article{fds355041,
   Author = {Hawkins, KA and Addington, J and Keefe, RS and Christensen, B and Woods,
             SW and Miller, TJ and Trzaskoma, QN and Breier, A and Zipursky, RB and Perkins, DO},
   Title = {Effect of olanzapine versus placebo on the
             neuropsychological status of prodromal subjects},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {205-205},
   Year = {2004},
   Key = {fds355041}
}

@article{fds337109,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Goldberg, TE and Harvey, PD and Gold, JM and Poe, M and Coughenour, L},
   Title = {The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia:
             Reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard
             neurocognitive battery},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {263-263},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {February},
   Key = {fds337109}
}

@article{fds327091,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Seidman, LJ and Christensen, B and Hamer, RM and Yurgelun-Todd, D},
   Title = {Neurocognitive effects of olanzapine and low-dose
             haloperidol: A two-year treatment study in first episode
             psychosis},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {206-206},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {February},
   Key = {fds327091}
}

@article{fds327092,
   Author = {Marquez, EM and Keefe, RSE and Purdon, SE and Rock, SL and Alaka, KJ and Ahmed, S and Mohs, RC},
   Title = {Is cognitive improvement with antipsychotic treatment
             pseudospecific?},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {207-207},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {February},
   Key = {fds327092}
}

@article{fds327093,
   Author = {Mohs, RC and Alaka, KJ and Keefe, RSE and Purdon, SE and Rock, SL and Wei,
             H and Marquez, EM and Ahmed, S},
   Title = {Functional outcomes and characteristics of olanzapine
             cognitive super-responders},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {207-208},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {February},
   Key = {fds327093}
}

@article{fds327094,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {The functional hurdle: Connecting through
             cognition},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {277-277},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {February},
   Key = {fds327094}
}

@article{fds273409,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Green, MF and Keefe, RSE and Velligan,
             DI},
   Title = {Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: a consensus
             statement on its role in the definition and evaluation of
             effective treatments for the illness.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {65},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {361-372},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0160-6689},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v65n0312},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Truly effective treatments for schizophrenia
             require much more than clinical efficacy. Symptom
             improvement is all that is required to demonstrate clinical
             efficacy. However, for a treatment to be effective in a
             wide-ranging manner, improvement in various life domains,
             such as social functioning, independent living, and
             employment, should also be found. Thus, a much wider range
             of improvements, not widely produced by previous treatments,
             is required to take treatment for schizophrenia to a new
             level of effectiveness. CONSENSUS PROCESS: A teleconference
             consensus meeting was held with the bylined authors on
             December 10, 2002, to explore the factors that hinder the
             most effective treatments for schizophrenia. We argue that a
             possible unifying factor underlying these apparently
             disparate domains of effective treatment is cognitive
             functioning, which is impaired in people with schizophrenia.
             Treatment of cognitive dysfunction may have a central role
             in increasing the breadth of effective treatment for
             schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: Novel antipsychotics and
             specific cognitive-enhancing medications have preliminarily
             been shown to have cognitive benefits that might lead to
             broader effectiveness of treatments, eventually reflected in
             improvements in the daily lives of patients. These
             treatments may have their greatest impact when combined with
             focused psychological interventions. While the research to
             date does not provide a large number of successes, this area
             will be one of considerable research interest for the next
             decade, with developments likely to be very important to
             clinicians treating patients with schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.4088/JCP.v65n0312},
   Key = {fds273409}
}

@article{fds327090,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Cognition and the concept of schizotaxia},
   Journal = {European Psychiatry},
   Volume = {19},
   Pages = {114S-114S},
   Publisher = {EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327090}
}

@article{fds273410,
   Author = {Hawkins, KA and Addington, J and Keefe, RSE and Christensen, B and Perkins, DO and Zipurksy, R and Woods, SW and Miller, TJ and Marquez, E and Breier, A and McGlashan, TH},
   Title = {Neuropsychological status of subjects at high risk for a
             first episode of psychosis.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {115-122},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.007},
   Abstract = {Thirty-six subjects aged 16 years or older judged at risk
             for a first episode of psychosis within a North American
             multi-site study of the schizophrenia prodrome [McGlashan et
             al., Schizophr. Res. (2003); Miller et al., Schizophr. Res.
             (2003)] performed at levels intermediate to population norms
             and data reported for schizophrenia samples on a
             comprehensive neuropsychological exam. In the context of
             normal intelligence, this intermediate status suggests that,
             as a group, these subjects are not fully normal in
             neuropsychological functioning. Conversely, the finding that
             they do not show the levels of impairment commonly observed
             in schizophrenia, including within the first episode,
             suggests that prodromal interventions might conceivably
             prevent, delay, or lessen the severity of declines
             associated with first psychotic episodes.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.007},
   Key = {fds273410}
}

@article{fds327086,
   Author = {Sharma, T and Harvey, PD and Kumari, V and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia: Ending the
             therapeutic nihilism},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {55},
   Pages = {151S-151S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327086}
}

@article{fds327087,
   Author = {Hawkins, KA and Addington, J and Keefe, RSE and Christensen, BK and Woods, SW and Miller, TJ and Trzaskoma, QN and Breier, A and Zipursky,
             RB and Perkins, DO and McGlashan, TH},
   Title = {Effect of olanzapine versus placebo on the
             neuropsychological status of prodromal subjects},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {55},
   Pages = {27S-27S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327087}
}

@article{fds327088,
   Author = {Marquez, E and Keefe, RSE and Purdon, SE and Rock, SL and Alaka, KJ and Ahmed, S and Mohs, RC},
   Title = {The relationship of cognition changes and other symptoms
             following antipsychotic treatment},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {55},
   Pages = {175S-175S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327088}
}

@article{fds327089,
   Author = {Narendran, R and Frankle, WG and Keefe, RSE and Gil, RB and Martinez, D and Kegeles, LS and Talbot, PS and Huang, YY and Hwang, DR and Keilp, JG and Khenissi, L and Cooper, TB and Caton, C and Laruelle, M and Abi-Dargham,
             A},
   Title = {PET imaging of prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in chronic
             ketamine human abusers: A model for schizophrenia},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {55},
   Pages = {19S-20S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327089}
}

@article{fds327084,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Treatment of cognitive deficits in first episode
             schizophrenia},
   Journal = {The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {7},
   Pages = {S87-S87},
   Publisher = {CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {June},
   Key = {fds327084}
}

@article{fds327085,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Cognition as a key to alliance, adherence, and functional
             outcomes},
   Journal = {The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {7},
   Pages = {S106-S106},
   Publisher = {CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {June},
   Key = {fds327085}
}

@article{fds354404,
   Author = {Marquez, EM and Keefe, RS and Purdon, SE and Rock, SL and Alaka, K and Ahmed, S and Mohs, RC},
   Title = {Is cognitive improvement with antipsychotic treatment
             pseudospecific?},
   Journal = {The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {7},
   Pages = {S394-S394},
   Publisher = {CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {June},
   Key = {fds354404}
}

@article{fds354405,
   Author = {Sethuraman, G and Ahmed, S and Rock, SL and Young, CA and Marquez, EM and Purdon, SE and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {Can the panss cognitive factor be a valid surrogate for
             neurocognition in schizophrenia?},
   Journal = {The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {7},
   Pages = {S226-S226},
   Publisher = {CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {June},
   Key = {fds354405}
}

@article{fds273412,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Seidman, LJ and Christensen, BK and Hamer, RM and Sharma,
             T and Sitskoorn, MM and Lewine, RRJ and Yurgelun-Todd, DA and Gur, RC and Tohen, M and Tollefson, GD and Sanger, TM and Lieberman,
             JA},
   Title = {Comparative effect of atypical and conventional
             antipsychotic drugs on neurocognition in first-episode
             psychosis: a randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine
             versus low doses of haloperidol.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {161},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {985-995},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15169686},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The effect of antipsychotic medication on
             neurocognitive function remains controversial, especially
             since most previous work has compared the effects of novel
             antipsychotic medications with those of high doses of
             conventional medications. This study compares the
             neurocognitive effects of olanzapine and low doses of
             haloperidol in patients with first-episode psychosis.
             METHOD: Patients with a first episode of schizophrenia,
             schizoaffective disorder, or schizophreniform disorder
             (N=167) were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment
             with olanzapine (mean modal dose= 9.63 mg/day) or
             haloperidol (mean modal dose=4.60 mg/day) for the 12-week
             acute phase of a 2-year study. The patients were assessed
             with a battery of neurocognitive tests at baseline and 12
             weeks after beginning treatment. RESULTS: An unweighted
             neurocognitive composite score, composed of measures of
             verbal fluency, motor functions, working memory, verbal
             memory, and vigilance, improved significantly with both
             haloperidol and olanzapine treatment (effect sizes of 0.20
             and 0.36, respectively, no significant difference between
             groups). A weighted composite score developed from a
             principal-component analysis of the same measures improved
             to a significantly greater degree with olanzapine, compared
             with haloperidol. Anticholinergic use, extrapyramidal
             symptoms, and estimated IQ had little effect on the
             statistical differentiation of the medications, although
             duration of illness had a modest effect. The correlations of
             cognitive improvement with changes in clinical
             characteristics and with side effects of treatment were
             significant for patients who received haloperidol but not
             for patients who received olanzapine. CONCLUSIONS:
             Olanzapine has a beneficial effect on neurocognitive
             function in patients with a first episode of psychosis.
             However, in a comparison of the effects of olanzapine and
             low doses of haloperidol, the difference in benefit is
             small.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.161.6.985},
   Key = {fds273412}
}

@article{fds273413,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Goldberg, TE and Harvey, PD and Gold, JM and Poe, MP and Coughenour, L},
   Title = {The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia:
             reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard
             neurocognitive battery.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {68},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {283-297},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011},
   Abstract = {Studies of neurocognitive function in patients with
             schizophrenia use widely variable assessment techniques.
             Clinical trials assessing the cognitive enhancing effect of
             new medications have used neurocognitive assessment
             batteries that differed in content, length and
             administration procedures. The Brief Assessment of Cognition
             in Schizophrenia (BACS) is a newly developed instrument that
             assesses the aspects of cognition found to be most impaired
             and most strongly correlated with outcome in patients with
             schizophrenia. The BACS requires less than 35 min to
             complete in patients with schizophrenia, yields a high
             completion rate in these patients, and has high reliability.
             The BACS was found to be as sensitive to cognitive
             impairment in patients with schizophrenia as a standard
             battery of tests that required over 2 h to administer.
             Compared to healthy controls matched for age and parental
             education, patients with schizophrenia performed 1.49
             standard deviations lower on a composite score calculated
             from the BACS and 1.61 standard deviations lower on a
             composite score calculated from the standard battery. The
             BACS composite scores were highly correlated with the
             standard battery composite scores in patients (r=0.76) and
             healthy controls (r=0.90). These psychometric properties
             make the BACS a promising tool for assessing cognition
             repeatedly in patients with schizophrenia, especially in
             clinical trials of cognitive enhancement.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011},
   Key = {fds273413}
}

@article{fds273411,
   Author = {Green, MF and Nuechterlein, KH and Gold, JM and Barch, DM and Cohen, J and Essock, S and Fenton, WS and Frese, F and Goldberg, TE and Heaton, RK and Keefe, RSE and Kern, RS and Kraemer, H and Stover, E and Weinberger, DR and Zalcman, S and Marder, SR},
   Title = {Approaching a consensus cognitive battery for clinical
             trials in schizophrenia: the NIMH-MATRICS conference to
             select cognitive domains and test criteria.},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {56},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {301-307},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0006-3223},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.023},
   Abstract = {To stimulate the development of new drugs for the cognitive
             deficits of schizophrenia, the National Institute of Mental
             Health (NIMH) established the Measurement and Treatment
             Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS)
             initiative. This article presents an overview of decisions
             from the first MATRICS consensus conference. The goals of
             the meeting were to 1) identify the cognitive domains that
             should be represented in a consensus cognitive battery and
             2) prioritize key criteria for selection of tests for the
             battery. Seven cognitive domains were selected based on a
             review of the literature and input from experts: working
             memory, attention/vigilance, verbal learning and memory,
             visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving,
             speed of processing, and social cognition. Based on
             discussions at this meeting, five criteria were considered
             essential for test selection: good test-retest reliability,
             high utility as a repeated measure, relationship to
             functional outcome, potential response to pharmacologic
             agents, and practicality/tolerability. The results from this
             meeting constitute the initial steps for reaching a
             consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials in
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.023},
   Key = {fds273411}
}

@article{fds327083,
   Author = {Sethuraman, G and Ahmed, S and Rock, SL and Young, CA and Marquez, EM and Purdon, SE and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {P.2.137 Can the PANSS cognitive factor be a validsurrogate
             for neurocognon in schizophrenia?},
   Journal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {14},
   Pages = {S292-S293},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2004},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(04)80357-2},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0924-977x(04)80357-2},
   Key = {fds327083}
}

@article{fds354402,
   Author = {Lieberman, JA and Stroup, TS and McEvoy, JP and Swartz, MS and Rosenheck, RA and Perkins, DO and Keefe, RS and Davis, SM and Davis, CE and Lebowitz, B and Hsiao, J and Severe, J},
   Title = {Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with
             chronic schizophrenia: Primary efficacy and safety outcomes
             of the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention
             effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {30},
   Pages = {S32-S32},
   Year = {2005},
   Key = {fds354402}
}

@article{fds273414,
   Author = {Buchanan, RW and Davis, M and Goff, D and Green, MF and Keefe, RSE and Leon, AC and Nuechterlein, KH and Laughren, T and Levin, R and Stover,
             E and Fenton, W and Marder, SR},
   Title = {A summary of the FDA-NIMH-MATRICS workshop on clinical trial
             design for neurocognitive drugs for schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {31},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {5-19},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi020},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: On April 23, 2004, a joint meeting of the FDA,
             NIMH, MATRICS investigators, and experts from academia and
             the pharmaceutical industry was convened to develop
             guidelines for the design of clinical trials of
             cognitive-enhancing drugs for neurocognitive impairments in
             patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: Experts were asked to
             address specific questions relating to clinical trial design
             of adjunctive/co-treatment and broad spectrum agents. At the
             workshop, experts reviewed relevant evidence before offering
             the discussion panel proposed guidelines for a given subset
             of questions. The discussion panel, which consisted of
             presenters and representatives from FDA, NIMH, academia, and
             industry, deliberated to reach consensus on suggested
             guidelines. When evidence was insufficient, suggested
             guidelines represent the opinion of a cross-section of the
             presenters and discussion panel. RESULTS: Guidelines were
             developed for inclusion criteria, the use of co-primary
             outcome measures, and statistical approaches for study
             design. Consensus was achieved regarding diagnostic and
             concomitant medication inclusion criteria and on the use of
             cognitive screening measures. A key guideline was to limit
             the trial to patients in the residual phase of their
             illness, who have a predefined level of positive, negative,
             and affective symptoms. The most difficult issues were the
             feasibility of including a co-primary measure of functional
             improvement and the choice of comparator agent for a trial
             of a broad spectrum agent (with antipsychotic and
             cognitive-enhancing effects). CONCLUSIONS: The suggested
             guidelines represent reasonable starting points for trial
             design of cognitive-enhancing drugs, with the understanding
             that new data, subsequent findings, or other methodological
             considerations may lead to future modifications.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbi020},
   Key = {fds273414}
}

@article{fds273415,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Eesley, CE and Poe, MP},
   Title = {Defining a cognitive function decrement in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {688-691},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.003},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although cognitive impairment is described as a
             core component of the characterization of schizophrenia, a
             sizable percentage of patients are classified as unimpaired
             by traditional definitions of impairment. The purpose of
             this study was to determine the percentage of patients with
             schizophrenia meeting criteria for a "cognitive function
             decrement" defined as a current level of cognitive function
             that falls below the level predicted by premorbid estimates.
             METHODS: Linear regression analyses were performed on a
             healthy control population to determine a predicted
             composite cognitive score based on maternal education,
             paternal education, and reading score as indicators of
             premorbid intellectual function. The percentages of patients
             with current cognitive function above and below predicted
             values were calculated. RESULTS: When the Wide Range
             Achievement Test-3 (WRAT-3) score and maternal education are
             both used to predict current cognitive performance, as
             expected, about half (42%) of control subjects fall below
             expectations. However, 98.1 % of patients fall below
             expectations. CONCLUSIONS: When cognitive function decrement
             is defined as a failure to reach the expected level of
             cognitive functioning, almost all patients with
             schizophrenia meet this definition.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.003},
   Key = {fds273415}
}

@article{fds273526,
   Author = {Lieberman, JA and Tollefson, GD and Charles, C and Zipursky, R and Sharma, T and Kahn, RS and Keefe, RSE and Green, AI and Gur, RE and McEvoy,
             J and Perkins, D and Hamer, RM and Gu, H and Tohen, M and HGDH Study
             Group},
   Title = {Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in
             first-episode psychosis.},
   Journal = {Archives of General Psychiatry},
   Volume = {62},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {361-370},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0003-990X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.361},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pathomorphologic brain changes occurring as
             early as first-episode schizophrenia have been extensively
             described. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that these
             changes may be progressive and associated with clinical
             outcome. This raises the possibility that antipsychotics
             might alter such pathomorphologic progression in early-stage
             schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE: To test a priori hypotheses that
             olanzapine-treated patients have less change over time in
             whole brain gray matter volumes and lateral ventricle
             volumes than haloperidol-treated patients and that gray
             matter and lateral ventricle volume changes are associated
             with changes in psychopathology and neurocognition. DESIGN:
             Longitudinal, randomized, controlled, multisite,
             double-blind study. Patients treated and followed up for up
             to 104 weeks. Neurocognitive and magnetic resonance imaging
             (MRI) assessments performed at weeks 0 (baseline), 12, 24,
             52, and 104. Mixed-models analyses with time-dependent
             covariates evaluated treatment effects on MRI end points and
             explored relationships between MRI, psychopathologic, and
             neurocognitive outcomes. SETTING: Fourteen academic medical
             centers (United States, 11; Canada, 1; Netherlands, 1;
             England, 1). PARTICIPANTS: Patients with first-episode
             psychosis (DSM-IV) and healthy volunteers. INTERVENTIONS:
             Random allocation to a conventional antipsychotic,
             haloperidol (2-20 mg/d), or an atypical antipsychotic,
             olanzapine (5-20 mg/d). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Brain volume
             changes assessed by MRI. RESULTS: Of 263 randomized
             patients, 161 had baseline and at least 1 postbaseline MRI
             evaluation. Haloperidol-treated patients exhibited
             significant decreases in gray matter volume, whereas
             olanzapine-treated patients did not. A matched sample of
             healthy volunteers (n = 58) examined contemporaneously
             showed no change in gray matter volume. CONCLUSIONS:
             Patients with first-episode psychosis exhibited a
             significant between-treatment difference in MRI volume
             changes. Haloperidol was associated with significant
             reductions in gray matter volume, whereas olanzapine was
             not. Post hoc analyses suggested that treatment effects on
             brain volume and psychopathology of schizophrenia may be
             associated. The differential treatment effects on brain
             morphology could be due to haloperidol-associated toxicity
             or greater therapeutic effects of olanzapine.},
   Doi = {10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.361},
   Key = {fds273526}
}

@article{fds273556,
   Author = {Artiola I Fortuny and L and Garolera, M and Hermosillo Romo and D and Feldman, E and Fernández Barillas and H and Keefe, R and Lemaître, MJ and Ortiz Martín and A and Mirsky, A and Monguió, I and Morote, G and Parchment, S and Parchment, LJ and Da Pena and E and Politis, DG and Sedó,
             MA and Taussik, I and Valdivia, F and De Valdivia and LE and Verger
             Maestre, K},
   Title = {Research with spanish-speaking populations in the United
             States: lost in the translation. A commentary and a
             plea.},
   Journal = {Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology},
   Volume = {27},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {555-564},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803390490918282},
   Abstract = {Verbal material used to assess the cognitive abilities of
             Spanish-speakers in the the United States is frequently of
             linguistically unacceptable quality. The use of these
             materials in research settings is thought to pose a serious
             threat to test validity and hence to the validity of claimed
             results or conclusions. The authors explain how and why
             incorrect language finds its way into cognitive tests used
             in research and other settings and suggest solutions to this
             serious problem.},
   Doi = {10.1080/13803390490918282},
   Key = {fds273556}
}

@article{fds273416,
   Author = {Lieberman, JA and Stroup, TS and McEvoy, JP and Swartz, MS and Rosenheck, RA and Perkins, DO and Keefe, RSE and Davis, SM and Davis,
             CE and Lebowitz, BD and Severe, J and Hsiao, JK and Clinical
             Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE)
             Investigators},
   Title = {Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with
             chronic schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine},
   Volume = {353},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {1209-1223},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16172203},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relative effectiveness of second-generation
             (atypical) antipsychotic drugs as compared with that of
             older agents has been incompletely addressed, though newer
             agents are currently used far more commonly. We compared a
             first-generation antipsychotic, perphenazine, with several
             newer drugs in a double-blind study. METHODS: A total of
             1493 patients with schizophrenia were recruited at 57 U.S.
             sites and randomly assigned to receive olanzapine (7.5 to 30
             mg per day), perphenazine (8 to 32 mg per day), quetiapine
             (200 to 800 mg per day), or risperidone (1.5 to 6.0 mg per
             day) for up to 18 months. Ziprasidone (40 to 160 mg per day)
             was included after its approval by the Food and Drug
             Administration. The primary aim was to delineate differences
             in the overall effectiveness of these five treatments.
             RESULTS: Overall, 74 percent of patients discontinued the
             study medication before 18 months (1061 of the 1432 patients
             who received at least one dose): 64 percent of those
             assigned to olanzapine, 75 percent of those assigned to
             perphenazine, 82 percent of those assigned to quetiapine, 74
             percent of those assigned to risperidone, and 79 percent of
             those assigned to ziprasidone. The time to the
             discontinuation of treatment for any cause was significantly
             longer in the olanzapine group than in the quetiapine
             (P<0.001) or risperidone (P=0.002) group, but not in the
             perphenazine (P=0.021) or ziprasidone (P=0.028) group. The
             times to discontinuation because of intolerable side effects
             were similar among the groups, but the rates differed
             (P=0.04); olanzapine was associated with more
             discontinuation for weight gain or metabolic effects, and
             perphenazine was associated with more discontinuation for
             extrapyramidal effects. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of
             patients in each group discontinued their assigned treatment
             owing to inefficacy or intolerable side effects or for other
             reasons. Olanzapine was the most effective in terms of the
             rates of discontinuation, and the efficacy of the
             conventional antipsychotic agent perphenazine appeared
             similar to that of quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone.
             Olanzapine was associated with greater weight gain and
             increases in measures of glucose and lipid
             metabolism.},
   Doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa051688},
   Key = {fds273416}
}

@article{fds273527,
   Author = {Strakowski, SM and Johnson, JL and Delbello, MP and Hamer, RM and Green,
             AI and Tohen, M and Lieberman, JA and Glick, I and Patel, JK and HGDH
             Research Group},
   Title = {Quality of life during treatment with haloperidol or
             olanzapine in the year following a first psychotic
             episode.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {78},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {161-169},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.04.017},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Schizophrenia causes significant impairments of
             quality of life. As treatment approaches have advanced, more
             attention has been given to re-integrating patients into
             their psychosocial environments, rather than simply
             monitoring psychotic symptoms. The development of the
             second-generation antipsychotics raised hope that these
             medications would provide better quality of life improvement
             than conventional antipsychotics. This improvement is
             particularly relevant early in the course of schizophrenia.
             METHODS: To address these considerations, improvements in
             measures of general health and social function (determined
             using the SF-36) were assessed in 195 patients with
             first-episode schizophrenia for up to one year following
             randomization to either olanzapine or haloperidol in a
             double blind clinical trial. We hypothesized that olanzapine
             would demonstrate better improvement on these measures than
             haloperidol. In order to test this hypothesis, we used a
             repeated measure model with SF-36 scores as the outcome, and
             treatment group, time, time2, time-by-treatment group
             interaction, and time2-by-treatment group interaction as
             fixed effects. RESULTS: Both treatments demonstrated similar
             changes on the SF-36. Independent of treatment, patients
             demonstrated significant improvements in most of the SF-36
             subscales, which approached normative scores by the end of
             one year of treatment. Forty-six of 100 olanzapine-treated
             patients and 37 of 95 haloperidol-treated patients completed
             the one year of this study (p<.4). CONCLUSIONS: These
             results suggest an important initial treatment goal for
             patients with new onset schizophrenic disorders, namely that
             they can expect to recover significant quality of life and
             social function at least initially in treatment.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2005.04.017},
   Key = {fds273527}
}

@article{fds273417,
   Author = {Miller, DD and McEvoy, JP and Davis, SM and Caroff, SN and Saltz, BL and Chakos, MH and Swartz, MS and Keefe, RSE and Rosenheck, RA and Stroup,
             TS and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Clinical correlates of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia:
             baseline data from the CATIE schizophrenia
             trial.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {80},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {33-43},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16171976},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical characteristics of
             individuals with schizophrenia that develop tardive
             dyskinesia (TD) associated with antipsychotic treatment.
             METHODS: Baseline data on 1460 patients with schizophrenia
             were collected as part of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials
             of Intervention Effectiveness schizophrenia study. Subjects
             who met Schooler-Kane criteria for probable TD were compared
             to those without TD. Multiple regression analyses were used
             to examine the relationship between TD and clinical
             variables. RESULTS: 212 subjects met the Schooler-Kane
             criteria for probable TD and 1098 had no history or current
             evidence of TD. Subjects with TD were older, had a longer
             duration of receiving antipsychotic medication, and were
             more likely to have been receiving a conventional
             antipsychotic and an anticholinergic agent. After
             controlling for important baseline covariates, diabetes
             mellitus (DM) and hypertension did not predict TD, whereas
             substance abuse significantly predicted TD. Differences in
             cognitive functioning were not significantly different after
             controlling for baseline covariates. The TD subjects also
             had higher ratings of psychopathology, EPSE, and akathisia.
             CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the established
             relationships between the presence of TD and age, duration
             of treatment with antipsychotics, treatment with a
             conventional antipsychotic, treatment with anticholinergics,
             the presence of EPS and akathisia, and substance abuse.
             Subjects with TD had higher ratings of psychopathology as
             measured by the PANSS. We found no support for DM or
             hypertension increasing the risk of TD, or for TD being
             associated with cognitive impairment.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.034},
   Key = {fds273417}
}

@article{fds273418,
   Author = {Meyer, JM and Nasrallah, HA and McEvoy, JP and Goff, DC and Davis, SM and Chakos, M and Patel, JK and Keefe, RSE and Stroup, TS and Lieberman,
             JA},
   Title = {The Clinical Antipsychotic Trials Of Intervention
             Effectiveness (CATIE) Schizophrenia Trial: clinical
             comparison of subgroups with and without the metabolic
             syndrome.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {80},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {9-18},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.015},
   Abstract = {UNLABELLED: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is highly prevalent
             among patients with schizophrenia (current estimates
             35-40%), yet no data exist on the correlation of this
             diagnosis with illness severity, neurocognitive or quality
             of life measures in this population. METHODS: Using baseline
             data from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention
             Effectiveness (CATIE) Schizophrenia Trial, assignment of MS
             status was performed using an updated definition derived
             from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)
             criteria. Those with and without MS were compared on the
             basis of primary and secondary variables of interest from
             baseline data encompassing psychiatric, neurocognitive and
             quality of life measures. RESULTS: Of 1460 subjects enrolled
             at baseline, MS status could be reliably assigned for 1231
             subjects, with a prevalence of 35.8% using the NCEP derived
             criteria. After adjustment for age, gender, race, ethnicity
             and site variance, those with MS rated themselves
             significantly lower on physical health by SF-12 (p < .001),
             and scored higher on somatic preoccupation (PANSS item G1)
             (p = .03). There were no significant differences between the
             two cohorts on measures of symptom severity, depression,
             quality of life, neurocognition, or self-rated mental
             health. Neither years of antipsychotic exposure nor alcohol
             usage were significant predictors of MS status when adjusted
             for age, gender, race, and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: The
             metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in this large cohort
             of schizophrenia patients and is strongly associated with a
             poor self-rating of physical health and increased somatic
             preoccupation. These results underscore the need for mental
             health practitioners to take an active role in the health
             monitoring of patients with schizophrenia to minimize the
             impact of medical comorbidity on long-term mortality and on
             daily functioning. Outcomes data from CATIE will provide
             important information on the metabolic and clinical impact
             of antipsychotic treatment for those subjects with MS and
             other medical comorbidities.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.015},
   Key = {fds273418}
}

@article{fds273419,
   Author = {Stroup, S and Appelbaum, P and Swartz, M and Patel, M and Davis, S and Jeste, D and Kim, S and Keefe, R and Manschreck, T and McEvoy, J and Lieberman, J},
   Title = {Decision-making capacity for research participation among
             individuals in the CATIE schizophrenia trial.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {80},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-8},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.08.007},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Uncertainty regarding the degree to which persons
             with schizophrenia may lack decision-making capacity, and
             what the predictors of capacity may be led us to examine the
             relationship between psychopathology, neurocognitive
             functioning, and decision-making capacity in a large sample
             of persons with schizophrenia at entry into a clinical
             trial. METHOD: In the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of
             Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial, a
             clinical trial sponsored by the National Institute of Mental
             Health designed to compare the effectiveness of
             antipsychotic drugs, subjects were administered the
             MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Clinical Research
             (MacCAT-CR) and had to demonstrate adequate decision-making
             capacity before randomization. The MacCAT-CR, the Positive
             and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and an extensive
             neurocognitive battery were completed for 1447 study
             participants. RESULTS: The neurocognitive composite score
             and all 5 neurocognitive subscores (verbal memory,
             vigilance, processing speed, reasoning, and working memory)
             were positive correlates of the MacCAT-CR understanding,
             appreciation, and reasoning scales at baseline. Higher
             levels of negative symptoms, but not positive symptoms, were
             inversely correlated with these three MacCAT-CR scales.
             Linear regression models of all three MacCAT-CR scales
             identified working memory as a predictor; negative symptoms
             made a small contribution to the understanding and
             appreciation scores. CONCLUSIONS: Negative symptoms and
             aspects of neurocognitive functioning were correlated with
             decision-making capacity in this large sample of moderately
             ill subjects with schizophrenia. In multiple regression
             models predicting performance on the MacCAT-CR scales,
             working memory was the only consistent predictor of the
             components of decision-making capacity. Individuals with
             schizophrenia who have prominent cognitive dysfunction,
             especially memory impairment, may warrant particular
             attention when participating in research.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2005.08.007},
   Key = {fds273419}
}

@article{fds273420,
   Author = {Rosenheck, R and Stroup, S and Keefe, RSE and McEvoy, J and Swartz, M and Perkins, D and Hsiao, J and Shumway, M and Lieberman,
             J},
   Title = {Measuring outcome priorities and preferences in people with
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The British Journal of Psychiatry : the Journal of Mental
             Science},
   Volume = {187},
   Number = {DEC.},
   Pages = {529-536},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0007-1250},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.529},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Measures have not taken account of the relative
             importance patients place on various outcomes. AIMS: To
             construct and evaluate a multidimensional,
             preference-weighted mental health index. METHOD: Each of
             over 1200 patients identified the relative importance of
             improvement in six domains: social life, energy, work,
             symptoms, confusion and side-effects. A mental health index
             was created in which measures of well-being in these six
             domains were weighted for their personal importance.
             RESULTS: The strongest preference was placed on reducing
             confusion and the least on reducing side-effects. There was
             no significant difference between the unweighted and
             preference-weighted mental health status measures and they
             had similar correlations with global health status measures.
             Patients with greater preference for functional activities
             such as work had less preference for medical model goals
             such as reducing symptoms and had less symptoms.
             CONCLUSIONS: A preference-weighted mental health index
             demonstrated no advantage over an unweighted
             index.},
   Doi = {10.1192/bjp.187.6.529},
   Key = {fds273420}
}

@article{fds273557,
   Author = {Narendran, R and Frankle, WG and Keefe, R and Gil, R and Martinez, D and Slifstein, M and Kegeles, LS and Talbot, PS and Huang, Y and Hwang, D-R and Khenissi, L and Cooper, TB and Laruelle, M and Abi-Dargham,
             A},
   Title = {Altered prefrontal dopaminergic function in chronic
             recreational ketamine users.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {162},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {2352-2359},
   Year = {2005},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2352},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Ketamine is a noncompetitive antagonist at the
             glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor that is
             used in human and animal medicine as an injectable
             anesthetic. The illegal use of ketamine as a recreational
             drug is rapidly growing. Very little is currently known
             about the consequences of repeated ketamine exposure in the
             human brain. Animal studies indicate that the prefrontal
             dopaminergic system is particularly vulnerable to the toxic
             effects of repeated administration of NMDA antagonists. In
             this study, dopamine D1 receptor availability was assessed
             by using positron emission tomography and the selective D1
             receptor radioligand [11C]NNC 112 in a group of 14
             recreational chronic ketamine users and matched healthy
             subjects. METHOD: History of ketamine abuse was confirmed in
             subjects by hair analysis. [11C]NNC 112 binding potential
             was measured with kinetic analysis using the arterial input
             function. RESULTS: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex D1
             receptor availability was significantly up-regulated in
             chronic ketamine users ([11C]NNC 112 binding potential:
             mean=1.68 ml/g, SD=0.40) relative to comparison subjects
             (mean=1.35 ml/g, SD=0.35). No significant differences were
             noted in other cortical, limbic, or striatal regions. In the
             chronic ketamine user group, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
             [11C]NNC 112 binding potential up-regulation was
             significantly correlated with the number of vials of
             ketamine (with a vial representing approximately 200-300 mg
             of ketamine) used per week. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic ketamine
             users exhibited a regionally selective up-regulation of D1
             receptor availability in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,
             a phenomenon observed following chronic dopamine depletion
             in animal studies. These data suggest that the repeated use
             of ketamine for recreational purposes affects prefrontal
             dopaminergic transmission, a system critically involved in
             working memory and executive function.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2352},
   Key = {fds273557}
}

@article{fds371784,
   Author = {Lieberman, J and Stroup, S and Fleischhacker, WW and Lewis, S and Swartz, M and Keefe, R and Essock, S},
   Title = {Comparative effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs: Complete
             results of the CATIE study},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {31},
   Pages = {S12-S12},
   Year = {2006},
   Key = {fds371784}
}

@article{fds327082,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Gu, H and Perkins, D and Hamer, RM and Lieberman,
             JA},
   Title = {The effects of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone on
             neurocognitive function in first-episode psychosis: A
             double-blind, 52-week comparison},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {81},
   Pages = {54-54},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds327082}
}

@article{fds273558,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Young, CA and Rock, SL and Purdon, SE and Gold, JM and Breier, A and HGGN Study Group},
   Title = {One-year double-blind study of the neurocognitive efficacy
             of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {81},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-15},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.038},
   Abstract = {Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia can reach 1 to 2
             standard deviations below healthy controls. The comparative
             effect of typical and atypical antipsychotic medications on
             neurocognition is controversial, and based primarily on
             studies with small samples and large doses of typical
             comparator medications. The present study assessed
             neurocognitive efficacy. It was hypothesized that olanzapine
             treatment would improve neurocognitive deficits to a greater
             degree than either risperidone or haloperidol treatment.
             This was a double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel
             study with neurocognition assessed at baseline, and 8, 24,
             and 52 weeks. Per protocol, the haloperidol arm was
             discontinued. Four hundred and fourteen inpatients or
             outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder
             were treated with oral olanzapine (n = 159), risperidone (n
             = 158), or haloperidol (n = 97). Individual domains
             (executive function, learning and memory, processing speed,
             attention/vigilance, verbal working memory, verbal fluency,
             motor function, and visuospatial ability) were transformed
             into composite scores and compared between treatment groups.
             At the 52-week endpoint, neurocognition significantly
             improved in each group (p < 0.01 for olanzapine and
             risperidone, p = 0.04 for haloperidol), with no significant
             differences between groups. Olanzapine- and
             risperidone-treated patients significantly (p < 0.05)
             improved on domains of executive function, learning/memory,
             processing speed, attention/vigilance, verbal working
             memory, and motor functions. Additionally,
             risperidone-treated patients improved on domains of
             visuospatial memory. Haloperidol-treated patients improved
             only on domains of learning/memory. However, patients able
             to remain in treatment for the entire 52 weeks benefited
             more from olanzapine or risperidone treatment than
             haloperidol treatment.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.038},
   Key = {fds273558}
}

@article{fds273559,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Seidman, LJ and Christensen, BK and Hamer, RM and Sharma,
             T and Sitskoorn, MM and Rock, SL and Woolson, S and Tohen, M and Tollefson,
             GD and Sanger, TM and Lieberman, JA and HGDH Research
             Group},
   Title = {Long-term neurocognitive effects of olanzapine or low-dose
             haloperidol in first-episode psychosis.},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {97-105},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0006-3223},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140282},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neurocognitive deficits are severe in
             first-episode psychosis. METHODS: Patients (N = 263) with
             first-episode psychosis (schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or
             schizophreniform disorders) were randomly assigned to
             double-blind treatment with olanzapine (mean 11.30 mg/day)
             or haloperidol (mean 4.87 mg/day) for 104 weeks. A
             neurocognitive battery was administered at baseline (n =
             246) and 12 (n = 167), 24 (n = 126), 52 (n = 89), and 104 (n
             = 46) weeks during treatment. Weighted principal component
             and unweighted composite scores were derived from individual
             tests. RESULTS: Both treatment groups demonstrated
             significant improvement on both composite scores. On the
             basis of the weighted composite score, olanzapine had
             greater improvement than haloperidol only at 12 (p = .014)
             and 24 (p = .029) weeks. For the unweighted composite,
             olanzapine had significantly better improvement compared
             with haloperidol only at week 12 (p = .044). At week 12
             only, olanzapine improved performance on the Digit Symbol
             and Continuous Performance Test significantly more than
             haloperidol. CONCLUSIONS: Both antipsychotic agents appeared
             to improve neurocognitive functioning among first-episode
             psychosis patients with schizophrenia. A significantly
             greater benefit in terms of neurocognitive improvement was
             found with olanzapine than with haloperidol at weeks 12 and
             24.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.022},
   Key = {fds273559}
}

@article{fds273560,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Poe, M and Walker, TM and Harvey, PD},
   Title = {The relationship of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (BACS) to functional capacity and real-world
             functional outcome.},
   Journal = {Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {260-269},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1380-3395},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803390500360539},
   Abstract = {The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)
             assesses five different domains of cognitive function with
             six tests, and takes about 30-35 minutes to complete in
             patients with schizophrenia. Previous work has demonstrated
             the reliability of this measure, and its sensitivity to the
             deficits of schizophrenia. However, the relationship of this
             brief cognitive measure to functional outcome has not been
             determined. Further, future registration trials for
             potentially cognitive enhancing compounds may not only
             assess efficacy with cognitive performance measures, but
             with assessments of real-world functional outcome and
             functional capacity. The purpose of this study was to
             determine the relationship between the BACS and a potential
             co-primary measure for treatment studies of cognition in
             schizophrenia, and to determine if such a measure accounts
             for significant variance in functioning beyond that provided
             by cognitive function. The current study assessed 60
             patients with schizophrenia over the course of six months.
             Cognitive functions were measured with the BACS. Functional
             capacity was measured with the UCSD Performance-based Skills
             Assessment (UPSA). Real-world functional outcome was
             measured with the Independent Living Skills Inventory
             (ILSI). BACS composite scores were significantly correlated
             with functional capacity as measured by the UPSA (r = .65,
             df = 55, p < .001), and real-world functional outcome as
             assessed by the ILSI (r = .37, df = 56, p = .005). In
             multiple regression analyses, UPSA scores did not account
             for additional variance in real-world functioning beyond
             that accounted for by the BACS. These data suggest that
             brief cognitive assessments such as the BACS are able to
             assess aspects of cognition that are related to important
             functional measures in clinical trials of cognitive
             enhancement. They also suggest that the measures being
             considered as potential co-primary indicators of cognitive
             function for registration trials are significantly
             correlated with cognition as assessed by brief cognitive
             assessments.},
   Doi = {10.1080/13803390500360539},
   Key = {fds273560}
}

@article{fds273421,
   Author = {Perkins, DO and Johnson, JL and Hamer, RM and Zipursky, RB and Keefe,
             RS and Centorrhino, F and Green, AI and Glick, IB and Kahn, RS and Sharma,
             T and Tohen, M and McEvoy, JP and Weiden, PJ and Lieberman, JA and HGDH
             Research Group},
   Title = {Predictors of antipsychotic medication adherence in patients
             recovering from a first psychotic episode.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {83},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {53-63},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.10.016},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many patients recovering from a first psychotic
             episode will discontinue medication against medical advice,
             even before a 1-year treatment course is completed. Factors
             associated with treatment adherence in patients with chronic
             schizophrenia include beliefs about severity of illness and
             need for treatment, treatment with typical versus atypical
             antipsychotic and medication side effects. METHOD: In this
             2-year prospective study of 254 patients recovering from a
             first episode of schizophrenia, schizophreniform, or
             schizoaffective disorder we examined the relationship
             between antipsychotic medication non-adherence and patient
             beliefs about: need for treatment, antipsychotic medication
             benefits, and negative aspects of antipsychotic medication
             treatment. We also examined the relationship between
             medication non-adherence and treatment with either
             haloperidol or olanzapine, and objective measures of symptom
             response and side effects. RESULTS: The likelihood of
             becoming medication non-adherent for 1 week or longer was
             greater in subjects whose belief in need for treatment was
             less (HR=1.75, 95% CI 1.16, 2.65, p=0.0077) or who believed
             medications were of low benefit (HR=2.88, 95 CI 1.79-4.65,
             p<0.0001). Subjects randomized to haloperidol were more
             likely to become medication non-adherent for >or=1 week than
             subjects randomized to olanzapine (HR-1.51, 95% CI 1.01,
             2.27, p=0.045). CONCLUSION: Beliefs about need for treatment
             and the benefits of antipsychotic medication may be
             intervention targets to improve likelihood of long-term
             medication adherence in patients recovering from a first
             episode of schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or
             schizophreniform disorder.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2005.10.016},
   Key = {fds273421}
}

@article{fds273422,
   Author = {Rosenheck, R and Leslie, D and Keefe, R and McEvoy, J and Swartz, M and Perkins, D and Stroup, S and Hsiao, JK and Lieberman, J and CATIE Study
             Investigators Group},
   Title = {Barriers to employment for people with schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {163},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {411-417},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.411},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: There is growing interest in identifying and
             surmounting barriers to employment for people with
             schizophrenia. The authors examined factors associated with
             participation in competitive employment or other vocational
             activities in a large group of patients with schizophrenia
             who participated in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of
             Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study, a multisite
             clinical trial comparing the effects of first- and
             second-generation antipsychotics. METHOD: Baseline data on
             more than 1,400 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia
             were collected before their entry into the CATIE study.
             Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the
             relationship between participation in either competitive
             employment or other vocational activities and
             sociodemographic characteristics, schizophrenia symptoms,
             neurocognitive functioning, intrapsychic functioning,
             availability of psychosocial rehabilitation services, and
             local unemployment rates. RESULTS: Altogether, 14.5% of the
             patients reported participating in competitive employment in
             the month before the baseline assessment, 12.6% reported
             other (noncompetitive) employment activity, and 72.9%
             reported no employment activity. Participation in either
             competitive or noncompetitive employment was associated with
             having less severe symptoms, better neurocognitive
             functioning, and higher scores on a measure of intrapsychic
             functioning that encompassed motivation, empathy, and other
             psychological characteristics. Competitive employment, in
             contrast to other employment or no employment, was
             negatively associated with receipt of disability payments as
             well as with being black. Greater access to rehabilitation
             services was associated with greater participation in both
             competitive and noncompetitive employment. CONCLUSIONS:
             Overall employment of persons with schizophrenia seems to be
             impeded by clinical problems, including symptoms of
             schizophrenia and poorer neurocognitive and intrapsychic
             functioning. However, participation in competitive
             employment may be specifically impeded by the potentially
             adverse incentives of disability payments and by race and
             may be promoted by the availability of rehabilitation
             services.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.411},
   Key = {fds273422}
}

@article{fds273423,
   Author = {Lieberman, JA and Stroup, TS and McEvoy, JP and Swartz, MS and Rosenheck, RA and Perkins, DO and Keefe, RSE and Davis, SM and Davis,
             CE and Hsiao, J and Severe, J and Lebowitz, BD},
   Title = {Dr. Lieberman and Colleagues reply [17]},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {163},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {555-556},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.555-a},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.555-a},
   Key = {fds273423}
}

@article{fds273561,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Poe, M and Walker, TM and Kang, JW and Harvey,
             PD},
   Title = {The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale: an interview-based
             assessment and its relationship to cognition, real-world
             functioning, and functional capacity.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {163},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {426-432},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.426},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Interview-based measures of cognition may serve
             as potential coprimary measures in clinical trials of
             cognitive-enhancing drugs for schizophrenia. However, there
             is no such valid scale available. Interviews of patients and
             their clinicians are not valid in that they are unrelated to
             patients' levels of cognitive impairment as assessed by
             cognitive performance tests. This study describes the
             reliability and validity of a new interview-based assessment
             of cognition, the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale
             (SCoRS), that involves interviews with patients and
             informants. METHOD: Sixty patients with schizophrenia were
             assessed with the SCoRS and three potential validators of an
             interview-based measure of cognition: cognitive performance,
             as measured by the Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (BACS); real-world functioning, as measured by
             the Independent Living Skills Inventory; and functional
             capacity, as measured by the University of California, San
             Diego, Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA). RESULTS:
             The SCoRS global ratings were significantly correlated with
             composite scores of cognitive performance and functional
             capacity and with ratings of real-world functioning.
             Multiple regression analyses suggested that SCoRS global
             ratings predicted unique variance in real-world functioning
             beyond that predicted by the performance measures.
             CONCLUSIONS: An interview-based measure of cognition that
             included informant reports was related to cognitive
             performance as well as real-world functioning.
             Interview-based measures of cognition, such as the SCoRS,
             may be valid coprimary measures for clinical trials
             assessing cognitive change and may also aid clinicians
             desiring to assess patients' level of cognitive
             impairment.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.426},
   Key = {fds273561}
}

@article{fds336083,
   Author = {LIEBERMAN, JA and STROUP, TS and McEVOY, JP and SWARTZ, MS and ROSENHECK, RA and PERKINS, DO and KEEFE, RSE and DAVIS, SM and DAVIS,
             CE and HSIAO, J and SEVERE, J and LEBOWITZ, BD and the CATIE
             Investigators},
   Title = {Dr. Lieberman and Colleagues Reply},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {163},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {555-556},
   Publisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.555-a},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.555-a},
   Key = {fds336083}
}

@article{fds273424,
   Author = {McEvoy, JP and Lieberman, JA and Stroup, TS and Davis, SM and Meltzer,
             HY and Rosenheck, RA and Swartz, MS and Perkins, DO and Keefe, RSE and Davis, CE and Severe, J and Hsiao, JK and CATIE Investigators},
   Title = {Effectiveness of clozapine versus olanzapine, quetiapine,
             and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia who
             did not respond to prior atypical antipsychotic
             treatment.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {163},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {600-610},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585434},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: When a schizophrenia patient has an inadequate
             response to treatment with an antipsychotic drug, it is
             unclear what other antipsychotic to switch to and when to
             use clozapine. In this study, the authors compared switching
             to clozapine with switching to another atypical
             antipsychotic in patients who had discontinued treatment
             with a newer atypical antipsychotic in the context of the
             Clinical Antipsychotic Trials for Interventions
             Effectiveness (CATIE) investigation. METHOD: Ninety-nine
             patients who discontinued treatment with olanzapine,
             quetiapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone in phase 1 or 1B of
             the trials, primarily because of inadequate efficacy, were
             randomly assigned to open-label treatment with clozapine
             (N=49) or blinded treatment with another newer atypical
             antipsychotic not previously received in the trial
             (olanzapine [N=19], quetiapine [N=15], or risperidone
             [N=16]). RESULTS: Time until treatment discontinuation for
             any reason was significantly longer for clozapine
             (median=10.5 months) than for quetiapine (median=3.3), or
             risperidone (median=2.8), but not for olanzapine
             (median=2.7). Time to discontinuation because of inadequate
             therapeutic effect was significantly longer for clozapine
             than for olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone. At 3-month
             assessments, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total
             scores had decreased more in patients treated with clozapine
             than in patients treated with quetiapine or risperidone but
             not olanzapine. One patient treated with clozapine developed
             agranulocytosis, and another developed eosinophilia; both
             required treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: For these
             patients with schizophrenia who prospectively failed to
             improve with an atypical antipsychotic, clozapine was more
             effective than switching to another newer atypical
             antipsychotic. Safety monitoring is necessary to detect and
             manage clozapine's serious side effects.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.600},
   Key = {fds273424}
}

@article{fds273427,
   Author = {Stroup, TS and Lieberman, JA and McEvoy, JP and Swartz, MS and Davis,
             SM and Rosenheck, RA and Perkins, DO and Keefe, RSE and Davis, CE and Severe, J and Hsiao, JK and CATIE Investigators},
   Title = {Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and
             ziprasidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia following
             discontinuation of a previous atypical antipsychotic.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {163},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {611-622},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585435},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the treatment of schizophrenia, changing
             antipsychotics is common when one treatment is suboptimally
             effective, but the relative effectiveness of drugs used in
             this strategy is unknown. This randomized, double-blind
             study compared olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and
             ziprasidone in patients who had just discontinued a
             different atypical antipsychotic. METHOD: Subjects with
             schizophrenia (N=444) who had discontinued the atypical
             antipsychotic randomly assigned during phase 1 of the
             Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness
             (CATIE) investigation were randomly reassigned to
             double-blind treatment with a different antipsychotic
             (olanzapine, 7.5-30 mg/day [N=66]; quetiapine, 200-800
             mg/day [N=63]; risperidone, 1.5-6.0 mg/day [N=69]; or
             ziprasidone, 40-160 mg/day [N=135]). The primary aim was to
             determine if there were differences between these four
             treatments in effectiveness measured by time until
             discontinuation for any reason. RESULTS: The time to
             treatment discontinuation was longer for patients treated
             with risperidone (median: 7.0 months) and olanzapine (6.3
             months) than with quetiapine (4.0 months) and ziprasidone
             (2.8 months). Among patients who discontinued their previous
             antipsychotic because of inefficacy (N=184), olanzapine was
             more effective than quetiapine and ziprasidone, and
             risperidone was more effective than quetiapine. There were
             no significant differences between antipsychotics among
             those who discontinued their previous treatment because of
             intolerability (N=168). CONCLUSIONS: Among this group of
             patients with chronic schizophrenia who had just
             discontinued treatment with an atypical antipsychotic,
             risperidone and olanzapine were more effective than
             quetiapine and ziprasidone as reflected by longer time until
             discontinuation for any reason.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.611},
   Key = {fds273427}
}

@article{fds354401,
   Author = {Chwastiak, LA and Rosenheck, RA and McEvoy, JP and Keefe, RS and Swartz,
             MS and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Interrelationships of psychiatric symptom severity, medical
             comorbidity and functional status in patients with
             schizophrenia},
   Journal = {Journal of General Internal Medicine},
   Volume = {21},
   Pages = {76-76},
   Publisher = {SPRINGER},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds354401}
}

@article{fds327081,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Hongbin, GU and Sweeney, JA and Perkins, DO and McEvoy,
             JP and Hamer, RM and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {The effects of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone on
             neurocognitive function in first-episode psychosis: A
             double-blind, 52-week comparison},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {231S-232S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327081}
}

@article{fds327080,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Measures of cognitive change in schizophrenia clinical
             trials},
   Journal = {The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {9},
   Pages = {S48-S48},
   Publisher = {CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {July},
   Key = {fds327080}
}

@article{fds273425,
   Author = {Woodward, TS and Menon, M and Hu, X and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Optimization of a multinomial model for investigating
             hallucinations and delusions with source
             monitoring.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {85},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {106-112},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.008},
   Abstract = {Studies of source monitoring have played an important role
             in cognitive investigations of the inner/outer confusions
             that characterize hallucinations and delusions in
             schizophrenia, and multinomial modelling is a
             statistical/cognitive modelling technique that provides a
             powerful method for analyzing source monitoring data. The
             purpose of the current work is to describe how multinomial
             models can be optimized to answer direct questions about
             hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia research. To
             demonstrate this, we present a reanalysis of previously
             published source monitoring data, comparing a group of
             patients with schneiderian first rank symptoms to a group
             without schneiderian first rank symptoms. The main findings
             of this analysis were (1) impaired recognition of
             self-generated items and (2) evidence that impaired source
             discrimination of perceived items is accompanied by an
             internalization bias in the target symptom group.
             Statistical and cognitive interpretations of the findings
             are discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.008},
   Key = {fds273425}
}

@article{fds327079,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Missing the sweet spot disengagement in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township))},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {36-41},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {July},
   Abstract = {The extent to which an individual engages in a cognitive
             task is associated with performance in laboratory
             settings(1) and a variety of domains of functioning, such as
             athletic activity and artistic expression.(2) The neural
             circuitry associated with task engagement is in the process
             of being elucidated by cognitive neuroscience
             investigations. These newly acquired data provide an
             opportunity to understand the cognitive, social, and
             functional disabilities that lie at the core of dysfunction
             in patients with schizophrenia. This article describes the
             importance of task engagement in human functioning, its
             impairment in schizophrenia, and the possibility that
             disengagement during late adolescence may herald future
             development of schizophrenia.(3,4) Since treatment studies
             suggest that improvement in this aspect of cognitive
             functioning has the potential to improve the functioning of
             patients with schizophrenia in various domains, it is
             possible that these improvements may be mediated by improved
             engagement with external processes, including social
             processes and patient-clinician relationships, leading to
             improved therapeutic alliance and increased treatment
             adherence.},
   Key = {fds327079}
}

@article{fds273426,
   Author = {Chakos, MH and Glick, ID and Miller, AL and Hamner, MB and Miller, DD and Patel, JK and Tapp, A and Keefe, RSE and Rosenheck,
             RA},
   Title = {Baseline use of concomitant psychotropic medications to
             treat schizophrenia in the CATIE trial.},
   Journal = {Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.)},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1094-1101},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1075-2730},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.2006.57.8.1094},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study examined the prevalence and correlates
             of concomitant psychotropic medications and use of
             anticholinergic drugs to treat schizophrenia. METHODS:
             Concomitant medication use was studied at baseline for
             participants in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of
             Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) trial. RESULTS: Of the
             1,380 patients with baseline medication data, 82 percent
             were taking psychotropic medications. Of this group, 6
             percent were taking two antipsychotics (one first generation
             and one second generation); 38 percent, antidepressants; 22
             percent, anxiolytics; 4 percent, lithium, and 15 percent,
             other mood stabilizers. The strongest predictors of taking
             several medications were having anxiety or depression, being
             female, and taking second-generation antipsychotics.
             Conversely, African Americans and those with better
             neurocognitive functioning were less likely to be taking
             several concomitant psychotropic medications. In some cases
             symptoms that were likely targets of polypharmacy, such as
             depression, remained prominent, suggesting only partial
             response. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant use of psychotropic
             medications to treat people with schizophrenia is common.
             Empirical data demonstrating the effectiveness of many of
             these agents for this population are lacking.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ps.2006.57.8.1094},
   Key = {fds273426}
}

@article{fds273429,
   Author = {Chwastiak, LA and Rosenheck, RA and McEvoy, JP and Keefe, RS and Swartz,
             MS and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Interrelationships of psychiatric symptom severity, medical
             comorbidity, and functioning in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.)},
   Volume = {57},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1102-1109},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {1075-2730},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16870960},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the
             interrelationships of psychiatric symptom severity, medical
             comorbidity, and psychosocial functioning in a sample of
             patients with schizophrenia by utilizing the baseline data
             from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention
             Effectiveness (CATIE). METHODS: This study utilized baseline
             data from a multisite trial of antipsychotic
             pharmacotherapy, which collected data from 1,460 patients
             with schizophrenia at more than 50 sites in the United
             States between 2001 and 2003. Bivariate correlations were
             used to evaluate associations between schizophrenia symptoms
             and medical comorbidity, and multivariate regression models
             were used to determine the independent association between
             medical comorbidity and psychosocial functioning. RESULTS:
             Of the 1,424 participants in the study sample, 58 percent
             had at least one medical condition: 20 percent had
             hypertension, 11 percent had diabetes mellitus, and 9
             percent had four or more medical conditions. Medical
             comorbidity was associated with poorer neurocognitive
             functioning and greater depressive symptoms. The number of
             medical conditions was not associated with more severe
             schizophrenia symptoms. Both the number of medical
             conditions and physical health status were only weak
             correlates of psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSIONS: In this
             sample of persons with schizophrenia, medical comorbidity
             was associated with depression and neurocognitive impairment
             but was a weaker correlate of psychosocial functioning or
             employment status than psychotic symptoms, depression, and
             neurocognitive impairment.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ps.2006.57.8.1102},
   Key = {fds273429}
}

@article{fds273428,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Bilder, RM and Harvey, PD and Davis, SM and Palmer, BW and Gold, JM and Meltzer, HY and Green, MF and Miller, DD and Canive, JM and Adler, LW and Manschreck, TC and Swartz, M and Rosenheck, R and Perkins,
             DO and Walker, TM and Stroup, TS and McEvoy, JP and Lieberman,
             JA},
   Title = {Baseline neurocognitive deficits in the CATIE schizophrenia
             trial.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {31},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {2033-2046},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0893-133X},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16641947},
   Abstract = {Neurocognition is moderately to severely impaired in
             patients with schizophrenia. However, the factor structure
             of the various neurocognitive deficits, the relationship
             with symptoms and other variables, and the minimum amount of
             testing required to determine an adequate composite score
             has not been determined in typical patients with
             schizophrenia. An 'all-comer' approach to cognition is
             needed, as provided by the baseline assessment of an
             unprecedented number of patients in the CATIE (Clinical
             Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness)
             schizophrenia trial. From academic sites and treatment
             providers representative of the community, 1493 patients
             with chronic schizophrenia were entered into the study,
             including those with medical comorbidity and substance
             abuse. Eleven neurocognitive tests were administered,
             resulting in 24 individual scores reduced to nine
             neurocognitive outcome measures, five domain scores and a
             composite score. Despite minimal screening procedures, 91.2%
             of patients provided meaningful neurocognitive data.
             Exploratory principal components analysis yielded one factor
             accounting for 45% of the test variance. Confirmatory factor
             analysis showed that a single-factor model comprised of five
             domain scores was the best fit. The correlations among the
             factors were medium to high, and scores on individual
             factors were very highly correlated with the single
             composite score. Neurocognitive deficits were modestly
             correlated with negative symptom severity (r=0.13-0.27), but
             correlations with positive symptom severity were near zero
             (r<0.08). Even in an 'all-comer' clinical trial,
             neurocognitive deficits can be assessed in the overwhelming
             majority of patients, and the severity of impairment is
             similar to meta-analytic estimates. Multiple analyses
             suggested that a broad cognitive deficit characterizes this
             sample. These deficits are modestly related to negative
             symptoms and essentially independent of positive symptom
             severity.},
   Doi = {10.1038/sj.npp.1301072},
   Key = {fds273428}
}

@article{fds273430,
   Author = {McEvoy, JP and Johnson, J and Perkins, D and Lieberman, JA and Hamer,
             RM and Keefe, RSE and Tohen, M and Glick, ID and Sharma,
             T},
   Title = {Insight in first-episode psychosis.},
   Journal = {Psychological Medicine},
   Volume = {36},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1385-1393},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0033-2917},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740175},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: We report here a study examining the
             relationships between insight and psychopathology, cognitive
             performance, brain volume and co-morbid depression in 251
             patients experiencing a first episode of psychosis, who were
             then randomly assigned to 2 years of double-blind treatment
             with either olanzapine or haloperidol. METHOD: Repeated
             measures of insight were obtained at baseline and 12, 24, 52
             and 104 weeks by the Insight and Treatment Attitudes
             Questionnaire (ITAQ). RESULTS: Older age, female gender and
             white ethnicity were associated with more insight. Higher
             total, positive, negative and general psychopathology scores
             on the Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) were
             associated with less insight. Higher depression scores were
             associated with more insight. Better neurocognitive function
             and large brain volumes were associated with more insight.
             More insight throughout the study was associated with longer
             time to medication non-adherence. However, baseline insight
             was not significantly related to the probability of
             discontinuing the study before 2 years. Insight improved
             significantly over the course of the study, but the
             improvement in insight was not significantly different
             between the two antipsychotic treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS:
             Multiple factors contribute to insight. Patients
             experiencing a first episode of psychosis who have little
             insight are at increased risk of discontinuing their
             medication.},
   Doi = {10.1017/S0033291706007793},
   Key = {fds273430}
}

@article{fds354400,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Bilder, RM and Davis, SM and Harvey, PD and Palmer, BW and Gold, JM and Meltzer, HY and Green, MF and Capuano, G and Stroup, TS and McEvoy, JP and Swartz, MS and Rosenheck, RA and Perkins, DO and Davis,
             CE and Hsiao, JK and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in
             patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE
             trial},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {31},
   Pages = {S244-S245},
   Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {December},
   Key = {fds354400}
}

@article{fds371819,
   Author = {Wilson, WH and McEvoy, J and Keefe, R and Byerly, M and Masand,
             P},
   Title = {Effects of risperidone microspheres on polypharmacy and
             cognitive function},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {31},
   Pages = {S178-S178},
   Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {December},
   Key = {fds371819}
}

@article{fds273431,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Perkins, DO and Gu, H and Zipursky, RB and Christensen,
             BK and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {A longitudinal study of neurocognitive function in
             individuals at-risk for psychosis.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {88},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {26-35},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16930949},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Clinically defined prodromal diagnostic
             criteria identify at-risk individuals with a 35-40%
             likelihood of developing a psychotic disorder within a year.
             The time course and predictive value of cognitive deficits
             in the development of psychosis has not been established.
             METHODS: A comprehensive neurocognitive battery and clinical
             assessments were administered to 37 subjects meeting
             Criteria of Prodromal States (COPS) criteria for being at
             risk for psychosis, and two comparison groups: 59 first
             episode and 47 healthy subjects. Subjects were also
             evaluated at 6-month and 1-year follow-up periods. Primary
             analyses used a neurocognitive composite score derived from
             individual neurocognitive measures, including measures of
             vigilance, verbal memory, working memory, and processing
             speed. RESULTS: At-risk subjects performed more poorly than
             healthy subjects (t=2.93, P=0.01), but better than first
             episode subjects (t=4.72, p<0.0001). At-risk subjects were
             particularly impaired on measures of vigilance and
             processing speed. Cognitive composite scores were
             significantly lower in at-risk subjects who progressed to
             psychosis (N=11; z=-1.2), while those at-risk subjects who
             did not progress to psychosis (N=17) performed better
             (z=-0.5), and not significantly different from controls.
             Poor CPT performance combined with better WAIS-R digit
             symbol performance predicted progression to psychosis.
             Severity of neurocognitive deficits was not related to
             duration of prodrome or to time to development of psychosis
             and neurocognitive function improved in all subjects except
             those who progressed to psychosis. CONCLUSION:
             Neurocognitive impairment emerges early in the course of
             psychotic illness. Performance on tests of neurocognition
             may prove to be an early risk predictor for subsequent
             development of psychotic disorders.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.041},
   Key = {fds273431}
}

@article{fds273432,
   Author = {Rosenheck, RA and Leslie, DL and Sindelar, J and Miller, EA and Lin, H and Stroup, TS and McEvoy, J and Davis, SM and Keefe, RSE and Swartz, M and Perkins, DO and Hsiao, JK and Lieberman, J and CATIE Study
             Investigators},
   Title = {Cost-effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics and
             perphenazine in a randomized trial of treatment for chronic
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {163},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {2080-2089},
   Year = {2006},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2080},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Second-generation antipsychotics have largely
             replaced first-generation antipsychotics for the treatment
             of schizophrenia, but a large-scale cost/effectiveness
             analysis has not been attempted. METHOD: Patients with
             schizophrenia (N=1,493) were assigned to treatment with a
             first-generation antipsychotic (perphenazine) or one of four
             second-generation drugs (olanzapine, quetia-pine,
             risperidone, or ziprasidone) and followed for up to 18
             months. Patients with tardive dyskinesia were prohibited
             from assignment to perphenazine. Patients could be
             reassigned at any time to another second-generation drug,
             including clozapine, but not to perphenazine. The cost
             analysis included medications plus health services use.
             Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) ratings were assessed on
             the basis of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
             subscale scores and side effects. An intention-to-treat
             analysis included all available observations, classified by
             initial drug assignment, and costs of reassignment of most
             patients to another second-generation drug. The analysis was
             repeated considering only treatment on initially assigned
             medications. RESULTS: Although QALY ratings, PANSS scores,
             and other quality of life measures indicated modest
             improvement over 18 months, there were no significant
             differences between perphenazine and any second-generation
             medication. Average total monthly health care costs were 300
             dollars-600 dollars (20%-30%) lower for perphenazine than
             for second-generation antipsychotics because of lower drug
             cost. Differences in costs remained when maximally
             discounted drug prices were used for all patients and when
             only observations during treatment with the first medication
             were included. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with perphenazine was
             less costly than treatment with second-generation
             antipsychotics with no significant differences in measures
             of effectiveness. However, the trial was limited by a high
             dropout rate, and longer-term neurological and metabolic
             side effects require further study.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2080},
   Key = {fds273432}
}

@article{fds354398,
   Author = {Bratti, I and Marder, SR and Keefe, RS and Bilder,
             RM},
   Title = {A brief cognitive assessment tool for schizophrenia
             (B-CATS): Scale construction},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {584-584},
   Year = {2007},
   Key = {fds354398}
}

@article{fds354399,
   Author = {Hill, SK and Sweeney, JA and Hamer, RM and Keefe, RS and Perkins, DO and Gu, H and Koch, G and McEvoy, JP and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Efficiency of the BACS and CATIE neuropsychological
             batteries in assessing cognition and antipsychotic treatment
             related change in cognition during the CAFE clinical
             trial},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {561-561},
   Year = {2007},
   Key = {fds354399}
}

@article{fds371783,
   Author = {Lipkovich, I and Kollack-Walker, S and Kinon, BJ and Stauffer, V and Ascher-Svanum, H and Keefe, R},
   Title = {Cognitive status of patients with schizophrenia as modulator
             or mediator of functional outcome},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {61},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {246S-246S},
   Year = {2007},
   Key = {fds371783}
}

@article{fds273433,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia: effects
             and treatment.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {68 Suppl 14},
   Number = {SUPPL. 14},
   Pages = {8-13},
   Year = {2007},
   ISSN = {0160-6689},
   Abstract = {The average patient with schizophrenia performs on cognitive
             tests at the lowest 5% to 10% of the general population.
             Cognitive impairments impact patients on virtually every
             aspect of functioning, interfere with patients' ability to
             engage in real-world tasks, and affect long-term outcome.
             Therefore, cognitive deficits should be included in the
             diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. Clinicians need to
             focus treatment options on helping patients to regain
             premorbid levels of cognitive functioning.},
   Key = {fds273433}
}

@article{fds354396,
   Author = {Salgado, JV and Carvalhaes, CFR and Pires, ADM and Neves, MDCLD and Cruz, BF and Cardoso, CS and Lauar, H and Teixeira, AL and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Sensitivity and applicability of the Brazilian version of
             the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (BACS).},
   Journal = {Dementia & Neuropsychologia},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {260-265},
   Year = {2007},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642008DN10300007},
   Abstract = {UNLABELLED: Cognitive assessment in schizophrenia has
             traditionally used batteries that are long and complex or
             differ widely in their content. The Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) has been developed to
             cover the main cognitive deficits of schizophrenia as well
             as to be easily and briefly administered, portable,
             sensitive and reliable. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the
             applicability and sensitivity of the Brazilian Version of
             the BACS (Brazilian-BACS). METHODS: Performance of 20 stable
             patients with schizophrenia on the Brazilian-BACS was
             compared to 20 matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Applying
             the Brazilian-BACS required 43.4±8.4minutes for patients
             and 40.5±5.7 minutes for controls (p=0.17). All tests
             demonstrated significant differences between controls and
             patients (P<0.01). Pearson's correlation analysis and
             Cronbach's a evidenced a high internal consistency for
             patient performance. The cognitive deficit in the patients
             was approximately 1.5 standard deviations below controls.
             These results were consistent with those reported in the
             validation of the original version and in meta-analyses of
             similar studies. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian-BACS displayed
             good applicability and sensitivity in assessing the major
             cognitive constructs that are impaired in schizophrenia.
             Thus, the Brazilian-BACS seems to be a promising tool for
             assessing cognition in patients with schizophrenia in
             Brazil.},
   Doi = {10.1590/S1980-57642008DN10300007},
   Key = {fds354396}
}

@article{fds273438,
   Author = {Rosenheck, R and Stroup, TS and Swartz, M and McEvoy, J and Davis, SM and Keefe, RSE and Hsiao, JK and Lieberman, J},
   Title = {Dr. Rosenheck and colleagues reply [2]},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {164},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {678-680},
   Publisher = {American Psychiatric Publishing},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.4.678a},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.2007.164.4.678a},
   Key = {fds273438}
}

@article{fds273434,
   Author = {Pinheiro, AP and Keefe, RSE and Skelly, T and Olarte, M and Leviel, K and Lange, LA and Lange, EM and Stroup, TS and Lieberman, J and Sullivan,
             PF},
   Title = {AKT1 and neurocognition in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The Australian and New Zealand Journal of
             Psychiatry},
   Volume = {41},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {169-177},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0004-8674},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670601109956},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Previous research has shown conflicting results
             for the significance of five v-akt murine thymoma viral
             oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1) single-nucleotide polymorphisms
             (SNPs) to the aetiology of schizophrenia. Neurocognition is
             a plausible endophenotype for schizophrenia and it was
             reasoned that the lack of agreement might be due to
             variability in neurocognition across studies. Therefore, the
             association of genetic variation in AKT1 with neurocognition
             was investigated in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS:
             The same five SNPs used in previous studies of the etiology
             of schizophrenia (rs2494732, rs2498799, rs3730358,
             rs1130214, [corrected] and rs3803300) were genotyped in 641
             individuals with schizophrenia who had participated in the
             Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness
             (CATIE) project. The primary dependent variable was a
             neurocognitive composite score and exploratory analyses
             investigated five domain scores (processing speed,
             reasoning, verbal memory, working memory, and vigilance).
             RESULTS: There were no significant asymptotic or empirical
             associations between any SNP and the neurocognitive
             composite score. The authors also investigated the
             association of five-SNP haplotypes with the neurocognitive
             composite score. A marginally significant association was
             observed for the neurocognitive composite score with one of
             the five-SNP haplotypes (global score statistic 19.51, df =
             9, permutation p = 0.02). Exploratory analyses of five
             domain scores (processing speed, reasoning, verbal memory,
             working memory, and vigilance) were non-significant for all
             five SNPs. CONCLUSION: Results published to date for an
             association between genetic variation in AKT1 with
             schizophrenia are inconsistent. The results suggest that the
             AKT1 markers studied are not associated with neurocognition
             in schizophrenia, and do not support unassessed variation in
             neurocognitive scores as a reason for this
             discrepancy.},
   Doi = {10.1080/00048670601109956},
   Key = {fds273434}
}

@article{fds273435,
   Author = {Stroup, TS and Lieberman, JA and McEvoy, JP and Swartz, MS and Davis,
             SM and Capuano, GA and Rosenheck, RA and Keefe, RSE and Miller, AL and Belz, I and Hsiao, JK and CATIE Investigators},
   Title = {Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in
             patients with chronic schizophrenia after discontinuing
             perphenazine: a CATIE study.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {164},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {415-427},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17329466},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The relative effectiveness of newly started
             antipsychotic drugs for individuals with schizophrenia may
             depend on multiple factors, including each patient's
             previous treatment response and the reason for a new
             medication trial. This randomized, double-blind study
             compared olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients
             who had just discontinued the older antipsychotic
             perphenazine. METHOD: Subjects with schizophrenia (N=114)
             who had been randomly assigned to and then discontinued
             perphenazine in phase 1 of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials
             of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia study
             were reassigned randomly to double-blinded treatment with
             olanzapine, 7.5-30.0 mg/day (N=38); quetiapine, 200-800
             mg/day (N=38); or risperidone, 1.5-6.0 mg/day (N=38). The
             primary aim was to determine whether there were differences
             among these three treatments in effectiveness, as measured
             by time to treatment discontinuation for any reason.
             Secondary outcomes included reasons for treatment
             discontinuation and measures of drug tolerability. RESULTS:
             The time to treatment discontinuation was longer for
             patients treated with quetiapine (median, 9.9 months) and
             olanzapine (7.1 months) than with risperidone (3.6 months).
             There were no significant differences between treatments on
             discontinuation due to inefficacy, intolerability, or
             patient decision. CONCLUSIONS: Among this group of patients
             with chronic schizophrenia who had just discontinued the
             older antipsychotic perphenazine, quetiapine and olanzapine
             were more effective than risperidone, as reflected by longer
             time to discontinuation for any reason. In the context of
             other results from the CATIE study, the effectiveness and
             acceptability of antipsychotic drugs appears to vary
             considerably according to clinical circumstances.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.415},
   Key = {fds273435}
}

@article{fds273436,
   Author = {Swartz, MS and Perkins, DO and Stroup, TS and Davis, SM and Capuano, G and Rosenheck, RA and Reimherr, F and McGee, MF and Keefe, RSE and McEvoy,
             JP and Hsiao, JK and Lieberman, JA and CATIE Investigators},
   Title = {Effects of antipsychotic medications on psychosocial
             functioning in patients with chronic schizophrenia: findings
             from the NIMH CATIE study.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {164},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {428-436},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17329467},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relative effects of the
             second-generation antipsychotic drugs and an older
             representative agent on psychosocial functioning in patients
             with chronic schizophrenia. METHOD: Consenting patients were
             enrolled in the NIMH Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of
             Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) project. In phase 1,
             patients were randomly assigned to receive olanzapine,
             perphenazine, quetiapine, risperidone, or ziprasidone for up
             to 18 months. Clozapine was included for patients who chose
             this pathway after discontinuing phase 1 due to inefficacy;
             all other patients received another second-generation
             antipsychotic. Psychosocial functioning was assessed using
             the Quality of Life Scale. RESULTS: Psychosocial functioning
             modestly improved for the one-third of phase 1 patients who
             reached the primary Quality of Life Scale analysis endpoint
             of 12 months (average effect size 0.19 SD units). Although
             for several of the drugs individually there were significant
             changes from baseline, overall there were no significant
             differences between the different agents. Results were
             similar at 6 and 18 months. There were no significant
             differences among the treatment groups in the amount of
             change in the Quality of Life Scale total score or subscale
             scores at 6, 12, or 18 months. Patients treated with
             clozapine in the efficacy pathway made comparable gains.
             Early treatment discontinuations, especially among patients
             most impaired at baseline, limited the ability to achieve
             more substantial functional gains. CONCLUSIONS: All
             antipsychotic treatment groups in all phases made modest
             improvements in psychosocial functioning. There were no
             differences among them after 6, 12, or 18 months. More
             substantial improvements would likely require more intensive
             adjunctive psychosocial rehabilitation interventions.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.428},
   Key = {fds273436}
}

@article{fds273437,
   Author = {Sullivan, PF and Keefe, RSE and Lange, LA and Lange, EM and Stroup, TS and Lieberman, J and Maness, PF},
   Title = {NCAM1 and neurocognition in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {61},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {902-910},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0006-3223},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.036},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alterations in neurocognition may be fundamental
             to schizophrenia and may be endophenotypes. Neural cell
             adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1, aliases NCAM and CD56) may be a
             candidate gene for schizophrenia or for neurocognition in
             schizophrenia as supported by linkage and functional
             findings. METHODS: Subjects were 641 patients with
             schizophrenia who participated in the Clinical Antipsychotic
             Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) clinical trial.
             Neurocognition was assessed at study baseline. Nine NCAM1
             single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were blindly
             genotyped. Analysis of covariance was used to test for
             single SNP associations and haplotype regression for
             multilocus associations. RESULTS: As there were suggestions
             of population stratification, all analyses were conducted
             stratified by inferred ancestry. In the "Europe only"
             stratum, there were nominally significant associations with
             five contiguous SNPs (rs1943620, rs1836796, rs1821693,
             rs686050, rs584427) with the strongest association at
             rs1836796 (p = .007). Via permutation testing, the
             probability of obtaining five consecutive statistically
             significant SNPs with p-values <or= .05 was p = .0044. These
             results were robust to examination of model assumptions.
             Haplotype analyses did not identify significant haplotype
             associations. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is essential to see
             if these findings replicate in additional samples, we
             suggest that NCAM1 deserves further scrutiny for its
             relevance to clinical and etiological aspects of
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.036},
   Key = {fds273437}
}

@article{fds273441,
   Author = {Rosenheck, R and Swartz, M and McEvoy, J and Stroup, TS and Davis, S and Keefe, RS and Hsiao, J and Lieberman, J},
   Title = {Second-generation antipsychotics: reviewing the
             cost-effectiveness component of the CATIE
             trial.},
   Journal = {Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {103-111},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {1473-7167},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737167.7.2.103},
   Abstract = {The cost-effectiveness component of the 18-month CATIE trial
             of schizophrenia pharmacotherapy (n = 1460) showed that the
             first-generation antipsychotic perphenazine was US$300-600
             per month less expensive than each of four second-generation
             antipsychotics, and no less effective across multiple
             measures. We consider whether or not each of eight potential
             methodological limitations could weaken this conclusion:
             follow-up rates, study duration, sample characteristics, the
             choice of outcome measures, exclusion of patients with
             tardive dyskinesia from assignment to perphenazine, choice
             of study drugs and doses, reliance on intention-to-treat
             analysis, and differences in prestudy treatment. We conclude
             that results of CATIE are robust to these limitations.
             Perphenazine seems to have been a more representative choice
             for first-generation antipsychotic comparison treatment than
             haloperidol.},
   Doi = {10.1586/14737167.7.2.103},
   Key = {fds273441}
}

@article{fds336082,
   Author = {ROSENHECK, R and STROUP, TS and SWARTZ, M and McEVOY, J and DAVIS, SM and KEEFE, RSE and HSIAO, JK and LIEBERMAN, J},
   Title = {Dr. Rosenheck and Colleagues Reply},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {164},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {678-680},
   Publisher = {American Psychiatric Association Publishing},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.678-a},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.678-a},
   Key = {fds336082}
}

@article{fds327078,
   Author = {Nasrallah, HA and Keefe, RSE and Davis, S and Mcevoy, J and Goff, D and Meyer, J and Stroup, TS and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Cognitive improvement correlates with weight gain in
             schizophrenia subjects receiving quetiapine but not other
             antipsychotics: Data from the CATIE trial},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {61},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {247S-248S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327078}
}

@article{fds354397,
   Author = {Marx, CE and Keefe, RS and Leimone, LA and Hamer, RM and Bradford, DW and Dunn, L and Payne, VM and Naylor, JC and Savitz, AJ and Strauss, JL and Lieberman, JA and Shampine, LJ},
   Title = {Proof-of-concept trial with the neurosterold pregnenolone
             targeting neurocognitive and negative symptoms in
             schizophrenia},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {61},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {13S-13S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds354397}
}

@article{fds327077,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Harvey, PD and Goldberg, TE and Gold, JM and Walker,
             TM},
   Title = {General and specific cognitive deficits in bipolar
             depression: the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective
             Disorders (BAC-A)},
   Journal = {Bipolar Disorders},
   Volume = {9},
   Pages = {9-9},
   Publisher = {BLACKWELL PUBLISHING},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {June},
   Key = {fds327077}
}

@article{fds273439,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Bilder, RM and Davis, SM and Harvey, PD and Palmer, BW and Gold, JM and Meltzer, HY and Green, MF and Capuano, G and Stroup, TS and McEvoy, JP and Swartz, MS and Rosenheck, RA and Perkins, DO and Davis,
             CE and Hsiao, JK and Lieberman, JA and CATIE Investigators, and Neurocognitive Working Group},
   Title = {Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in
             patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE
             Trial.},
   Journal = {Archives of General Psychiatry},
   Volume = {64},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {633-647},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0003-990X},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17548746},
   Abstract = {CONTEXT: Neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia is
             severe and is an important predictor of functional outcome.
             The relative effect of the second-generation (atypical)
             antipsychotic drugs and older agents on neurocognition has
             not been comprehensively determined. OBJECTIVE: To compare
             the neurocognitive effects of several second-generation
             antipsychotics and a first-generation antipsychotic,
             perphenazine. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind study of
             patients with schizophrenia assigned to receive treatment
             with olanzapine, perphenazine, quetiapine fumarate, or
             risperidone for up to 18 months as reported previously by
             Lieberman et al. Ziprasidone hydrochloride was included
             after its approval by the Food and Drug Administration.
             SETTING: Fifty-seven sites participated, including academic
             sites and treatment mental health facilities representative
             of the community. PATIENTS: From a cohort of 1460 patients
             in the treatment study, 817 completed neurocognitive testing
             immediately prior to randomization and then after 2 months
             of treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was
             change in a neurocognitive composite score after 2 months of
             treatment. Secondary outcomes included neurocognitive
             composite score change at 6 months and 18 months after
             continued treatment and changes in neurocognitive domains.
             RESULTS: At 2 months, treatment resulted in small
             neurocognitive improvements of z = 0.13 for olanzapine
             (P<.002), 0.25 for perphenazine (P<.001), 0.18 for
             quetiapine (P<.001), 0.26 for risperidone (P<.001), and 0.12
             for ziprasidone (P<.06), with no significant differences
             between groups. Results at 6 months were similar. After 18
             months of treatment, neurocognitive improvement was greater
             in the perphenazine group than in the olanzapine and
             risperidone groups. Neurocognitive improvement predicted
             longer time to treatment discontinuation, independently from
             symptom improvement, in patients treated with quetiapine or
             ziprasidone. CONCLUSIONS: After 2 months of antipsychotic
             treatment, all groups had a small but significant
             improvement in neurocognition. There were no differences
             between any pair of agents, including the typical drug
             perphenazine. These results differ from the majority of
             previous studies, and the possible reasons are
             discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.633},
   Key = {fds273439}
}

@article{fds273440,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Fenton, WS},
   Title = {How should DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia include
             cognitive impairment?},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {912-920},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm046},
   Abstract = {Neurocognitive impairment is considered a core component of
             schizophrenia and is increasingly under investigation as a
             potential treatment target. On average, cognitive impairment
             is severe to moderately severe compared with healthy
             controls, and almost all patients with schizophrenia
             demonstrate cognitive decrements compared with their
             expected level if they had not developed the illness.
             Compared with patients with affective disorders, cognitive
             impairment in schizophrenia appears earlier, is more severe,
             and tends to be more independent of clinical symptoms. While
             the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
             Fourth Edition, Text Revision, description of schizophrenia
             includes several references to cognitive impairment, neither
             the diagnostic criteria nor the subtypology of schizophrenia
             include a requirement of cognitive impairment. We forward
             for consideration a proposal that the Diagnostic and
             Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition,
             criteria include a specific criterion of "a level of
             cognitive functioning suggesting a consistent severe
             impairment and/or a significant decline from premorbid
             levels considering the patient's educational, familial, and
             socioeconomic background." The inclusion of this criterion
             may increase the "point of rarity" with affective psychoses
             and may increase clinicians' awareness of cognitive
             impairment, potentially leading to more accurate prognosis
             and better treatment outcomes. Future research will need to
             address the validity of these possibilities. The reliable
             determination of cognitive impairment as part of a standard
             diagnostic evaluation may present challenges to
             diagnosticians with limited resources or insufficient
             expertise. Various cognitive assessment methods for
             clinicians, including brief assessments and interview-based
             assessments, are discussed. Given the current emphasis on
             the development of cognitive treatments, the evaluation of
             cognition in schizophrenia is an essential component of
             mental health education.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbm046},
   Key = {fds273440}
}

@article{fds273443,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Sweeney, JA and Gu, H and Hamer, RM and Perkins, DO and McEvoy, JP and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Effects of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone on
             neurocognitive function in early psychosis: a randomized,
             double-blind 52-week comparison.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {164},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {1061-1071},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17606658},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to compare the effects of
             olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone on neurocognitive
             function in patients with early psychosis. METHOD: In a
             52-week double-blind, multicenter study, 400 patients early
             in the course of psychotic illness (<5 years) were randomly
             assigned to treatment with olanzapine (2.5-20 mg/day),
             quetiapine (100-800 mg/day), or risperidone (0.5-4 mg/day).
             The mean modal daily dose was 11.7 mg (SD=5.3) for
             olanzapine, 506 mg (SD=215) for quetiapine, and 2.4 mg
             (SD=1.0) for risperidone. A total of 224 patients completed
             neurocognitive assessments at baseline and at 12 weeks, and
             81 patients also completed them at 52 weeks. Neurocognitive
             composite scores were calculated from the neurocognitive
             battery used in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of
             Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) and from the Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. RESULTS: At week
             12, there was significant improvement in neurocognition for
             each treatment (p<0.01), but no significant overall
             difference between treatments. Composite z score
             improvements on the CATIE neurocognitive battery were 0.17
             for olanzapine, 0.33 for quetiapine, and 0.32 for
             risperidone. Composite z score improvements on the Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia were 0.19 for
             olanzapine, 0.34 for quetiapine, and 0.22 for risperidone.
             Statistically significant relationships between improvements
             in neurocognition and functional outcome were observed at
             weeks 12 and 52. CONCLUSIONS: Olanzapine, quetiapine, and
             risperidone all produced significant improvements in
             neurocognition in early-psychosis patients. Although
             cognitive improvements were modest, their clinical
             importance was suggested by relationships with improvements
             in functional outcome.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ajp.2007.164.7.1061},
   Key = {fds273443}
}

@article{fds273442,
   Author = {Pandina, GJ and Bilder, R and Harvey, PD and Keefe, RSE and Aman, MG and Gharabawi, G},
   Title = {Risperidone and cognitive function in children with
             disruptive behavior disorders.},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {62},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {226-234},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0006-3223},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.036},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Effects of risperidone on cognitive function in
             children with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) and
             subaverage intelligence quotient (IQ) were assessed.
             METHODS: Data from two 6-week, double-blind,
             placebo-controlled studies (n = 228) were combined, as were
             three 1-year, open-label studies (n = 688). Patients with
             DBDs and subaverage IQ, 5 to14 years, received placebo or
             risperidone .02 to .06 mg/kg/day. Cognitive measures
             included the Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and Verbal
             Learning Test for Children (VLT-C). Efficacy was assessed
             using the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (NCBRF).
             Adverse events were collected via spontaneous report;
             sedation was assessed using visual analog scale. RESULTS:
             Improvements on the NCBRF Conduct Problem subscale were
             significantly greater for risperidone- versus
             placebo-treated patients (-15.8 vs. -6.4, p < .0001) in
             short-term studies; significant reductions were observed in
             long-term studies (-16.3, p < .0001). No overall decline and
             some significant improvement in attention (CPT) and memory
             (VLT-C) were noted regardless of treatment in short-term
             studies. VLT-C improved significantly (p < .0001) for both
             groups, with no difference between treatment groups.
             Improvements in memory (VLT-C) and attention (CPT) were
             noted in long-term studies. Somnolence/sedation did not
             affect cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive function
             was not altered by risperidone in short-term studies and was
             maintained or improved with one year of treatment in
             children with DBDs and subaverage IQ, potentially
             representing age-appropriate gains.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.036},
   Key = {fds273442}
}

@article{fds273445,
   Author = {Kraus, MS and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Cognition as an outcome measure in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement},
   Volume = {50},
   Number = {SUPPL. 50},
   Pages = {s46-s51},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0007-1250},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.50.s46},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognitive deficits are a core feature of
             schizophrenia. These deficits are not caused by medication
             or symptoms, and have a dramatic negative effect on
             real-world functioning. AIMS: To critically examine a
             selection of the most common batteries used to assess
             cognition in schizophrenia. METHOD: Literature review of
             cognitive assessment batteries for use in schizophrenia.
             RESULTS: A wide variety of neurocognitive test batteries
             have been developed or adapted to assess cognition in
             schizophrenia. These differ in time requirements,
             repeatability, ease of administration, degree of face
             validity, availability of co-normative data and degree to
             which results can be parsed into separate domains of
             cognitive functioning. The most appropriate depends on the
             setting and the question being addressed. CONCLUSIONS:
             Cognitive outcome measures have reshaped our understanding
             of schizophrenia and will be essential tools for unravelling
             the aetiology ofthe disease and designing more effective
             interventions.},
   Doi = {10.1192/bjp.191.50.s46},
   Key = {fds273445}
}

@article{fds273444,
   Author = {Bralet, M-C and Falissard, B and Neveu, X and Lucas-Ross, M and Eskenazi, A-M and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Validation of the French version of the BACS (the brief
             assessment of cognition in schizophrenia) among 50 French
             schizophrenic patients.},
   Journal = {European Psychiatry},
   Volume = {22},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {365-370},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0924-9338},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.02.001},
   Abstract = {Schizophrenic patients demonstrate impairments in several
             key dimensions of cognition. These impairments are
             correlated with important aspects of functional outcome.
             While assessment of these cognition disorders is
             increasingly becoming a part of clinical and research
             practice in schizophrenia, there is no standard and easily
             administered test battery. The BACS (Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia) has been validated in English
             language [Keefe RSE, Golberg TE, Harvey PD, Gold JM, Poe MP,
             Coughenour L. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia: reliability, sensibility, and comparison with
             a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophr. Res
             2004;68:283-97], and was found to be as sensitive to
             cognitive dysfunction as a standard battery of tests, with
             the advantage of requiring less than 35 min to complete. We
             developed a French adaptation of the BACS and this study
             tested its ease of administration and concurrent validity.
             Correlation analyses between the BACS (version A) and a
             standard battery were performed. A sample of 50 stable
             schizophrenic patients received the French Version A of the
             BACS in a first session, and in a second session a standard
             battery. All the patients completed each of the subtests of
             the French BACS . The mean duration of completion for the
             BACS French version was 36 min (S.D.=5.56). A correlation
             analysis between the BACS (version A) global score and the
             standard battery global score showed a significant result
             (r=0.81, p<0.0001). The correlation analysis between the
             BACS (version A) sub-scores and the standard battery
             sub-scores showed significant results for verbal memory,
             working memory, verbal fluency, attention and speed of
             information processing and executive functions (p<0.001) and
             for motor speed (p<0.05). The French Version of the BACS is
             easier to use in French schizophrenic patients compared to a
             standard battery (administration shorter and completion rate
             better) and its good psychometric properties suggest that
             the French Version of the BACS may be a useful tool for
             assessing cognition in schizophrenic patients with French as
             their primary language.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.02.001},
   Key = {fds273444}
}

@article{fds273446,
   Author = {Kaneda, Y and Sumiyoshi, T and Keefe, R and Ishimoto, Y and Numata, S and Ohmori, T},
   Title = {Brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: validation
             of the Japanese version.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences},
   Volume = {61},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {602-609},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {1323-1316},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01725.x},
   Abstract = {This preliminary study was performed to test the reliability
             and validity of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (BACS) as an assessment tool in a
             Japanese-language version (BACS-J). The subjects for the
             present study were 30 outpatients with chronic
             schizophrenia. Each subject gave written informed consent to
             participate in the research. Cronbach's alpha for the BACS-J
             was 0.77. The BACS-J composite score was significantly
             correlated with all primary measures of BACS-J (verbal
             memory, working memory, motor speed, verbal fluency,
             attention, and executive function). All BACS-J primary
             measures and the composite score were significantly
             correlated between two assessments. The mean score of the
             Digit Sequencing Task and composite score on the second
             assessment were significantly larger than those on the first
             assessment. All BACS-J primary measures except the Symbol
             Coding Task were significantly correlated with relevant
             standard neurocognitive tests. Also, the BACS-J composite
             score was significantly correlated with all standard
             neurocognitive tests except the Continuous Performance Test.
             A principal components analysis with varimax rotation
             resulted in a three-factor solution (executive function and
             memory; motor speed and general cognitive functions; and
             working memory). This preliminary study indicates that the
             BACS-J is a reliable and practical scale to evaluate
             cognitive function.},
   Doi = {10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01725.x},
   Key = {fds273446}
}

@article{fds273447,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Sweeney, JA and Gu, H and Hamer, RM and Perkins, DO and McEvoy, JP and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Dr. Keefe and colleagues reply},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {164},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {1911-1912},
   Publisher = {American Psychiatric Publishing},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071086r},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071086r},
   Key = {fds273447}
}

@article{fds273448,
   Author = {Goff, DC and Keefe, R and Citrome, L and Davy, K and Krystal, JH and Large,
             C and Thompson, TR and Volavka, J and Webster, EL},
   Title = {Lamotrigine as add-on therapy in schizophrenia: results of 2
             placebo-controlled trials.},
   Journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology},
   Volume = {27},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {582-589},
   Year = {2007},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0271-0749},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815abf34},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: : Lamotrigine previously was found to attenuate
             ketamine-induced behavioral changes and, in 2
             placebo-controlled trials, to improve psychosis when added
             to antipsychotic medication. We sought to evaluate the
             potential role of lamotrigine augmentation in schizophrenia
             patients resistant to atypical antipsychotic medication.
             METHODS: : Two multicenter, randomized, double-blind,
             12-week, parallel-group trials were conducted to compare
             flexibly dosed lamotrigine (100-400 mg/d) with placebo as
             add-on treatment in schizophrenia patients with stable,
             residual psychotic symptoms. The primary end point was
             changed in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score
             at week 12. RESULTS: : Two hundred seventeen patients were
             enrolled in study 1 and 212 in study 2; completion rates in
             the intent-to-treat samples were 71% and 74%, respectively,
             and did not differ between treatment groups. Overall, mean
             Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores improved
             in both studies and did not differ between treatment groups.
             In study 1, the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms
             total score and Clinical Global Impression improved more
             with placebo than with lamotrigine; in study 2, the
             cognitive composite score improved more with lamotrigine
             than with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: : Results from these 2
             studies do not support the use of lamotrigine as an adjunct
             to atypical antipsychotics in patients with refractory
             psychosis. It is unclear why positive results from previous
             lamotrigine trials were not replicated. The positive effect
             of lamotrigine on cognition in one trial, while of uncertain
             significance, may merit further study.},
   Doi = {10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815abf34},
   Key = {fds273448}
}

@article{fds273449,
   Author = {Nuechterlein, KH and Green, MF and Kern, RS and Baade, LE and Barch, DM and Cohen, JD and Essock, S and Fenton, WS and Frese, FJ and Gold, JM and Goldberg, T and Heaton, RK and Keefe, RSE and Kraemer, H and Mesholam-Gately, R and Seidman, LJ and Stover, E and Weinberger, DR and Young, AS and Zalcman, S and Marder, SR},
   Title = {The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 1: test
             selection, reliability, and validity.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {165},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {203-213},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010042},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The lack of an accepted standard for measuring
             cognitive change in schizophrenia has been a major obstacle
             to regulatory approval of cognition-enhancing treatments. A
             primary mandate of the National Institute of Mental Health's
             Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative was to develop a
             consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials of
             cognition-enhancing treatments for schizophrenia through a
             broadly based scientific evaluation of measures. METHOD: The
             MATRICS Neurocognition Committee evaluated more than 90
             tests in seven cognitive domains to identify the 36 most
             promising measures. A separate expert panel evaluated the
             degree to which each test met specific selection criteria.
             Twenty tests were selected as a beta battery. The beta
             battery was administered to 176 individuals with
             schizophrenia and readministered to 167 of them 4 weeks
             later so that the 20 tests could be compared directly.
             RESULTS: The expert panel ratings are presented for the
             initially selected 36 tests. For the beta battery tests,
             data on test-retest reliability, practice effects,
             relationships to functional status, practicality, and
             tolerability are presented. Based on these data, 10 tests
             were selected to represent seven cognitive domains in the
             MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. CONCLUSIONS: The
             structured consensus method was a feasible and fair
             mechanism for choosing candidate tests, and direct
             comparison of beta battery tests in a common sample allowed
             selection of a final consensus battery. The MATRICS
             Consensus Cognitive Battery is expected to be the standard
             tool for assessing cognitive change in clinical trials of
             cognition-enhancing drugs for schizophrenia. It may also aid
             evaluation of cognitive remediation strategies.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010042},
   Key = {fds273449}
}

@article{fds273450,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Should cognitive impairment be included in the diagnostic
             criteria for schizophrenia?},
   Journal = {World Psychiatry : Official Journal of the World Psychiatric
             Association (Wpa)},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {22-28},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1723-8617},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00142.x},
   Abstract = {Neurocognitive impairment is considered a core component of
             schizophrenia, and is increasingly under investigation as a
             potential treatment target. On average, cognitive impairment
             is severe to moderately severe compared to healthy controls,
             and almost all patients with schizophrenia demonstrate
             cognitive decrements compared to their expected level if
             they had not developed the illness. Compared to patients
             with affective disorders, cognitive impairment in
             schizophrenia appears earlier, is more severe, and is more
             independent of clinical symptoms. Although the DSM-IV-TR and
             ICD-10 descriptions of schizophrenia include several
             references to cognitive impairment, neither the diagnostic
             criteria nor the subtypology of schizophrenia include a
             requirement of cognitive impairment. This paper forwards for
             consideration a proposal that the diagnostic criteria
             include a specific criterion of "a level of cognitive
             functioning suggesting a consistent severe impairment and/or
             a significant decline from premorbid levels considering the
             patient's educational, familial, and socioeconomic
             background". The inclusion of this criterion may increase
             the "point of rarity" with affective psychoses and may
             increase clinicians' awareness of cognitive impairment,
             potentially leading to more accurate prognosis, better
             treatment outcomes, and a clearer diagnostic signal for
             genetic and biological studies. Future research will need to
             address the validity of these possibilities. The reliable
             determination of cognitive impairment as part of a standard
             diagnostic evaluation will present challenges to
             diagnosticians with limited resources or insufficient
             expertise. Cognitive assessment methods for clinicians,
             including brief assessments and interview-based assessments,
             are discussed. Given the current emphasis on the development
             of cognitive treatments, the evaluation of cognition in
             schizophrenia is an essential component of mental health
             education.},
   Doi = {10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00142.x},
   Key = {fds273450}
}

@article{fds273451,
   Author = {Green, MF and Nuechterlein, KH and Kern, RS and Baade, LE and Fenton,
             WS and Gold, JM and Keefe, RSE and Mesholam-Gately, R and Seidman, LJ and Stover, E and Marder, SR},
   Title = {Functional co-primary measures for clinical trials in
             schizophrenia: results from the MATRICS Psychometric and
             Standardization Study.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {165},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {221-228},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010089},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: During the consensus meetings of the National
             Institute of Mental Health Measurement and Treatment
             Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (NIMH-MATRICS) Initiative, the U.S. Food and Drug
             Administration took the position that a drug for this
             purpose should show changes on 1) an accepted consensus
             cognitive performance measure and 2) an additional measure
             (i.e., a co-primary) that is considered functionally
             meaningful. The goal of the current study was to describe
             steps to evaluate four potential co-primary measures for
             psychometric properties and validity. METHOD: As part of the
             five-site MATRICS Psychometric and Standardization Study
             (PASS), two measures of functional capacity and two
             interview-based measures of cognition were evaluated in 176
             patients with schizophrenia (167 of these patients were
             retested 4 weeks later). RESULTS: Data are presented for
             each co-primary measure for test-retest reliability, utility
             as a repeated measure, relationship to cognitive
             performance, relationship to functioning,
             tolerability/practicality, and number of missing data.
             CONCLUSIONS: Psychometric properties of all of the measures
             were considered acceptable, and the measures were generally
             comparable across the various criteria, except that the
             functional capacity measures had stronger relationships to
             cognitive performance and fewer missing data. The
             development and evaluation of potential co-primary measures
             is still at an early stage, and it was decided not to
             endorse a single measure for clinical trials at this point.
             The current findings offer the initial steps to identify
             functionally meaningful co-primary measures in this area and
             will help to guide further evaluation of such
             measures.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010089},
   Key = {fds273451}
}

@article{fds273452,
   Author = {Kern, RS and Nuechterlein, KH and Green, MF and Baade, LE and Fenton,
             WS and Gold, JM and Keefe, RSE and Mesholam-Gately, R and Mintz, J and Seidman, LJ and Stover, E and Marder, SR},
   Title = {The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 2: co-norming
             and standardization.},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {165},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {214-220},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010043},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The consensus cognitive battery developed by the
             National Institute of Mental Health's (NIMH's) Measurement
             and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (MATRICS) initiative includes 10 independently developed
             tests that are recommended as the standard battery for
             clinical trials of cognition-enhancing interventions for
             schizophrenia. To facilitate interpretation of results from
             the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery using a common
             scaling across tests, normative data were obtained from a
             single representative U.S. community sample with the battery
             administered as a unit. METHOD: The MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery was administered to 300 individuals from
             the general community at five sites in differing geographic
             regions. For each site, recruitment was stratified by age,
             gender, and education. A scientific survey sampling method
             was used to help avoid sampling bias. The battery was
             administered in a standard order to each participant in a
             single session lasting approximately 60 minutes. Descriptive
             data were generated, and age, gender, and education effects
             on performance were examined. RESULTS: Prominent age and
             education effects were observed across tests. The results
             for gender differed by measure, suggesting the need for age
             and gender corrections in clinical trials. The MATRICS
             Consensus Cognitive Battery components were co-normed, with
             allowance for demographic corrections. CONCLUSIONS:
             Co-norming a battery such as the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive
             Battery, comprising tests from independent test developers
             each with their own set of norms, facilitates valid
             interpretation of test scores and communication of findings
             across studies. These normative data will aid in estimating
             the magnitude of change during clinical trials of
             cognition-enhancing agents and make it possible to derive
             more directly interpretable composite scores.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010043},
   Key = {fds273452}
}

@article{fds273453,
   Author = {Hill, SK and Sweeney, JA and Hamer, RM and Keefe, RSE and Perkins, DO and Gu, H and McEvoy, JP and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Efficiency of the CATIE and BACS neuropsychological
             batteries in assessing cognitive effects of antipsychotic
             treatments in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {J Int Neuropsychol Soc},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {209-221},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1355-6177},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617708080570},
   Abstract = {Efficient and reliable assessments of cognitive treatment
             effects are essential for the comparative evaluation of
             procognitive effects of pharmacologic therapies. Yet, no
             studies have addressed the sensitivity and efficiency with
             which neurocognitive batteries evaluate cognitive abilities
             before and after treatment. Participants were primarily
             first episode schizophrenia patients who completed baseline
             (n = 367) and 12-week (n = 219) assessments with the BACS
             (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) and CATIE
             (Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention
             Effectiveness) neuropsychological batteries in a clinical
             trial comparing olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone.
             Exploratory factor analysis revealed that performance on
             both batteries was characterized by a single factor of
             generalized cognitive deficit for both baseline performance
             and cognitive change after treatment. Both batteries
             estimated similar levels of change following treatment,
             although the BACS battery required half the administration
             time. Because a unitary factor characterized baseline
             cognitive abilities in early psychosis as well as cognitive
             change after treatment with atypical antipsychotic
             medications, short batteries such as the BACS may
             efficiently provide sufficient assessment of procognitive
             treatment effects with antipsychotic medications. Assessment
             of cognitive effects of adjunctive therapies targeting
             specific cognitive domains or impairments may require more
             extensive testing of the domains targeted to maximize
             sensitivity for detecting specific predicted cognitive
             outcomes.},
   Doi = {10.1017/S1355617708080570},
   Key = {fds273453}
}

@article{fds370978,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Kraus, M and Dixon, V and Kennel, C and Perkins,
             D},
   Title = {Olfactory and cognitive function in subjects at ultra-high
             risk for psychosis},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {63},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {120S-120S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds370978}
}

@article{fds273455,
   Author = {Resnick, SG and Rosenheck, RA and Canive, JM and De Souza and C and Stroup,
             TS and McEvoy, J and Davis, S and Keefe, RSE and Swartz, M and Lieberman,
             J},
   Title = {Employment outcomes in a randomized trial of
             second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine in the
             treatment of individuals with schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {J Behav Health Serv Res},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {215-225},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {1094-3412},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11414-007-9101-3},
   Abstract = {Employment has been increasingly recognized as an important
             goal for individuals with schizophrenia. Previous research
             has shown mixed results on the relationship of specific
             antipsychotic medications to employment outcomes, with some
             studies finding greater benefits for second-generation
             antipsychotic medications (SGAs) over first-generation
             antipsychotic medication (FGAs). A randomized controlled
             trial (CATIE) examined medication assignment and both
             employment outcomes and participation in psychosocial
             rehabilitation (PSR) among 1,121 individuals with a
             diagnosis of schizophrenia randomized to SGAs (olanzapine,
             quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) or one FGA
             (perphenazine). Service use and employment were assessed at
             quarterly interviews. There were no differences between
             medication groups on employment outcomes or participation in
             PSR. Consistent with other CATIE results, there were no
             differences in employment or participation in PSR among
             these five medications, including the FGA
             perphenazine.},
   Doi = {10.1007/s11414-007-9101-3},
   Key = {fds273455}
}

@article{fds273454,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Malhotra, AK and Meltzer, HY and Kane, JM and Buchanan,
             RW and Murthy, A and Sovel, M and Li, C and Goldman,
             R},
   Title = {Efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with
             schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: significant
             placebo/practice effects in a 12-week, randomized,
             double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {33},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1217-1228},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0893-133X},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17625502},
   Abstract = {Altered expression of central muscarinic and nicotinic
             acetylcholine receptors in hippocampal and cortical regions
             may contribute to the cognitive impairment exhibited in
             patients with schizophrenia. Increasing cholinergic activity
             through the use of a cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI)
             therefore represents a possible strategy for cognitive
             augmentation in schizophrenia. We examined the efficacy and
             safety of the ChEI donepezil as cotreatment for mild to
             moderate cognitive impairment in schizophrenia or
             schizoaffective disorder in a prospective, 12-week,
             placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study. In
             total, 250 patients (18-55 years) with schizophrenia or
             schizoaffective disorder who were clinically stabilized on
             risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, or
             aripiprazole, alone or in combination, were enrolled at 38
             outpatient psychiatric clinics in the United States.
             Patients were randomized to donepezil 5 mg q.d. for 6 weeks
             then 10 mg q.d. for 6 weeks, or placebo administered as oral
             tablets. The primary outcome measure was the Clinical
             Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE)
             neurocognitive battery composite score. In the
             intent-to-treat sample (donepezil, n=121; placebo, n=124),
             both treatments showed improvement in the composite score
             from baseline to week 12. At week 12, cognitive improvement
             with donepezil was similar to that with placebo
             (last-observation-carried-forward effect size, 0.277 vs
             0.411; p=0.1182) and statistically significantly inferior
             for the observed-cases analysis (0.257 vs 0.450; p=0.044).
             There was statistically significant improvement in the
             Positive and Negative Syndrome Assessment Scale negative
             symptoms score for placebo compared with donepezil, while
             total and positive symptom scores were similar between both
             treatments. Statistically significant improvements in
             positive symptoms score and Clinical Global
             Impression-Improvement for donepezil compared with placebo
             were noted at Week 6. Treatment-emergent adverse events
             (AEs) were observed for 54.5% of donepezil- and 61.3% of
             placebo-treated patients; most AEs were rated as mild to
             moderate in severity. Donepezil was safe and well-tolerated
             but was not effective compared with placebo as a cotreatment
             for the improvement of cognitive impairment in this patient
             population. A significant and surprisingly large
             placebo/practice effect was observed among placebo-treated
             patients, and is a serious consideration in future clinical
             trial study designs for potential cognitive enhancing
             compounds in schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1038/sj.npp.1301499},
   Key = {fds273454}
}

@article{fds273456,
   Author = {Swartz, MS and Stroup, TS and McEvoy, JP and Davis, SM and Rosenheck,
             RA and Keefe, RSE and Hsiao, JK and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {What CATIE found: results from the schizophrenia
             trial.},
   Journal = {Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.)},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {500-506},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1075-2730},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451005},
   Abstract = {The authors provide an overview of the Clinical
             Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE)
             sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health. CATIE
             was designed to compare a proxy first-generation
             antipsychotic, perphenazine, to several newer drugs. In
             phase 1 of the trial, consenting patients were randomly
             assigned to receive olanzapine, perphenazine, quetiapine,
             risperidone, or ziprasidone for up to 18 months on a
             double-blind basis. Patients with tardive dyskinesia were
             excluded from being randomly assigned to perphenazine and
             were assigned to one of the four second-generation
             antipsychotics in phase 1A. Clozapine was included in phase
             2 of the study. Overall, olanzapine had the longest time to
             discontinuation in phase 1, but it was associated with
             significant weight and metabolic concerns. Perphenazine was
             not significantly different in overall effectiveness,
             compared with quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone.
             Also, perphenazine was found to be the most cost-effective
             drug. Clozapine was confirmed as the most effective drug for
             individuals with a poor symptom response to previous
             antipsychotic drug trials, although clozapine was also
             associated with troublesome adverse effects. There were no
             differences in neurocognitive or psychosocial functioning in
             response to medications. Subsequent randomizations suggest
             that a poor response to an initial medication may mean that
             a different medication will be more effective or better
             tolerated. Although the CATIE results are controversial,
             they are broadly consistent with most previous antipsychotic
             drug trials and meta-analyses; however, the results may not
             generalize well to patients at high risk of tardive
             dyskinesia. Patient characteristics and clinical
             circumstances affected drug effectiveness; these patient
             factors are important in making treatment
             choices.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ps.2008.59.5.500},
   Key = {fds273456}
}

@article{fds273457,
   Author = {Lieberman, JA and Drake, RE and Sederer, LI and Belger, A and Keefe, R and Perkins, D and Stroup, S},
   Title = {Science and recovery in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.)},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {487-496},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1075-2730},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451003},
   Abstract = {Mental health advocates and policy makers are increasingly
             attuned to the importance of the recovery concept, and
             psychiatrists and neuroscientists increasingly emphasize the
             medical model and neurobiological mechanisms in relation to
             schizophrenia. Studies have shown that people with
             schizophrenia are tremendously heterogeneous in each domain
             of recovery, and the various domains of recovery are
             themselves relatively independent from one another. Studies
             have also shown that current interventions are effective for
             specific dimensions of the illness and functions, are
             usually ameliorative rather than curative, and are effective
             only for a proportion of patients. Hence, the authors
             suggest defining recovery in terms of improvements in
             specific domains rather than globally -- for example,
             "recovery of cognitive functioning" or "recovery of
             vocational functioning" -- to signify improvements in
             specific areas. This definition realistically emphasizes
             states of relative and partial recovery that patients can
             achieve in response to treatment. The emphasis on a range of
             improvements in specific areas should allow clinicians to
             communicate more clearly regarding the current findings and
             goals of treatment. The article also examines current
             research on various aspects of recovery, including the
             effects of treatment on pathophysiology, symptoms, cognitive
             impairments, quality of life, and self-agency. An
             operational definition of recovery allows for bridging hope
             and recovery with important advances in the science of the
             brain. Future clinical and neuroscience research and service
             development should emphasize measures of recovery as
             outcomes for people with schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1176/ps.2008.59.5.487},
   Key = {fds273457}
}

@article{fds273458,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Harvey, PD and Goldberg, TE and Gold, JM and Walker, TM and Kennel, C and Hawkins, K},
   Title = {Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS).},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {102},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {108-115},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.024},
   Abstract = {According to the recommendations of the Measurement and
             Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (MATRICS) Neurocognition Committee, one of the desired
             characteristics of a cognitive battery for assessing
             cognition in schizophrenia studies and clinical trials is
             the availability of normative data. This report describes
             normative data collected on the Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) from 404 healthy controls
             with demographic characteristics matching the 2005 United
             States Census of English-speakers. The six test measures
             demonstrated the expected pattern of correlations with age,
             gender, and education. Individual test scores were converted
             into standardized (T and z) scores and composite scores that
             were corrected for age and gender. An education-correction
             factor was calculated and recommended only for
             non-schizophrenia patients. Eight different verbal memory
             tests were found to have equivalent levels of
             difficulty.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2008.03.024},
   Key = {fds273458}
}

@article{fds273459,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Harvey, PD},
   Title = {Implementation considerations for multisite clinical trials
             with cognitive neuroscience tasks.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {34},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {656-663},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn042},
   Abstract = {Multisite clinical trials aimed at cognitive enhancement
             across various neuropsychiatric conditions have employed
             standard neuropsychological tests as outcome measures. While
             these tests have enjoyed wide clinical use and have proven
             reliable and predictive of functional disability, a number
             of implementation challenges have arisen when these tests
             are used in clinical trials. These issues are likely to be
             magnified in future studies when cognitive neuroscience (CN)
             procedures are explored in these trials, because in their
             current forms CN procedures are less standardized and more
             difficult to teach and monitor. For multisite trials, we
             anticipate that the most challenging issues will include
             assuring tester competence, monitoring tester performance,
             specific challenges with complex assessment methods, and
             having resources available for adequate monitoring of data
             quality. Suggestions for overcoming these implementation
             challenges are offered.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbn042},
   Key = {fds273459}
}

@article{fds273460,
   Author = {Mohamed, S and Rosenheck, R and Swartz, M and Stroup, S and Lieberman,
             JA and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Relationship of cognition and psychopathology to functional
             impairment in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {165},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {978-987},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111713},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the association of
             neurocognition and symptoms with measures of social and
             occupational functioning in the Clinical Antipsychotic
             Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE). METHOD: CATIE
             was an 18-month study of individuals with schizophrenia.
             Symptoms of 1,386 patients were measured with the positive
             syndrome scale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
             (PANSS) and a PANSS negative symptom scale that eliminated
             items that most overlap with measures of community
             functioning or neurocognition. The Heinrichs-Carpenter
             Quality of Life Scale, which a rater completes on the basis
             of the patient's self-report, and recent employment were
             used to assess community functioning. Hierarchical
             regression analyses and mixed models tested the association
             of neurocognition and symptoms with social/occupational
             functioning as well as changes in these measures during
             treatment. RESULTS: Both symptoms and neurocognition were
             associated with quality of life in bivariate correlation
             analyses. Symptoms contributed more to the incremental
             explained variance in quality of life than did
             neurocognitive functioning, but both kinds of measures were
             significantly related to quality of life. In an analysis
             including only the positive syndrome scale, the increased
             explained variance in quality of life was about equal to
             that associated with neurocognition. Neurocognition and both
             symptom measures were independently associated with quality
             of life in the cross-sectional mixed-model analysis. Changes
             in neurocognition and both symptom measures during treatment
             were also significantly associated with change in the
             quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Both psychotic symptoms and
             neurocognitive deficits appear to contribute independently
             to decreased quality of life in schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111713},
   Key = {fds273460}
}

@article{fds273461,
   Author = {Hawkins, KA and Keefe, RSE and Christensen, BK and Addington, J and Woods, SW and Callahan, J and Zipursky, RB and Perkins, DO and Tohen, M and Breier, A and McGlashan, TH},
   Title = {Neuropsychological course in the prodrome and first episode
             of psychosis: findings from the PRIME North America Double
             Blind Treatment Study.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {105},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {1-9},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.07.008},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: There is uncertainty regarding the onset timing
             of the cognitive deficiencies of schizophrenia. We
             investigated whether conversion to psychosis and/or
             olanzapine altered the neuropsychological course of subjects
             within the first-ever double blind medication study of the
             putative schizophrenia first episode prodrome. METHOD: Sixty
             participants in a double blind trial of olanzapine as a
             treatment for putative prodromal states were assessed at
             entry (pre-randomization), and again at 6 and 12 months (if
             they remained non-psychotic), or at any of these points
             prior to psychosis followed by post-psychosis and 6 months
             post-psychosis assessments. RESULTS: Participants who
             converted to psychosis did not differ from placebo
             non-converters in pre-randomization global
             neuropsychological status. Early converters did not differ
             from later converters in entry neuropsychological status.
             Subjects who converted after 6 months did not show
             neuropsychological declines during the initial,
             pre-psychosis, 6 months. Neuropsychological course did not
             differ between converters to psychosis and non-converters,
             or between olanzapine and placebo-assigned subjects.
             CONCLUSIONS: Neither the onset of frank psychosis nor
             olanzapine treatment of the prodrome significantly alters
             neuropsychological course in persons considered to be at
             high risk at their initial (pre-psychosis) assessment. These
             findings suggest that the neuropsychological deficiencies
             associated with psychotic conditions largely pre-exist the
             first frank psychotic episode.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2008.07.008},
   Key = {fds273461}
}

@article{fds273462,
   Author = {Miller, DD and Caroff, SN and Davis, SM and Rosenheck, RA and McEvoy,
             JP and Saltz, BL and Riggio, S and Chakos, MH and Swartz, MS and Keefe,
             RSE and Stroup, TS and Lieberman, JA and Clinical Antipsychotic
             Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE)
             Investigators},
   Title = {Extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotics in a
             randomised trial.},
   Journal = {Br J Psychiatry},
   Volume = {193},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {279-288},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18827289},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: There are claims that second-generation
             antipsychotics produce fewer extrapyramidal side-effects
             (EPS) compared with first-generation drugs. AIMS: To compare
             the incidence of treatment-emergent EPS between
             second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine in people
             with schizophrenia. METHOD: Incidence analyses integrated
             data from standardised rating scales and documented use of
             concomitant medication or treatment discontinuation for EPS
             events. Mixed model analyses of change in rating scales from
             baseline were also conducted. RESULTS: There were no
             significant differences in incidence or change in rating
             scales for parkinsonism, dystonia, akathisia or tardive
             dyskinesia when comparing second-generation antipsychotics
             with perphenazine or comparing between second-generation
             antipsychotics. Secondary analyses revealed greater rates of
             concomitant antiparkinsonism medication among individuals on
             risperidone and lower rates among individuals on quetiapine,
             and lower rates of discontinuation because of parkinsonism
             among people on quetiapine and ziprasidone. There was a
             trend for a greater likelihood of concomitant medication for
             akathisia among individuals on risperidone and perphenazine.
             CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of treatment-emergent EPS and
             change in EPS ratings indicated that there are no
             significant differences between second-generation
             antipsychotics and perphenazine or between second-generation
             antipsychotics in people with schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1192/bjp.bp.108.050088},
   Key = {fds273462}
}

@article{fds273463,
   Author = {Crowley, JJ and Keefe, RSE and Perkins, DO and Stroup, TS and Lieberman,
             JA and Sullivan, PF},
   Title = {The neuregulin 1 promoter polymorphism rs6994992 is not
             associated with chronic schizophrenia or
             neurocognition.},
   Journal = {Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet},
   Volume = {147B},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {1298-1300},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {1552-4841},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30727},
   Abstract = {The neuregulin 1 (NRG1) promoter single nucleotide
             polymorphism (SNP) rs6994992 has shown association with
             decreased activation of frontal and temporal lobe regions,
             increased risk of psychosis, and decreased premorbid IQ.
             This SNP is part of a putative schizophrenia risk-associated
             haplotype and was associated with increased expression of
             the type IV transcript in postmortem tissue. We tested for
             association between rs6994992 and chronic schizophrenia by
             genotyping 738 cases from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials
             of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) and 733 matched
             controls. We further tested for associations with age at
             onset and baseline neurocognition in cases with
             schizophrenia reasoning that these phenotypes might yield
             results similar to those seen for premorbid IQ. Affection
             status was weakly associated with rs6994992 genotypes and
             trended towards association under a recessive model. This
             association did not survive correction for multiple
             comparisons and was in the opposite direction than has been
             reported. There was no association between rs6994992 and age
             at onset, an estimate of premorbid IQ, or neurocognition at
             study baseline. We were unable to replicate previous
             associations of rs6994992 with schizophrenia and, moreover,
             did not find significant associations with age of onset, an
             estimate of pre-morbid IQ, or neurocognition.},
   Doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.30727},
   Key = {fds273463}
}

@article{fds327076,
   Author = {Targum, SD and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Cognition and schizophrenia: is there a role for cognitive
             assessments in diagnosis and treatment?},
   Journal = {Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township))},
   Volume = {5},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {55-59},
   Year = {2008},
   Month = {December},
   Key = {fds327076}
}

@article{fds354395,
   Author = {Ventura, J and Bilder, RM and Reise, SR and Keefe,
             RS},
   Title = {DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERVIEW-BASED "CO-PRIMARY'' MEASURE OF
             COGNITION},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {21-22},
   Year = {2009},
   Key = {fds354395}
}

@article{fds354394,
   Author = {Javitt, DC and Buchanan, RW and Lieberman, JA and Keefe, RS and Marder,
             SR},
   Title = {EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF AL-108 ON NEUROCOGNITION IN
             SCHIZOPHRENIA: INITIAL TURNS STUDY RESULTS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {365-366},
   Year = {2009},
   Key = {fds354394}
}

@article{fds370743,
   Author = {Schneider, LS and Vigen, CL and Mack, WJ and Dagerman, KS and Keefe, R and Sano, M and Sultzer, D and Stroup, S and Hsiao, J and Lebowitz, B and Lyketsos, CG and Tariot, PN and Zheng, L},
   Title = {Cognitive Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics in Patients
             with Alzheimer's Disease: Outcomes from CATIE-AD},
   Journal = {American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {A76-A76},
   Year = {2009},
   Key = {fds370743}
}

@article{fds370744,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Ogasa, M and Cucchiaro, J and Loebel, A and Keefe,
             R},
   Title = {PERFORMANCE AND INTERVIEW-BASED ASSESSMENTS OF COGNITIVE
             CHANGE IN A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND COMPARISON OF
             LURASIDONE VS. ZIPRASIDONE},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {357-357},
   Year = {2009},
   Key = {fds370744}
}

@article{fds370745,
   Author = {Kern, RS and Gold, J and Dickinson, D and Green, M and Nuechterlein, K and Baade, L and Keefe, R and Mesholam-Gately, R and Seidman, L and Marder,
             S},
   Title = {PATTERNS OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: RESULTS
             FROM THE MATRICS PSYCHOMETRIC AND STANDARDIZATION STUDY
             (PASS)},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {283-283},
   Year = {2009},
   Key = {fds370745}
}

@article{fds371782,
   Author = {Segarra, N and Bernardo, M and Justicia, A and Fernadez-Egea, E and Gutierrez, F and Allas, M and Contreras, F and Safont, G and Gascon, J and Menchon, J and Keefe, R},
   Title = {COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH FIRST EPISODE
             PSYCHOSIS USING SPANISH BACS (BRIEF ASSESSMENT IN COGNITION
             IN SCHIZOPHRENIA)},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {286-287},
   Year = {2009},
   Key = {fds371782}
}

@article{fds327075,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Increasing sensitivity of early detection of psychosis with
             cognitive measures},
   Journal = {International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical
             Practice},
   Volume = {13},
   Pages = {7-7},
   Publisher = {TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds327075}
}

@article{fds273464,
   Author = {Stroup, TS and Lieberman, JA and McEvoy, JP and Davis, SM and Swartz,
             MS and Keefe, RSE and Miller, AL and Rosenheck, RA and Hsiao, JK and CATIE
             Investigators},
   Title = {Results of phase 3 of the CATIE schizophrenia
             trial.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-12},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027269},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention
             Effectiveness (CATIE) study examined the comparative
             effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments for individuals
             with chronic schizophrenia. Patients who had discontinued
             antipsychotic treatment in phases 1 and 2 were eligible for
             phase 3, in which they selected one of nine antipsychotic
             regimens with the help of their study doctor. We describe
             the characteristics of the patients who selected each
             treatment option and their outcomes. METHOD: Two hundred and
             seventy patients entered phase 3. The open-label treatment
             options were monotherapy with oral aripiprazole, clozapine,
             olanzapine, perphenazine, quetiapine, risperidone,
             ziprasidone, long-acting injectable fluphenazine decanoate,
             or a combination of any two of these treatments. RESULTS:
             Few patients selected fluphenazine decanoate (n=9) or
             perphenazine (n=4). Similar numbers selected each of the
             other options (range 33-41). Of the seven common choices,
             those who selected clozapine and combination antipsychotic
             treatment were the most symptomatic, and those who selected
             aripiprazole and ziprasidone had the highest body mass
             index. Symptoms improved for all groups, although the
             improvements were modest for the groups starting with
             relatively mild levels of symptoms. Side effect profiles of
             the medications varied considerably but medication
             discontinuations due to intolerability were rare (7%
             overall). CONCLUSIONS: Patients and their doctors made
             treatment selections based on clinical factors, including
             severity of symptoms, response to prior treatments, and
             physical health status. Fluphenazine decanoate was rarely
             used among those with evidence of treatment non-adherence
             and clozapine was underutilized for those with poor previous
             response. Combination antipsychotic treatment warrants
             further study.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.011},
   Key = {fds273464}
}

@article{fds336081,
   Author = {Pinheiro, AP and Keefe, RSE and Skelly, T and Olarte, M and Leviel, K and Lange, LA and Lange, EM and Stroup, TS and Lieberman, J and Sullivan,
             PF},
   Title = {AKT1 and neurocognition in schizophrenia (vol 41, pg 169,
             2007)},
   Journal = {The Australian and New Zealand Journal of
             Psychiatry},
   Volume = {43},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {983-983},
   Publisher = {INFORMA HEALTHCARE},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds336081}
}

@article{fds273468,
   Author = {Kern, RS and Green, MF and Nuechterlein, KH and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {CMINDS does not have identical tests to the CATIE and
             MATRICS batteries. Commentary on O'Halloran et
             al.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {327-329},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.015},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.015},
   Key = {fds273468}
}

@article{fds273469,
   Author = {Kleinman, L and Lieberman, J and Dube, S and Mohs, R and Zhao, Y and Kinon,
             B and Carpenter, W and Harvey, PD and Green, MF and Keefe, RSE and Frank,
             L and Bowman, L and Revicki, DA},
   Title = {Development and psychometric performance of the
             schizophrenia objective functioning instrument: an
             interviewer administered measure of function.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {275-285},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.002},
   Abstract = {Existing measures for functional assessment do not
             adequately address the relationship between cognitive
             impairment and function. The Schizophrenia Outcomes
             Functioning Interview (SOFI) was developed to measure
             community functioning related to cognitive impairment and
             psychopathology. Following review of existing measures and
             discussion with experts, caregivers, and patients, content
             was generated for four domains: 1) living situation; 2)
             IADLs; 3) productive activities; and 4) social functioning.
             The final SOFI was constructed with items informing domain
             scores, and an interviewer-completed global rating for each
             domain. Psychometric characteristics of the SOFI were
             evaluated in a sample of 104 community residing patients
             with schizophrenia and their informants. Test-retest
             reliability was evaluated in a sub-sample of
             patient-informant dyads using ICC; all values were >0.70 for
             both patient-interviews (SOFI-P) and informant-interviews
             (SOFI-I). Inter-rater reliability ICCs ranged from 0.50 to
             0.79 on a different sub-sample. The SOFI demonstrated
             adequate construct validity based on correlations with the
             PSP (range 0.58 to 0.76; p<0.0001) and the QLS (p<0.001).
             Some correlations between SOFI and PETiT scores were low to
             moderate (p<0.05). Discriminant validity was supported based
             on SOFI score comparisons for patient groups based on PANSS
             and BACS scores (p<0.05); SOFI scores differed between
             borderline and moderately ill patients as measured by the
             CGI-S (p<0.05). The SOFI expands on existing measures and
             more comprehensively captures functioning of patients in the
             real world than other performance-based (proxy) measures.
             The SOFI has good evidence supporting reliability and
             construct validity, and may be a useful measure of
             functional outcomes in schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.002},
   Key = {fds273469}
}

@article{fds273525,
   Author = {Need, AC and Ge, D and Weale, ME and Maia, J and Feng, S and Heinzen, EL and Shianna, KV and Yoon, W and Kasperaviciūte, D and Gennarelli, M and Strittmatter, WJ and Bonvicini, C and Rossi, G and Jayathilake, K and Cola, PA and McEvoy, JP and Keefe, RSE and Fisher, EMC and St Jean and PL and Giegling, I and Hartmann, AM and Möller, H-J and Ruppert, A and Fraser,
             G and Crombie, C and Middleton, LT and St Clair and D and Roses, AD and Muglia, P and Francks, C and Rujescu, D and Meltzer, HY and Goldstein,
             DB},
   Title = {A genome-wide investigation of SNPs and CNVs in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Plos Genet},
   Volume = {5},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {e1000373},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197363},
   Abstract = {We report a genome-wide assessment of single nucleotide
             polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs) in
             schizophrenia. We investigated SNPs using 871 patients and
             863 controls, following up the top hits in four independent
             cohorts comprising 1,460 patients and 12,995 controls, all
             of European origin. We found no genome-wide significant
             associations, nor could we provide support for any
             previously reported candidate gene or genome-wide
             associations. We went on to examine CNVs using a subset of
             1,013 cases and 1,084 controls of European ancestry, and a
             further set of 60 cases and 64 controls of African ancestry.
             We found that eight cases and zero controls carried
             deletions greater than 2 Mb, of which two, at 8p22 and
             16p13.11-p12.4, are newly reported here. A further
             evaluation of 1,378 controls identified no deletions greater
             than 2 Mb, suggesting a high prior probability of disease
             involvement when such deletions are observed in cases. We
             also provide further evidence for some smaller, previously
             reported, schizophrenia-associated CNVs, such as those in
             NRXN1 and APBA2. We could not provide strong support for the
             hypothesis that schizophrenia patients have a significantly
             greater "load" of large (>100 kb), rare CNVs, nor could we
             find common CNVs that associate with schizophrenia. Finally,
             we did not provide support for the suggestion that
             schizophrenia-associated CNVs may preferentially disrupt
             genes in neurodevelopmental pathways. Collectively, these
             analyses provide the first integrated study of SNPs and CNVs
             in schizophrenia and support the emerging view that rare
             deleterious variants may be more important in schizophrenia
             predisposition than common polymorphisms. While our analyses
             do not suggest that implicated CNVs impinge on particular
             key pathways, we do support the contribution of specific
             genomic regions in schizophrenia, presumably due to
             recurrent mutation. On balance, these data suggest that very
             few schizophrenia patients share identical genomic
             causation, potentially complicating efforts to personalize
             treatment regimens.},
   Doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1000373},
   Key = {fds273525}
}

@article{fds370563,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Mohamed, S and Siu, C and Rosenheck, R and Fox, K and Lowe,
             DA and Garibaldi, G and Santarelli, L and Murray,
             S},
   Title = {GLOBAL COGNITIVE MEASURES AS PRIMARY OUTCOMES IN TREATMENT
             TRIALS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {249-250},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370563}
}

@article{fds370564,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Siu, C and Fox, K and Lowe, DA and Garibaldi, G and Santarelli, L and Murray, S},
   Title = {TEST-RETEST CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MATRICS CONSENSUS
             COGNITIVE BATTERY IN A 20-SITE SCHIZOPHRENIA CLINICAL TRIAL
             OF R3487/MEM3454 VERSUS PLACEBO},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {358-359},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370564}
}

@article{fds370755,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Hurley, K and Kraus, M and Leech, D and Harvey, P and Walker,
             T and Loebel, AD and Krishnan, R and Roscigno, R and Pietrobon,
             R},
   Title = {FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENTS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA CLINICAL
             TRIALS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {316-316},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370755}
}

@article{fds354392,
   Author = {Marx, CE and Keefe, RS and Payne, VM and Kilts, JD and Strauss, JL and Naylor, JC and Hamer, RM and Buchanan, RW and Lieberman, JA and Shampine, LJ and Massing, MW},
   Title = {NEUROSTEROIDS AS NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
             AND PTSD},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {368-368},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds354392}
}

@article{fds354393,
   Author = {Kane, JM and D'Souza, DC and Patkar, AA and Youakim, JM and Tiller, J and Yang, R and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {EFFICACY AND TOLERABILITY OF ADJUNCTIVE ARMODAFINIL IN
             PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {356-357},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds354393}
}

@article{fds326767,
   Author = {Tiller, J and D'Souza, DC and Keefe, RSE and Kane, JM and Patkar, AA and Youakim, JM},
   Title = {Effects of Adjunctive Armodafinil on Patients with
             Schizophrenia},
   Journal = {Neurology},
   Volume = {72},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {A336-A336},
   Publisher = {LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds326767}
}

@article{fds273471,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Kraus, MS},
   Title = {Measuring memory-prediction errors and their consequences in
             youth at risk for schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Ann Acad Med Singap},
   Volume = {38},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {414-416},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0304-4602},
   Abstract = {The largely consistent columnar circuitry observed
             throughout the cortex may serve to continuously predict
             bottom-up activation based on invariant memories. This
             "memory-prediction" function is essential to efficient and
             accurate perception. Many of the defined cognitive deficits
             associated with schizophrenia suggest a breakdown of
             memory-prediction function. As deficits in memory-prediction
             function are proposed to lie more proximal to the biological
             causes of schizophrenia than deficits in standard cognitive
             constructs, tests that more directly probe memory-prediction
             function may be especially sensitive predictors of
             conversion in individuals at high-risk for schizophrenia. In
             this article, we review the conceptual basis for this
             hypothesis, and outline how it may be tested with specific
             cognitive paradigms. The accurate identification of
             cognitive processes that precede the onset of psychosis will
             not only be useful for clinicians to predict which young
             people are at greatest risk for schizophrenia, but will also
             help determine the neurobiology of psychosis onset, thus
             leading to new and effective treatments for preventing
             schizophrenia and other psychoses.},
   Key = {fds273471}
}

@article{fds273472,
   Author = {Lim, C and Chong, SA and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Psychosocial factors in the neurobiology of schizophrenia: a
             selective review.},
   Journal = {Ann Acad Med Singap},
   Volume = {38},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {402-406},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0304-4602},
   Abstract = {AIM: Various forms of social adversity have been implicated
             in the development and emergence of psychosis. However, how
             and when these events exert their influences are not clear.
             In this paper, we attempt to examine these putative
             psychosocial factors and place them in a temporal context
             and propose a neurobiological mechanism linking these
             factors. METHODS: Medline databases were searched between
             1966 and 2007 followed by the cross-checking of references
             using the following keywords: psychosocial, stress,
             stressors, life events, psychological, combined with
             psychosis and schizophrenia. RESULTS: While some findings
             are conflicting, there are a number of positive studies
             which suggest that factors like prenatal stress, urban birth
             and childhood trauma accentuate the vulnerability for
             schizophrenia and other psychoses while other factors like
             life events, migration particularly being a minority group,
             and high expressed emotions, which occur later in the
             vulnerable individual may move the individual towards the
             tipping point for psychosis. CONCLUSION: Overall, there is
             evidence to implicate psychosocial factors in the
             pathophysiology of schizophrenia. These factors may act via
             a common pathway, which involves stress-induced
             dysregulation of the HPA axis and the dopaminergic systems.
             To establish the causal relationship of the various factors
             would require prospective studies that are adequately
             powered.},
   Key = {fds273472}
}

@article{fds273474,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Keefe, RSE and Patterson, TL and Heaton, RK and Bowie,
             CR},
   Title = {Abbreviated neuropsychological assessment in schizophrenia:
             prediction of different aspects of outcome.},
   Journal = {J Clin Exp Neuropsychol},
   Volume = {31},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {462-471},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1380-3395},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803390802251386},
   Abstract = {The aim of this study was to identify the best subset of
             neuropsychological tests for prediction of several different
             aspects of functioning in a large (n = 236) sample of older
             people with schizophrenia. While the validity of abbreviated
             assessment methods has been examined before, there has never
             been a comparative study of the prediction of different
             elements of cognitive impairment, real-world outcomes, and
             performance-based measures of functional capacity. Scores on
             10 different tests from a neuropsychological assessment
             battery were used to predict global neuropsychological (NP)
             performance (indexed with averaged scores or calculated
             general deficit scores), performance-based indices of
             everyday-living skills and social competence, and
             case-manager ratings of real-world functioning. Forward
             entry stepwise regression analyses were used to identify the
             best predictors for each of the outcomes measures. Then, the
             analyses were adjusted for estimated premorbid IQ, which
             reduced the magnitude, but not the structure, of the
             correlations. Substantial amounts (over 70%) of the variance
             in overall NP performance were accounted for by a limited
             number of NP tests. Considerable variance in measures of
             functional capacity was also accounted for by a limited
             number of tests. Different tests constituted the best
             predictor set for each outcome measure. A substantial
             proportion of the variance in several different NP and
             functional outcomes can be accounted for by a small number
             of NP tests that can be completed in a few minutes, although
             there is considerable unexplained variance. However, the
             abbreviated assessments that best predict different outcomes
             vary across outcomes. Future studies should determine
             whether responses to pharmacological and remediation
             treatments can be captured with brief assessments as
             well.},
   Doi = {10.1080/13803390802251386},
   Key = {fds273474}
}

@article{fds273475,
   Author = {Sim, K and Yang, GL and Loh, D and Poon, LY and Sitoh, YY and Verma, S and Keefe, R and Collinson, S and Chong, SA and Heckers, S and Nowinski, W and Pantelis, C},
   Title = {White matter abnormalities and neurocognitive deficits
             associated with the passivity phenomenon in schizophrenia: a
             diffusion tensor imaging study.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {172},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {121-127},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0925-4927},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.02.003},
   Abstract = {The passivity phenomenon is a distressing Schneiderian first
             rank symptom in patients with schizophrenia. Based on extant
             data of functional and structural cerebral changes
             underlying passivity, we sought to examine cerebral white
             matter integrity in our subjects. We hypothesised that the
             passivity phenomenon would be associated with white matter
             changes in specific cortical (frontal, parietal cortices,
             and cingulate gyrus) and subcortical regions (thalamus and
             basal ganglia) and correlated with relevant neurocognitive
             deficits, compared with characteristics in those without the
             passivity phenomenon. Thirty-six subjects (11 with passivity
             and 25 without passivity) with schizophrenia were compared
             with 32 age-, gender- and handedness-matched healthy
             controls using diffusion tensor imaging. Neuropsychological
             testing was administered. Patients with passivity were
             associated with increased fractional anisotropy within the
             frontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and basal ganglia and
             decreased fractional anisotropy within the thalamus when
             compared with patients without passivity. Within patients
             with passivity, fractional anisotropy in the frontal cortex
             correlated with the age of onset of illness and
             neurocognitive deficits related to attention and executive
             functioning. The findings suggest distributed involvement of
             cortical and subcortical regions underlying passivity and
             support the notion of neural network models underlying
             specific psychiatric symptoms such as passivity.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.02.003},
   Key = {fds273475}
}

@article{fds273473,
   Author = {Krishnan, RR and Keefe, R and Kraus, M},
   Title = {Schizophrenia is a disorder of higher order hierarchical
             processing.},
   Journal = {Med Hypotheses},
   Volume = {72},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {740-744},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0306-9877},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2008.12.039},
   Abstract = {Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which the patient
             manifests with auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre
             delusions, and disorganized speech and thinking. It is
             associated with significant social dysfunction. There are
             many hypotheses regarding schizophrenia. Most of these focus
             on schizophrenia as a manifestation of abnormalities from
             genetic [Mulle JG. Genomic structural variation and
             schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2008;10(2):171-7], viral
             [Fruntes V, Limosin F. Schizophrenia and viral infection
             during neurodevelopment: a pathogenesis model? Med Sci Monit
             2008;14(6):RA71-7], neurochemical [e.g. dopamine (Lewis DA,
             Akil M. Cortical dopamine in schizophrenia: strategies for
             postmortem studies. J Psychiatr Res 1997;31(2):175-95) or
             interactions between neurotransmitters (Duncan GE, Sheitman
             BB, Lieberman JA. An integrated view of pathophysiological
             models of schizophrenia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev
             1999;29(2):250-64)] or brain structural [Kotrla KJ,
             Weinberger DR. Brain imaging in schizophrenia. Annu Rev Med
             1995;46:113-22] origins. Most of these hypotheses do not
             account for how or why these presumed causes lead to the
             manifestations of schizophrenia. We argue that brain
             structure and function is compatible with a hierarchical
             processing structure that forms the basis for perception and
             thought in healthy humans. We propose that perturbations of
             the types listed above lead to disruption of higher levels
             of perception and hierarchical temporal processing by the
             brain and that this constitutes the core deficit in
             schizophrenia. We present evidence that this model explains
             many of the features of schizophrenia and we make a series
             of predictions about schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.mehy.2008.12.039},
   Key = {fds273473}
}

@article{fds273476,
   Author = {Davidson, M and Galderisi, S and Weiser, M and Werbeloff, N and Fleischhacker, WW and Keefe, RS and Boter, H and Keet, IPM and Prelipceanu, D and Rybakowski, JK and Libiger, J and Hummer, M and Dollfus, S and López-Ibor, JJ and Hranov, LG and Gaebel, W and Peuskens, J and Lindefors, N and Riecher-Rössler, A and Kahn,
             RS},
   Title = {Cognitive effects of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode
             schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: a randomized,
             open-label clinical trial (EUFEST).},
   Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {166},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {675-682},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08060806},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Cognitive impairment, manifested as mild to
             moderate deviations from psychometric norms, is present in
             many but not all schizophrenia patients. The purpose of the
             present study was to compare the effect of haloperidol with
             that of second-generation antipsychotic drugs on the
             cognitive performance of patients with schizophreniform
             disorder or first-episode schizophrenia. METHODS: Subjects
             were 498 patients with schizophreniform disorder or
             first-episode schizophrenia who were randomly assigned to
             open-label haloperidol (1 to 4 mg/day [N=103]), amisulpride
             (200 to 800 mg/day [N=104]), olanzapine (5 to 20 mg/day
             [N=105]), quetiapine (200 to 750 mg/day [N=104]), or
             ziprasidone (40 to 160 mg/day [N=82]). The Rey Auditory
             Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test Part A and Part B,
             WAIS Digit Symbol Test, and Purdue Pegboard Test were
             administered at baseline and the 6-month follow-up
             evaluation. RESULTS: Compared with scores at baseline,
             composite cognitive test scores improved for all five
             treatment groups at the 6-month follow-up evaluation.
             However, there were no overall differences among the
             treatment groups. In addition, there was a weak correlation
             between the degree of cognitive improvement and changes in
             Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores. CONCLUSION:
             Treatment with antipsychotic medication is associated with
             moderate improvement in the cognitive test performance of
             patients who have schizophreniform disorder or who are in
             their first episode of schizophrenia. The magnitude of
             improvement does not differ between treatment with
             haloperidol and treatment with second-generation
             antipsychotics. Moreover, cognitive improvement is weakly
             related to symptom change.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08060806},
   Key = {fds273476}
}

@article{fds273524,
   Author = {Need, AC and Keefe, RSE and Ge, D and Grossman, I and Dickson, S and McEvoy, JP and Goldstein, DB},
   Title = {Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic response in the CATIE
             trial: a candidate gene analysis.},
   Journal = {European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {946-957},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19156168},
   Abstract = {The Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention
             Effectiveness (CATIE) Phase 1 Schizophrenia trial compared
             the effectiveness of one typical and four atypical
             antipsychotic medications. Although trials such as CATIE
             present important opportunities for pharmacogenetics
             research, the very richness of the clinical data presents
             challenges for statistical interpretation, and in particular
             the risk that data mining will lead to false-positive
             discoveries. For this reason, it is both misleading and
             unhelpful to perpetuate the current practice of reporting
             association results for these trials one gene at a time,
             ignoring the fact that multiple gene-by-phenotype tests are
             being carried out on the same data set. On the other hand,
             suggestive associations in such trials may lead to new
             hypotheses that can be tested through both replication
             efforts and biological experimentation. The appropriate
             handling of these forms of data therefore requires
             dissemination of association statistics without undue
             emphasis on select findings. Here we attempt to illustrate
             this approach by presenting association statistics for 2769
             polymorphisms in 118 candidate genes evaluated for 21
             pharmacogenetic phenotypes. On current evidence it is
             impossible to know which of these associations may be real,
             although in total they form a valuable resource that is
             immediately available to the scientific community.},
   Doi = {10.1038/ejhg.2008.264},
   Key = {fds273524}
}

@article{fds273530,
   Author = {Marx, CE and Keefe, RSE and Buchanan, RW and Hamer, RM and Kilts, JD and Bradford, DW and Strauss, JL and Naylor, JC and Payne, VM and Lieberman,
             JA and Savitz, AJ and Leimone, LA and Dunn, L and Porcu, P and Morrow, AL and Shampine, LJ},
   Title = {Proof-of-concept trial with the neurosteroid pregnenolone
             targeting cognitive and negative symptoms in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {34},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1885-1903},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339966},
   Abstract = {The neurosteroid pregnenolone and its sulfated derivative
             enhance learning and memory in rodents. Pregnenolone sulfate
             also positively modulates NMDA receptors and could thus
             ameliorate hypothesized NMDA receptor hypofunction in
             schizophrenia. Furthermore, clozapine increases pregnenolone
             in rodent hippocampus, possibly contributing to its superior
             efficacy. We therefore investigated adjunctive pregnenolone
             for cognitive and negative symptoms in patients with
             schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder receiving stable
             doses of second-generation antipsychotics in a pilot
             randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
             Following a 2-week single-blind placebo lead-in, patients
             were randomized to pregnenolone (fixed escalating doses to
             500 mg/day) or placebo, for 8 weeks. Primary end points were
             changes in BACS and MCCB composite and total SANS scores. Of
             21 patients randomized, 18 completed at least 4 weeks of
             treatment (n=9/group). Pregnenolone was well tolerated.
             Patients receiving pregnenolone demonstrated significantly
             greater improvements in SANS scores (mean change=10.38)
             compared with patients receiving placebo (mean change=2.33),
             p=0.048. Mean composite changes in BACS and MCCB scores were
             not significantly different in patients randomized to
             pregnenolone compared with placebo. However, serum
             pregnenolone increases predicted BACS composite scores at 8
             weeks in the pregnenolone group (r(s)=0.81, p=0.022).
             Increases in allopregnanolone, a GABAergic pregnenolone
             metabolite, also predicted BACS composite scores (r(s)=0.74,
             p=0.046). In addition, baseline pregnenolone (r(s)=-0.76,
             p=0.037), pregnenolone sulfate (r(s)=-0.83, p=0.015), and
             allopregnanolone levels (r(s)=-0.83, p=0.015) were inversely
             correlated with improvements in MCCB composite scores,
             further supporting a possible role for neurosteroids in
             cognition. Mean BACS and MCCB composite scores were
             correlated (r(s)=0.74, p<0.0001). Pregnenolone may be a
             promising therapeutic agent for negative symptoms and merits
             further investigation for cognitive symptoms in
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2009.26},
   Key = {fds273530}
}

@article{fds273477,
   Author = {Lipkovich, IA and Deberdt, W and Csernansky, JG and Sabbe, B and Keefe,
             RS and Kollack-Walker, S},
   Title = {Relationships among neurocognition, symptoms and functioning
             in patients with schizophrenia: a path-analytic approach for
             associations at baseline and following 24 weeks of
             antipsychotic drug therapy.},
   Journal = {Bmc Psychiatry},
   Volume = {9},
   Pages = {44},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {1471-244X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-9-44},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neurocognitive impairment and psychiatric
             symptoms have been associated with deficits in psychosocial
             and occupational functioning in patients with schizophrenia.
             This post-hoc analysis evaluates the relationships among
             cognition, psychopathology, and psychosocial functioning in
             patients with schizophrenia at baseline and following
             sustained treatment with antipsychotic drugs. METHODS: Data
             were obtained from a clinical trial assessing the cognitive
             effects of selected antipsychotic drugs in patients with
             schizophrenia. Patients were randomly assigned to 24 weeks
             of treatment with olanzapine (n = 159), risperidone (n =
             158), or haloperidol (n = 97). Psychosocial functioning was
             assessed with the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale
             [QLS], cognition with a standard battery of neurocognitive
             tests; and psychiatric symptoms with the Positive and
             Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]. A path-analytic approach
             was used to evaluate the effects of changes in cognitive
             functioning on subdomains of quality of life, and to
             determine whether such effects were direct or mediated via
             changes in psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS: At baseline,
             processing speed affected functioning mainly indirectly via
             negative symptoms. Positive symptoms also affected
             functioning at baseline although independent of cognition.
             At 24 weeks, changes in processing speed affected changes in
             functioning both directly and indirectly via PANSS negative
             subscale scores. Positive symptoms no longer contributed to
             the path-analytic models. Although a consistent relationship
             was observed between processing speed and the 3 functional
             domains, variation existed as to whether the paths were
             direct and/or indirect. Working memory and verbal memory did
             not significantly contribute to any of the path-analytic
             models studied. CONCLUSION: Processing speed demonstrated
             direct and indirect effects via negative symptoms on three
             domains of functioning as measured by the QLS at baseline
             and following 24 weeks of antipsychotic treatment.},
   Doi = {10.1186/1471-244X-9-44},
   Key = {fds273477}
}

@article{fds273466,
   Author = {Kraus, MS and Keefe, RSE and Krishnan, RKR},
   Title = {Memory-prediction errors and their consequences in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychol Rev},
   Volume = {19},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {336-352},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {1040-7308},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11065-009-9106-1},
   Abstract = {Cognitive deficits play a central role in the onset of
             schizophrenia. Cognitive impairment precedes the onset of
             psychosis in at least a subgroup of patients, and accounts
             for considerable dysfunction. Yet cognitive deficits as
             currently measured are not significantly related to
             hallucinations and delusions. Part of this counterintuitive
             absence of a relationship may be caused by the lack of an
             organizing principle of cognitive impairment in
             schizophrenia research. We review literature suggesting that
             a system of memory-based prediction is central to human
             perception, thought and action , and forward the notion that
             many of the symptoms of schizophrenia are a result of a
             failure of this system.},
   Doi = {10.1007/s11065-009-9106-1},
   Key = {fds273466}
}

@article{fds273467,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Seidman, LJ and Christensen, BK and Hamer, RM and Sharma,
             T and Sitskoorn, MM and Lewine, RRJ and Yurgelun-Todd, DA and Gur, RC and Tohen, M and Tollefson, GD and Sanger, TM and Lieberman,
             JA},
   Title = {Comparative effect of atypical and conventional
             antipsychotic drugs on neurocognition in first-episode
             psychosis: A randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine
             versus low doses of haloperidol (American Journal of
             Psychiatry (2004) 161, (985-995))},
   Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {166},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {942},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   Key = {fds273467}
}

@article{fds273478,
   Author = {Penn, DL and Keefe, RSE and Davis, SM and Meyer, PS and Perkins, DO and Losardo, D and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {The effects of antipsychotic medications on emotion
             perception in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the
             CATIE trial.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {115},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {17-23},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.08.016},
   Abstract = {Few pharmacological intervention studies have examined the
             impact of medication on social cognition, particularly
             emotion perception. The goal of this randomized,
             double-blind study is to compare the effects of several
             second generation antipsychotics and a first generation
             antipsychotic, perphenazine, on emotion perception in
             individuals with schizophrenia. Patients were assigned to
             receive treatment with olanzapine, queitapine fumarate,
             risperidone, ziprasidone or perphenazine for up to 18
             months. Eight hundred and seventy three patients completed
             an emotion perception test immediately prior to
             randomization and after 2 months of treatment. We also
             examined baseline predictors of emotion perception change.
             Most treatments were associated with a small,
             non-statistically significant improvement in emotion
             perception at two months, although they did not differ from
             one another. Greater improvement in emotion perception at 2
             months was significantly predicted by lower baseline emotion
             perception and higher baseline neurocognitive functioning,
             and marginally predicted by less time on an
             antipsychotic.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2009.08.016},
   Key = {fds273478}
}

@article{fds273479,
   Author = {Pinheiro, AP and Keefe, RSE and Skelly, T and Olarte, M and Leviel, K and Lange, LA and Lange, EM and Stroup, TS and Lieberman, J and Sullivan,
             PF},
   Title = {Erratum: Rates of depressive and anxiety disorders in a
             residential mother-infant unit for unsettled infants
             (Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (2007) 41
             (836-842))},
   Journal = {The Australian and New Zealand Journal of
             Psychiatry},
   Volume = {43},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {1087},
   Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0004-8674},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670903270266},
   Doi = {10.1080/00048670903270266},
   Key = {fds273479}
}

@article{fds273480,
   Author = {Fox, KH and Burdick, KE and Lombardo, I and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Cognitive impairment in patients with bipolar
             disorder},
   Journal = {Psychiatric Times},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {66-68},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0893-2905},
   Key = {fds273480}
}

@article{fds273465,
   Author = {Pinheiro, AP and Keefe, RSE and Skelly, T and Olarte, M and Leviel, K and Lange, LA and Lange, EM and Stroup, TS and Lieberman, J and Sullivan,
             PF},
   Title = {Erratum: AKT1 and neurocognition in schizophrenia
             (Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (2007) 41
             (169-177))},
   Journal = {The Australian and New Zealand Journal of
             Psychiatry},
   Volume = {43},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {983},
   Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
   Year = {2009},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0004-8674},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670903228991},
   Doi = {10.1080/00048670903228991},
   Key = {fds273465}
}

@article{fds273380,
   Author = {Lamonica, HM and Keefe, RSE and Harvey, PD and Gold, JM and Goldberg,
             TE},
   Title = {Differential effects of emotional information on
             interference task performance across the life
             span.},
   Journal = {Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience},
   Volume = {2},
   Year = {2010},
   ISSN = {1663-4365},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000208561300001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {While functioning in multiple domains declines with age,
             emotional regulation appears to remain preserved in older
             adults. The Emotion Inhibition (Emotional Stroop) Test
             requires participants to name the ink color in which
             neutrally and emotionally valenced words are printed. It was
             employed in the current investigation as a measure of
             affective regulation in the context of an interference task
             in relation to age. Results demonstrated that while
             participants ranging from 20 to 50 years of age performed
             significantly worse on the emotion Stroop Inhibition
             relative to the neutral Stroop Inhibition condition,
             subjects over 60 years of age displayed the converse of this
             pattern, performing better on the emotion than the neutral
             condition, suggesting that they are less affected by the
             emotional impact of the positive and negative words used in
             the former condition. This pattern of age-related change in
             the ability to manage emotion may be related to blunting of
             affective signaling in limbic structures or, at the
             psychological level, focusing on emotional
             regulation.},
   Doi = {10.3389/fnagi.2010.00141},
   Key = {fds273380}
}

@article{fds327074,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Fenton, WS},
   Title = {HOW SHOULD DSM-V CRITERIA FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA INCLUDE
             COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT?},
   Journal = {DECONSTRUCTING PSYCHOSIS: REFINING THE RESEARCH AGENDA FOR
             DSM-V},
   Pages = {83-98},
   Publisher = {AMER PSYCHIATRIC PRESS, INC},
   Editor = {Tamminga, CA and Sirovatka, PJ and Regier, DA and VanOs,
             J},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds327074}
}

@article{fds273298,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Neurocognition},
   Pages = {97-119},
   Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511712265.007},
   Abstract = {Neurocognition is commonly impaired in patients with
             schizophrenia in all stages of the illness and varying
             levels of severity. While these impairments may appear prior
             to the onset of psychosis, their severity in chronic
             schizophrenia patients is about 1.5 to 2.0 standard
             deviations below the healthy population. Neurocognitive
             impairment is a central clinical feature of schizophrenia,
             as it is associated with pre-morbid history, concurrent
             brain functioning, and functional outcomes, and is under
             consideration as a possible component of the diagnosis for
             schizophrenia in DSM-V and ICD-11. Despite the centrality of
             cognition in schizophrenia, there are no proven
             pharmacologic treatments currently available. Spurred by the
             NIMH Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition
             in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative, a pathway for FDA
             approval of compounds to improve cognition is being
             established including an approved battery of tests, the
             MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), and numerous
             clinical trials are underway to identify new treatments.
             While these studies utilize newly established methods
             primarily developed to assess cognition in stable patients
             with schizophrenia, the methods for assessing cognition in
             patients who require a change in antipsychotic may differ.
             Most published studies of cognition have used samples of
             convenience that have included groups of patients who can
             complete extensive research protocols due to their chronic
             institutionalization or who are available because they have
             entered a clinical trial or other specialized research
             study, and have thus been carefully screened with extensive
             exclusion criteria, such as the absence of substance abuse
             and medical co-morbidities.},
   Doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511712265.007},
   Key = {fds273298}
}

@article{fds273481,
   Author = {Barch, DM and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Anticipating DSM-V: opportunities and challenges for
             cognition and psychosis.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {36},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {43-47},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp139},
   Abstract = {The current debate regarding the role that cognitive
             function should play in the diagnostic criteria for
             schizophrenia in the DSM-V has been a healthy one that has
             engendered much useful discussion and potentially
             interesting pathways for future research. At this point,
             there is little support for the idea that cognition should
             be included as a criterion A-type symptom that would
             differentiate those individuals with schizophrenia from
             individuals with other psychiatric illnesses. However, there
             continues to be much interest in including assessments of
             cognition in the DSM-V as a means of highlighting the
             importance of cognitive function for understanding
             functional status and outcome and to facilitate attention to
             cognitive function in treatment planning. However, as
             discussed here and in the Bora commentary, these suggestions
             do raise important theoretical and practical challenges as
             to how to best accomplish these goals and to provide a means
             of assessment of cognition that is viable across a wide
             range of contexts. In order to accomplish these goals, the
             structure of DSM-V will need to be modified to facilitate
             the inclusion of treatment-relevant domains that may not be
             part of the diagnostic criteria such as including
             assessments of one more domains for all disorders (eg,
             suicidality and perhaps even cognition) or assessments of
             domains that may be specific to certain classes of disorders
             (eg, cognition for psychotic and mood disorders). Bora et al
             suggest either using specifiers to indicate which
             individuals with schizophrenia have cognitive impairment or
             using a dimensional assessment of cognition. We tend to
             favor a dimensional approach as one that preserves the most
             information and does not necessitate placing what may be
             arbitrary thresholds on the level of cognitive dysfunction
             that would be sufficient to warrant a specifier of cognitive
             impairment. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly
             apparent from the work of Bora and others that cognition may
             also deserve attention in the assessment of individuals with
             affective as well as nonaffective psychosis, and thus,
             whatever approach is adopted in the DSM-V for assessing
             cognition in schizophrenia may also need to be applicable to
             individuals with other disorders as well. These are solvable
             challenges and well worth the effort in terms of their
             potential payoff for enhancing the quality of life of people
             with mental illnesses and reducing demands on public health
             resources.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbp139},
   Key = {fds273481}
}

@article{fds273528,
   Author = {Reichenberg, A and Caspi, A and Harrington, H and Houts, R and Keefe,
             RSE and Murray, RM and Poulton, R and Moffitt, TE},
   Title = {Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding
             adult schizophrenia: a 30-year study.},
   Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {167},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {160-169},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20048021},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Premorbid cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are
             well documented and have been interpreted as supporting a
             neurodevelopmental etiological model. The authors
             investigated the following three unresolved questions about
             premorbid cognitive deficits: What is their developmental
             course? Do all premorbid cognitive deficits follow the same
             course? Are premorbid cognitive deficits specific to
             schizophrenia or shared by other psychiatric disorders?
             METHOD: Participants were members of a representative cohort
             of 1,037 males and females born between 1972 and 1973 in
             Dunedin, New Zealand. Cohort members underwent follow-up
             evaluations at specific intervals from age 3 to 32 years,
             with a 96% retention rate. Cognitive development was
             analyzed and compared in children who later developed
             schizophrenia or recurrent depression as well as in healthy
             comparison subjects. RESULTS: Children who developed adult
             schizophrenia exhibited developmental deficits (i.e., static
             cognitive impairments that emerge early and remain stable)
             on tests indexing verbal and visual knowledge acquisition,
             reasoning, and conceptualization. In addition, these
             children exhibited developmental lags (i.e., growth that is
             slower relative to healthy comparison subjects) on tests
             indexing processing speed, attention, visual-spatial problem
             solving ability, and working memory. These two premorbid
             cognitive patterns were not observed in children who later
             developed recurrent depression. CONCLUSIONS: These findings
             suggest that the origins of schizophrenia include two
             interrelated developmental processes evident from childhood
             to early adolescence (ages 7-13 years). Children who will
             grow up to develop adult schizophrenia enter primary school
             struggling with verbal reasoning and lag further behind
             their peers in working memory, attention, and processing
             speed as they get older.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09040574},
   Key = {fds273528}
}

@article{fds327073,
   Author = {Kern, RS and Gold, JM and Dickinson, D and Green, MF and Nuechterlein,
             KH and Keefe, RSE and Marder, SR and Sugar, CA},
   Title = {COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AND COMMUNITY FUNCTIONING IN
             SCHIZOPHRENIA: RESULTS FROM THE MATRICS PSYCHOMETRIC AND
             STANDARDIZATION STUDY (PASS)},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {117},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {323-324},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.551},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.551},
   Key = {fds327073}
}

@article{fds354391,
   Author = {Reichenberg, A and Caspi, A and Harrington, H and Houts, R and Keefe, R and Murray, R and Poulton, R and Moffitt, T},
   Title = {STATIC AND DYNAMIC COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN CHILDHOOD PRECEDE
             ADULT SCHIZOPHRENIA: A 30-YEAR STUDY},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {117},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {175-175},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.207},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.207},
   Key = {fds354391}
}

@article{fds370552,
   Author = {Geffen, Y and Anand, R and Keefe, R and Davidson,
             M},
   Title = {RESULTS OF PHASE 2B EAGLE TRIAL; A DOUBLE BLIND PLACEBO
             CONTROL STUDY EVALUATING THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF BL-1020,
             A GABA ENHANCED ANTIPSYCHOTIC FOR THE TREATMENT OF
             SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {117},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {212-212},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.296},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.296},
   Key = {fds370552}
}

@article{fds370560,
   Author = {Volovyk, SV and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY FOR COHERENT INSIGHTS INTO THE NATURE OF
             EARTH/SPACE NATURAL RADIATION EFFECTS ON MAN'S BRAIN
             DISORDERS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {117},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {530-531},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1024},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1024},
   Key = {fds370560}
}

@article{fds370754,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Vinogradov, S and Medalia, A and Buckley, P and Caroff, S and D'Souza, D and Harvey, P and Graham, K and Marder, S and Miller, D and Olson, S and Patel, J and Velligan, D and Walker, T and Haim, A and Stroup,
             S},
   Title = {FEASIBILITY STUDY OF MULTI-SITE COGNITIVE REMEDIATION IN THE
             SCHIZOPHRENIA TRIALS NETWORK (CRSTN)},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {117},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {394-394},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.712},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.712},
   Key = {fds370754}
}

@article{fds370579,
   Author = {Carpenter, W and Hofer, A and Keefe, R and Mueser, K and Naber, D and Chen,
             E},
   Title = {DSM-V: NEW PARADIGMS AND OTHER CONTROVERSIES},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {117},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {110-110},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.025},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.025},
   Key = {fds370579}
}

@article{fds371781,
   Author = {Buchanan, RW and Barch, D and Csernansky, J and Goff, D and Gold, J and Jarskog, F and Javitt, D and Keefe, R and Lieberman, J and McEvoy, J and McMahon, R and Marder, S},
   Title = {MK-0777 FOR THE TREATMENT OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS IN PEOPLE
             WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {117},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {119-119},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.053},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.053},
   Key = {fds371781}
}

@article{fds273482,
   Author = {Goldberg, TE and Keefe, RSE and Goldman, RS and Robinson, DG and Harvey,
             PD},
   Title = {Circumstances under which practice does not make perfect: a
             review of the practice effect literature in schizophrenia
             and its relevance to clinical treatment studies.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1053-1062},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0893-133X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.211},
   Abstract = {In this article, we review the literature on practice
             effects in schizophrenia, an underappreciated confound in
             interpreting cognitive improvement in clinical trials. We
             first examine claims regarding first- and second-generation
             antipsychotic medications as cognitive enhancers, and follow
             it with a discussion of recent studies demonstrating how
             practice or placebo effects may drive 'positive' findings.
             Thus, this review suggests that many previous findings can
             be reinterpreted in this light. Critically, we also make
             several suggestions about test construction, study design,
             and statistical analyses that the field might use to
             overcome this potential confound. Our suggestions may also
             have implications for drug discovery and regulatory approval
             of cognitive-enhancing adjunctive agents, in terms of study
             design and/or test psychometric characteristics, including
             the development of tests that are relatively insensitive to
             practice-related changes. Such advances might be important
             for improving the methodology involved in the assessment of
             cognitive change in treatment studies.},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2009.211},
   Key = {fds273482}
}

@article{fds273529,
   Author = {Polanczyk, G and Moffitt, TE and Arseneault, L and Cannon, M and Ambler,
             A and Keefe, RSE and Houts, R and Odgers, CL and Caspi,
             A},
   Title = {Etiological and clinical features of childhood psychotic
             symptoms: results from a birth cohort.},
   Journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {328-338},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20368509},
   Abstract = {CONTEXT: It has been reported that childhood psychotic
             symptoms are common in the general population and may signal
             neurodevelopmental processes that lead to schizophrenia.
             However, it is not clear whether these symptoms are
             associated with the same extensive risk factors established
             for adult schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE: To examine the construct
             validity of children's self-reported psychotic symptoms by
             testing whether these symptoms share the risk factors and
             clinical features of adult schizophrenia. DESIGN:
             Prospective, longitudinal cohort study of a nationally
             representative birth cohort in Great Britain. PARTICIPANTS:
             A total of 2232 twelve-year-old children followed up since
             age 5 years (retention, 96%). Main Outcome Measure
             Children's self-reported hallucinations and delusions.
             RESULTS: Children's psychotic symptoms are familial and
             heritable and are associated with social risk factors (eg,
             urbanicity); cognitive impairments at age 5; home-rearing
             risk factors (eg, maternal expressed emotion); behavioral,
             emotional, and educational problems at age 5; and comorbid
             conditions, including self-harm. CONCLUSIONS: The results
             provide a comprehensive picture of the construct validity of
             children's self-reported psychotic symptoms. For
             researchers, the findings indicate that children who have
             psychotic symptoms can be recruited for neuroscience
             research to determine the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. For
             clinicians, the findings indicate that psychotic symptoms in
             childhood are often a marker of an impaired developmental
             process and should be actively assessed.},
   Doi = {10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.14},
   Key = {fds273529}
}

@article{fds354390,
   Author = {Reichenberg, A and Caspi, A and Harrington, H and Houts, R and Keefe,
             RS and Murray, RM and Poulton, R and Moffitt, TE},
   Title = {Static and Dynamic Cognitive Deficits in Childhood Precede
             Adult Schizophrenia: A 30-Year Study},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {12S-12S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {May},
   Key = {fds354390}
}

@article{fds273483,
   Author = {Seidman, LJ and Giuliano, AJ and Meyer, EC and Addington, J and Cadenhead, KS and Cannon, TD and McGlashan, TH and Perkins, DO and Tsuang, MT and Walker, EF and Woods, SW and Bearden, CE and Christensen,
             BK and Hawkins, K and Heaton, R and Keefe, RSE and Heinssen, R and Cornblatt, BA and North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study
             (NAPLS) Group},
   Title = {Neuropsychology of the prodrome to psychosis in the NAPLS
             consortium: relationship to family history and conversion to
             psychosis.},
   Journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
   Volume = {67},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {578-588},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0003-990X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.66},
   Abstract = {CONTEXT: Early detection and prospective evaluation of
             clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals who may develop
             schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders is critical for
             predicting psychosis onset and for testing preventive
             interventions. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the neuropsychology
             of the CHR syndrome, to determine the association of
             neuropsychological function with conversion to psychosis and
             family history of psychosis, and to examine whether baseline
             neuropsychological functioning predicts subsequent
             psychosis. DESIGN: Longitudinal study with 2(1/2) years of
             follow-up. SETTING: Eight centers participating in the North
             American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. PARTICIPANTS: Three
             hundred four prospectively identified CHR individuals
             meeting Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes
             criteria, 52 non-CHR persons with a family history of
             psychosis in first- or second-degree relatives (family
             high-risk group), and 193 normal controls with neither a
             family history of psychosis nor a CHR syndrome, all of whom
             underwent baseline neuropsychological evaluations. MAIN
             OUTCOME MEASURES: A neurocognitive composite score, 8
             individual neuropsychological measures, an IQ estimate, and
             high-risk status. RESULTS: Global ("composite")
             neuropsychological functioning was comparably impaired in
             the CHR and family high-risk groups compared with controls,
             but profiles differed significantly between groups.
             Neuropsychological functioning in the CHR group was
             significantly lower in persons who progressed to psychosis
             than in those who did not and was worst in the subgroup with
             a family history of psychosis. Tests of processing speed and
             verbal learning and memory were most sensitive in
             discriminating CHR individuals from controls, although
             reductions were less severe than in established
             schizophrenia. Neuropsychological functioning did not
             contribute uniquely to the prediction of psychosis beyond
             clinical criteria, but worse verbal memory predicted more
             rapid conversion. CONCLUSIONS: These findings document that
             CHR individuals have significant neuropsychological
             difficulties, particularly those who later develop
             psychosis. This dysfunction is generally of moderate
             severity but less than in first-episode schizophrenia,
             suggesting that further decline may occur after baseline CHR
             assessment.},
   Doi = {10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.66},
   Key = {fds273483}
}

@article{fds273484,
   Author = {Chan, W-Y and Yang, G-L and Chia, M-Y and Woon, P-S and Lee, J and Keefe,
             R and Sitoh, Y-Y and Nowinski, WL and Sim, K},
   Title = {Cortical and subcortical white matter abnormalities in
             adults with remitted first-episode mania revealed by
             Tract-Based Spatial Statistics.},
   Journal = {Bipolar Disord},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {383-389},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {1398-5647},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00829.x},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Abnormalities of brain white matter have been
             noted in structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion
             tensor imaging (DTI) studies of bipolar disorder, but there
             are fewer investigations specifically examining white matter
             integrity early in the course of illness. In this study, we
             employed DTI to elucidate white matter changes in adult
             patients with remitted first-episode mania and hypothesized
             that first-episode mania was associated with decreased
             fractional anisotropy in cortical (frontal) and subcortical
             (thalamus, striatum) white matter as well as white matter
             tracts (cingulum, corpus callosum). METHODS: Diffusion
             tensor images were acquired from 16 patients with remitted
             first-episode mania and 16 healthy controls matched for age,
             gender, handedness, and years of education. Fractional
             anisotropy and radial and axial diffusivities were analyzed
             using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. RESULTS: Patients had
             lower fractional anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity in
             the left anterior frontal white matter, right posterior
             thalamic radiation, left cingulum, and bilateral sagittal
             striatum. In addition, increased radial diffusivity was
             found in the left corpus callosum. CONCLUSION: Our findings
             highlighted that white matter abnormalities were present by
             the time of remission of first-episode mania. The widespread
             occurrence of these white matter abnormalities both in
             first-episode mania and chronic bipolar disorder suggested
             that disruption of white matter cortical-subcortical
             networks as well as projection, associative, and commissural
             tracts is a hallmark of the illness.},
   Doi = {10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00829.x},
   Key = {fds273484}
}

@article{fds273486,
   Author = {Chia, MY and Chan, WY and Chua, KY and Lee, H and Lee, J and Lee, R and Lim,
             C and Tay, E and Woon, PS and Keefe, RSE and Sim, K},
   Title = {The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale: validation of an
             interview-based assessment of cognitive functioning in Asian
             patients with schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {178},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {33-38},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.03.020},
   Abstract = {Growing interest in cognitive deficits associated with
             schizophrenia has led to the need for a clinician-friendly
             cognitive instrument. The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating
             Scale (SCoRS), recognized for its brevity and ease of
             administration, has proven to be a valid and reliable
             measure of overall cognition in schizophrenia patients.
             However, there has been no such validation in an Asian
             context. This SCoRS validation study involved 103 patient
             and 48 control subjects within an Asian population.
             Test-retest reliability, sensitivity of the instrument to
             cognitive differences between patients with schizophrenia
             and healthy controls as well as validity by comparing with a
             standardised performance-based cognitive battery, the Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) were
             assessed. Our findings indicated that SCoRS is highly
             reliable (ICC=0.984) and sensitive to cognitive dysfunction.
             SCoRS is significantly correlated with BACS composite scores
             and predicted functional outcomes as measured by Global
             Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and World Health
             Organisation-Quality of Life (WHO QOL) within an Asian
             population. SCoRS represents a clinician-friendly cognitive
             assessment tool that incorporates third-party feedback and
             might be employed in clinical practice to better evaluate
             and manage schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2010.03.020},
   Key = {fds273486}
}

@article{fds273485,
   Author = {Konneker, TI and Crowley, JJ and Quackenbush, CR and Keefe, RSE and Perkins, DO and Stroup, TS and Lieberman, JA and van den Oord, E and Sullivan, PF},
   Title = {No association of the serotonin transporter polymorphisms
             5-HTTLPR and RS25531 with schizophrenia or
             neurocognition.},
   Journal = {Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet},
   Volume = {153B},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1115-1117},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {1552-4841},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.31077},
   Abstract = {A promoter polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene
             has been widely studied in neuropsychiatry. We genotyped the
             5-HTTLPR/rs25531 triallelic polymorphism in 728
             schizophrenia cases from the CATIE study and 724 control
             subjects. In a logistic regression with case/control status
             as dependent variable and 7 ancestry-informative principal
             components as covariates, the effect of 5-HTTLPR/rs25531
             composite genotype was not significant (odds ratio = 1.008,
             95% CI 0.868-1.172, P = 0.91). In cases only,
             5-HTTLPR/rs25531 was not associated with neurocognition
             (summary neurocognitive index P = 0.21, working memory P =
             0.32) or symptomatology (PANSS positive P = 0.67 and
             negative symptoms P = 0.46). We were unable to identify
             association of the triallelic 5-HTTLPR with schizophrenia,
             neurocognition, or core psychotic symptoms even at levels of
             significance unadjusted for multiple comparisons.},
   Doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.31077},
   Key = {fds273485}
}

@article{fds273487,
   Author = {Ventura, J and Reise, SP and Keefe, RSE and Baade, LE and Gold, JM and Green, MF and Kern, RS and Mesholam-Gately, R and Nuechterlein, KH and Seidman, LJ and Bilder, RM},
   Title = {The Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI): development and
             validation of an empirically derived, brief interview-based
             measure of cognition.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {121},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {24-31},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.016},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Practical, reliable "real world" measures of
             cognition are needed to supplement neurocognitive
             performance data to evaluate possible efficacy of new drugs
             targeting cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
             Because interview-based measures of cognition offer one
             possible approach, data from the MATRICS initiative (n=176)
             were used to examine the psychometric properties of the
             Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) and the
             Clinical Global Impression of Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (CGI-CogS). METHOD: We used classical test theory methods
             and item response theory to derive the 10-item Cognitive
             Assessment Interview (CAI) from the SCoRS and CGI-CogS
             ("parent instruments"). Sources of information for CAI
             ratings included the patient and an informant. Validity
             analyses examined the relationship between the CAI and
             objective measures of cognitive functioning, intermediate
             measures of cognition, and functional outcome. RESULTS: The
             rater's score from the newly derived CAI (10 items)
             correlate highly (r=.87) with those from the combined set of
             the SCoRS and CGI-CogS (41 items). Both the patient (r=.82)
             and the informant (r=.95) data were highly correlated with
             the rater's score. The CAI was modestly correlated with
             objectively measured neurocognition (r=-.32), functional
             capacity (r=-.44), and functional outcome (r=-.32), which
             was comparable to the parent instruments. CONCLUSIONS: The
             CAI allows for expert judgment in evaluating a patient's
             cognitive functioning and was modestly correlated with
             neurocognitive functioning, functional capacity, and
             functional outcome. The CAI is a brief, repeatable, and
             potentially valuable tool for rating cognition in
             schizophrenia patients who are participating in clinical
             trials.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.016},
   Key = {fds273487}
}

@article{fds371780,
   Author = {Volovyk, S and Keefe, R and Loganovsky, K and Bazyka,
             D},
   Title = {Cognitive and behavioral dysfunction under ionizing
             radiation exposure},
   Journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal
             of the International Organization of Psychophysiology},
   Volume = {77},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {341-341},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.285},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.285},
   Key = {fds371780}
}

@article{fds273488,
   Author = {Ascher-Svanum, H and Nyhuis, AW and Stauffer, V and Kinon, BJ and Faries, DE and Phillips, GA and Schuh, K and Awad, AG and Keefe, R and Naber, D},
   Title = {Reasons for discontinuation and continuation of
             antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia from
             patient and clinician perspectives.},
   Journal = {Curr Med Res Opin},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {2403-2410},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0300-7995},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2010.515900},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To identify reasons for discontinuation and
             continuation of antipsychotic medications in the treatment
             of schizophrenia from the patients' and their clinicians'
             perspectives. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Two measures were
             previously developed to assess the Reasons for Antipsychotic
             Discontinuation/Continuation (RAD), one from the patient's
             perspective and another from the clinician's perspective.
             These measures were administered to acutely ill
             schizophrenia patients enrolled in a 12-week study of
             antipsychotic medications (N = 596) and to their clinicians.
             The RAD was assessed at baseline and at endpoint. Reasons
             were rated on a 5-point scale from 'primary reason' to 'not
             a reason.' The single most important reason was also
             identified. The 'single most important reason' and the
             'primary reasons' for discontinuing the drug used prior to
             enrollment, and for discontinuing or continuing the study
             drug were identified. Levels of concordance between
             patients' and clinicians' reasons were assessed. CLINICAL
             TRIAL REGISTRATION: The data source for this study is a
             clinical trial registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov
             (NCT00337662). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reasons for
             Antipsychotic Discontinuation/Continuation (RAD). RESULTS:
             Patients and clinicians identified several reasons for
             medication discontinuation and continuation (2.3 to 6.3
             reasons, on average). The top 'single most important' reason
             for discontinuing the drug used prior to enrollment and for
             discontinuing the study drug was 'positive symptoms not
             sufficiently improved or made worse,' followed by
             'medication-related adverse events.' The most frequent
             'single most important' reason for medication continuation
             was 'improved positive symptoms,' followed by 'patient's
             perception of improvement,' and 'functional improvement.' A
             high level of concordance was observed between patients' and
             clinicians' ratings. CONCLUSIONS: Medication efficacy
             appears to be the core driver of medication discontinuation
             and continuation, especially with regard to positive
             symptoms. There was a high level of concordance between
             patients' and clinicians' perspectives. Limitations include
             the study requirement that patients be at least moderately
             ill and experiencing acute psychotic exacerbation, a
             potential selection bias in the readiness to respond to
             measures, and small sample sizes for some analyses. Further
             research is needed to replicate findings in patients who are
             not acutely ill.},
   Doi = {10.1185/03007995.2010.515900},
   Key = {fds273488}
}

@article{fds273489,
   Author = {Kane, JM and D'Souza, DC and Patkar, AA and Youakim, JM and Tiller, JM and Yang, R and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Armodafinil as adjunctive therapy in adults with cognitive
             deficits associated with schizophrenia: a 4-week,
             double-blind, placebo-controlled study.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {1475-1481},
   Year = {2010},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20816042},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of
             armodafinil, the longer-lasting isomer of modafinil, as
             adjunctive therapy in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD:
             This 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
             proof-of-concept study was conducted between July and
             December 2007. Patients had a history of stable
             schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR criteria) for ≥ 8 weeks and were
             treated with oral risperidone, olanzapine, or paliperidone
             for ≥ 6 weeks at stable doses for ≥ 4 weeks. Patients
             were randomly assigned to once-daily placebo or armodafinil
             50, 100, or 200 mg. The primary efficacy measure was the
             Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery.
             Secondary outcome measures included the Positive and
             Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Scale for Assessment
             of Negative Symptoms (SANS). RESULTS: Sixty patients were
             randomly assigned (15 in each group). No apparent
             differences between groups in the MATRICS composite score
             were observed (mean ± SD change from baseline to final
             visit: armodafinil 50 mg, 1.9 ± 6.22; 100 mg, 2.8 ± 7.98;
             200 mg, 2.9 ± 4.72; placebo, 2.2 ± 5.06). The mean ± SD
             changes in PANSS total scores were -6.3 ± 7.25 for
             armodafinil 200 mg and -1.7 ± 4.89 for placebo at final
             visit (effect size=0.73; 95% CI, -0.08 to 1.54) and PANSS
             negative symptoms scores were -3.4 ± 2.07 and 0.1 ± 1.93
             (effect size=1.69; 95% CI, 0.78 to 2.60), respectively.
             Although reductions in SANS total score were observed with
             both armodafinil and placebo at final visit, no
             between-group difference was shown. Armodafinil was
             generally well tolerated, with diarrhea and headache the
             most commonly reported adverse events. There was no evidence
             of worsening of psychosis with adjunctive armodafinil.
             CONCLUSIONS: In this 4-week study, adjunctive armodafinil
             was not associated with an improvement in cognitive
             measures, but armodafinil 200 mg/d appeared to mitigate the
             negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Treatment was generally
             well tolerated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov
             Identifier: NCT00487942.},
   Doi = {10.4088/JCP.09m05950gry},
   Key = {fds273489}
}

@article{fds370738,
   Author = {Keefe, R},
   Title = {A MODEL OF COGNITIVE OUTCOME MEASURE CHOICE IN EARLY TO LATE
             PHASE SCHIZOPHRENIA TRIALS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {37},
   Pages = {309-309},
   Year = {2011},
   Key = {fds370738}
}

@article{fds370739,
   Author = {Buller, R and Mittoux, A and Green, MF and Keefe, R and Forray, C and Schooler, N and Marder, S},
   Title = {A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PARALLEL-GROUP, FLEXIBLE-DOSE
             STUDY EXPLORING THE NEUROCOGNITIVE EFFECT OF SERTINDOLE VS.
             QUETIAPINE IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA USING THE MATRICS
             CONSENSUS COGNITIVE BATTERY (MCCB)},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {37},
   Pages = {298-298},
   Year = {2011},
   Key = {fds370739}
}

@article{fds370740,
   Author = {Sweeney, J and Keefe, R and Hill, S},
   Title = {COGNITIVE PHENOTYPES FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA AND PSYCHOTIC BIPOLAR
             DISORDER IN THE BSNIP STUDY},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {37},
   Pages = {230-230},
   Year = {2011},
   Key = {fds370740}
}

@article{fds370741,
   Author = {Kraus, M and Keefe, R and Krishnan, R},
   Title = {DEFICITS IN LEARNING-DEPENDENT PREDICTIVE PERCEPTION AND
             THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND REALITY
             DISTORTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {37},
   Pages = {215-215},
   Year = {2011},
   Key = {fds370741}
}

@article{fds370742,
   Author = {Keefe, R},
   Title = {FAILURES IN LEARNING- DEPENDENT PREDICTIVE PERCEPTION AS THE
             KEY VULNERABILITY TO PSYCHOSIS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {37},
   Pages = {17-18},
   Year = {2011},
   Key = {fds370742}
}

@article{fds327072,
   Author = {Sarkisyan, G and Gurovich, I and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {NORMATIVE DATA FOR RUSSIAN POPULATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF
             THE SCALE "BRIEF ASSESSMENT OF COGNITION IN
             SCHIZOPHRENIA"},
   Journal = {European Psychiatry},
   Volume = {26},
   Pages = {1 pages},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES
             ELSEVIER},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   Key = {fds327072}
}

@article{fds273490,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Kraus, MS and Krishnan, RR},
   Title = {Failures in learning-dependent predictive perception as the
             key cognitive vulnerability to psychosis in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {36},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {367-368},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0893-133X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.153},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2010.153},
   Key = {fds273490}
}

@article{fds273491,
   Author = {McClay, JL and Adkins, DE and Aberg, K and Bukszár, J and Khachane, AN and Keefe, RSE and Perkins, DO and McEvoy, JP and Stroup, TS and Vann, RE and Beardsley, PM and Lieberman, JA and Sullivan, PF and van den Oord,
             EJCG},
   Title = {Genome-wide pharmacogenomic study of neurocognition as an
             indicator of antipsychotic treatment response in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {36},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {616-626},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0893-133X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.193},
   Abstract = {Neurocognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia
             and, therefore, represent potentially critical outcome
             variables for assessing antipsychotic treatment response. We
             performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with 492K
             single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a sample of 738
             patients with schizophrenia from the Clinical Antipsychotic
             Trials of Intervention Effectiveness study. Outcome
             variables consisted of a neurocognitive battery administered
             at multiple time points over an 18-month period, measuring
             processing speed, verbal memory, vigilance, reasoning, and
             working memory domains. Genetic mediation of improvements in
             each of these five domains plus a composite neurocognitive
             measure was assessed for each of five antipsychotics
             (olanzapine, perphenazine, quetiapine, risperidone, and
             ziprasidone). Six SNPs achieved genome-wide significance
             using a pre-specified threshold that ensures, on average,
             only 1 in 10 findings is a false discovery. These six SNPs
             were located within, or in close proximity to, genes EHF,
             SLC26A9, DRD2, GPR137B, CHST8, and IL1A. The more robust
             findings, that is those significant across multiple
             neurocognitive domains and having adjacent SNPs showing
             evidence for association, were rs286913 at the EHF gene
             (p-value 6.99 × 10(-8), q-value 0.034, mediating the
             effects of ziprasidone on vigilance), rs11240594 at SLC26A9
             (p-value 1.4 × 10(-7), q-value 0.068, mediating the effects
             of olanzapine on processing speed), and rs11677416 at IL1A
             (p-value 6.67 × 10(-7), q-value 0.081, mediating the
             effects of olanzapine on working memory). This study has
             generated several novel candidate genes for antipsychotic
             response. However, our findings will require replication and
             functional validation. To facilitate replication efforts, we
             provide all GWAS p-values for download.},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2010.193},
   Key = {fds273491}
}

@article{fds273492,
   Author = {Krishnan, RR and Fivaz, M and Kraus, MS and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Hierarchical temporal processing deficit model of reality
             distortion and psychoses.},
   Journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {129-144},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1359-4184},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.63},
   Abstract = {We posit in this article that hierarchical temporal
             processing deficit is the underlying basis of reality
             distortion and psychoses. Schizophrenia is a prototypical
             reality distortion disorder in which the patient manifests
             with auditory hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech
             and thinking, cognitive impairment, avolition and social and
             occupational dysfunction. Reality distortion can be present
             in many other disorders including bipolar disorder, major
             depression and even dementia. Conceptually, schizophrenia is
             a heterogeneous entity likely to be because of numerous
             causes similar to dementia. Although no single symptom or
             set of symptoms is pathognomonic, a cardinal feature in all
             patients with schizophrenia is chronic distortion of
             reality. The model that we have proposed accounts for the
             varied manifestations of reality distortion including
             hallucinations and delusions. In this paper we consider the
             implications of this model for the underlying biology of
             psychoses and also for the neurobiology of schizophrenia and
             suggest potential targets to consider for the etiology and
             pathophysiology of reality distortion, especially in the
             context of schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1038/mp.2010.63},
   Key = {fds273492}
}

@article{fds273493,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Fox, KH and Harvey, PD and Cucchiaro, J and Siu, C and Loebel, A},
   Title = {Characteristics of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery
             in a 29-site antipsychotic schizophrenia clinical
             trial.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {125},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {161-168},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.09.015},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve
             Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Project produced a
             battery of tests, the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery
             (MCCB), designed to assess cognitive treatment effects in
             clinical trials of patients with schizophrenia. In
             validation studies, the MCCB demonstrated excellent
             reliability, minimal practice effects and significant
             correlations with measures of functional capacity. This
             study addresses whether the MCCB demonstrates these
             favorable characteristics when administered in the context
             of the type of large multi-site industry trial for which it
             was designed. METHODS: In a clinical trial comparing
             risperidone and lurasidone, 323 clinically-stable
             outpatients with schizophrenia at 29 sites were assessed
             with MCCB at screening and a median of 15days later at
             baseline. A measure of functional capacity, the UCSD
             Performance-based Skills Assessment-Brief (UPSA-B) was
             administered at baseline. RESULTS: All 323 (100%) patients
             had sufficient data for computing a composite score
             according to the MCCB criteria. The test-retest reliability
             of the MCCB composite score was excellent (ICC=0.88). The
             severity of cognitive impairment was T=24.7 (SD=12.1) at
             screening and T=26.7 (SD=12.4) at baseline. The MCCB
             composite score demonstrated a large correlation with the
             UPSA-B composite score (r=.60, df=304, p<.001). The practice
             effect on the composite score was small (z=0.18).
             DISCUSSION: In the context of a 29-site antipsychotic trial
             in stable outpatients with schizophrenia, the MCCB is
             sensitive to cognitive deficits in all domains, demonstrates
             excellent test-retest reliability and small practice
             effects, and is strongly correlated with a leading measure
             of functional capacity.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2010.09.015},
   Key = {fds273493}
}

@article{fds370568,
   Author = {Davidson, M and Reichenberg, AA and Levine, SZ and Rabinowitz, J and Keefe, R and Murray, R and Moffitt, T and Caspi, A},
   Title = {MODELING THE EXPRESSION AND COURSE OF DEVELOPMENTAL
             ABNORMALITIES PRECEDING ADULT SCHIZOPHRENIA:
             CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW DEVELOPMENTAL ULTRA-HIGH-RISK
             GROUP IN 2 BIRTH COHORTS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {37},
   Pages = {49-50},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370568}
}

@article{fds273494,
   Author = {Sachs, G and Winklbaur, B and Jagsch, R and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Validation of the German version of the brief assessment of
             cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) - preliminary
             results.},
   Journal = {Eur Psychiatry},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {74-77},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0924-9338},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.10.006},
   Abstract = {The German version of the BACS showed high test-retest
             reliability. Sensitivity and specificity scores demonstrated
             good ability to differentiate between patients and controls.
             The study suggests that the German Version of the BACS is a
             useful scale to evaluate cognitive functioning.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.10.006},
   Key = {fds273494}
}

@article{fds273495,
   Author = {Buchanan, RW and Keefe, RSE and Lieberman, JA and Barch, DM and Csernansky, JG and Goff, DC and Gold, JM and Green, MF and Jarskog, LF and Javitt, DC and Kimhy, D and Kraus, MS and McEvoy, JP and Mesholam-Gately, RI and Seidman, LJ and Ball, MP and McMahon, RP and Kern, RS and Robinson, J and Marder, SR},
   Title = {A randomized clinical trial of MK-0777 for the treatment of
             cognitive impairments in people with schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Biol Psychiatry},
   Volume = {69},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {442-449},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0006-3223},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.052},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: In a previous pilot study, MK-0777--a
             γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) α2/α3 partial agonist--was
             reported to improve delayed memory and cognitive measures of
             prefrontal cortical function in people with schizophrenia.
             The current study was designed to further examine the
             efficacy and safety of MK-0777 for the treatment of
             cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. METHODS: Sixty
             people with DSM-IV schizophrenia entered a 4-week,
             multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized
             clinical trial. Participants were randomized to: MK-0777 3
             mg b.i.d. (n = 18); MK-0777 8 mg b.i.d. (n = 21); or placebo
             (n = 21). Participants were clinically stable. The
             Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery,
             AX-Continuous Performance Test, and N-Back were used to
             assess cognition. The University of California San Diego
             (UCSD) Performance Based Skills Assessment-2 and the
             Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale assessed functional
             capacity and served as functional outcome coprimary
             measures. RESULTS: There were no significant group
             differences on the primary outcome measure, the MATRICS
             Consensus Cognitive Battery composite score. Secondary
             analyses suggested that participants randomized to placebo
             performed significantly better on visual memory and
             reasoning/problem-solving tests than participants assigned
             to either MK-0777 dose. There were no significant group
             differences on the AX-Continuous Performance Test or N-Back
             d prime scores or UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment-2
             and Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale total scores. In
             general, MK-0777 was well-tolerated with minimal side
             effects. CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that MK-0777
             has little benefit for cognitive impairments in people with
             schizophrenia. The GABA(A) receptor remains a promising
             target, but a more potent partial agonist with greater
             intrinsic activity at the GABA(A) α2 site might be needed
             for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.052},
   Key = {fds273495}
}

@article{fds273496,
   Author = {Segarra, N and Bernardo, M and Gutierrez, F and Justicia, A and Fernadez-Egea, E and Allas, M and Safont, G and Contreras, F and Gascon,
             J and Soler-Insa, PA and Menchon, JM and Junque, C and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Spanish validation of the Brief Assessment in Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (BACS) in patients with schizophrenia and
             healthy controls.},
   Journal = {Eur Psychiatry},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {69-73},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0924-9338},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.11.001},
   Abstract = {Neurocognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia
             and is closely associated with functional outcome. The
             importance of cognitive assessment is broadly accepted
             today, and an easy-to-use, internationality validated
             cognitive assessment tool is needed by researchers and in
             daily clinical practice. The Brief Assessment of Cognition
             in Schizophrenia (BACS) has been validated in English,
             French, Japanese and Italian. It is as sensitive to
             cognitive dysfunction as a standard test battery, with the
             advantage of requiring less than 35minutes to complete. In
             our study, we tested the psychometric characteristics of a
             Spanish version of the BACS in 117 patients with
             schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and 36 healthy controls.
             All BACS cognitive subtests discriminated between patients
             and controls (P<.001), and the concurrent validity between
             the BACS and a traditional neuropsychological test battery
             was similar to that reported in other languages. We conclude
             that the BACS can facilitate the comparison of the cognitive
             performance of patients with schizophrenia in many different
             countries.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.11.001},
   Key = {fds273496}
}

@article{fds273497,
   Author = {Kern, RS and Gold, JM and Dickinson, D and Green, MF and Nuechterlein,
             KH and Baade, LE and Keefe, RSE and Mesholam-Gately, RI and Seidman, LJ and Lee, C and Sugar, CA and Marder, SR},
   Title = {The MCCB impairment profile for schizophrenia outpatients:
             results from the MATRICS psychometric and standardization
             study.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {126},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {124-131},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.008},
   Abstract = {The MATRICS Psychometric and Standardization Study was
             conducted as a final stage in the development of the MATRICS
             Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The study included 176
             persons with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and
             300 community residents. Data were analyzed to examine the
             cognitive profile of clinically stable schizophrenia
             patients on the MCCB. Secondarily, the data were analyzed to
             identify which combination of cognitive domains and
             corresponding cut-off scores best discriminated patients
             from community residents, and patients competitively
             employed vs. those not. Raw scores on the ten MCCB tests
             were entered into the MCCB scoring program which provided
             age- and gender-corrected T-scores on seven cognitive
             domains. To test for between-group differences, we conducted
             a 2 (group)×7 (cognitive domain) MANOVA with follow-up
             independent t-tests on the individual domains.
             Classification and regression trees (CART) were used for the
             discrimination analyses. Examination of patient T-scores
             across the seven cognitive domains revealed a relatively
             compact profile with T-scores ranging from 33.4 for speed of
             processing to 39.3 for reasoning and problem-solving. Speed
             of processing and social cognition best distinguished
             individuals with schizophrenia from community residents;
             speed of processing along with visual learning and
             attention/vigilance optimally distinguished patients
             competitively employed from those who were not. The
             cognitive profile findings provide a standard to which
             future studies can compare results from other schizophrenia
             samples and related disorders; the classification results
             point to specific areas and levels of cognitive impairment
             that may advance work rehabilitation efforts.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.008},
   Key = {fds273497}
}

@article{fds273498,
   Author = {Marder, SR and Daniel, DG and Alphs, L and Awad, AG and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Methodological issues in negative symptom
             trials.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {250-254},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq161},
   Abstract = {Individuals from academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and
             the US Food and Drug Administration used a workshop format
             to discuss important methodological issues in the design of
             trials of pharmacological agents for improving negative
             symptoms in schizophrenia. The issues addressed included the
             need for a coprimary functional measure for registration
             trials; the characteristics of individuals who should enter
             negative symptom trials; the optimal duration for a
             proof-of-concept or registration trial; the optimal design
             of a study of a broad-spectrum agent that treats both
             positive and negative symptoms or a co-medication that is
             added to an antipsychotic; the relative strengths and
             weaknesses of available instruments for measuring negative
             symptoms; the definition of clinically meaningful
             improvement for these trials; and whether drugs can be
             approved for a subdomain of negative symptoms.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbq161},
   Key = {fds273498}
}

@article{fds273499,
   Author = {Caroff, SN and Davis, VG and Miller, DD and Davis, SM and Rosenheck, RA and McEvoy, JP and Campbell, EC and Saltz, BL and Riggio, S and Chakos, MH and Swartz, MS and Keefe, RSE and Stroup, TS and Lieberman, JA and CATIE
             Investigators},
   Title = {Treatment outcomes of patients with tardive dyskinesia and
             chronic schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {72},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {295-303},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20816031},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We compared the response to antipsychotic
             treatment between patients with and without tardive
             dyskinesia (TD) and examined the course of TD. METHOD: This
             analysis compared 200 patients with DSM-IV-defined
             schizophrenia and TD and 997 patients without TD, all of
             whom were randomly assigned to receive one of 4
             second-generation antipsychotics. The primary clinical
             outcome measure was time to all-cause treatment
             discontinuation, and the primary measure for evaluating the
             course of TD was change from baseline in Abnormal
             Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score. Kaplan-Meier
             survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression
             models were used to compare treatment discontinuation
             between groups. Changes in Positive and Negative Syndrome
             Scale (PANSS) and neurocognitive scores were compared using
             mixed models and analysis of variance. Treatment differences
             between drugs in AIMS scores and all-cause discontinuation
             were examined for those with TD at baseline. Percentages of
             patients meeting criteria for TD postbaseline or showing
             changes in AIMS scores were evaluated with χ(2) tests. Data
             were collected from January 2001 to December 2004. RESULTS:
             Time to treatment discontinuation for any cause was not
             significantly different between the TD and non-TD groups
             (χ(2)(1) = 0.11, P = .743). Changes in PANSS scores were
             not significantly different (F(1,974) = 0.82, P = .366), but
             patients with TD showed less improvement in neurocognitive
             scores (F(1,359) = 6.53, P = .011). Among patients with TD,
             there were no significant differences between drugs in the
             decline in AIMS scores (F(3,151) = 0.32, P = .811); 55% met
             criteria for TD at 2 consecutive visits postbaseline, 76%
             met criteria for TD at some or all postbaseline visits, 24%
             did not meet criteria for TD at any subsequent visit, 32%
             showed a ≥ 50% decrease in AIMS score, and 7% showed a ≥
             50% increase in AIMS score. CONCLUSIONS: Schizophrenia
             patients with and without TD were similar in time to
             discontinuation of treatment for any cause and improvement
             in psychopathology, but differed in neurocognitive response.
             There were no significant differences between treatments in
             the course of TD, with most patients showing either
             persistence of or fluctuation in observable symptoms. TRIAL
             REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:
             NCT00014001.},
   Doi = {10.4088/JCP.09m05793yel},
   Key = {fds273499}
}

@article{fds273500,
   Author = {Reise, SP and Ventura, J and Keefe, RSE and Baade, LE and Gold, JM and Green, MF and Kern, RS and Mesholam-Gately, R and Nuechterlein, KH and Seidman, LJ and Bilder, R},
   Title = {Bifactor and item response theory analyses of interviewer
             report scales of cognitive impairment in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Psychol Assess},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {245-261},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1040-3590},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021501},
   Abstract = {A psychometric analysis of 2 interview-based measures of
             cognitive deficits was conducted: the 21-item Clinical
             Global Impression of Cognition in Schizophrenia (CGI-CogS;
             Ventura et al., 2008), and the 20-item Schizophrenia
             Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS; Keefe et al., 2006), which
             were administered on 2 occasions to a sample of people with
             schizophrenia. Traditional psychometrics, bifactor analysis,
             and item response theory methods were used to explore item
             functioning and dimensionality and to compare instruments.
             Despite containing similar item content, responses to the
             CGI-CogS demonstrated superior psychometric properties
             (e.g., higher item intercorrelations, better spread of
             ratings across response categories) relative to the SCoRS.
             The authors argue that these differences arise mainly from
             the differential use of prompts and how the items are
             phrased and scored. Bifactor analysis demonstrated that
             although both measures capture a broad range of cognitive
             functioning (e.g., working memory, social cognition), the
             common variance on each is overwhelmingly explained by a
             single general factor. Item response theory analyses of the
             combined pool of 41 items showed that measurement precision
             is peaked in the mild to moderate range of cognitive
             impairment. Finally, simulated adaptive testing revealed
             that only about 10 to 12 items are necessary to achieve
             latent trait level estimates with reasonably small standard
             errors for most individuals. This suggests that these
             interview-based measures of cognitive deficits could be
             shortened without loss of measurement precision.},
   Doi = {10.1037/a0021501},
   Key = {fds273500}
}

@article{fds273501,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Ogasa, M and Cucchiaro, J and Loebel, A and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Performance and interview-based assessments of cognitive
             change in a randomized, double-blind comparison of
             lurasidone vs. ziprasidone.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {127},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {188-194},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.004},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Improving cognitive functioning in people with
             schizophrenia is a major treatment goal. In addition,
             interview-based measures have been developed to supplement
             performance-based assessments. However, few data are
             available regarding whether interview-based measures are
             sensitive to treatment-related changes. METHODS: Adult
             outpatients who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or
             schizoaffective disorder were randomized to 21 days of
             double-blind treatment with lurasidone 120 mg once daily
             (N=150) or ziprasidone 80 mg BID (N=151). A similar
             proportion of patients completed the study on lurasidone
             (67.5%) and ziprasidone (69.3%). Study participants were
             assessed with the majority of the tests from the MATRICS
             Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and an interview-based
             assessment of cognitive functioning, the Schizophrenia
             Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS). SCoRS ratings were based on
             the interviewer's best judgment, after interviews with the
             patient and a caregiver when available. The study was
             conducted from April 2006 to January 2007. RESULTS: There
             were no between-group treatment differences in performance
             on the MCCB or the SCoRS ratings. Lurasidone patients
             demonstrated significant within group-improvement from
             baseline on the MCCB composite score (p=0.026) and on the
             SCoRS (p<0.001), but ziprasidone patients did not improve on
             either the MCCB composite (p=0.254) or the SCoRS (p=0.185).
             At endpoint there was a statistical trend (p=0.058) for
             lurasidone to demonstrate greater improvement from baseline
             in SCoRS ratings. Improvements in interview-based aspects of
             cognition were not related to MCCB test changes, and had
             minimal correlations with changes in symptoms. CONCLUSIONS:
             These data suggest that interview-based cognitive measures
             such as the SCoRS may be sensitive to changes after 3weeks
             of treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Lurasidone is
             being assessed further in ongoing clinical trials with
             additional outcome measures.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.004},
   Key = {fds273501}
}

@article{fds273502,
   Author = {Hurford, IM and Marder, SR and Keefe, RSE and Reise, SP and Bilder,
             RM},
   Title = {A brief cognitive assessment tool for schizophrenia:
             construction of a tool for clinicians.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {538-545},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp095},
   Abstract = {Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is often severe,
             enduring, and contributes significantly to chronic
             disability. But clinicians have difficulty in assessing
             cognition due to a lack of brief instruments. We evaluated
             whether a brief battery of cognitive tests derived from
             larger batteries could generate a summary score representing
             global cognitive function. Using data from 3 previously
             published trials, we calculated the corrected item-total
             correlations (CITCs) or the correlation of each test with
             the battery total score. We computed the proportion of
             variance that each test shares with the global score
             excluding that test (R(t)(2)=CITC(2)) and the variance
             explained per minute of administration time for each test
             (R(t)(2)/min). The 3 tests with the highest R(t)(2)/min were
             selected for the brief battery. The composite score from the
             trail making test B, category fluency, and digit symbol
             correlated .86 with the global score of the larger battery
             in 2 of the studies and correlated between .73 and .82 with
             the total battery scores excluding these 3 tests. A Brief
             Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia (B-CATS) using
             the above 3 tests can be administered in 10-11 min. The full
             batteries of the larger studies have administration times
             ranging from 90 to 210 min. Given prior research suggesting
             that a single factor of global cognition best explains the
             pattern of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia, an instrument
             like B-CATS can provide clinicians with meaningful data
             regarding their patients' cognitive function. It can also
             serve researchers who want an estimate of global cognitive
             function without requiring a full neuropsychological
             battery.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbp095},
   Key = {fds273502}
}

@article{fds273504,
   Author = {Sim, K and Lee, J and Subramaniam, M and Liu, JJ and Keefe, R and Zhang,
             XD and Lee, TS and Chong, SA},
   Title = {Integrated genetic and genomic approach in the
             SingaporeTranslational and Clinical Research in Psychosis
             Study: an overview.},
   Journal = {Early Interv Psychiatry},
   Volume = {5},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {91-99},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1751-7885},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00272.x},
   Abstract = {AIMS: Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with onset
             frequently in adolescence and followed by a chronic and
             disabling course. Although the exact pathophysiology of this
             devastating disorder has not been clearly elucidated, a
             large part of it has been attributed to genetic influences.
             This article seeks to provide an overview on what our group
             has embarked on--to elucidate genetic risk factors for
             schizophrenia within the Chinese ethnic group. METHODS: We
             plan to conduct an integrated approach to interrogate
             comprehensively the genome from different angles and in
             stages. The first stage involves a genome-wide association
             study of 1000 cases of schizophrenia-control pairs, with a
             follow-up replication study in another 1000 cases of
             schizophrenia and in 1000 controls, and combination analyses
             with groups from other places including China and Hong Kong.
             Other than the genome-wide association study, gene
             sequencing for purported candidate genes and copy number
             variation analysis will be performed. Neurocognitive
             intermediate phenotypes will be employed to deconstruct the
             complex schizophrenia phenotype in a bid to improve
             association findings. Promising leads from longitudinal gene
             and protein expression in ultra-high-risk subjects who
             develop psychosis and schizophrenia (in a parallel study)
             will be followed up as candidate genes and sequenced in the
             genetic analysis. Functional analysis forms the last stage
             of this integrated approach. CONCLUSION: This integrated
             genetic and genomic approach will hopefully help in further
             characterizing and deepening our understanding of molecular
             pathophysiological mechanisms underlying
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00272.x},
   Key = {fds273504}
}

@article{fds273503,
   Author = {Krishnan, RR and Kraus, MS and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Comprehensive model of how reality distortion and symptoms
             occur in schizophrenia: could impairment in
             learning-dependent predictive perception account for the
             manifestations of schizophrenia?},
   Journal = {Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences},
   Volume = {65},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {305-317},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {1323-1316},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02203.x},
   Abstract = {Conventional wisdom has not laid out a clear and uniform
             profile of schizophrenia as a unitary entity. One of the key
             first steps in elucidating the neurobiology of this entity
             would be to characterize the essential and common elements
             in the group of entities called schizophrenia. Kraepelin in
             his introduction notes 'the conviction seems to be more and
             more gaining ground that dementia praecox on the whole
             represents, a well characterized form of disease, and that
             we are justified in regarding the majority of the clinical
             pictures which are brought together here as the expression
             of a single morbid process, though outwardly they often
             diverge very far from one another'. But what is that single
             morbid process? We suggest that just as the uniform defect
             in all types of cancer is impaired regulation of cell
             proliferation, the primary defect in the group of entities
             called schizophrenia is persistent defective hierarchical
             temporal processing. This manifests in the form of chronic
             memory-prediction errors or deficits in learning-dependent
             predictive perception. These deficits account for the
             symptoms that present as reality distortion (delusions,
             thought disorder and hallucinations). This constellation of
             symptoms corresponds with the profile of most patients
             currently diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia. In this
             paper we describe how these deficits can lead to the various
             symptoms of schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02203.x},
   Key = {fds273503}
}

@article{fds273506,
   Author = {Burdick, KE and Goldberg, TE and Cornblatt, BA and Keefe, RS and Gopin,
             CB and Derosse, P and Braga, RJ and Malhotra, AK},
   Title = {The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery in patients with
             bipolar I disorder.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {36},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1587-1592},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0893-133X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.36},
   Abstract = {The Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition
             in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative was devised to
             identify a neurocognitive battery to be used in clinical
             trials targeting cognition in schizophrenia, a process,
             which resulted in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery
             (MCCB). The MCCB has been selected by the United States Food
             and Drug Administration to be used as the primary outcome
             measure in registry trials for cognitive agents in
             schizophrenia. Given the clinical and cognitive overlap
             between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BPD), it is
             likely that any compound shown to have cognitive benefits in
             schizophrenia will subsequently be tested in BPD. Unlike the
             MCCB for schizophrenia, there remains no consensus regarding
             outcome measures if cognitive trials were to be undertaken
             in BPD. The utility of the MCCB in BPD has not yet been
             systematically investigated. We administered the MCCB to 80
             bipolar I patients; 37 were strictly euthymic and 43 were
             symptomatic. We compared their performance with a
             demographically matched healthy sample (n=148) on seven MCCB
             domains, and the composite. BPD patients were statistically
             significantly impaired on five of seven MCCB domains at
             levels consistent with meta-analytic studies of cognition in
             BPD. In contrast, patients' performance was less impaired on
             the Reasoning and Problem-solving and Social Cognition
             domains, differences that did not survive statistical
             correction for multiple testing. Symptomatic status only
             modestly influenced performance. These data suggest that the
             MCCB, devised for use in schizophrenia, may also represent a
             useful outcome measure in cognitive trials for BPD.
             Additional studies should address important psychometric
             features such as repeatability and potential practice and/or
             ceiling effects.},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2011.36},
   Key = {fds273506}
}

@article{fds273505,
   Author = {Stroup, TS and Appelbaum, PS and Gu, H and Hays, S and Swartz, MS and Keefe, RSE and Kim, SY and Manschreck, TC and Boshes, RA and McEvoy, JP and Lieberman, JA},
   Title = {Longitudinal consent-related abilities among research
             participants with schizophrenia: results from the CATIE
             study.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {130},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {47-52},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.012},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Research participants must have adequate
             consent-related abilities to provide informed consent at the
             time of study enrollment. We sought to determine if research
             participants with schizophrenia maintain adequate
             consent-related abilities during a longitudinal study. If
             participants lose abilities during a trial they may not be
             able to judge and protect their interests. If reduced
             abilities are common or can be predicted, special
             protections can be targeted appropriately. METHOD: We
             examined longitudinal consent-related abilities of
             participants in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of
             Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia study using
             the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Clinical Research
             (MacCAT-CR) at protocol-specified times over 18 months.
             RESULTS: Of 1158 research participants in this analysis,
             most (n=650, 56%) had a stable pattern of MacCAT-CR
             Understanding scores, 235 (20%) improved substantially with
             no evidence of decline, 273 (24%) had at least one
             assessment with substantial worsening. During the course of
             the trial, 43 (4%) fell below the initial threshold for
             adequate capacity, which was predicted by lower
             Understanding scores, more severe positive symptoms, and
             poorer neurocognitive functioning at baseline, and by
             increases in negative symptoms and deteriorating global
             status. CONCLUSIONS: Most participants in this long-term
             study had stable or improved consent-related abilities, but
             almost one-fourth experienced substantial worsening and 4%
             of participants fell below the study's capacity threshold
             for enrollment. Clinical investigators should monitor with
             special care individuals with marginal capacity or higher
             levels of psychotic symptoms at study entry and those who
             exhibit clinical worsening during a study.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.012},
   Key = {fds273505}
}

@article{fds273508,
   Author = {Vigen, CLP and Mack, WJ and Keefe, RSE and Sano, M and Sultzer, DL and Stroup, TS and Dagerman, KS and Hsiao, JK and Lebowitz, BD and Lyketsos,
             CG and Tariot, PN and Zheng, L and Schneider, LS},
   Title = {Cognitive effects of atypical antipsychotic medications in
             patients with Alzheimer's disease: outcomes from
             CATIE-AD.},
   Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {168},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {831-839},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.08121844},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The impact of the atypical antipsychotics
             olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone on cognition in
             patients with Alzheimer's disease is unclear. The authors
             assessed the effects of time and treatment on
             neuropsychological functioning during the Clinical
             Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness-Alzheimer's
             Disease study (CATIE-AD). METHOD: CATIE-AD included 421
             outpatients with Alzheimer's disease and psychosis or
             agitated/aggressive behavior who were randomly assigned to
             receive masked, flexible-dose olanzapine, quetiapine,
             risperidone, or placebo. Based on their clinicians'
             judgment, patients could discontinue the originally assigned
             medication and receive another randomly assigned medication.
             Patients were followed for 36 weeks, and cognitive
             assessments were obtained at baseline and at 12, 24, and 36
             weeks. Outcomes were compared for 357 patients for whom data
             were available for at least one cognitive measure at
             baseline and one follow-up assessment that took place after
             they had been on their prescribed medication or placebo for
             at least 2 weeks. RESULTS: Overall, patients showed steady,
             significant declines over time in most cognitive areas,
             including in scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination
             (MMSE; -2.4 points over 36 weeks) and the cognitive subscale
             of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (-4.4 points).
             Cognitive function declined more in patients receiving
             antipsychotics than in those given placebo on multiple
             cognitive measures, including the MMSE, the cognitive
             subscale of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and a
             cognitive summary score summarizing change on 18 cognitive
             tests. CONCLUSIONS: In CATIE-AD, atypical antipsychotics
             were associated with worsening cognitive function at a
             magnitude consistent with 1 year's deterioration compared
             with placebo. Further cognitive impairment is an additional
             risk of treatment with atypical antipsychotics that should
             be considered when treating patients with Alzheimer's
             disease.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.08121844},
   Key = {fds273508}
}

@article{fds273507,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Vinogradov, S and Medalia, A and Silverstein, SM and Bell, MD and Dickinson, D and Ventura, J and Marder, SR and Stroup,
             TS},
   Title = {Report from the working group conference on multisite trial
             design for cognitive remediation in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1057-1065},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq010},
   Abstract = {The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-Measurement
             and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (MATRICS) Project and related efforts have stimulated the
             initiation of several studies of pharmacologic treatments
             for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Cognitive
             remediation may provide an excellent platform for the
             provision of new learning opportunities and the acquisition
             of new skills for patients who are engaged in pharmacologic
             trials to improve cognition. However, it is not clear how a
             cognitive remediation intervention would be employed in
             multisite clinical trials. A meeting of experts on cognitive
             remediation and related methodological topics was convened
             to address the feasibility and study design issues for the
             development of a multisite trial of cognitive remediation in
             schizophrenia called the Cognitive Remediation in the
             Schizophrenia Trials Network study. This report details the
             findings from this meeting, which included the following 4
             conclusions. (1) A multisite trial of a cognitive
             remediation intervention using a network of diverse research
             sites would be of great scientific value. (2) Various
             interventions could be employed for this multisite trial.
             (3) Programs that do not address key motivational and
             interpersonal aspects of cognitive remediation may benefit
             from supplementation with "bridging groups" that allows
             patients to meet with others and to apply their newly
             acquired cognitive skills to everyday life. (4) Before a
             multisite efficacy trial is initiated, a pilot study could
             demonstrate the feasibility of conducting a trial using a
             cognitive remediation intervention.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbq010},
   Key = {fds273507}
}

@article{fds273509,
   Author = {Buchanan, RW and Keefe, RSE and Umbricht, D and Green, MF and Laughren,
             T and Marder, SR},
   Title = {The FDA-NIMH-MATRICS guidelines for clinical trial design of
             cognitive-enhancing drugs: what do we know 5 years
             later?},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1209-1217},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq038},
   Abstract = {The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-National Institute of
             Mental Health (NIMH)-Measurement and Treatment Research to
             Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) clinical trial
             guidelines for cognitive-enhancing drugs in schizophrenia
             and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) were
             designed to facilitate novel compound development in the
             treatment of cognitive impairments. Several studies have
             recently utilized the FDA-NIMH-MATRICS guidelines and MCCB
             and allow an evaluation of the feasibility of guideline
             implementation and MCCB performance. In light of the study
             results, we would recommend the following inclusion criteria
             revisions-(1) clinical status and symptom inclusion
             criteria: maximum allowed score for hallucinations and
             delusions should be increased from moderate to moderately
             severe and the negative symptom criterion should be dropped
             in phase 2 studies; (2) antipsychotic medication inclusion
             criteria: first-generation antipsychotics should be allowed,
             but only in the context of no concomitant anticholinergic
             agents and minimal extrapyramidal symptoms, and
             antipsychotic polypharmacy should be allowed in the absence
             of pertinent pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic
             considerations; and (3) people who use illicit substances
             should not be allowed in phase 1B or 2A proof-of-concept
             studies but may be included in phase 2B and 3 studies in
             which proof of effectiveness and generalizability of results
             become more important goals. These revisions are recommended
             to enhance recruitment while maintaining sufficient
             methodological rigor to ensure the validity of study
             results. The MCCB has been shown to have excellent
             psychometric characteristics, including reliability for
             multisite clinical trials, clinical relevance for real-world
             functioning, and possible sensitivity to behavioral
             treatment, and should continue to serve as the standard
             outcome measure for cognitive enhancement studies in
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbq038},
   Key = {fds273509}
}

@article{fds273510,
   Author = {Kerfoot, KE and Rosenheck, RA and Petrakis, IL and Swartz, MS and Keefe,
             RSE and McEvoy, JP and Stroup, TS and CATIE Investigators},
   Title = {Substance use and schizophrenia: adverse correlates in the
             CATIE study sample.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {132},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {177-182},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.032},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between
             severity of illicit substance use at the time of study entry
             in a sample of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and
             18-month longitudinal outcomes, including psychopathology,
             depression, neurocognition, and quality of life. METHODS:
             Subjects in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of
             Intervention Effectiveness (N=1432) were divided into three
             groups according to baseline data: (1) those with
             moderate/severe drug use, (2) those with mild drug use, and
             (3) non-users of illicit substances. The groups were
             compared on other baseline characteristics. Mixed model
             analysis was used to compare outcomes between the groups
             using all available outcome data over 18 months, controlling
             for potential confounding baseline characteristics. Least
             square means were compared between pairs of groups in the
             mixed models. RESULTS: Significantly poorer outcomes were
             observed in the domains of psychosis, symptoms of
             depression, and quality of life for moderate/severe drug
             users in comparison with both mild users and abstainers. No
             significant differences were found on neurocognitive
             functioning or days of employment. CONCLUSIONS: This study
             suggests that drug use-related impairment co-morbid with
             schizophrenia may not be a function of use per se but
             rather, of the severity of use. It highlights the importance
             of comprehensive assessment and treatment of illicit
             substance abuse in schizophrenia. Long-term treatment
             approaches that integrate harm reduction strategies may
             offer promise in maximizing positive outcomes for such
             dually diagnosed patients.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.032},
   Key = {fds273510}
}

@article{fds273511,
   Author = {Chong, S-A and Campbell, A and Chee, M and Liu, J and Marx, C and McGorry,
             P and Subramaniam, M and Yung, A and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {The Singapore flagship programme in translational and
             clinical research in psychosis.},
   Journal = {Early Interv Psychiatry},
   Volume = {5},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {290-300},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {1751-7885},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00304.x},
   Abstract = {AIM: This paper describes the rationale, aims and
             development of the Singapore Translational and Clinical
             Research in Psychosis, which is a 5-year programme. METHODS:
             The authors provide a selective review of the pertinent
             findings from the clinical, neuropsychological, genetics and
             neuroimaging studies on high-risk population and how they
             were factored in the hypotheses and design of this
             translational clinical research programme. RESULTS: This
             programme, which draws upon the previous work of various
             groups and the experience of the investigators of this
             consortium, comprises three interlinked studies. The first
             is a genome-wide association and copy number variation
             analysis using the diagnostic phenotype of schizophrenia and
             cognitive phenotypes, and a joint genome-wide analysis
             performed by combining our data with other datasets to
             increase the power to detect genetic risk factors. The
             second is a prospective study of a large group of
             individuals who are assessed to be at ultra-high risk of
             psychosis, and the third is a randomized controlled trial to
             improve neurocognition in patients with schizophrenia.
             CONCLUSION: The convergence of various factors including the
             unique structured characteristics of the Singaporean
             society, the presence of political will with availability of
             funding and the established research infrastructure make it
             possible to accrue the sample size for adequate power to
             elucidate biomarkers of disease risk and
             resilience.},
   Doi = {10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00304.x},
   Key = {fds273511}
}

@article{fds273512,
   Author = {Greenberg, G and Rosenheck, RA and Erickson, SK and Desai, RA and Stefanovics, EA and Swartz, M and Keefe, RSE and McEvoy, J and Stroup,
             TS and CATIE Investigators},
   Title = {Criminal justice system involvement among people with
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Community Mental Health Journal},
   Volume = {47},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {727-736},
   Year = {2011},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0010-3853},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-010-9362-9},
   Abstract = {There is growing concern that people with schizophrenia and
             other severe mental illnesses are increasingly at risk for
             unnecessary criminal justice system (CJS) involvement. There
             has been limited examination, however, of which individual
             characteristics predict future CJS involvement. This study
             uses data from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of
             Intervention Effectiveness on sociodemograhic
             characteristics, baseline clinical status, and service use
             among patients diagnosed with schizophrenia to prospectively
             identify predictors of CJS involvement during the following
             year. A series of bivariate chi-square and F tests were
             conducted to examine whether significant relationships
             existed between CJS involvement during the first 12 months
             of the trial and baseline measures of sociodemographic
             characteristics, psychiatric status, substance abuse, and
             other patient characteristics. Multivariate logistic
             regression analysis was then used to identify the
             independent strength of the relationship between 12-month
             CJS involvement and potential risk factors that were found
             to be significant in bivariate analyses. Multivariate
             logistic regression analyses indicated that past adolescent
             conduct disorder, being younger and male, symptoms of
             Akathisia (movement disorder, most often develops as a side
             effect of antipsychotic medications), and particularly drug
             abuse increase the risk for CJS involvement. Since CJS
             involvement among people with schizophrenia was most
             strongly associated with drug abuse, treatment of co-morbid
             drug abuse could reduce the risk of stigma, pain, and other
             adverse consequences of CJS involvement as well as save CJS
             expenditures.},
   Doi = {10.1007/s10597-010-9362-9},
   Key = {fds273512}
}

@article{fds371779,
   Author = {Nasrallah, HA and Keefe, R and Lasser, R and Dirks, B and Kirsch, C and Wang, J and Scheckner, B and Lindenmayer, J-P},
   Title = {Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate as Adjunctive Treatment with
             Antipsychotics for Predominant Negative Symptoms of
             Schizophrenia: Concurrent Neurocognitive and Negative
             Symptom Improvement},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {65S-65S},
   Year = {2012},
   Key = {fds371779}
}

@article{fds273382,
   Author = {Matza, LS and Phillips, GA and Revicki, DA and Ascher-Svanum, H and Malley, KG and Palsgrove, AC and Faries, DE and Stauffer, V and Kinon,
             BJ and Awad, AG and Keefe, RS and Naber, D},
   Title = {Validation of a patient interview for assessing reasons for
             antipsychotic discontinuation and continuation.},
   Journal = {Patient Preference and Adherence},
   Volume = {6},
   Pages = {521-532},
   Year = {2012},
   ISSN = {1177-889X},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000306468600001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The Reasons for Antipsychotic Discontinuation
             Interview (RAD-I) was developed to assess patients'
             perceptions of reasons for discontinuing or continuing an
             antipsychotic. The current study examined reliability and
             validity of domain scores representing three factors
             contributing to these treatment decisions: treatment
             benefits, adverse events, and distal reasons other than
             direct effects of the medication. METHODS: Data were
             collected from patients with schizophrenia or
             schizoaffective disorder and their treating clinicians. For
             approximately 25% of patients, a second rater completed the
             RAD-I for assessment of inter-rater reliability. RESULTS:
             All patients (n = 121; 81 discontinuation, 40 continuation)
             reported at least one reason for discontinuation or
             continuation (mean = 2.8 reasons for discontinuation; 3.4
             for continuation). Inter-rater reliability was supported
             (kappas = 0.63-1.0). Validity of the discontinuation domain
             scores was supported by associations with symptom measures
             (the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia,
             the Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia Scale; r =
             0.30 to 0.51; all P < 0.01), patients' primary reasons for
             discontinuation, and adverse events. However, the
             continuation domain scores were not significantly associated
             with these other indicators. DISCUSSION: Results support the
             reliability, convergent validity, and known-groups validity
             of the RAD-I for assessing patients' reasons for
             antipsychotic discontinuation. Further research is needed to
             examine validity of the RAD-I continuation
             section.},
   Doi = {10.2147/PPA.S25635},
   Key = {fds273382}
}

@article{fds273514,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Harvey, PD},
   Title = {Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology},
   Volume = {213},
   Number = {213},
   Pages = {11-37},
   Year = {2012},
   ISSN = {0171-2004},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25758-2_2},
   Abstract = {Cognitive functioning is moderately to severely impaired in
             patients with schizophrenia. This impairment is the prime
             driver of the significant disabilities in occupational,
             social, and economic functioning in patients with
             schizophrenia and an important treatment target. The profile
             of deficits in schizophrenia includes many of the most
             important aspects of human cognition: attention, memory,
             reasoning, and processing speed. While various efforts are
             under way to identify specific aspects of neurocognition
             that may lie closest to the neurobiological etiology and
             pathophysiology of the illness, and may provide relevant
             convergence with animal models of cognition, standard
             neuropsychological measures continue to demonstrate the
             greatest sensitivity to functionally relevant cognitive
             impairment.The effects of antipsychotic medications on
             cognition in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis
             appear to be minimal. Important work on the effects of
             add-on pharmacologic treatments is ongoing. Very few of the
             studies completed to date have had sufficient statistical
             power to generate firm conclusions; recent studies examining
             novel add-on treatments have produced some encouraging
             findings. Cognitive remediation programs have generated
             considerable interest as these methods are far less costly
             than pharmacologic treatment and are likely to be safer. A
             growing consensus suggests that these interventions produce
             modest gains for patients with schizophrenia, but the
             efficacy of the various methods used has not been
             empirically investigated.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-25758-2_2},
   Key = {fds273514}
}

@article{fds273517,
   Author = {Krishnan, RR and Fivaz, M and Kraus, MS and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Erratum: Hierarchical temporal processing deficit model of
             reality distortion and psychoses (Molecular Psychiatry
             (2011) 16, (129-144) DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.63)},
   Journal = {Molecular Psychiatry},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {470},
   Publisher = {Springer Nature},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {1359-4184},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2011.54},
   Doi = {10.1038/mp.2011.54},
   Key = {fds273517}
}

@article{fds327069,
   Author = {Uchida, H and Sakurai, H and Bies, RR and Stroup, S and Keefe, RSE and Suzuki, T and Tsuboi, T and Mimura, M and Pollock, BG and Mamo,
             DC},
   Title = {DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR OCCUPANCY AND COGNITION IN
             SCHIZOPHRENIA: ANALYSIS OF THE CATIE DATA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {136},
   Pages = {S359-S359},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds327069}
}

@article{fds327070,
   Author = {Colijn, MA and Barbato, M and Keefe, RSE and Perkins, DO and Woods, SW and Addington, J},
   Title = {Poster #143 AT RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS: THE ROLE OF
             COGNITION},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {136},
   Pages = {S237-S237},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(12)70715-6},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(12)70715-6},
   Key = {fds327070}
}

@article{fds327071,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Buchanan, RW and Marder, SR and Schooler, NR and Dugar,
             A and Zivkov, M and Stewart, M},
   Title = {Poster #199 CLINICAL TRIALS OF POTENTIAL COGNITIVE-ENHANCING
             DRUGS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED SO
             FAR?},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {136},
   Pages = {S352-S352},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(12)71031-9},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(12)71031-9},
   Key = {fds327071}
}

@article{fds371754,
   Author = {Lee, J and Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Chong, S-A and Keefe,
             R},
   Title = {LONGITUDINAL YOUTH-AT-RISK STUDY (LYRIKS): EXAMINING THE
             PRODROME FROM ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {136},
   Pages = {S308-S309},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds371754}
}

@article{fds371777,
   Author = {Rapisarda, A and Lim, T and Lim, M and Collinson, S and Kraus, M and Keefe,
             R},
   Title = {Poster #163 APPLICABILITY OF THE MATRICS CONSENSUS COGNITIVE
             BATTERY IN SINGAPORE},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {136},
   Pages = {S150-S150},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(12)70477-2},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(12)70477-2},
   Key = {fds371777}
}

@article{fds371778,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Ruse, S and Davis, V and Solomon, M and Keefe,
             R},
   Title = {14:30 COMPUTERIZED FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENTIN
             SCHIZOPHRENIA: EVIDENCE FOR CONVERGENT VALIDITY},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {136},
   Pages = {S78-S79},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(12)70284-0},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(12)70284-0},
   Key = {fds371778}
}

@article{fds273518,
   Author = {Javitt, DC and Buchanan, RW and Keefe, RSE and Kern, R and McMahon, RP and Green, MF and Lieberman, J and Goff, DC and Csernansky, JG and McEvoy,
             JP and Jarskog, F and Seidman, LJ and Gold, JM and Kimhy, D and Nolan, KS and Barch, DS and Ball, MP and Robinson, J and Marder,
             SR},
   Title = {Effect of the neuroprotective peptide davunetide (AL-108) on
             cognition and functional capacity in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {136},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {25-31},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.001},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunction is a key predictor of
             functional disability in schizophrenia. Davunetide (AL-108,
             NAP) is an intranasally administered peptide currently being
             developed for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related
             disorders. This study investigates effects of davunetide on
             cognition in schizophrenia. METHOD: Sixty-three subjects
             with schizophrenia received davunetide at one of two
             different doses (5, 30 mg) or placebo for 12 weeks in a
             multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group randomized
             clinical trial. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery
             (MCCB) assessed cognitive effects. The UCSD
             Performance-based Skills Assessment (UPSA) and the
             Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) assessed
             functional capacity. Subjects continued their current
             antipsychotic treatment during the trial. RESULTS: There
             were no significant differences in MCCB change between
             davunetide and placebo over the three treatment arms
             (p=.45). Estimated effect-size (d) values were .34 and .21
             favoring the 5 and 30 mg doses vs. placebo, respectively.
             For UPSA, there was a significant main effect of treatment
             across study arms (p=.048). Between-group effect size (d)
             values were.74 and .48, favoring the 5 and 30 mg doses,
             respectively. No significant effects were observed on the
             SCoRS or on symptom ratings. No significant side effects or
             adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION: Davunetide was
             well tolerated. Effects of davunetide on MCCB-rated
             cognition were not significant relative to placebo. In
             contrast, a significant beneficial effect was detected for
             the UPSA. Based upon effect-size considerations, sample
             sizes of at least 45-50 subjects/group would be required to
             obtain significant effects on both MCCB and UPSA, providing
             guidance for continued clinical development in
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.001},
   Key = {fds273518}
}

@article{fds273519,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Kraus, MS},
   Title = {Clues to the cognitive and perceptual origins of social
             isolation and psychosis in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {169},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {354-357},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010042},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010042},
   Key = {fds273519}
}

@article{fds326766,
   Author = {Jarskog, FF and Grove, RA and McEvoy, JP and Keefe, RSE and Lowy, MT and Horrigan, JP and Peykamian, MA},
   Title = {Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group
             Exploratory Study of GSK239512 for Cognitive Impairment in
             Stable Schizophrenia Subjects on Background Antipsychotic
             Therapy},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {63S-64S},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {April},
   Key = {fds326766}
}

@article{fds327067,
   Author = {Madhoo, M and Keefe, RSE and Roth, RM and Sambunaris, A and Wu, J and Trivedi, MH and Anderson, CS and Lasser, R},
   Title = {Efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults
             with executive dysfunction and partial or full remission of
             major depressive disorder},
   Journal = {The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {15},
   Pages = {189-189},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {June},
   Key = {fds327067}
}

@article{fds327068,
   Author = {Supina, D and Endicott, J and Madhoo, M and Keefe, RSE and Trivedi, M and Wu, J and Scheckner, B and Lasser, R},
   Title = {PMH61 Effects of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate Augmentation on
             Functional Outcomes in Adults with Partially or Fully
             Remitted Major Depressive Disorder},
   Journal = {Value in Health},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {A93-A93},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.506},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.506},
   Key = {fds327068}
}

@article{fds273520,
   Author = {Weiser, M and Gershon, AA and Rubinstein, K and Petcu, C and Ladea, M and Sima, D and Podea, D and Keefe, RSE and Davis, JM},
   Title = {A randomized controlled trial of allopurinol vs. placebo
             added on to antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia or
             schizoaffective disorder.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {138},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {35-38},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.014},
   Abstract = {Adenosine agonists produce behavioral effects similar to
             dopamine antagonists, hence increasing adenosine levels
             might improve symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is
             supported by three single-site studies indicating that
             allopurinol, which increases adenosine levels, improved
             symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. We performed a
             multi-center, 8-week RCT of allopurinol vs. placebo added to
             anti-psychotic medications in 248 patients with
             schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Both groups
             showed improvement in the PANSS (effect size 1.13) and in
             clinical and cognitive measures. No difference was observed
             between groups in primary (t=0.01, p=0.992) or secondary
             outcome measures. These findings do not support allopurinol
             as a treatment for schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.014},
   Key = {fds273520}
}

@article{fds273521,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Vinogradov, S and Medalia, A and Buckley, PF and Caroff,
             SN and D'Souza, DC and Harvey, PD and Graham, KA and Hamer, RM and Marder,
             SM and Miller, DD and Olson, SJ and Patel, JK and Velligan, D and Walker,
             TM and Haim, AJ and Stroup, TS},
   Title = {Feasibility and pilot efficacy results from the multisite
             Cognitive Remediation in the Schizophrenia Trials Network
             (CRSTN) randomized controlled trial.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {73},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {1016-1022},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0160-6689},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.11m07100},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The true benefit of pharmacologic intervention
             to improve cognition in schizophrenia may not be evident
             without regular cognitive enrichment. Clinical trials
             assessing the neurocognitive effects of new medications may
             require engagement in cognitive remediation exercises to
             stimulate the benefit potential. However, the feasibility of
             large-scale multisite studies using cognitive remediation at
             clinical trials sites has not been established. METHOD: 53
             adult patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia from 9
             university-affiliated sites were randomized to a cognitive
             remediation condition that included the Posit Science Brain
             Fitness auditory training program with weekly
             Neuropsychological and Educational Approach to Remediation
             (NEAR) "bridging groups" or a control condition of computer
             games and weekly healthy lifestyles groups. Patients were
             expected to complete 3 to 5 one-hour sessions weekly for 40
             sessions or 12 weeks, whichever came first. The primary
             outcomes were feasibility results as measured by rate of
             enrollment, retention, and completion rate of primary
             outcome measures. The study was conducted from July 2009
             through January 2010. RESULTS: During a 3-month enrollment
             period, 53 (of a projected 54) patients were enrolled, and
             41 (77%) met criteria for study completion. Thirty-one
             patients completed all 40 sessions, and all patients
             completed all primary outcome measures. Preliminary efficacy
             results indicated that, after 20 sessions, patients in the
             cognitive remediation condition demonstrated mean MATRICS
             Consensus Cognitive Battery composite score improvements
             that were 3.7 (95% CI, 0.05-7.34) T-score points greater
             than in patients in the computer-games control group
             (F(1,46) = 4.16, P = .047). At the end of treatment, a trend
             favoring cognitive remediation was not statistically
             significant (F(1,47) = 2.26, P = .14). CONCLUSION: Multisite
             clinical trials of cognitive remediation using the Posit
             Science Brain Fitness auditory training program with the
             NEAR method of weekly bridging groups at traditional
             clinical sites appear to be feasible. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
             ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00930150.},
   Doi = {10.4088/JCP.11m07100},
   Key = {fds273521}
}

@article{fds273522,
   Author = {Geffen, Y and Keefe, R and Rabinowitz, J and Anand, R and Davidson,
             M},
   Title = {Bl-1020, a new γ-aminobutyric acid-enhanced antipsychotic:
             results of 6-week, randomized, double-blind, controlled,
             efficacy and safety study.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {73},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {e1168-e1174},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0160-6689},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m07642},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: BL-1020 is a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enhanced
             antipsychotic that combines dopamine antagonism with GABA
             agonist activity. On the basis of animal models, we tested
             the hypotheses that BL-1020 would be effective in
             ameliorating both psychotic symptoms and cognitive
             impairments, with a favorable safety profile in acutely ill
             schizophrenia patients. METHOD: 363 hospital-based
             psychiatric patients in India, Romania, and United States
             aged 18 to 65 years and meeting criteria for DSM-IV-TR
             diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia were randomized
             double-blind to receive BL-1020 10 mg/d, BL-1020 20-30 mg/d,
             placebo, or risperidone (2-8 mg/d) for 6 weeks. The main
             outcome measures were the positive and negative syndrome
             scale (PANSS), brief assessment of cognition in
             schizophrenia, readiness for discharge questionnaire,
             clinical global impressions scale (CGI) , and extrapyramidal
             symptom rating scale. The study ran from July 2008 to June
             2009. RESULTS: BL-1020 20-30 mg was significantly better
             than placebo on PANSS (P = .02) and CGI (P < .001)
             measurements, with no significant differences noted between
             BL-1020 20-30 mg and risperidone. There were no significant
             differences in the maximum change on extrapyramidal symptom
             rating scale between risperidone and BL-1020 20-30 mg, and
             both were significantly worse (P < .001) than placebo.
             BL-1020 20-30 mg was associated with significantly greater
             improvements on cognitive functioning as measured by the
             brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia composite
             score when compared to placebo (effect size = 0.50, P =
             .009), risperidone (effect size = 0.43, P = .019), and
             BL-1020 10 mg (effect size = 0.42, P = .013) after 6 weeks.
             CONCLUSIONS: BL-1020 appears to be an effective
             antipsychotic with possible procognitive effects that will
             need to be further tested for short- and long-term effects.
             A further randomized controlled trial using the U.S. Food
             and Drug Administration-recommended Measurement and
             Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia
             cognitive battery is ongoing. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
             ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00567710.},
   Doi = {10.4088/JCP.12m07642},
   Key = {fds273522}
}

@article{fds327066,
   Author = {Madhoo, M and Roth, RM and Keefe, RSE and Sambunaris, A and Scheckner,
             B and Nielsen, J and Adeyi, B and Wu, J and Lasser, R},
   Title = {P.2.a.017 Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate augmentation effects
             on executive function in major depressive disorder based on
             depressive symptom levels},
   Journal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {22},
   Pages = {S233-S234},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(12)70346-2},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0924-977x(12)70346-2},
   Key = {fds327066}
}

@article{fds273562,
   Author = {Meier, MH and Caspi, A and Ambler, A and Harrington, H and Houts, R and Keefe, RSE and McDonald, K and Ward, A and Poulton, R and Moffitt,
             TE},
   Title = {Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline
             from childhood to midlife.},
   Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
   Volume = {109},
   Number = {40},
   Pages = {E2657-E2664},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22927402},
   Abstract = {Recent reports show that fewer adolescents believe that
             regular cannabis use is harmful to health. Concomitantly,
             adolescents are initiating cannabis use at younger ages, and
             more adolescents are using cannabis on a daily basis. The
             purpose of the present study was to test the association
             between persistent cannabis use and neuropsychological
             decline and determine whether decline is concentrated among
             adolescent-onset cannabis users. Participants were members
             of the Dunedin Study, a prospective study of a birth cohort
             of 1,037 individuals followed from birth (1972/1973) to age
             38 y. Cannabis use was ascertained in interviews at ages 18,
             21, 26, 32, and 38 y. Neuropsychological testing was
             conducted at age 13 y, before initiation of cannabis use,
             and again at age 38 y, after a pattern of persistent
             cannabis use had developed. Persistent cannabis use was
             associated with neuropsychological decline broadly across
             domains of functioning, even after controlling for years of
             education. Informants also reported noticing more cognitive
             problems for persistent cannabis users. Impairment was
             concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users, with
             more persistent use associated with greater decline.
             Further, cessation of cannabis use did not fully restore
             neuropsychological functioning among adolescent-onset
             cannabis users. Findings are suggestive of a neurotoxic
             effect of cannabis on the adolescent brain and highlight the
             importance of prevention and policy efforts targeting
             adolescents.},
   Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1206820109},
   Key = {fds273562}
}

@article{fds273373,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {Technology, society, and mental illness: Challenges and
             opportunities for assessment and treatment},
   Journal = {Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {11-12},
   Pages = {47-50},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {2158-8333},
   Abstract = {Technology is rapidly changing society, and many activities
             now require the ability to use technology. This situation
             has the potential to lead to problems for several
             populations, including the elderly, the disadvantaged, and
             people with severe mental illness. In this column, we review
             the state of technology as it affects daily activities. We
             then review previous efforts to use technology positively
             for both the assessment and treatment of psychiatric
             conditions, including posttraumatic stress disorder and
             severe mental illness. We conclude that technology-based
             interventions and assessment strategies have the potential
             to deliver benefit to a wide array of older people and those
             with severe mental illness, including reaching people who
             would not have had access otherwise.},
   Key = {fds273373}
}

@article{fds273523,
   Author = {Kahn, PV and Walker, TM and Williams, TS and Cornblatt, BA and Mohs, RC and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Standardizing the use of the Continuous Performance Test in
             schizophrenia research: a validation study.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {142},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {153-158},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.009},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Continuous Performance Test (CPT) has
             emerged as the most commonly administered measure of
             sustained attention, but use of discrepant versions reduces
             the ability of researchers and clinicians to accurately draw
             cross-study conclusions. In an effort to standardize use of
             the CPT, this study compared four versions of the Identical
             Pairs CPT for their reliability and ability to discriminate
             between patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers.
             The relationship of performance on the different versions of
             the CPT with measures of psychopathology, functioning, and
             other aspects of cognition was also examined. METHODS:
             Performance on the 2-digit, 3-digit, 4-digit, and Shapes
             Identical Pairs CPT was assessed at three test sessions over
             five weeks, during which subjects also completed the Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) and
             questionnaires assessing psychopathology and functioning.
             RESULTS: All four CPTs discriminated between patients with
             schizophrenia and healthy volunteers, but there were no
             statistical differences in sensitivity among the versions.
             The 3-digit CPT showed non-statistical advantages in that it
             had high test-retest reliability, low potential for a
             ceiling effect, and a very low rate of false alarms. There
             were also moderate correlations between CPT performance and
             performance of the BACS subtests, but no significant
             correlations between CPT performance and measures of
             psychopathology and functioning. CONCLUSIONS: While all
             versions of the CPT tested here had good psychometric
             characteristics, the 3-digit CPT-IP has some advantages in
             repeated measures studies such as clinical
             trials.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.009},
   Key = {fds273523}
}

@article{fds273513,
   Author = {Matza, LS and Phillips, GA and Revicki, DA and Ascher-Svanum, H and Malley, KG and Palsgrove, AC and Faries, DE and Stauffer, V and Kinon,
             BJ and George Awad and A and Keefe, RSE and Naber, D},
   Title = {Validation of a clinician questionnaire to assess reasons
             for antipsychotic discontinuation and continuation among
             patients with schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {200},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {835-842},
   Year = {2012},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.005},
   Abstract = {The Reasons for Antipsychotic Discontinuation Questionnaire
             (RAD-Q) was designed to assess clinicians' perceptions of
             reasons for antipsychotic discontinuation or continuation.
             The current study examined psychometric properties of this
             instrument and patterns of antipsychotic discontinuation.
             The sample of 121 patients (81 discontinuation, 40
             continuation) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
             was 66.9% male, with a mean age of 41.6 years. Treating
             clinicians reported a mean of 4.1 reasons for
             discontinuation and 7.5 reasons for continuation. RAD-Q
             domain scores were derived to quantify the impact of three
             factors on the decision to discontinue or continue:
             treatment benefits, adverse events, and distal reasons other
             than direct effects of the medication. Analysis of
             inter-rater reliability indicated an acceptable degree of
             agreement between clinicians (weighted Kappa for
             discontinuation scores=0.70-0.78). Correlations with symptom
             measures (Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale
             (CGI-SCH), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS))
             supported convergent validity of the benefits domain score
             (r=0.28-0.47; all p<0.05). Domain scores discriminated among
             groups of patients differing in clinician and
             patient-reported clinical variables. Results suggest that
             the RAD-Q is a useful detailed measure of reasons for
             antipsychotic discontinuation and continuation. Findings
             indicate that clinicians usually report multiple reasons for
             discontinuation, rather than a single reason for each
             patient.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.005},
   Key = {fds273513}
}

@article{fds273343,
   Author = {Lee, T-S and Goh, SJA and Quek, SY and Phillips, R and Guan, C and Cheung,
             YB and Feng, L and Teng, SSW and Wang, CC and Chin, ZY and Zhang, H and Ng,
             TP and Lee, J and Keefe, R and Krishnan, KRR},
   Title = {A brain-computer interface based cognitive training system
             for healthy elderly: a randomized control pilot study for
             usability and preliminary efficacy.},
   Journal = {Plos One},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {e79419},
   Year = {2013},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079419},
   Abstract = {UNLABELLED: Cognitive decline in aging is a pressing issue
             associated with significant healthcare costs and
             deterioration in quality of life. Previously, we reported
             the successful use of a novel brain-computer interface (BCI)
             training system in improving symptoms of attention deficit
             hyperactivity disorder. Here, we examine the feasibility of
             the BCI system with a new game that incorporates memory
             training in improving memory and attention in a pilot sample
             of healthy elderly. This study investigates the safety,
             usability and acceptability of our BCI system to elderly,
             and obtains an efficacy estimate to warrant a phase III
             trial. Thirty-one healthy elderly were randomized into
             intervention (n = 15) and waitlist control arms
             (n = 16). Intervention consisted of an 8-week training
             comprising 24 half-hour sessions. A usability and
             acceptability questionnaire was administered at the end of
             training. Safety was investigated by querying users about
             adverse events after every session. Efficacy of the system
             was measured by the change of total score from the
             Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological
             Status (RBANS) before and after training. Feedback on the
             usability and acceptability questionnaire was positive. No
             adverse events were reported for all participants across all
             sessions. Though the median difference in the RBANS change
             scores between arms was not statistically significant, an
             effect size of 0.6SD was obtained, which reflects potential
             clinical utility according to Simon's randomized phase II
             trial design. Pooled data from both arms also showed that
             the median change in total scores pre and post-training was
             statistically significant (Mdn = 4.0; p<0.001).
             Specifically, there were significant improvements in
             immediate memory (p = 0.038), visuospatial/constructional
             (p = 0.014), attention (p = 0.039), and delayed
             memory (p<0.001) scores. Our BCI-based system shows promise
             in improving memory and attention in healthy elderly, and
             appears to be safe, user-friendly and acceptable to senior
             users. Given the efficacy signal, a phase III trial is
             warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov
             NCT01661894.},
   Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0079419},
   Key = {fds273343}
}

@article{fds273347,
   Author = {Kim, JL and Rele, S and Marks, DM and Masand, PS and Yerramsetty, P and Millet, RA and Keefe, RS and Patkar, AA},
   Title = {Effects of milnacipran on neurocognition, pain, and fatigue
             in fibromyalgia: a 13-week, randomized, placebo-controlled,
             crossover trial.},
   Journal = {The Primary Care Companion for Cns Disorders},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {6},
   Year = {2013},
   ISSN = {2155-7772},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/PCC.13m01555},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether milnacipran is safe and
             effective in improving cognitive function in patients with
             fibromyalgia. METHOD: Patients were randomly assigned to
             receive milnacipran or placebo for 6 weeks, followed by a
             1-week washout and then crossover to the other arm for
             another 6 weeks. The overall trial lasted 13 weeks and was
             conducted between July 2011 and May 2013. Assessments were
             performed at each visit. Neurocognition was measured by the
             Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) and MATRICS. Pain was
             assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Global
             assessment of fibromyalgia symptoms was measured by the
             Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and tender point
             examination. Depression was assessed by the Beck Depression
             Inventory (BDI). Fatigue was assessed by the Fatigue
             Severity Scale. Functional outcome was evaluated by the
             Health Assessment Questionnaire. The Clinical Global
             Impressions-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and Improvement
             (CGI-I) scales and the Patients Clinical Global Impression
             of Change were used to measure the global impression of
             severity and improvement. RESULTS: 26 subjects were
             screened, and 20 subjects completed the trial. The change in
             verbal memory (P = .001) and the composite T score (P =
             .044) of the BAC and the change in the attention-vigilance
             domain T score (P = .042) were significantly improved, but
             there were no differences between the drug and placebo
             groups. The changes in the CGI-S scores were not
             significant, but the changes in the Clinical
             Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scores showed worsening in
             the placebo group at week 1 (P = .032), week 2 (P = .024),
             week 4 (P = .024), and week 6 (P = .60) compared to
             baseline. The change in FIQ scores was not significant.
             CONCLUSIONS: Milnacipran may have a potential role in the
             improvement of pain, disability, and mood. The effect of
             milnacipran on cognition in fibromyalgia needs further
             research. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:
             NCT01829243.},
   Doi = {10.4088/PCC.13m01555},
   Key = {fds273347}
}

@article{fds273375,
   Author = {Rapisarda, A and Lim, TF and Lim, M and Collinson, SL and Kraus, MS and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Applicability of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery in
             Singapore.},
   Journal = {Clin Neuropsychol},
   Volume = {27},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {455-469},
   Year = {2013},
   ISSN = {1385-4046},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2012.762120},
   Abstract = {The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was developed
             to provide a reliable, valid, and standard battery for
             clinical trials on cognitive enhancers in schizophrenia. In
             this study we tested the applicability of the MCCB to
             Singapore's English speakers. Healthy ethnic Chinese, Malay,
             and Indian English speakers (N = 171) of both genders were
             recruited within three age groups and three levels of
             education to match as closely as possible the US norming
             sample, and were administered the MCCB. Descriptive data, T
             scores, age, gender, education, and ethnicity effects on
             performance were explored and compared with the US norming
             study. Age, education, and ethnicity affected the battery's
             composite scores, with young and highly educated
             participants generally outperforming the old, less-educated
             ones. Male participants outperformed their female
             counterparts in two out of seven cognitive domains. Although
             generally lower when compared to the US norming sample,
             Singaporean scores reflected the same relationship with age,
             education, and gender, with the exception of a substantially
             worse performance in the social cognition domain.
             Differences among the ethnic groups in Singapore-and the
             poorer performance measured in these groups with respect to
             the US sample-call for the necessity of an extended norming
             study in Singapore.},
   Doi = {10.1080/13854046.2012.762120},
   Key = {fds273375}
}

@article{fds273378,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Buchanan, RW and Marder, SR and Schooler, NR and Dugar,
             A and Zivkov, M and Stewart, M},
   Title = {Clinical trials of potential cognitive-enhancing drugs in
             schizophrenia: what have we learned so far?},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {417-435},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000315556900026&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {In light of the number of studies conducted to examine the
             treatment of cognitive impairment associated with
             schizophrenia (CIAS), we critically reviewed recent CIAS
             trials. Trials were identified through searches of the
             website "www.clinicaltrials.gov" using the terms
             "schizophrenia AND cognition," "schizophrenia AND
             neurocognition," "schizophrenia AND neurocognitive tests,"
             "schizophrenia AND MATRICS," "schizophrenia AND MCCB,"
             "schizophrenia AND BACS," "schizophrenia AND COGSTATE," and
             "schizophrenia AND CANTAB" and "first-episode schizophrenia
             AND cognition." The cutoff date was 20 April 2011. Included
             trials were conducted in people with schizophrenia, the
             effects on cognition were either a primary or secondary
             outcome, and the effect of a pharmacologically active
             substance was examined. Drug challenge, pharmacokinetic,
             pharmacodynamic, or prodrome of psychosis studies were
             excluded. We identified 118 trials, with 62% using an add-on
             parallel group design. The large majority of completed
             trials were underpowered to detect moderate effect sizes,
             had ≤8 weeks duration, and were performed in samples of
             participants with chronic stable schizophrenia. The ongoing
             add-on trials are longer, have larger sample sizes (with a
             number of them being adequately powered to detect moderate
             effect sizes), and are more likely to use a widely accepted
             standardized cognitive battery (eg, the MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery) and MATRICS guidelines. Ongoing studies
             performed in subjects with recent onset schizophrenia may
             help elucidate which subjects are most likely to show an
             effect in cognition. New insights into the demands of CIAS
             trial design and methodology may help increase the
             probability of identifying treatments with beneficial effect
             on cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbr153},
   Key = {fds273378}
}

@article{fds273379,
   Author = {Lam, M and Eng, GK and Rapisarda, A and Subramaniam, M and Kraus, M and Keefe, RSE and Collinson, SL},
   Title = {Formulation of the age-education index: measuring age and
             education effects in neuropsychological performance.},
   Journal = {Psychol Assess},
   Volume = {25},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {61-70},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {1040-3590},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000315974000006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {The complex interplay of education, age, and cognitive
             performance on various neuropsychological tests is examined
             in the current study. New education indices were formulated
             and further investigated to reveal how age and education
             variances work together to account for performance on
             neuropsychological tests. Participants were 830
             English-speaking ethnic Chinese. Neuropsychological measures
             such as Verbal Memory, Digit Sequencing, Token Motor Task,
             Semantic Fluency, Symbol Coding, Tower of London, Judgment
             of Line Orientation, and Matrix Reasoning of the Wechsler
             Adult Intelligence Scale were administered. Education was
             measured by total years of education and adjusted years of
             education, as well as ratios of both measures with age. Age
             and education were associated with neuropsychological
             performance. Adjusted years of education was associated with
             fluency and higher cognitive processes, while the ratio
             between adjusted years of education and age was associated
             with tasks implicating working memory. Changes in education
             modalities implicated tasks requiring language abilities.
             Education and age represent key neurodevelopmental
             milestones. In light of our findings, special consideration
             should to be given when neuropsychological assessments are
             carried out in cross-cultural contexts and in societies
             where educational systems and pedagogy tend to be
             complex.},
   Doi = {10.1037/a0030548},
   Key = {fds273379}
}

@article{fds273515,
   Author = {Barbato, M and Colijn, MA and Keefe, RSE and Perkins, DO and Woods, SW and Hawkins, KA and Christensen, BK and Addington,
             J},
   Title = {The course of cognitive functioning over six months in
             individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {206},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {195-199},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.10.013},
   Abstract = {Cognitive impairment is common in psychosis and has recently
             been observed in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) of
             developing psychosis. The purpose of this study was to
             characterize longitudinal change in cognition among CHR
             individuals, and compare cognition of CHR individuals who
             later convert to psychosis to that of CHR who do not
             convert. Participants were tested at baseline and
             followed-up after six months using a comprehensive cognitive
             test battery. Individuals who did not convert to psychosis
             either remained stable or significantly improved in their
             cognitive performance. At baseline participants who
             converted to psychosis compared to non-converters exhibited
             poorer performance in several cognitive tests, suggesting
             that some cognitive impairment is already present before
             conversion. Future longitudinal research should address if
             further decline takes place during the prodrome or after
             conversion to psychosis.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2012.10.013},
   Key = {fds273515}
}

@article{fds273354,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Kraemer, HC and Epstein, RS and Frank, E and Haynes, G and Laughren, TP and McNulty, J and Reed, SD and Sanchez, J and Leon,
             AC},
   Title = {Defining a clinically meaningful effect for the design and
             interpretation of randomized controlled trials.},
   Journal = {Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience},
   Volume = {10},
   Number = {5-6 Suppl A},
   Pages = {4S-19S},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {2158-8333},
   Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>This article captures the proceedings of a
             meeting aimed at defining clinically meaningful effects for
             use in randomized controlled trials for psychopharmacological
             agents.<h4>Design</h4>Experts from a variety of disciplines
             defined clinically meaningful effects from their
             perspectives along with viewpoints about how to design and
             interpret randomized controlled trials.<h4>Setting</h4>The
             article offers relevant, practical, and sometimes anecdotal
             information about clinically meaningful effects and how to
             interpret them.<h4>Participants</h4>The concept for this
             session was the work of co-chairs Richard Keefe and the late
             Andy Leon. Faculty included Richard Keefe, PhD; James
             McNulty, AbScB; Robert S. Epstein, MD, MS; Shelby D. Reed,
             PhD; Juan Sanchez, MD; Ginger Haynes, PhD; Andrew C. Leon,
             PhD; Helena Chmura Kraemer, PhD; Ellen Frank, PhD, and
             Kenneth L. Davis, MD.<h4>Results</h4>The term clinically
             meaningful effect is an important aspect of designing and
             interpreting randomized controlled trials but can be
             particularly difficult in the setting of psychopharmacology
             where effect size may be modest, particularly over the short
             term, because of a strong response to placebo. Payers,
             regulators, patients, and clinicians have different concerns
             about clinically meaningful effects and may describe these
             terms differently. The use of moderators in success rate
             differences may help better delineate clinically meaningful
             effects.<h4>Conclusion</h4>There is no clear consensus on a
             single definition for clinically meaningful differences in
             randomized controlled trials, and investigators must be
             sensitive to specific concerns of stakeholders in
             psychopharmacology in order to design and execute
             appropriate clinical trials.},
   Key = {fds273354}
}

@article{fds273370,
   Author = {Ventura, J and Reise, SP and Keefe, RSE and Hurford, IM and Wood, RC and Bilder, RM},
   Title = {The Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI): reliability and
             validity of a brief interview-based measure of
             cognition.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {583-591},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs001},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To obtain Food and Drug Administration approval
             for the treatment of cognitive impairments associated with
             schizophrenia, a drug will need to demonstrate benefits
             beyond those that may be documented on objective cognitive
             tests. Interview-based measures of cognition such as the
             Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI) are candidate coprimary
             outcome measures. METHODS: Psychiatrically stable
             schizophrenia outpatients (n=150) were studied using the CAI
             to obtain information about cognitive functioning from both
             the patient and an informant. Patients also received
             objective assessments of neurocognition, functional
             capacity, functional outcome, and symptoms, at baseline and
             1 month later. RESULTS: The CAI had good internal
             consistency (Cronbach's alpha=.92) and good test-retest
             reliability (r=.83). The CAI was moderately correlated with
             objective neurocognitive test scores (r's=-.39 to -.41) and
             moderately correlated with social functioning (r=-.38), work
             functioning (r=-.48), and overall functional outcome
             (r=-.49). The correlations of CAI scores with external
             validity indicators did not differ significantly by source
             of information (patient alone ratings were valid). Overall
             functional outcome correlated more strongly with patient CAI
             scores (r=-.50) than with objective neurocognitive test
             scores (r=.29) or functional capacity (r=.29). CONCLUSIONS:
             Field testing of the CAI produced reliable ratings of
             cognitive functioning that were correlated with functional
             outcome. Patient ratings alone yielded scores with
             reliability and validity values appropriate for use in
             clinical trials. The CAI appears to provide useful
             complementary information and possesses practical advantages
             for rating cognitive functioning including an
             interview-based method of administration, brief assessment
             time (15 min for the patient assessment), little or no
             practice effects, and ease of scoring.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbs001},
   Key = {fds273370}
}

@article{fds273371,
   Author = {Sakurai, H and Bies, RR and Stroup, ST and Keefe, RSE and Rajji, TK and Suzuki, T and Mamo, DC and Pollock, BG and Watanabe, K and Mimura, M and Uchida, H},
   Title = {Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and cognition in
             schizophrenia: analysis of the CATIE data.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {564-574},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr189},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Antipsychotic drugs exert antipsychotic
             effects by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the treatment
             of schizophrenia. However, effects of D2 receptor blockade
             on neurocognitive function still remain to be elucidated.
             The objective of this analysis was to evaluate impacts of
             estimated dopamine D2 receptor occupancy with antipsychotic
             drugs on several domains of neurocognitive function in
             patients with schizophrenia in the Clinical Antipsychotic
             Trials in Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) trial. METHODS:
             The dataset from the CATIE trial was used in the present
             analysis. Data were extracted from 410 subjects who were
             treated with risperidone, olanzapine, or ziprasidone,
             received assessments for neurocognitive functions (verbal
             memory, vigilance, processing speed, reasoning, and working
             memory) and psychopathology, and provided plasma samples for
             the measurement of plasma antipsychotic concentrations. D2
             receptor occupancy levels on the day of neurocognitive
             assessment were estimated from plasma antipsychotic
             concentrations, using population pharmacokinetic analysis
             and our recently developed model. A multivariate general
             linear model was used to examine effects of clinical and
             demographic characteristics, including estimated D2
             occupancy levels, on neurocognitive functions. RESULTS: D2
             occupancy levels showed significant associations with the
             vigilance and the summary scores. Neurocognitive functions,
             including vigilance, were especially impaired in subjects
             who showed D2 receptor occupancy level of >77%. DISCUSSION:
             These findings suggest a nonlinear relationship between
             prescribed antipsychotic doses and overall neurocognitive
             function and vigilance. This study shows that D2 occupancy
             above approximately 80% not only increases the risk for
             extrapyramidal side effects as consistently reported in the
             literature but also increases the risk for cognitive
             impairment.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbr189},
   Key = {fds273371}
}

@article{fds273376,
   Author = {Vita, A and Deste, G and Barlati, S and De Peri and L and Giambra, A and Poli,
             R and Keefe, RSE and Sacchetti, E},
   Title = {Interview-based assessment of cognition in schizophrenia:
             applicability of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale
             (SCoRS) in different phases of illness and settings of
             care.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {146},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {217-223},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.035},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale
             (SCoRS), an interview-based assessment of cognition, has
             proved to be a valid measure of cognitive performance in
             patients with schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this
             study were to analyze the validity of this scale in a
             naturalistic setting representative of the Italian system of
             psychiatric care, and to test whether the SCoRS could be
             appropriately used in different phases of illness and
             contexts of care. METHODS: Eighty-six patients with
             schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR criteria) (N = 59 clinically
             stabilized patients; N = 27 recently hospitalized patients)
             were administered the SCoRS. The reliability of SCoRS was
             assessed and global ratings were correlated with
             neurocognitive, clinical, and psychosocial functioning
             measures. RESULTS: SCoRS inter-rater and test-retest
             reliability were high. In clinically stabilized patients,
             SCoRS global ratings were significantly correlated with
             composite scores of cognitive performance (global cognitive
             index: r = -0.570, P<0.001), symptoms (Positive and Negative
             Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score: r = 0.602, P < 0.001),
             and psychosocial functioning (Global Assessment of
             Functioning (GAF): r = -0.532, P<0.001; Health of the Nation
             Outcome Scale (HoNOS): r = 0.433, P < 0.001). On the other
             hand, no such correlations were found in recently
             hospitalized patients. Correlations with neuropsychological
             and functional measures were less significant as the
             severity of the patients' symptoms, especially positive
             symptoms, increased. CONCLUSION: The SCoRS is a valid
             measure of cognitive performance and is related to
             psychosocial functioning, especially in clinically stable
             patients with schizophrenia. The usefulness of the SCoRS in
             patients recently admitted to hospital for an acute phase of
             illness is uncertain.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.035},
   Key = {fds273376}
}

@article{fds273516,
   Author = {Cruz, BF and de Resende, CB and Abreu, MN and Rocha, FL and Teixeira,
             AL and Keefe, RSE and Salgado, JV},
   Title = {How specific are negative symptoms and cognitive impairment
             in schizophrenia? An analysis of PANSS and
             SCoRS.},
   Journal = {Cogn Neuropsychiatry},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {243-251},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {1354-6805},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2012.730995},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Interview-based scales can be used as
             coprimary measures to complement the assessment of cognitive
             impairment in schizophrenia. One major question that arises
             from the use of such tools is how specific they are in
             relation to other psychopathological domains. We analyse the
             specificity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
             (PANSS) negative subscale and the Schizophrenia Cognition
             Rating Scale (SCoRS). METHODS: We performed a principal
             component analysis (PCA) of PANSS negative subscale, rated
             by the interviewer, and SCoRS ratings from three different
             sources (patient, informant, and interviewer) in 101
             patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, we correlated
             mean SCoRS ratings to PANSS negative subscale items to
             determine whether any PANSS item is particularly related to
             cognition. RESULTS: The PCA showed that the two first
             components, which explained approximately 40% of the total
             variance of the scales, represent the SCoRS ratings and the
             PANSS negative subscale ratings, respectively. The mean
             interviewer SCoRS was significantly correlated with the
             PANSS negative Item 5 (difficulty in abstract thinking) and
             with the mean PANSS negative subscale. The latter
             correlation was no longer significant when "difficulty in
             abstract thinking" was eliminated from PANSS negative
             subscale. CONCLUSIONS: In general, SCoRS and PANSS negative
             subscale scores address different constructs; however, the
             PANSS negative item "difficulty in abstract thinking" seems
             to address a cognitive dimension.},
   Doi = {10.1080/13546805.2012.730995},
   Key = {fds273516}
}

@article{fds273377,
   Author = {Jarskog, LF and Dong, Z and Kangarlu, A and Colibazzi, T and Girgis, RR and Kegeles, LS and Barch, DM and Buchanan, RW and Csernansky, JG and Goff,
             DC and Harms, MP and Javitt, DC and Keefe, RS and McEvoy, JP and McMahon,
             RP and Marder, SR and Peterson, BS and Lieberman,
             JA},
   Title = {Effects of davunetide on N-acetylaspartate and choline in
             dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {38},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {1245-1252},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0893-133X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.23},
   Abstract = {Schizophrenia is associated with extensive neurocognitive
             and behavioral impairments. Studies indicate that
             N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a marker of neuronal integrity, and
             choline, a marker of cell membrane turnover and white matter
             integrity, may be altered in schizophrenia. Davunetide is a
             neurotrophic peptide that can enhance cognitive function in
             animal models of neurodegeneration. Davunetide has recently
             demonstrated modest functional improvement in a study of
             people with schizophrenia. In a subset of these subjects,
             proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) was
             conducted to explore the effects of davunetide on change in
             NAA/creatine (NAA/Cr) and choline/creatine (choline/Cr) over
             12 weeks of treatment. Of 63 outpatients with schizophrenia
             who received randomized davunetide (5 and 30 mg/day) or
             placebo in the parent clinical trial, 18 successfully
             completed (1)H-MRS in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
             at baseline and at 12 weeks. Cognition was assessed using
             the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). NAA/Cr was
             unchanged for combined high- and low-dose davunetide groups
             (N=11). NAA/Cr in the high-dose davunetide group (N=8)
             suggested a trend increase of 8.0% (P=0.072) over placebo
             (N=7). Choline/Cr for combined high- and low-dose davunetide
             groups suggested a 6.4% increase (P=0.069), while the
             high-dose group showed a 7.9% increase (P=0.040) over
             placebo. Baseline NAA/Cr correlated with the composite MCCB
             score (R=0.52, P=0.033), as did individual cognitive domains
             of attention/vigilance, verbal learning, and social
             cognition; however, neither metabolite correlated with
             functional capacity. In this exploratory study, 12 weeks of
             adjunctive davunetide appeared to produce modest increases
             in NAA/Cr and choline/Cr in DLPFC in people with
             schizophrenia. This is consistent with a potential
             neuroprotective mechanism for davunetide. The data also
             support use of MRS as a useful biomarker of baseline
             cognitive function in schizophrenia. Future clinical and
             preclinical studies are needed to fully define the mechanism
             of action and cognitive effects of davunetide in
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2013.23},
   Key = {fds273377}
}

@article{fds273367,
   Author = {Nutt, D and Gispen-de Wied and CC and Arango, C and Keefe, RSE and Penadés, R and Murphy, DG and Robbins, TW and Sahakian,
             BJ},
   Title = {Cognition in schizophrenia: summary Nice Consultation
             Meeting 2012.},
   Journal = {Eur Neuropsychopharmacol},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {769-778},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0924-977X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.03.005},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.03.005},
   Key = {fds273367}
}

@article{fds327065,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Mahableshwarkar, AR and Olsen, CK},
   Title = {P.2.f.013 Clinical evidence for improvement in cognitive
             dysfunction in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD)
             after treatment with vortioxetine},
   Journal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {23},
   Pages = {S402-S403},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(13)70636-9},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0924-977x(13)70636-9},
   Key = {fds327065}
}

@article{fds273360,
   Author = {Kahn, RS and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Schizophrenia is a cognitive illness: time for a change in
             focus.},
   Journal = {Jama Psychiatry},
   Volume = {70},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1107-1112},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {2168-622X},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000325184100016&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {Schizophrenia is currently classified as a psychotic
             disorder. This article posits that this emphasis on
             psychosis is a conceptual fallacy that has greatly
             contributed to the lack of progress in our understanding of
             this illness and hence has hampered the development of
             adequate treatments. Not only have cognitive and
             intellectual underperformance consistently been shown to be
             risk factors for schizophrenia, several studies have found
             that a decline in cognitive functioning precedes the onset
             of psychosis by almost a decade. Although the question of
             whether cognitive function continues to decline after
             psychosis onset is still debated, it is clear that cognitive
             function in schizophrenia is related to outcome and little
             influenced by antipsychotic treatment. Thus, our focus on
             defining (and preventing) the disorder on the basis of
             psychotic symptoms may be too narrow. Not only should
             cognition be recognized as the core component of the
             disorder, our diagnostic efforts should emphasize the
             changes in cognitive function that occur earlier in
             development. Putting the focus back on cognition may
             facilitate finding treatments for the illness before
             psychosis ever emerges.},
   Doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.155},
   Key = {fds273360}
}

@article{fds273357,
   Author = {Hill, SK and Reilly, JL and Keefe, RSE and Gold, JM and Bishop, JR and Gershon, ES and Tamminga, CA and Pearlson, GD and Keshavan, MS and Sweeney, JA},
   Title = {Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia and
             psychotic bipolar disorder: findings from the
             Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes
             (B-SNIP) study.},
   Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {170},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {1275-1284},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000326724300010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Familial neuropsychological deficits are well
             established in schizophrenia but remain less well
             characterized in other psychotic disorders. This study from
             the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes
             (B-SNIP) consortium 1) compares cognitive impairment in
             schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis, 2) tests
             a continuum model of cognitive dysfunction in psychotic
             disorders, 3) reports familiality of cognitive impairments
             across psychotic disorders, and 4) evaluates cognitive
             impairment among nonpsychotic relatives with and without
             cluster A personality traits. METHOD: Participants included
             probands with schizophrenia (N=293), psychotic bipolar
             disorder (N=227), schizoaffective disorder (manic, N=110;
             depressed, N=55), their first-degree relatives (N=316,
             N=259, N=133, and N=64, respectively), and healthy
             comparison subjects (N=295). All participants completed the
             Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)
             neuropsychological battery. RESULTS: Cognitive impairments
             among psychotic probands, compared to healthy comparison
             subjects, were progressively greater from bipolar disorder
             (z=-0.77) to schizoaffective disorder (manic z=-1.08;
             depressed z=-1.25) to schizophrenia (z=-1.42). Profiles
             across subtests of the BACS were similar across disorders.
             Familiality of deficits was significant and comparable in
             schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Of particular interest
             were similar levels of neuropsychological deficits in
             relatives with elevated cluster A personality traits across
             proband diagnoses. Nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia
             probands without these personality traits exhibited
             significant cognitive impairments, while relatives of
             bipolar probands did not. CONCLUSIONS: Robust cognitive
             deficits are present and familial in schizophrenia and
             psychotic bipolar disorder. Severity of cognitive
             impairments across psychotic disorders was consistent with a
             continuum model, in which more prominent affective features
             and less enduring psychosis were associated with less
             cognitive impairment. Cognitive dysfunction in first-degree
             relatives is more closely related to psychosis-spectrum
             personality disorder traits in psychotic bipolar disorder
             than in schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12101298},
   Key = {fds273357}
}

@article{fds273358,
   Author = {Yaakub, SN and Dorairaj, K and Poh, JS and Asplund, CL and Krishnan, R and Lee, J and Keefe, RSE and Adcock, RA and Wood, SJ and Chee,
             MWL},
   Title = {Preserved working memory and altered brain activation in
             persons at risk for psychosis.},
   Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {170},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {1297-1307},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000326724300012&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Patients with schizophrenia exhibit impairments
             in working memory that often appear in attenuated form in
             persons at high risk for the illness. The authors
             hypothesized that deviations in task-related brain
             activation and deactivation would occur in persons with an
             at-risk mental state performing a working memory task that
             entailed the maintenance and manipulation of letters.
             METHOD: Participants at ultra high risk for developing
             psychosis (N=60), identified using the Comprehensive
             Assessment of At-Risk Mental States, and healthy comparison
             subjects (N=38) 14 to 29 years of age underwent functional
             MRI while performing a verbal working memory task. Group
             differences in brain activation were identified using
             analysis of covariance. RESULTS: The two groups did not show
             significant differences in speed or accuracy of performance,
             even after accounting for differences in education.
             Irrespective of task condition, at-risk participants
             exhibited significantly less activation than healthy
             comparison subjects in the left anterior insula. During
             letter manipulation, at-risk persons exhibited greater
             task-related deactivation within the default-mode network
             than comparison subjects. Region-of-interest analysis in the
             at-risk group revealed significantly greater right
             dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation during
             manipulation of letters. CONCLUSIONS: Despite comparable
             behavioral performance, at-risk participants performing a
             verbal working memory task exhibited altered brain
             activation compared with healthy subjects. These findings
             demonstrate an altered pattern of brain activation in
             at-risk persons that contains elements of reduced function
             as well as compensation.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12081135},
   Key = {fds273358}
}

@article{fds273361,
   Author = {Marder, SR and Alphs, L and Anghelescu, I-G and Arango, C and Barnes,
             TRE and Caers, I and Daniel, DG and Dunayevich, E and Fleischhacker, WW and Garibaldi, G and Green, MF and Harvey, PD and Kahn, RS and Kane, JM and Keefe, RSE and Kinon, B and Leucht, S and Lindenmayer, J-P and Malhotra,
             AK and Stauffer, V and Umbricht, D and Wesnes, K and Kapur, S and Rabinowitz, J},
   Title = {Issues and perspectives in designing clinical trials for
             negative symptoms in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {150},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {328-333},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.058},
   Abstract = {A number of pharmacological agents for treating negative
             symptoms in schizophrenia are currently in development.
             Unresolved questions regarding the design of clinical trials
             in this area were discussed at an international meeting in
             Florence, Italy in April 2012. Participants included
             representatives from academia, the pharmaceutical industry,
             and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Prior to the
             meeting, participants submitted key questions for debate and
             discussion. Responses to the questions guided the discussion
             during the meeting. The group reached agreement on a number
             of issues: (1) study subjects should be under the age of 65;
             (2) subjects should be excluded for symptoms of depression
             that do not overlap with negative symptoms; (3) functional
             measures should not be required as a co-primary in negative
             symptom trials; (4) information from informants should be
             included for ratings when available; (5) Phase 2 negative
             symptom trials should be 12weeks and 26weeks is preferred
             for Phase 3 trials; (6) prior to entry into a negative
             symptom study, subjects should demonstrate clinical
             stability for a period of 4 to 6months by collection of
             retrospective information; and (7) prior to entry, the
             stability of negative and positive symptoms should be
             confirmed prospectively for four weeks or longer. The
             participants could not reach agreement on whether
             predominant or prominent negative symptoms should be
             required for study subjects.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.058},
   Key = {fds273361}
}

@article{fds273364,
   Author = {Barbato, M and Liu, L and Penn, DL and Keefe, RSE and Perkins, DO and Woods, SW and Addington, J},
   Title = {Social cognition as a mediator between neurocognition and
             functional outcome in individuals at clinical high risk for
             psychosis.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {150},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {542-546},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.015},
   Abstract = {In schizophrenia, neurocognition, social cognition and
             functional outcome are all inter-related, with social
             cognition mediating the impact that impaired neurocognition
             has on functional outcome. Less clear is the nature of the
             relationship between neurocognition, social cognition and
             functional outcome in individuals at clinical high risk
             (CHR) for psychosis. 137 CHR participants completed a
             neurocognitive test battery, a battery of social cognition
             tasks and the Social Functioning Scale. Confirmatory factor
             analysis showed that all social cognition tasks were
             reliable and valid measures of the latent variable. The path
             from neurocognition to functioning was statistically
             significant (standardized coefficient β=0.22, p<0.01). The
             path from social cognition to functioning was also
             statistically significant (β=0.27, p<0.05). In the
             mediation model the bootstrapping estimate revealed a
             nonsignificant indirect effect that was the association of
             social cognition with neurocognition and with functional
             outcome (β=0.20, 95% CI=-0.07 to 0.52, p=0.11). However,
             social cognition was significantly associated with
             neurocognition (β=0.80, p<0.001) and the path from
             neurocognition to functioning was no longer significant as
             soon as the mediator (social cognition) was entered into the
             mediation model (β=0.02, p=0.92). All of the model fit
             indices were very good. Unlike what has been observed with
             psychotic patients, social cognition does not seem to
             mediate the pathway from neurocognition to functional
             outcome when assessed with a measure of social attainment in
             individuals at CHR for psychosis.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.015},
   Key = {fds273364}
}

@article{fds273351,
   Author = {Eng, GK and Lam, M and Bong, YL and Subramaniam, M and Bautista, D and Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Lee, J and Collinson, SL and Chong, SA and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: normative
             data in an English-speaking ethnic Chinese
             sample.},
   Journal = {Arch Clin Neuropsychol},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {845-858},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0887-6177},
   url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000327718700012&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
   Abstract = {There is a dearth of non-Western normative data for
             neuropsychological batteries designed to measure cognitive
             deficits in schizophrenia. Here, we provide normative data
             for English-speaking ethnic Chinese on the widely used Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia acquired from 595
             healthy community participants between ages 14 and 55. Means
             and standard deviations of subtests and composite scores
             were stratified by age group and sex. We also explored
             linear regression approaches to generate continuous norms
             adjusted for age, sex, and education. Notable differences in
             subtest performances were found against a Western comparison
             sample. Normative data established in the current sample are
             essential for clinical and research purposes as it serves as
             a reference source of cognition for ethnic
             Chinese.},
   Doi = {10.1093/arclin/act060},
   Key = {fds273351}
}

@article{fds273352,
   Author = {Meier, MH and Shalev, I and Moffitt, TE and Kapur, S and Keefe, RSE and Wong, TY and Belsky, DW and Harrington, H and Hogan, S and Houts, R and Caspi, A and Poulton, R},
   Title = {Microvascular abnormality in schizophrenia as shown by
             retinal imaging.},
   Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {170},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {1451-1459},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24030514},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Retinal and cerebral microvessels are
             structurally and functionally homologous, but unlike
             cerebral microvessels, retinal microvessels can be
             noninvasively measured in vivo by retinal imaging. The
             authors tested the hypothesis that individuals with
             schizophrenia exhibit microvascular abnormality and
             evaluated the utility of retinal imaging as a tool for
             schizophrenia research. METHOD: Participants were members of
             the Dunedin Study, a population-representative cohort
             followed from birth with 95% retention. Study members
             underwent retinal imaging at age 38. The authors assessed
             retinal arteriolar and venular caliber for all members of
             the cohort, including individuals who developed
             schizophrenia. RESULTS: Study members who developed
             schizophrenia were distinguished by wider retinal venules,
             suggesting microvascular abnormality reflective of
             insufficient brain oxygen supply. Analyses that controlled
             for confounding health conditions suggested that wider
             retinal venules are not simply an artifact of co-occurring
             health problems in schizophrenia patients. Wider venules
             were also associated with a dimensional measure of adult
             psychosis symptoms and with psychosis symptoms reported in
             childhood. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide initial support
             for the hypothesis that individuals with schizophrenia show
             microvascular abnormality. Moreover, the results suggest
             that the same vascular mechanisms underlie subthreshold
             symptoms and clinical disorder and that these associations
             may begin early in life. These findings highlight the
             promise of retinal imaging as a tool for understanding the
             pathogenesis of schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020234},
   Key = {fds273352}
}

@article{fds273359,
   Author = {Lee, J and Rekhi, G and Mitter, N and Bong, YL and Kraus, MS and Lam, M and Rapisarda, A and Lee, T-S and Subramaniam, M and Chong, SA and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {The Longitudinal Youth at Risk Study (LYRIKS)--an Asian UHR
             perspective.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {151},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {279-283},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139196},
   Abstract = {Numerous studies have been published on the psychosis
             prodrome and have explored a wide array of its many aspects.
             However, the set of risk factors identified by these various
             efforts is not homogenous across studies. This could be due
             to unique population factors or relatively small sample
             sizes. Only few studies were conducted on Asian populations,
             whose socio-cultural characteristics differ - in some cases
             remarkably - from those in western populations. Singapore is
             a highly dense city-state in South-east Asia, with low rates
             of substance abuse. The Longitudinal Youth at Risk Study
             (LYRIKS) commenced in Singapore in 2008, designed to
             comprehensively assess a group of ultra high risk (UHR)
             individuals and identify clinical, social,
             neuropsychological and biological risk factors unique to the
             local population. 173 UHR individuals were recruited from
             this single-site study over 4 years. Here, we detail aspects
             of the study methodology and report on the baseline social
             and clinical characteristics of the sample population. 78%
             of the UHR sample suffered from a psychiatric disorder, with
             Major Depressive Disorder present in more than half of the
             sample. The mean Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
             score was 57.4, which indicated a moderate level of
             impairment. Although the recruited sample did not differ
             significantly by social and clinical characteristics when
             compared to previously published reports, the conversion
             rate to psychosis was 3.5% (n=6) at 6 months. Follow-up
             measures are currently underway to assess longitudinal
             incidence of psychosis and impact of risk factors on
             cognition, functioning and remission.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2013.09.025},
   Key = {fds273359}
}

@article{fds273362,
   Author = {Rashid, NAA and Lim, J and Lam, M and Chong, S-A and Keefe, RSE and Lee,
             J},
   Title = {Unraveling the relationship between obesity, schizophrenia
             and cognition.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {151},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {107-112},
   Year = {2013},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.09.020},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Previous studies investigating the
             relationship between obesity and cognition as well as gender
             differences in these relationships reported equivocal
             results. Here, we examined age, years of education,
             schizophrenia, and gender differences which might affect the
             relationship between obesity and cognition. METHODS: 1012
             healthy controls and 707 participants with schizophrenia
             were recruited. Information on body mass index (BMI) was
             obtained and a neurocognitive battery was administered.
             Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to examine
             the relationship between BMI, schizophrenia, cognition and
             its covariates. RESULTS: No significant direct effect of BMI
             on cognition was found when cognition was regressed on age,
             years of education, diagnosis of schizophrenia and BMI.
             Instead, two SEM models indicated that indirect effects
             between BMI and cognition exist. The indirect effect of BMI
             on cognition through schizophrenia was present in both
             genders, while the indirect effect of cognition on BMI
             through schizophrenia was only found in females. BMI
             affecting cognition through age, years of education and
             schizophrenia appears to be the most plausible model that
             explains the data. This indirect effect was larger in
             females and was masked by diagnosis of schizophrenia.
             CONCLUSION: With increased rates of obesity in
             schizophrenia, it is important to highlight the potentially
             deleterious effect of obesity on cognition. BMI could be
             used as a candidate risk marker to identify people at higher
             risk of cognitive deficits, and as an intervention target
             for modifications of cognitive outcomes.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2013.09.020},
   Key = {fds273362}
}

@article{fds371773,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Ruse, S and Davis, V and Atkins, A and Patterson, T and Narasimhan, M and Harvey, P},
   Title = {Validation of A Computerized Assessment of Functional
             Capacity},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {39},
   Pages = {S475-S476},
   Year = {2014},
   Key = {fds371773}
}

@article{fds371774,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Mahableshwarkar, A and Zajecka, J and Jacobson, W and Chen,
             Y},
   Title = {Efficacy of Vortioxetine on Cognitive Function in Patients
             with Major Depressive Disorder: Cognitive Test Performance
             Results: from a Randomized, Double-blind,
             Duloxetine-referenced, Placebo-controlled},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {39},
   Pages = {S389-S390},
   Year = {2014},
   Key = {fds371774}
}

@article{fds371775,
   Author = {Rosenbaum, J and Keefe, R and Lieberman, J and Romano, S and McKinney,
             R and Orf, H},
   Title = {Industry and Academic Science: Can Academia Work More
             Effectively and Ethically with Industry to Get New Therapies
             to the Market?},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {39},
   Pages = {S37-S38},
   Year = {2014},
   Key = {fds371775}
}

@article{fds371776,
   Author = {Bauer, IE and Keefe, R and Suchting, R and Green, C and Zunta-Soares,
             GB and Soares, JC},
   Title = {The Brief Cognitive Assessment Test for Affective Disorders
             (BAC-A): A New Instrument for Assessing Cognitive
             Functioning in Bipolar Disorder},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {75},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {198S-198S},
   Year = {2014},
   Key = {fds371776}
}

@article{fds273300,
   Author = {Ruse, SA and Davis, VG and Atkins, AS and Krishnan, KRR and Fox, KH and Harvey, PD and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Development of a virtual reality assessment of everyday
             living skills},
   Journal = {Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove},
   Number = {86},
   Year = {2014},
   ISSN = {1940-087X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/51405},
   Abstract = {Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with
             schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term
             psychosocial outcomes.  Treatment studies aimed at
             cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia not only
             require demonstration of improvements on cognitive tests,
             but also evidence that any cognitive changes lead to
             clinically meaningful improvements.  Measures of
             "functional capacity" index the extent to which individuals
             have the potential to perform skills required for real world
             functioning.  Current data do not support the
             recommendation of any single instrument for measurement of
             functional capacity.  The Virtual Reality Functional
             Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is a novel, interactive
             gaming based measure of functional capacity that uses a
             realistic simulated environment to recreate routine
             activities of daily living. Studies are currently underway
             to evaluate and establish the VRFCAT's sensitivity,
             reliability, validity, and practicality. This new measure
             of functional capacity is practical, relevant, easy to use,
             and has several features that improve validity and
             sensitivity of measurement of function in clinical trials of
             patients with CNS disorders.},
   Doi = {10.3791/51405},
   Key = {fds273300}
}

@article{fds273338,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {The longitudinal course of cognitive impairment in
             schizophrenia: an examination of data from premorbid through
             posttreatment phases of illness.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {75 Suppl 2},
   Pages = {8-13},
   Year = {2014},
   ISSN = {0160-6689},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13065su1.02},
   Abstract = {Cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia that
             is present across the course of the illness. However, due to
             complexities of studying cognitive decline in patients prior
             to the onset of illness, the longitudinal course is not
             fully understood. The cognitive effects in patients with
             schizophrenia are robust, with a 1.5 to 2.5 standard
             deviation gap between patients and healthy controls on
             composite scores. People with schizophrenia manifest a prior
             history of cognitive impairment in the premorbid phases of
             the illness. Examination of school records suggests that
             children who will eventually develop schizophrenia begin
             school at a level of functioning that is a full grade behind
             their peers, with the gap increasing by the time they finish
             high school. Epidemiologic work suggests that there are both
             static cognitive impairments and developmental lags in these
             patients during childhood, well before the illness is fully
             manifest. Although there was initial promise of improved
             cognitive function with second-generation antipsychotic
             treatment, more recent studies have suggested no differences
             among antipsychotics, with the initial appearance of
             improvement very likely attributable to practice effects,
             inappropriate medication dosing, and poor study design. Two
             large, prominent studies evaluating first- and
             second-generation antipsychotics suggested that, although
             there was slight to modest improvement in cognitive function
             for all treatments, there were no differences among
             medications, regardless of the generation of the agents. In
             summary, patients who develop schizophrenia, on average,
             demonstrate cognitive impairment beginning as early as the
             first grade, with deterioration seen across school years.
             Further, these patients had substantial cognitive deficits
             after the initiation of psychosis. Finally, while
             antipsychotic treatment improves symptoms, antipsychotics
             have little impact on cognition, and there appear to be no
             differences in the degree of cognitive improvement between
             first- and second-generation agents.},
   Doi = {10.4088/JCP.13065su1.02},
   Key = {fds273338}
}

@article{fds273348,
   Author = {Meier, MH and Caspi, A and Reichenberg, A and Keefe, RSE and Fisher, HL and Harrington, H and Houts, R and Poulton, R and Moffitt,
             TE},
   Title = {Neuropsychological decline in schizophrenia from the
             premorbid to the postonset period: evidence from a
             population-representative longitudinal study.},
   Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {171},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {91-101},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0002-953X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12111438},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Despite the widespread belief that
             neuropsychological decline is a cardinal feature of the
             progression from the premorbid stage to the chronic form of
             schizophrenia, few longitudinal studies have examined change
             in neuropsychological functioning from before to after
             illness onset. The authors examined whether
             neuropsychological decline is unique to schizophrenia,
             whether it is generalized or confined to particular mental
             functions, and whether individuals with schizophrenia also
             have cognitive problems in everyday life. METHOD:
             Participants were members of a representative cohort of
             1,037 individuals born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1972 and
             1973 and followed prospectively to age 38, with 95%
             retention. Assessment of IQ and specific neuropsychological
             functions was conducted at ages 7, 9, 11, and 13, and again
             at age 38. Informants also reported on any cognitive
             problems at age 38. RESULTS: Individuals with schizophrenia
             exhibited declines in IQ and in a range of mental functions,
             particularly those tapping processing speed, learning,
             executive function, and motor function. There was little
             evidence of decline in verbal abilities or delayed memory,
             however, and the developmental progression of deficits in
             schizophrenia differed across mental functions. Processing
             speed deficits increased gradually from childhood to beyond
             the early teen years, whereas verbal deficits emerged early
             but remained static thereafter. Neuropsychological decline
             was specific to schizophrenia, as no evidence of decline was
             apparent among individuals with persistent depression,
             children with mild cognitive impairment, individuals matched
             on childhood risk factors for schizophrenia, and
             psychiatrically healthy individuals. Informants also noticed
             more cognitive problems in individuals with schizophrenia.
             CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial neuropsychological decline
             in schizophrenia from the premorbid to the postonset period,
             but the extent and developmental progression of decline
             varies across mental functions. Findings suggest that
             different pathophysiological mechanisms may underlie
             deficits in different mental functions.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12111438},
   Key = {fds273348}
}

@article{fds273353,
   Author = {Mazhari, S and Parvaresh, N and Eslami Shahrbabaki and M and Sadeghi,
             MM and Nakhaee, N and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Validation of the Persian version of the brief assessment of
             cognition in schizophrenia in patients with schizophrenia
             and healthy controls.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences},
   Volume = {68},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {160-166},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {1323-1316},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12107},
   Abstract = {AIMS: The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (BACS) is designed for assessment of cognitive function in
             patients with schizophrenia. Versions of the BACS in English
             and other languages have been shown to be as sensitive to
             cognitive dysfunction as a standard test battery, with the
             advantage of brief administration and scoring time. The
             present study aimed to test the concurrent validity of the
             Persian version of the BACS (Persian-BACS). METHODS: A group
             of 50 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and a
             group of 50 healthy controls received the Persian-BACS in a
             first session, and in a second session a standard
             neurocognitive battery. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha for the
             Persian-BACS was 0.74. All the Persian-BACS subscales were
             significantly correlated with the corresponding standard
             neurocognitive subscales and the Pearson correlation of the
             composite scores from the two instruments was 0.71.
             Moreover, a one-factor solution was found that accounted for
             67.9% of the variance. Finally, the Persian-BACS
             demonstrated high ability to discriminate patients with
             schizophrenia from healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Good
             psychometric properties of the Persian-BACS suggest that it
             is a useful tool for assessing cognition in schizophrenic
             patients with Persian as their primary language.},
   Doi = {10.1111/pcn.12107},
   Key = {fds273353}
}

@article{fds273329,
   Author = {Ruse, SA and Harvey, PD and Davis, VG and Atkins, AS and Fox, KH and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment In
             Schizophrenia: Preliminary Data Regarding Feasibility and
             Correlations with Cognitive and Functional Capacity
             Performance.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research. Cognition},
   Volume = {1},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {e21-e26},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {2215-0013},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2014.01.004},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Assessment of functional capacity is an
             intrinsic part of determining the functional relevance of
             response to treatment of cognitive impairment in
             schizophrenia. Existing methods are highly and consistently
             correlated with performance on neuropsychological tests, but
             most current assessments of functional capacity are still
             paper and pencil simulations. We developed a computerized
             virtual reality assessment that contains all of the
             components of a shopping trip. METHODS: We administered the
             Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT)
             to 54 healthy controls and to 51 people with schizophrenia
             to test its feasibility. Dependent variables for the VRFCAT
             included time to completion and errors on 12 objectives and
             the number of times that an individual failed to complete an
             objective. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
             and a standard functional capacity measure, the UCSD
             Performance-Based Skills Assessment-Brief (UPSA-B) were
             administered to the patients with schizophrenia. RESULTS:
             Patients with schizophrenia performed more poorly than
             healthy controls on 10/11 of the time variables, as well as
             2/12 error scores and 2/12 failed objectives. Pearson
             correlations for 7 of 15 VRFCAT variables with MCCB
             composite scores were statistically significant. CONCLUSION:
             These results provide support for the possibility of
             computerized functional capacity assessment, but more
             substantial studies are required.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.scog.2014.01.004},
   Key = {fds273329}
}

@article{fds371750,
   Author = {Kelly, DL and Sullivan, KM and Wehring, HJ and McEvoy, JP and Keefe, R and McMahon, RP and Gold, JM and Feldman, S and Warfel, C and Kearns, AM and Osing, J and Russ, J and Vyas, G and Richardson, CM and August, S and Buchanan, RW},
   Title = {ADJUNCTIVE MINOCYCLINE IN CLOZAPINE TREATED SCHIZOPHRENIA
             PATIENTS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {153},
   Pages = {S79-S79},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70257-9},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70257-9},
   Key = {fds371750}
}

@article{fds371751,
   Author = {Lam, M and See, AY and Lee, J and Kang, S and Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Keefe, R and Collinson, S},
   Title = {Poster #T129 NEUROCOGNITIVE ARCHITECTURE OF SCHIZOTYPY IN AN
             ASIAN POPULATION},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {153},
   Pages = {S335-S336},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70946-6},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70946-6},
   Key = {fds371751}
}

@article{fds371752,
   Author = {Lam, M and Collinson, S and Eng, GK and Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Lee,
             J and Chong, SA and Keefe, R},
   Title = {Poster #M186 NEUROCOGNITIVE ARCHITECTURE OF
             SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {153},
   Pages = {S258-S258},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70736-4},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70736-4},
   Key = {fds371752}
}

@article{fds371753,
   Author = {Huang, W and Lee, J and Lam, M and Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Keefe,
             R},
   Title = {Poster #S188 THE ROLE OF COGNITIVE RESERVE IN PREDICTING
             NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOME IN SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {153},
   Pages = {S157-S158},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70467-0},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70467-0},
   Key = {fds371753}
}

@article{fds371772,
   Author = {Hilt, D and Lombardo, I and Gawryl, M and Dgetluck, N and Keefe,
             R},
   Title = {Poster #T94 OPTIMIZING TREATMENT AND SIGNAL DETECTION WITH
             EVP-6124 IN A CIAS PHASE 2B STUDY},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {153},
   Pages = {S322-S322},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70911-9},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70911-9},
   Key = {fds371772}
}

@article{fds273317,
   Author = {Ruse, SA and Davis, VG and Atkins, AS and Krishnan, KRR and Fox, KH and Harvey, PD and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Development of a virtual reality assessment of everyday
             living skills.},
   Journal = {Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove},
   Number = {86},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/51405},
   Abstract = {Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with
             schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term
             psychosocial outcomes.  Treatment studies aimed at
             cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia not only
             require demonstration of improvements on cognitive tests,
             but also evidence that any cognitive changes lead to
             clinically meaningful improvements.  Measures of
             "functional capacity" index the extent to which individuals
             have the potential to perform skills required for real world
             functioning.  Current data do not support the
             recommendation of any single instrument for measurement of
             functional capacity.  The Virtual Reality Functional
             Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is a novel, interactive
             gaming based measure of functional capacity that uses a
             realistic simulated environment to recreate routine
             activities of daily living. Studies are currently underway
             to evaluate and establish the VRFCAT's sensitivity,
             reliability, validity, and practicality. This new measure
             of functional capacity is practical, relevant, easy to use,
             and has several features that improve validity and
             sensitivity of measurement of function in clinical trials of
             patients with CNS disorders.},
   Doi = {10.3791/51405},
   Key = {fds273317}
}

@article{fds273346,
   Author = {Madhoo, M and Keefe, RSE and Roth, RM and Sambunaris, A and Wu, J and Trivedi, MH and Anderson, CS and Lasser, R},
   Title = {Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate augmentation in adults with
             persistent executive dysfunction after partial or full
             remission of major depressive disorder.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1388-1398},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0893-133X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.334},
   Abstract = {Evaluate lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) augmentation of
             antidepressant monotherapy for executive dysfunction in
             partially or fully remitted major depressive disorder (MDD).
             This randomized, placebo-controlled study (NCT00985725)
             enrolled 143 adults (18-55 years) with mild MDD
             (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score
             ≤ 18) and executive dysfunction (Behavior Rating Inventory
             of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) Self-Report
             Global Executive Composite (GEC) T score ≥ 60) on stable
             antidepressant monotherapy for ≥ 8 weeks. After 2 weeks of
             screening, participants were randomized to 9 weeks of
             double-blind LDX (20-70 mg/day) or placebo augmentation,
             followed by 2 weeks of single-blind placebo. The primary end
             point was change from baseline to week 9/end of study (EOS)
             in BRIEF-A Self-Report GEC T score; secondary assessments
             included the BRIEF-A Informant Report, MADRS, and
             treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Of 143 randomized
             participants, 119 completed double-blind treatment (placebo,
             n=59; LDX, n=60). Mean ± standard deviation (SD) BRIEF-A
             GEC T scores decreased from baseline (placebo, 74.2 ± 8.88;
             LDX, 76.8 ± 9.66) to week 9/EOS (placebo, 61.4 ± 14.61;
             LDX, 55.2 ± 16.15); the LS mean (95% CI) treatment
             difference significantly favored LDX (-8.0 (-12.7, -3.3);
             P=0.0009). The LS mean (95% CI) treatment difference for
             MADRS total score also significantly favored LDX (-1.9
             (-3.7, 0.0); P=0.0465). TEAE rates were 73.6% with placebo
             and 78.9% with LDX; serious TEAE rates were 4.2 and 2.8%. In
             this trial, LDX augmentation significantly improved
             executive dysfunction and depressive symptoms in
             participants with mild MDD. The safety profile of LDX was
             consistent with prior studies in adults with
             attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2013.334},
   Key = {fds273346}
}

@article{fds273345,
   Author = {Umbricht, D and Keefe, RSE and Murray, S and Lowe, DA and Porter, R and Garibaldi, G and Santarelli, L},
   Title = {A randomized, placebo-controlled study investigating the
             nicotinic α7 agonist, RG3487, for cognitive deficits in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {1568-1577},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {June},
   ISSN = {0893-133X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.17},
   Abstract = {Effective treatments for cognitive impairment associated
             with schizophrenia (CIAS) remain an unmet need. Nicotinic
             α7 receptor agonists may be effective in CIAS. This 8-week
             (week 1, inpatient; weeks 2-8, outpatient), double-blind,
             randomized study used Measurement And Treatment Research to
             Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) guidelines to
             investigate the nicotinic α7 partial agonist RG3487
             (formerly MEM3454) in CIAS; 215 patients with chronic stable
             schizophrenia received placebo or RG3487 (5, 15, or 50 mg)
             added to ongoing treatment with risperidone, paliperidone,
             or aripiprazole. Primary end point was baseline to week 8
             change in MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
             composite t-score. Secondary outcomes were change in MCCB
             domain and negative symptom assessment (NSA) scores. The
             study did not allow for evaluation of nonsmokers. Each
             RG3487 dose was evaluated using a mixed-effects model
             repeated measures approach. Mean (SD) baseline MCCB
             composite t-score was 28.3 (12.0). No significant effect on
             MCCB composite t-scores was observed with RG3487 (adjusted
             mean difference (SE) vs placebo: 5 mg: 0.11 (1.39); 15 mg:
             -1.95 (1.39); 50 mg: -1.13 (1.37); p = 0.2-0.9). RG3487 did
             not improve MCCB domain scores. In a post hoc analysis of
             patients with moderate negative symptoms, 5 and 50 mg RG3487
             vs placebo significantly improved NSA total (-4.45 (p =
             0.04) and -4.75 (p = 0.02), respectively) and global (-0.39
             (p = 0.04) and -0.55 (p = 0.003), respectively) scores. The
             MCCB did not lead to higher than expected patient
             withdrawal. RG3487 was generally well tolerated. In patients
             with stable schizophrenia, RG3487 did not improve cognitive
             deficits, as assessed by the MCCB; however, in patients with
             moderate negative symptoms, a post hoc analysis revealed
             significant improvement of negative symptoms.},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2014.17},
   Key = {fds273345}
}

@article{fds273332,
   Author = {Dandash, O and Fornito, A and Lee, J and Keefe, RSE and Chee, MWL and Adcock, RA and Pantelis, C and Wood, SJ and Harrison,
             BJ},
   Title = {Altered striatal functional connectivity in subjects with an
             at-risk mental state for psychosis.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {40},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {904-913},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt093},
   Abstract = {Recent functional imaging work in individuals experiencing
             an at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis has implicated
             dorsal striatal abnormalities in the emergence of psychotic
             symptoms, contrasting with earlier findings implicating the
             ventral striatum. Our aims here were to characterize
             putative dorsal and ventral striatal circuit-level
             abnormalities in ARMS individuals using resting-state
             functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and to
             investigate their relationship to positive psychotic
             symptoms. Resting-state fMRI was acquired in 74 ARMS
             subjects and 35 matched healthy controls. An established
             method for mapping ventral and dorsal striatal functional
             connectivity was used to examine corticostriatal functional
             integrity. Positive psychotic symptoms were assessed using
             the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State and the
             Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Compared with healthy
             controls, ARMS subjects showed reductions in functional
             connectivity between the dorsal caudate and right
             dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left rostral medial
             prefrontal cortex, and thalamus, and between the dorsal
             putamen and left thalamic and lenticular nuclei. ARMS
             subjects also showed increased functional connectivity
             between the ventral putamen and the insula, frontal
             operculum, and superior temporal gyrus bilaterally. No
             differences in ventral striatal (ie, nucleus accumbens)
             functional connectivity were found. Altered functional
             connectivity in corticostriatal circuits were significantly
             correlated with positive psychotic symptoms. Together, these
             results suggest that risk for psychosis is mediated by a
             complex interplay of alterations in both dorsal and ventral
             corticostriatal systems.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbt093},
   Key = {fds273332}
}

@article{fds273340,
   Author = {Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Tan, YW and Lam, M and Eng, GK and Lee, J and Subramaniam, M and Collinson, SL and Chong, SA and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {The continuous performance test, identical pairs: norms,
             reliability and performance in healthy controls and patients
             with schizophrenia in Singapore.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {156},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {233-240},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.016},
   Abstract = {AIM: To provide normative values for the healthy ethnic
             Chinese Singaporean population and a large sample of
             patients with schizophrenia for the Continuous Performance
             Task-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP). Participants Data were
             collected on 1011 healthy ethnic Chinese and 654 patients
             diagnosed with schizophrenia, all between 21 and 55 years of
             age. METHODS: Data were stratified by age and gender. The
             effects of age, gender and education were explored in
             patients and controls. Performance indices were assessed in
             their ability to predict group inclusion. Controls'
             performance was compared with that reported in a US sample.
             RESULTS: Performance was affected by age, sex, and
             education, with youth, male sex and higher education
             providing a performance advantage. Patients' performance was
             lower than controls' by more than 1 standard deviation, with
             the 3-digit d' score most significantly discriminating
             between controls and patients. The effects of
             socio-demographic factors on performance were in line with
             those conducted in the US and previously reported in the
             literature. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest norming study
             ever conducted on the CPT-IP. It will enable investigators
             and clinicians to select appropriate indices to assess
             severity of cognitive decline and/or evaluate cognitive
             remediation therapy outcomes after taking into account age,
             gender and education factors.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.016},
   Key = {fds273340}
}

@article{fds273321,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and McClintock, SM and Roth, RM and Doraiswamy, PM and Tiger,
             S and Madhoo, M},
   Title = {Cognitive effects of pharmacotherapy for major depressive
             disorder: a systematic review.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {75},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {864-876},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0160-6689},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13r08609},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Cognitive impairment frequently accompanies major
             depressive disorder (MDD) and can persist during remission.
             This review examined pharmacotherapy effects on cognitive
             function in MDD. DATA SOURCES: PubMed and EMBASE searches
             were conducted on July 30, 2013, for English language
             reports of cognitive assessments following pharmacologic
             monotherapy or augmentation therapy in MDD. STUDY SELECTION:
             A total of 43 research reports were identified (31
             monotherapy [8 placebo-controlled, 11 active-comparator, 12
             open-label], 12 augmentation therapy [7 placebo-controlled,
             5 open-label]). DATA EXTRACTION: Results reported in each
             publication were examined for open-label and placebo- or
             active comparator-controlled studies. RESULTS: Studies
             varied widely in terms of size (median, 50 participants;
             interquartile range, 21-143 participants), populations
             examined, duration (median, 8 weeks; interquartile range,
             6-12 weeks), and neurocognitive assessments used. Most
             individual studies reported some benefit to cognition with
             pharmacotherapy, but there was no pattern of response in
             specific domains and only 12% of individually analyzed
             changes favored active treatment over placebo or untreated
             healthy controls. Sample weighted mean effect sizes revealed
             that verbal memory improved with monotherapy, while the
             largest treatment effect with augmentation therapy was for
             visual memory. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacotherapy may have benefit
             in reducing cognitive impairment in MDD, with augmentation
             therapy being a potential approach for addressing cognitive
             deficits that persist after monotherapy has brought about
             clinical response or remission. However, given the wide
             variability in study design and treatment duration across
             studies, these findings should be interpreted cautiously.
             More definitive research is required before firm conclusions
             can be reached.},
   Doi = {10.4088/JCP.13r08609},
   Key = {fds273321}
}

@article{fds273341,
   Author = {Yong, E and Barbato, M and Penn, DL and Keefe, RSE and Woods, SW and Perkins, DO and Addington, J},
   Title = {Exploratory analysis of social cognition and neurocognition
             in individuals at clinical high risk for
             psychosis.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {218},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {39-43},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0165-1781},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.003},
   Abstract = {Neurocognition and social cognition are separate but related
             constructs known to be impaired in schizophrenia. The aim of
             this study was to extend the current knowledge of the
             relationship between social cognition and neurocognition in
             individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) of developing
             psychosis by examining, in a large sample, the associations
             between a wide range of neurocognitive tasks and social
             cognition. Participants included 136 young people at CHR.
             Specific domains within neurocognition and social cognition
             were compared using Spearman correlations. Results showed
             that poor theory of mind correlated with low ratings on a
             wide range of neurocognitive tasks. Facial affect was more
             often associated with low ratings on spatial working memory
             and attention. These results support a link between
             neurocognition and social cognition even at this early stage
             of potential psychosis, with indication that poorer
             performance on social cognition may be associated with
             deficits in attention and working memory. Understanding
             these early associations may have implications for early
             intervention.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.003},
   Key = {fds273341}
}

@article{fds273320,
   Author = {Stout, JC and Queller, S and Baker, KN and Cowlishaw, S and Sampaio, C and Fitzer-Attas, C and Borowsky, B and HD-CAB Investigators},
   Title = {HD-CAB: a cognitive assessment battery for clinical trials
             in Huntington's disease 1,2,3.},
   Journal = {Mov Disord},
   Volume = {29},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1281-1288},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0885-3185},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25964},
   Abstract = {Cognitive dysfunction is central to Huntington's disease
             (HD) and undermines quality of life. Clinical trials are now
             targeting cognitive outcomes in HD; however, no cognitive
             battery has been optimized for HD clinical trials. We
             evaluated 16 cognitive tests in a 20-site, five-country,
             observational study designed to mimic aspects of a clinical
             trial (e.g., data collection managed by a contract research
             organization, repeated testing, prespecified statistical
             analyses). Fifty-five early HD, 103 premanifest HD (pre-HD),
             and 105 controls were tested at visit 1, visit 2 (1-3 days
             later), and visit 3 (5-7 weeks after visit 1). For inclusion
             in a recommended battery, tests were evaluated for
             sensitivity, practice effects, reliability, domain coverage,
             feasibility, and tolerability. Most tests differentiated
             controls from pre-HD and early HD and showed excellent
             psychometric properties. We selected six tests to constitute
             the Huntington's Disease Cognitive Assessment Battery
             (HD-CAB): Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Paced Tapping, One
             Touch Stockings of Cambridge (abbreviated), Emotion
             Recognition, Trail Making B, and the Hopkins Verbal Learning
             Test. These tests demonstrated sensitivity to disease status
             (Cohen's d effect sizes: early HD= -1.38 to -1.90 and
             pre-HD= -0.41 to -0.78), and acceptable reliability (r's
             0.73-0.93). A composite score yielded large effect sizes
             (early HD = -2.44 and pre-HD = -0.87) and high
             reliability (r = 0.95). HD-CAB is the first cognitive
             battery designed specifically for use in late premanifest
             and early HD clinical trials. Adoption of the HD-CAB will
             facilitate evaluation of treatments to improve cognition in
             HD.},
   Doi = {10.1002/mds.25964},
   Key = {fds273320}
}

@article{fds273325,
   Author = {Reilly, JL and Frankovich, K and Hill, S and Gershon, ES and Keefe, RSE and Keshavan, MS and Pearlson, GD and Tamminga, CA and Sweeney,
             JA},
   Title = {Elevated antisaccade error rate as an intermediate phenotype
             for psychosis across diagnostic categories.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {40},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1011-1021},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt132},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Elevated antisaccade error rate, reflecting
             problems with inhibitory behavioral control, is a promising
             intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia. Here, we consider
             whether it marks liability across psychotic disorders via
             common or different neurophysiological mechanisms and
             whether it represents a neurocognitive risk indicator apart
             from the generalized cognitive deficit. METHODS:
             Schizophrenia (n = 267), schizoaffective (n = 150), and
             psychotic bipolar (n = 202) probands, their first-degree
             relatives (ns = 304, 193, 242, respectively), and healthy
             controls (n = 244), participating in the
             Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes
             consortium, performed antisaccade and prosaccade tasks and
             completed a neuropsychological battery. RESULTS: Antisaccade
             error rate was elevated in proband groups with greatest
             deficit observed in schizophrenia and was unrelated to
             symptoms and antipsychotic treatment. Increased error rate
             was also observed among relatives, even those without
             history of psychosis or psychosis spectrum personality
             traits. Relatives' deficits were similar across proband
             diagnoses. Error rate was familial and remained elevated in
             proband and relative groups after accounting for generalized
             cognitive impairment. Speed of attentional shifting, indexed
             by prosaccade latency, was similarly influenced in all
             groups by manipulations that freed vs increasingly engaged
             attention systems and was inversely associated with
             antisaccade error rate in all but schizophrenia probands.
             CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that elevated
             antisaccade error rate represents an intermediate phenotype
             for psychosis across diagnostic categories, and that it
             tracks risk beyond that attributable to the generalized
             cognitive deficit. The greater severity of antisaccade
             impairment in schizophrenia and its independence from
             attention shifting processes suggest more severe and
             specific prefrontal inhibitory control deficits in this
             disorder.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbt132},
   Key = {fds273325}
}

@article{fds273326,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Cognition and motivation as treatment targets in
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Jama Psychiatry},
   Volume = {71},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {987-988},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {2168-622X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1281},
   Doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1281},
   Key = {fds273326}
}

@article{fds273331,
   Author = {Marx, CE and Lee, J and Subramaniam, M and Rapisarda, A and Bautista,
             DCT and Chan, E and Kilts, JD and Buchanan, RW and Wai, EP and Verma, S and Sim, K and Hariram, J and Jacob, R and Keefe, RSE and Chong,
             SA},
   Title = {Proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial of pregnenolone
             in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Psychopharmacology (Berl)},
   Volume = {231},
   Number = {17},
   Pages = {3647-3662},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0033-3158},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3673-4},
   Abstract = {RATIONALE: Preclinical and clinical data suggest that
             pregnenolone may be a promising therapeutic in
             schizophrenia. Pregnenolone is neuroprotective and enhances
             learning and memory, myelination, and microtubule
             polymerization. Treatment with pregnenolone elevates
             allopregnanolone (a neurosteroid that enhances GABAA
             receptor responses) and pregnenolone sulfate (a positive
             NMDA receptor modulator). Pregnenolone could thus
             potentially mitigate GABA dysregulation and/or NMDA receptor
             hypofunction in schizophrenia via metabolism to other
             neurosteroids. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to
             conduct a randomized controlled trial of adjunctive
             pregnenolone in schizophrenia. METHODS: Following a placebo
             lead-in, 120 participants were randomized to pregnenolone or
             placebo for 8 weeks (Institute for Mental Health,
             Singapore). Primary endpoints were changes in MATRICS
             Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) composite scores
             (cognitive symptoms), UCSD Performance-based Skills
             Assessment-Brief (UPSA-B) composite scores (functional
             capacity), and Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms
             (SANS) total scores (negative symptoms). A modified
             intent-to-treat analysis approach was utilized. RESULTS: No
             significant changes compared to placebo were demonstrated in
             composite MCCB scores. In contrast, participants randomized
             to pregnenolone (n = 56) demonstrated greater
             improvements in functional capacity (UPSA-B composite
             changes) compared to placebo (n = 55), p = 0.03.
             Pregnenolone was also superior to placebo in the
             communication subscale of the UPSA-B (p < 0.001). Serum
             pregnenolone changes post-treatment were correlated with
             UPSA-B composite score changes in females (r s = 0.497,
             p < 0.042, n = 17) but not in males. Mean total SANS
             scores were very low at baseline and did not improve further
             post-treatment. Pregnenolone was well-tolerated.
             CONCLUSIONS: Pregnenolone improved functional capacity in
             participants with schizophrenia, but did not improve
             cognitive symptoms over an 8-week treatment period.
             Neurosteroid changes correlated with functional improvements
             in female participants. Neurosteroid interventions may
             exhibit promise as new therapeutic leads for
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1007/s00213-014-3673-4},
   Key = {fds273331}
}

@article{fds273334,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Fox, KH and Davis, VG and Kennel, C and Walker, TM and Burdick, KE and Harvey, PD},
   Title = {The Brief Assessment of Cognition In Affective Disorders
             (BAC-A):performance of patients with bipolar depression and
             healthy controls.},
   Journal = {J Affect Disord},
   Volume = {166},
   Pages = {86-92},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {September},
   ISSN = {0165-0327},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.002},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder are
             significant enough to impact everyday functioning. A key
             question for treatments aimed at cognition is which
             cognitive domains are most affected by bipolar disorder and
             which cognitive tests have the best psychometric
             characteristics for this population. METHOD: 432 patients
             assessed at study entry in a treatment study of bipolar
             depression were assessed with a version of a new cognitive
             measure - the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective
             Disorder (BAC-A), which assesses traditional cognitive
             constructs with six subtests measuring memory, processing
             speed, working memory, and reasoning and problem solving,
             and a new measure of affective processing. From the cohort
             of 432 patients, 309 were selected based upon their
             demographic similarities to a previously collected healthy
             control sample of 309 subjects. Patients and controls
             completed the traditional cognitive tests and the Affective
             Processing Test. Results. Patients with bipolar depression
             and healthy controls differed significantly on all cognitive
             measures (P<0.001). The two alternate forms of the Affective
             Processing Test were very similar in both groups. The most
             robust discriminator of the groups was a composite score
             that combined the six core cognitive subtests of the Brief
             Assessment of Cognition (BAC) with two of the measures from
             the Affective Processing Test. LIMITATIONS: Test-retest
             reliabilities of the individual Affective Processing Test
             measures were low. CONCLUSION: The BAC-A is sensitive to the
             cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder patients in
             traditional neuropsychological domains and in cognitive
             processes believed to be specifically impaired in affective
             disorders.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.002},
   Key = {fds273334}
}

@article{fds273327,
   Author = {Gray, BE and McMahon, RP and Green, MF and Seidman, LJ and Mesholam-Gately, RI and Kern, RS and Nuechterlein, KH and Keefe, RS and Gold, JM},
   Title = {Detecting reliable cognitive change in individual patients
             with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {159},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {182-187},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.032},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Clinicians often need to evaluate the treatment
             response of an individual person and to know that observed
             change is true improvement or worsening beyond usual
             week-to-week changes. This paper gives clinicians tools to
             evaluate individual changes on the MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery (MCCB). We compare three different
             approaches: a descriptive analysis of MCCB test-retest
             performance with no intervention, a reliable change index
             (RCI) approach controlling for average practice effects, and
             a regression approach. METHOD: Data were gathered as part of
             the MATRICS PASS study (Nuechterlein et al., 2008). A total
             of 159 people with schizophrenia completed the MCCB at
             baseline and 4weeks later. Data were analyzed using an RCI
             and a regression formula establishing confidence intervals.
             RESULTS: The RCI and regression approaches agree within one
             point when baseline values are close to the sample mean.
             However, the regression approach offers more accurate limits
             for expected change at the tails of the distribution of
             baseline scores. CONCLUSIONS: Although both approaches have
             their merits, the regression approach provides the most
             accurate measure of significant change across the full range
             of scores. As the RCI does not account for regression to the
             mean and has confidence limits that remain constant across
             baseline scores, the RCI approach effectively gives narrower
             confidence limits around an inaccurately predicted average
             change value. Further, despite the high test-retest
             reliability of the MCCB, a change in an individual's score
             must be relatively large to be confident that it is beyond
             normal month-to-month variation.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.032},
   Key = {fds273327}
}

@article{fds273328,
   Author = {Hufford, MR and Davis, VG and Hilt, D and Dgetluck, N and Geffen, Y and Loebel, A and Haig, G and Santarelli, L and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Circadian rhythms in cognitive functioning among patients
             with schizophrenia: impact on signal detection in clinical
             trials of potential pro-cognitive therapies.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {159},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {205-210},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.018},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Cognition is affected by circadian rhythms over
             the course of a day. Circadian rhythms in cognitive
             functioning are driven by a variety of both endogenous and
             exogenous factors. Patients with schizophrenia are known to
             have disturbed circadian rhythms that can affect their
             cognitive functioning. We examined the impact of time of day
             on cognitive test scores from subjects participating in
             clinical trials of potential pro-cognitive therapies for
             schizophrenia and then explored how this diurnal variation
             affected signal detection. METHOD: Baseline data from 8
             separate schizophrenia clinical trials using the MATRICS
             Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) were aggregated (Total
             N=2032). The MCCB assessments were divided into five 2-hour
             time intervals based on the start-time of the assessments
             (varying from 8:00 am to 5:59 pm) and then analyzed for
             differences by time interval. Next, data from two Phase 2
             schizophrenia clinical trials of potential pro-cognitive
             therapies were analyzed to explore the impact of this
             diurnal variation on placebo separation. RESULTS: Time of
             day exerted a significant effect on baseline composite MCCB
             scores (p=.002). Follow-up comparisons revealed significant
             differences among multiple temporal epochs. In both Phase 2
             clinical trials, subjects whose cognitive functioning was
             assessed at consistent times of day between their baseline
             and endpoint visits showed a more robust treatment response
             as compared to subjects assessed at inconsistent times of
             day. CONCLUSION: Cognitive functioning ebbs and flows over
             the course of the day. Maintaining consistency in the time
             of day of cognitive test administrations between visits can
             help to reduce the noise introduced by circadian rhythms,
             thereby enhancing signal detection in clinical trials of
             potential pro-cognitive therapies.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.018},
   Key = {fds273328}
}

@article{fds273316,
   Author = {Ethridge, LE and Soilleux, M and Nakonezny, PA and Reilly, JL and Hill,
             SK and Keefe, RSE and Gershon, ES and Pearlson, GD and Tamminga, CA and Keshavan, MS and Sweeney, JA},
   Title = {Behavioral response inhibition in psychotic disorders:
             diagnostic specificity, familiality and relation to
             generalized cognitive deficit.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {159},
   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {491-498},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {November},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.025},
   Abstract = {Difficulty inhibiting context-inappropriate behavior is a
             common deficit in psychotic disorders. The diagnostic
             specificity of this impairment, its familiality, and its
             degree of independence from the generalized cognitive
             deficit associated with psychotic disorders remain to be
             clarified. Schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar
             patients with history of psychosis (n=523), their available
             first-degree biological relatives (n=656), and healthy
             participants (n=223) from the multi-site B-SNIP study
             completed a manual Stop Signal task. A nonlinear mixed model
             was used to fit logistic curves to success rates on Stop
             trials as a function of parametrically varied Stop Signal
             Delay. While schizophrenia patients had greater generalized
             cognitive deficit than bipolar patients, their deficits were
             similar on the Stop Signal task. Further, only bipolar
             patients showed impaired inhibitory control relative to
             healthy individuals after controlling for generalized
             cognitive deficit. Deficits accounted for by the generalized
             deficit were seen in relatives of schizophrenia and
             schizoaffective patients, but not in relatives of bipolar
             patients. In clinically stable patients with psychotic
             bipolar disorder, impaired inhibitory behavioral control was
             a specific cognitive impairment, distinct from the
             generalized neuropsychological impairment associated with
             psychotic disorders. Thus, in bipolar disorder with
             psychosis, a deficit in inhibitory control may contribute to
             risk for impulsive behavior. Because the deficit was not
             familial in bipolar families and showed a lack of
             independence from the generalized cognitive deficit in
             schizophrenia spectrum disorders, it appears to be a trait
             related to illness processes rather than one tracking
             familial risk factors.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.025},
   Key = {fds273316}
}

@article{fds273336,
   Author = {Lam, M and Collinson, SL and Eng, GK and Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Lee,
             J and Chong, SA and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Refining the latent structure of neuropsychological
             performance in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Psychol Med},
   Volume = {44},
   Number = {16},
   Pages = {3557-3570},
   Year = {2014},
   Month = {December},
   ISSN = {0033-2917},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001020},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Elucidating the cognitive architecture of
             schizophrenia promises to advance understanding of the
             clinical and biological substrates of the illness.
             Traditional cross-sectional neuropsychological approaches
             differentiate impaired from normal cognitive abilities but
             are limited in their ability to determine latent
             substructure. The current study examined the latent
             architecture of abnormal cognition in schizophrenia via a
             systematic approach. METHOD: Exploratory factor analysis
             (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were carried
             out on a large neuropsychological dataset including the
             Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, Continuous
             Performance Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Benton
             Judgment of Line Orientation Test, and Wechsler Abbreviated
             Scale of Intelligence matrix reasoning derived from 1012
             English-speaking ethnic Chinese healthy controls and 707
             schizophrenia cases recruited from in- and out-patient
             clinics. RESULTS: An initial six-factor model fit cognitive
             data in healthy and schizophrenia subjects. Further
             modeling, which accounted for methodological variance
             between tests, resulted in a three-factor model of executive
             functioning, vigilance/speed of processing and memory that
             appeared to best discriminate schizophrenia cases from
             controls. Factor analytic-derived g estimands and
             conventionally calculated g showed similar case-control
             discrimination. However, agreement analysis suggested
             systematic differences between both g indices. CONCLUSIONS:
             Factor structures derived in the current study were broadly
             similar to those reported previously. However, factor
             structures between schizophrenia subjects and healthy
             controls were different. Roles of factor analytic-derived g
             estimands and conventional composite score g were further
             discussed. Cognitive structures underlying cognitive
             deficits in schizophrenia may prove useful for interrogating
             biological substrates and enriching effect sizes for
             subsequent work.},
   Doi = {10.1017/S0033291714001020},
   Key = {fds273336}
}

@article{fds370735,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Ruse, S and Davis, V and Atkins, A and Patterson, T and Narasimhan, M and Harvey, PD},
   Title = {VALIDATION OF A COMPUTERIZED ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL
             CAPACITY},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S177-S178},
   Year = {2015},
   Key = {fds370735}
}

@article{fds370736,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Atkins, A and Davis, V and Spagnola, N and Hilt, D and Dgetluck, N and Ruse, S and Patterson, T and Narasimhan, M and Harvey,
             PD},
   Title = {THE SCHIZOPHRENIA COGNITION RATING SCALE: RELIABILITY,
             VALIDITY AND SENSITIVITY},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S51-S52},
   Year = {2015},
   Key = {fds370736}
}

@article{fds370737,
   Author = {Iwata, Y and Nakajima, S and Uchida, H and Suzuki, T and Keefe, R and Plitman, E and Chung, JK and Caravaggio, F and Gerretsen, P and Mimura,
             M and Graff-Guerrero, A},
   Title = {Effects of Glutamate Modulators on Cognitive Impairments In
             Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Controlled
             Trials},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {77},
   Number = {9},
   Year = {2015},
   Key = {fds370737}
}

@article{fds371771,
   Author = {Kalali, A and Keefe, R and Pappadopulos, E and Vance,
             M},
   Title = {Results of a Survey of Clinician Rated Outcome Measures in
             International Cns Clinical Trials},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {40},
   Pages = {S523-S524},
   Year = {2015},
   Key = {fds371771}
}

@article{fds273303,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Methods for delivering and evaluating the efficacy of
             cognitive enhancement.},
   Journal = {Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology},
   Volume = {228},
   Pages = {5-25},
   Year = {2015},
   ISSN = {0171-2004},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16522-6_1},
   Abstract = {Cognitive deficits are related to impaired everyday
             functioning in multiple conditions and in healthy
             individuals. Treatment of cognitive functioning can be
             facilitated through either pharmacological or remediation
             strategies. The critical goals of cognitive enhancement are
             to improve everyday functioning in multiple domains. This
             chapter describes the strategies that are most desirable for
             the treatment of cognitive impairments and detection of
             potential benefits of treatment in cognitive and functional
             domains. These strategies include the use of
             performance-based assessments of cognition and functioning
             and the appropriate use of observational strategies to
             detect changes. Finally, we define several outcome-related
             goals and discuss the practicality of their
             measurement.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-16522-6_1},
   Key = {fds273303}
}

@article{fds273305,
   Author = {McCleery, A and Green, MF and Hellemann, GS and Baade, LE and Gold, JM and Keefe, RSE and Kern, RS and Mesholam-Gately, RI and Seidman, LJ and Subotnik, KL and Ventura, J and Nuechterlein, KH},
   Title = {Latent structure of cognition in schizophrenia: a
             confirmatory factor analysis of the MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery (MCCB).},
   Journal = {Psychol Med},
   Volume = {45},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {2657-2666},
   Year = {2015},
   ISSN = {0033-2917},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000641},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The number of separable cognitive dimensions in
             schizophrenia has been debated. Guided by the extant factor
             analytic literature, the NIMH Measurement and Treatment
             Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS)
             initiative selected seven cognitive domains relevant to
             treatment studies in schizophrenia: speed of processing,
             attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual
             learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social
             cognition. These domains are assessed in the MATRICS
             Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The aim of this study
             was to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the
             beta battery of the MCCB to compare the fit of the MATRICS
             consensus seven-domain model to other models in the current
             literature on cognition in schizophrenia. METHOD: Using data
             from 281 schizophrenia outpatients, we compared the seven
             correlated factors model with alternative models.
             Specifically, we compared the 7-factor model to (a) a
             single-factor model, (b) a three correlated factors model
             including speed of processing, working memory, and general
             cognition, and (c) a hierarchical model in which seven
             first-order factors loaded onto a second-order general
             cognitive factor. RESULTS: Multiple fit indices indicated
             the seven correlated factors model was the best fit for the
             data and provided significant improvement in model fit
             beyond the comparison models. CONCLUSIONS: These results
             support the assessment of these seven cognitive dimensions
             in clinical trials of interventions to improve cognition in
             schizophrenia. Because these cognitive factors are separable
             to some degree, it is plausible that specific interventions
             may have differential effects on the domains.},
   Doi = {10.1017/S0033291715000641},
   Key = {fds273305}
}

@article{fds273315,
   Author = {Healey, KM and Combs, DR and Gibson, CM and Keefe, RSE and Roberts, DL and Penn, DL},
   Title = {Observable Social Cognition--A Rating Scale: an
             interview-based assessment for schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Cogn Neuropsychiatry},
   Volume = {20},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {198-221},
   Year = {2015},
   ISSN = {1354-6805},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2014.999915},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Individuals with schizophrenia consistently
             show impairments in social cognition (SC). SC has become a
             potential treatment target due to its association with
             functional outcomes. An alternative method of assessment is
             to administer an observer-based scale incorporating an
             informant's "first hand" impressions in ratings. METHODS:
             The present study used the Observable Social Cognition: A
             Rating Scale (OSCARS) in 62 outpatients and 50
             non-psychiatric controls (NPCs) to assess performance in
             domains of SC (e.g. emotion perception, theory of mind).
             RESULTS: The OSCARS demonstrated sufficient internal
             consistency and test-retest reliability. Construct validity
             was assessed through an exploratory factor analysis. Patient
             OSCARS indices were not significantly correlated with
             measures of SC with the exception of aggressive
             attributional style. Individuals with less impairment in SC
             reacted more aggressively to ambiguous situations. NPC
             OSCARS were significantly correlated with measures of theory
             of mind and attributional style. In a combined sample of
             patients and controls, six of eight items were significantly
             correlated with the SC task assessing the same domain,
             providing modest evidence of convergent validity. In
             patients, the OSCARS was significantly correlated with
             measures of functional outcome and neurocognition. Last, the
             OSCARS was found to be significantly associated with
             functional outcome after the influence of objective measures
             of SC was statistically removed. CONCLUSIONS: The present
             study provides preliminary evidence that the OSCARS may be
             useful for clinicians in collecting data about patients'
             potential real-world SC deficits, in turn increasing the
             degree to which these impairments may be targeted in
             treatment.},
   Doi = {10.1080/13546805.2014.999915},
   Key = {fds273315}
}

@article{fds273318,
   Author = {Bauer, IE and Keefe, RSE and Sanches, M and Suchting, R and Green, CE and Soares, JC},
   Title = {Evaluation of cognitive function in bipolar disorder using
             the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders
             (BAC-A).},
   Journal = {J Psychiatr Res},
   Volume = {60},
   Pages = {81-86},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0022-3956},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.002},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although cognitive impairment is a core feature
             of bipolar disorder (BD) there is no instrument of choice
             for the assessment of bipolar patients. The aim of this
             study is to assess cognitive performance using the Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders (BAC-A), a
             comprehensive test battery developed specifically for BD,
             and determine its suitability to estimate global
             functioning. METHODS: The BAC-A was administered to 93 BD
             patients (M ± S.E: 35.18 ± 1.39 years) and 56 healthy
             controls (HC - M ± S.E: 36.17 ± 1.91 years). The scores of
             the BAC-A were combined in eight summary scores: visuomotor,
             immediate affective and non-affective memory, verbal
             fluency, delayed affective and non-affective memory,
             inhibition, and problem solving. Post hoc analyses were
             performed on subtests of the summary scores found to be
             significantly different between BD patients and HC.
             Correlational analyses explored the association between the
             Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score and cognitive
             functioning. RESULTS: Compared to HC, BD patients showed a
             significant impairment in short-term non-affective memory
             and verbal fluency. Poorer performance in verbal memory and
             verbal fluency summary scores correlated positively with
             reduced GAF. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with
             previous reports of verbal memory and verbal fluency
             impairment in BD. The deficits in short-term memory and
             semantic fluency may indicate inefficient learning
             strategies and/or difficulties in retrieving information.
             The BAC-A could be used to estimate global functioning in BD
             patients.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.002},
   Key = {fds273318}
}

@article{fds273335,
   Author = {Lui, S and Yao, L and Xiao, Y and Keedy, SK and Reilly, JL and Keefe, RS and Tamminga, CA and Keshavan, MS and Pearlson, GD and Gong, Q and Sweeney,
             JA},
   Title = {Resting-state brain function in schizophrenia and psychotic
             bipolar probands and their first-degree relatives.},
   Journal = {Psychol Med},
   Volume = {45},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {97-108},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {January},
   ISSN = {0033-2917},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003329171400110X},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia (SCZ) and psychotic bipolar
             disorder (PBD) share considerable overlap in clinical
             features, genetic risk factors and co-occurrence among
             relatives. The common and unique functional cerebral
             deficits in these disorders, and in unaffected relatives,
             remain to be identified. METHOD: A total of 59 healthy
             controls, 37 SCZ and 57 PBD probands and their unaffected
             first-degree relatives (38 and 28, respectively) were
             studied using resting-state functional magnetic resonance
             imaging (rfMRI). Regional cerebral function was evaluated by
             measuring the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations
             (ALFF). Areas with ALFF alterations were used as seeds in
             whole-brain functional connectivity analysis. We then tested
             whether abnormalities identified in probands were present in
             unaffected relatives. RESULTS: SCZ and PBD probands both
             demonstrated regional hypoactivity in the orbital frontal
             cortex and cingulate gyrus, as well as abnormal connectivity
             within striatal-thalamo-cortical networks. SCZ probands
             showed greater and more widely distributed ALFF alterations
             including the thalamus and bilateral parahippocampal gyri.
             Increased parahippocampal ALFF was related to positive
             symptoms and cognitive deficit. PBD patients showed uniquely
             increased functional connectivity between the thalamus and
             bilateral insula. Only PBD relatives showed abnormal
             connectivity within striatal-thalamo-cortical networks seen
             in both proband groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings
             reveal a common pattern of deficits in frontostriatal
             circuitry across SCZ and PBD, and unique regional and
             functional connectivity abnormalities that distinguish them.
             The abnormal network connectivity in PBD relatives that was
             present in both proband groups may reflect genetic
             susceptibility associated with risk for psychosis, but
             within-family associations of this measure were not
             high.},
   Doi = {10.1017/S003329171400110X},
   Key = {fds273335}
}

@article{fds273330,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Davis, VG and Spagnola, NB and Hilt, D and Dgetluck, N and Ruse, S and Patterson, TD and Narasimhan, M and Harvey,
             PD},
   Title = {Reliability, validity and treatment sensitivity of the
             Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale.},
   Journal = {Eur Neuropsychopharmacol},
   Volume = {25},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {176-184},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {February},
   ISSN = {0924-977X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.06.009},
   Abstract = {Cognitive functioning can be assessed with performance-based
             assessments such as neuropsychological tests and with
             interview-based assessments. Both assessment methods have
             the potential to assess whether treatments for schizophrenia
             improve clinically relevant aspects of cognitive impairment.
             However, little is known about the reliability, validity and
             treatment responsiveness of interview-based measures,
             especially in the context of clinical trials. Data from two
             studies were utilized to assess these features of the
             Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS). One of the
             studies was a validation study involving 79 patients with
             schizophrenia assessed at 3 academic research centers in the
             US. The other study was a 32-site clinical trial conducted
             in the US and Europe comparing the effects of encenicline,
             an alpha-7 nicotine agonist, to placebo in 319 patients with
             schizophrenia. The SCoRS interviewer ratings demonstrated
             excellent test-retest reliability in several different
             circumstances, including those that did not involve
             treatment (ICC> 0.90), and during treatment (ICC>0.80).
             SCoRS interviewer ratings were related to cognitive
             performance as measured by the MCCB (r=-0.35), and
             demonstrated significant sensitivity to treatment with
             encenicline compared to placebo (P<.001). These data suggest
             that the SCoRS has potential as a clinically relevant
             measure in clinical trials aiming to improve cognition in
             schizophrenia, and may be useful for clinical practice. The
             weaknesses of the SCoRS include its reliance on informant
             information, which is not available for some patients, and
             reduced validity when patient's self-report is the sole
             information source.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.06.009},
   Key = {fds273330}
}

@article{fds354389,
   Author = {Cella, M and Stahl, D and Morris, S and Keefe, R and Bell, MD and Heinssen,
             R and Wykes, T},
   Title = {EFFECTS OF COGNITIVE REMEDIATION ON NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
             DIMENSIONS: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF WORKING
             MEMORY},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S40-S41},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds354389}
}

@article{fds370536,
   Author = {Sullivan, KM and McEvoy, J and McMahon, RP and Liu, F and Wehring, HJ and Vyas, G and Richardson, CM and Gale, E and Feldman, SM and Russ, JC and Keefe, R and Buchanan, RW and Kelly, DL},
   Title = {ADJUNCTIVE MINOCYCLINE IN CLOZAPINE TREATED SCHIZOPHRENIA
             PATIENTS: IMPROVEMENTS IN GENERAL HEALTH AND
             WELL-BEING},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S335-S335},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370536}
}

@article{fds370578,
   Author = {Reilly, JL and Hill, S and Rubin, LH and Ruocco, A and Keefe, R and Keshavan, MS and Pearlson, G and Tamminga, C and Sweeney,
             JA},
   Title = {GENERALIZED AND SPECIFIC COGNITIVE DEFICITS ACROSS THE
             PSYCHOSIS SPECTRUM},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S94-S94},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370578}
}

@article{fds370650,
   Author = {Lee, S-A and Lam, M and Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Keefe, R and Lee,
             J},
   Title = {INVESTIGATING THE STRUCTURE OF SEMANTIC ORGANIZATION IN
             SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S85-S85},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370650}
}

@article{fds370651,
   Author = {Lam, M and Lee, J and Keefe, R and Teo, YY},
   Title = {COGNITION AND PSYCHOMETRIC SUPPRESSOR EFFECTS OF SCN2A IN
             SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S52-S52},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370651}
}

@article{fds370753,
   Author = {Kraus, M and Walker, T and Jarskog, F and Keefe, R},
   Title = {IMPAIRED AUDITORY PERCEPTION AND EMOTION IDENTIFICATION IN
             SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S84-S85},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370753}
}

@article{fds273314,
   Author = {Bauer, IE and Ouyang, A and Mwangi, B and Sanches, M and Zunta-Soares,
             GB and Keefe, RSE and Huang, H and Soares, JC},
   Title = {Reduced white matter integrity and verbal fluency impairment
             in young adults with bipolar disorder: a diffusion tensor
             imaging study.},
   Journal = {J Psychiatr Res},
   Volume = {62},
   Pages = {115-122},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {March},
   ISSN = {0022-3956},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.01.008},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Clinical evidence shows that bipolar disorder
             (BD) is characterized by white matter (WM) microstructural
             abnormalities. However, little is known about the biological
             mechanisms associated with these abnormalities and their
             relationship with cognitive functioning. METHODS: 49 adult
             BD patients ((M±SD): 29.27 ± 7.92 years; 17 males, 32
             females; 34 BD-I, 10 BD-II, and 5 BD-NOS) and 28 age-matched
             normal subjects ((M±SD): 29.19 ± 7.35 years; 10 males
             and 18 females) underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
             imaging. DTI metrics were computed using whole-brain
             tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) as part of the FMRIB
             Software Library. Measures of WM coherence (fractional
             anisotropy - FA) and axonal structure (mean, axial and
             radial diffusivity - MD, AD and RD) were employed to
             characterize the microstructural alterations in the limbic,
             commissural, association and projection fiber tracts. All
             participants performed the Brief Assessment of Cognition for
             Affective disorders (BAC-A). RESULTS: BD patients performed
             poorly on verbal fluency tasks and exhibited large clusters
             of altered FA, RD and MD values within the retrolenticular
             part of the internal capsule, the superior and anterior
             corona radiata, and the corpus callosum. Increased FA values
             in the left IFOF and the forceps minor correlated positively
             with verbal fluency scores. Altered RD parameters in the
             corticospinal tract and the forceps minor were associated
             with reduced visuomotor abilities. CONCLUSIONS: The reported
             verbal fluency deficits and FA, RD and MD alterations in WM
             structures are potential cognitive and neural markers of BD.
             Abnormal RD values may be associated with progressive
             demyelination.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.01.008},
   Key = {fds273314}
}

@article{fds273311,
   Author = {Araújo, GE and Resende, CBD and Cardoso, ACA and Teixeira, AL and Keefe, RSE and Salgado, JV},
   Title = {Validity and reliability of the Brazilian Portuguese version
             of the BACS (Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia).},
   Journal = {Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)},
   Volume = {70},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {278-282},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {April},
   ISSN = {1807-5932},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2015(04)10},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity and reliability of the
             Brazilian Portuguese version of the Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia by examining its temporal
             stability, internal consistency, and discriminant and
             convergent validity. METHODS: The Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia was administered to 116 stable
             patients with schizophrenia and 58 matched control subjects.
             To assess concurrent validity, a subset of patients
             underwent a traditional neuropsychological assessment.
             RESULTS: The patients with schizophrenia performed
             significantly worse than the controls (p<0.001) on all
             subtests of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia and on the total score, which attests to the
             discriminant validity of the test. The global score of the
             Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was
             significantly correlated with all of the subtests and with
             the global score for the standard battery. The Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia also had good
             test-retest reliability (rho>0.8). The internal consistency
             of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was
             high (Cronbach's α  ϝ 0.874). CONCLUSION: The
             Brazilian Portuguese version of the Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia exhibits good reliability and
             discriminant and concurrent validity and is a promising tool
             for easily assessing cognitive impairment in schizophrenia
             and for comparing the performance of Brazilian patients with
             that of patients from other countries.},
   Doi = {10.6061/clinics/2015(04)10},
   Key = {fds273311}
}

@article{fds372042,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Davis, V and Atkins, A and Harvey, P and Hilt, D and Lombardo,
             I and Bugarski-Kirola, D and Reid, C},
   Title = {Magnitude and Predictors of MATRICS Consensus Cognitive
             Battery Change in Placebo Treated Patients with
             Schizophrenia},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {77},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {1 pages},
   Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   Key = {fds372042}
}

@article{fds273312,
   Author = {Lim, J and Rekhi, G and Rapisarda, A and Lam, M and Kraus, M and Keefe,
             RSE and Lee, J},
   Title = {Impact of psychiatric comorbidity in individuals at Ultra
             High Risk of psychosis - Findings from the Longitudinal
             Youth at Risk Study (LYRIKS).},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {164},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {8-14},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.007},
   Abstract = {Recent studies have reported a high prevalence of
             psychiatric comorbidities in Ultra High Risk (UHR) for
             psychosis populations. This study examined the prevalence of
             comorbidity and its impact on symptoms, functioning,
             cognition and transition to psychosis in the Longitudinal
             Youth at Risk Study (LYRIKS) sample. The Comprehensive
             Assessment of At-Risk Mental State (CAARMS) was used to
             identify UHR individuals and 163 participants were included
             in the study. Comorbid disorders were identified using the
             Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I
             Disorders. Participants were evaluated on the CAARMS,
             Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Calgary Depression
             Scale for Schizophrenia, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Global
             Assessment of Functioning and Brief Assessment of Cognition
             in Schizophrenia. Clinical, functioning and cognitive
             characteristics by lifetime and current comorbidity groups
             were compared using multivariate tests. Independent
             predictors of comorbidity were identified through logistic
             regression. Chi-squared tests were used to compare
             comorbidity rates between those who had developed psychosis
             at one year and those who had not. We found that 131 UHR
             participants (80.4%) had a lifetime comorbidity while 82
             (50.3%) had a current comorbidity with depressive disorders
             being the most common. UHR individuals with comorbidity had
             more severe symptoms, higher distress and lower functioning
             with no differences in general cognition. Lower functioning
             was associated with current comorbidity. Eleven participants
             (6.7%) had developed psychosis after one year and there were
             no differences in the comorbidity rates between those who
             developed psychosis and those who did not. Psychiatric
             comorbidities in the UHR group are associated with adverse
             clinical outcomes and warrant closer attention.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.007},
   Key = {fds273312}
}

@article{fds273313,
   Author = {Jarskog, LF and Lowy, MT and Grove, RA and Keefe, RSE and Horrigan, JP and Ball, MP and Breier, A and Buchanan, RW and Carter, CS and Csernansky,
             JG and Goff, DC and Green, MF and Kantrowitz, JT and Keshavan, MS and Laurelle, M and Lieberman, JA and Marder, SR and Maruff, P and McMahon,
             RP and Seidman, LJ and Peykamian, MA},
   Title = {A Phase II study of a histamine H₃ receptor antagonist
             GSK239512 for cognitive impairment in stable schizophrenia
             subjects on antipsychotic therapy.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {164},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {136-142},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {May},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.041},
   Abstract = {This Phase II exploratory study assessed GSK239512, a brain
             penetrant histamine H₃ receptor antagonist, versus placebo
             on cognitive impairment in 50 stable outpatients with
             schizophrenia. Subjects were randomized to placebo or
             GSK239512 for 7 weeks (4 weeks titration). GSK239512 was
             associated with a small positive effect size (ES) on the
             CogState Schizophrenia Battery (CSSB) Composite Score
             (ES=0.29, CI=-0.40, 0.99) relative to placebo (primary
             endpoint). GSK239512's ES on CSSB domains were generally
             positive or neutral except Processing Speed, which favored
             placebo (ES=-0.46). Effects on the MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery were mostly neutral or favored placebo.
             GSK239512 was generally well tolerated with an adverse event
             profile consistent with the known class pharmacology. There
             was no evidence of overall beneficial effects of GSK239512
             for CIAS in this population.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.041},
   Key = {fds273313}
}

@article{fds327064,
   Author = {Atkins, AS and Stroescu, I and Spagnola, NB and Davis, VG and Patterson,
             TD and Narasimhan, M and Harvey, PD and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Assessment of Age-Related Differences in Functional Capacity
             Using the Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment
             Tool (VRFCAT).},
   Journal = {The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer'S
             Disease},
   Volume = {2},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {121-127},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2015.61},
   Abstract = {Clinical trials for primary prevention and early
             intervention in preclinical AD require measures of
             functional capacity with improved sensitivity to deficits in
             healthier, non-demented individuals. To this end, the
             Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT)
             was developed as a direct performance-based assessment of
             functional capacity that is sensitive to changes in function
             across multiple populations. Using a realistic virtual
             reality environment, the VRFCAT assesses a subject's ability
             to complete instrumental activities associated with a
             shopping trip. The present investigation represents an
             initial evaluation of the VRFCAT as a potential co-primary
             measure of functional capacity in healthy aging and
             preclinical MCI/AD by examining test-retest reliability and
             associations with cognitive performance in healthy young and
             older adults. The VRFCAT was compared and contrasted with
             the UPSA-2-VIM, a traditional performance-based assessment
             utilizing physical props. Results demonstrated strong
             age-related differences in performance on each VRFCAT
             outcome measure, including total completion time, total
             errors, and total forced progressions. VRFCAT performance
             showed strong correlations with cognitive performance across
             both age groups. VRFCAT Total Time demonstrated good
             test-retest reliability (ICC=.80 in young adults; ICC=.64 in
             older adults) and insignificant practice effects, indicating
             the measure is suitable for repeated testing in healthy
             populations. Taken together, these results provide
             preliminary support for the VRFCAT as a potential measure of
             functionally relevant change in primary prevention and
             preclinical AD/MCI trials.},
   Doi = {10.14283/jpad.2015.61},
   Key = {fds327064}
}

@article{fds273308,
   Author = {Hill, SK and Reilly, JL and Ragozzino, ME and Rubin, LH and Bishop, JR and Gur, RC and Gershon, ES and Tamminga, CA and Pearlson, GD and Keshavan,
             MS and Keefe, RSE and Sweeney, JA},
   Title = {Regressing to Prior Response Preference After Set Switching
             Implicates Striatal Dysfunction Across Psychotic Disorders:
             Findings From the B-SNIP Study.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {41},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {940-950},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0586-7614},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu130},
   Abstract = {Difficulty switching behavioral response sets is established
             in psychotic disorders. In rodent models, prefrontal lesions
             cause difficulty initially switching to new response sets
             (perseverative errors) while striatal lesions cause
             difficulty suppressing responses to previous choice
             preferences (regressive errors). Studies of psychotic
             disorders have not previously assessed these 2 error types.
             Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes
             (B-SNIP) participants included probands with schizophrenia
             (N = 212), psychotic bipolar (N = 192), and schizoaffective
             disorder (N = 131), their first-degree relatives (N =
             267,226,165 respectively), and healthy controls (N = 258).
             Participants completed the Penn Conditional Exclusion Test
             (PCET) to assess cognitive set switching and the Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) to assess
             generalized neuropsychological dysfunction. All proband
             groups displayed elevated rates of perseverative and
             regressive errors compared to controls. After correcting for
             generalized cognitive deficits to identify specific deficits
             in set shifting and maintenance, there were no significant
             group differences for perseverative errors, while the
             increased rate of regressive errors remained significant.
             Level of regressive errors was similar across proband groups
             with minimal correlations with antipsychotic medication
             dose, clinical ratings, and demographic characteristics.
             Relatives of schizophrenia patients showed increased rates
             of regressive errors, but familiality of this trait was
             significant only in bipolar pedigrees. Regressive errors
             were partially independent of generalized cognitive
             deficits, suggesting a potentially informative and specific
             cognitive deficit across psychotic disorders. Preclinical
             data indicate that this deficit could be related to altered
             function in a neural system that may include the dorsal
             striatum or other elements of frontostriatal
             systems.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbu130},
   Key = {fds273308}
}

@article{fds273310,
   Author = {Mahableshwarkar, AR and Zajecka, J and Jacobson, W and Chen, Y and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Active-Reference,
             Double-Blind, Flexible-Dose Study of the Efficacy of
             Vortioxetine on Cognitive Function in Major Depressive
             Disorder.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {40},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {2025-2037},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0893-133X},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.52},
   Abstract = {This multicenter, randomized, double-blind,
             placebo-controlled, active-referenced (duloxetine 60 mg),
             parallel-group study evaluated the short-term efficacy and
             safety of vortioxetine (10-20 mg) on cognitive function in
             adults (aged 18-65 years) diagnosed with major depressive
             disorder (MDD) who self-reported cognitive dysfunction.
             Efficacy was evaluated using ANCOVA for the change from
             baseline to week 8 in the digit symbol substitution test
             (DSST)-number of correct symbols as the prespecified primary
             end point. The patient-reported perceived deficits
             questionnaire (PDQ) and physician-assessed clinical global
             impression (CGI) were analyzed in a prespecified
             hierarchical testing sequence as key secondary end points.
             Additional predefined end points included the objective
             performance-based University of San Diego performance-based
             skills assessment (UPSA) (ANCOVA) to measure functionality,
             MADRS (MMRM) to assess efficacy in depression, and a
             prespecified multiple regression analysis (path analysis) to
             calculate direct vs indirect effects of vortioxetine on
             cognitive function. Safety and tolerability were assessed at
             all visits. Vortioxetine was statistically superior to
             placebo on the DSST (P < 0.05), PDQ (P < 0.01), CGI-I (P <
             0.001), MADRS (P < 0.05), and UPSA (P < 0.001). Path
             analysis indicated that vortioxetine's cognitive benefit was
             primarily a direct treatment effect rather than due to
             alleviation of depressive symptoms. Duloxetine was not
             significantly different from placebo on the DSST or UPSA,
             but was superior to placebo on the PDQ, CGI-I, and MADRS.
             Common adverse events (incidence ⩾ 5%) for vortioxetine
             were nausea, headache, and diarrhea. In this study of MDD
             adults who self-reported cognitive dysfunction, vortioxetine
             significantly improved cognitive function, depression, and
             functionality and was generally well tolerated.},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2015.52},
   Key = {fds273310}
}

@article{fds273307,
   Author = {Kaneda, Y and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {An abbreviated version of the brief assessment of cognition
             in schizophrenia (BACS)},
   Journal = {The European Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {29},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {131-134},
   Publisher = {Instituto de Salud Carlos III/BNCS/SciELO
             Espana},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {July},
   ISSN = {0213-6163},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/s0213-61632015000200004},
   Abstract = {Background and Objectives: A short version of the Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) was derived.
             Methods: We calculated the corrected item-total correlation
             (CITC) for each test score relative to the composite score,
             and then computed the proportion of variance that each test
             shares with the global score excluding that test (Rt2 =
             CITCt2) and the variance explained per minute of
             administration time for each test (Rt2/mint). Results and
             Conclusions: The 3 tests with the highest Rt2/mint, Symbol
             Coding, Digit Sequencing, and Token Motor, were selected for
             the Abbreviated BACS.},
   Doi = {10.4321/s0213-61632015000200004},
   Key = {fds273307}
}

@article{fds273306,
   Author = {Kristian Hill and S and Buchholz, A and Amsbaugh, H and Reilly, JL and Rubin, LH and Gold, JM and Keefe, RSE and Pearlson, GD and Keshavan, MS and Tamminga, CA and Sweeney, JA},
   Title = {Working memory impairment in probands with schizoaffective
             disorder and first degree relatives of schizophrenia
             probands extend beyond deficits predicted by generalized
             neuropsychological impairment.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {166},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {310-315},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0920-9964},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.018},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Working memory impairment is well established in
             psychotic disorders. However, the relative magnitude,
             diagnostic specificity, familiality pattern, and degree of
             independence from generalized cognitive deficits across
             psychotic disorders remain unclear. METHOD: Participants
             from the Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate
             Phenotypes (B-SNIP) study included probands with
             schizophrenia (N=289), psychotic bipolar disorder (N=227),
             schizoaffective disorder (N=165), their first-degree
             relatives (N=315, N=259, N=193, respectively), and healthy
             controls (N=289). All were administered the WMS-III Spatial
             Span working memory test and the Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) battery. RESULTS: All
             proband groups displayed significant deficits for both
             forward and backward span compared to controls. However,
             after covarying for generalized cognitive impairments (BACS
             composite), all proband groups showed a 74% or greater
             effect size reduction with only schizoaffective probands
             showing residual backward span deficits compared to
             controls. Significant familiality was seen in schizophrenia
             and bipolar pedigrees. In relatives, both forward and
             backward span deficits were again attenuated after covarying
             BACS scores and residual backward span deficits were seen in
             relatives of schizophrenia patients. CONCLUSIONS: Overall,
             both probands and relatives showed a similar pattern of
             robust working memory deficits that were largely attenuated
             when controlling for generalized cognitive
             deficits.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.018},
   Key = {fds273306}
}

@article{fds273309,
   Author = {Kelly, DL and Sullivan, KM and McEvoy, JP and McMahon, RP and Wehring,
             HJ and Gold, JM and Liu, F and Warfel, D and Vyas, G and Richardson, CM and Fischer, BA and Keller, WR and Koola, MM and Feldman, SM and Russ, JC and Keefe, RSE and Osing, J and Hubzin, L and August, S and Walker, TM and Buchanan, RW},
   Title = {Adjunctive Minocycline in Clozapine-Treated Schizophrenia
             Patients With Persistent Symptoms.},
   Journal = {J Clin Psychopharmacol},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {374-381},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {August},
   ISSN = {0271-0749},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000345},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic for
             treatment refractory people with schizophrenia, yet many
             patients only partially respond. Accumulating preclinical
             and clinical data suggest benefits with minocycline. We
             tested adjunct minocycline to clozapine in a 10-week,
             double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Primary outcomes
             tested were positive, and cognitive symptoms, while
             avolition, anxiety/depression, and negative symptoms were
             secondary outcomes. METHODS: Schizophrenia and
             schizoaffective participants (n = 52) with persistent
             positive symptoms were randomized to receive adjunct
             minocycline (100 mg oral capsule twice daily; n = 29) or
             placebo (n = 23). RESULTS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
             (BPRS) psychosis factor (P = 0.098; effect size [ES], 0.39)
             and BPRS total score (P = 0.075; ES, 0.55) were not
             significant. A change in total BPRS symptoms of more than or
             equal to 30% was observed in 7 (25%) of 28 among minocycline
             and 1 (4%) of 23 among placebo participants, respectively (P
             = 0.044). Global cognitive function (MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery) did not differ, although there was a
             significant variation in size of treatment effects among
             cognitive domains (P = 0.03), with significant improvement
             in working memory favoring minocycline (P = 0.023; ES,
             0.41). The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms
             total score did not differ, but significant improvement in
             avolition with minocycline was noted (P = 0.012; ES, 0.34).
             Significant improvement in the BPRS anxiety/depression
             factor was observed with minocycline (P = 0.028; ES, 0.49).
             Minocycline was well tolerated with significantly fewer
             headaches and constipation compared with placebo.
             CONCLUSIONS: Minocycline's effect on the MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery composite score and positive symptoms were
             not statistically significant. Significant improvements with
             minocycline were seen in working memory, avolition, and
             anxiety/depressive symptoms in a chronic population with
             persistent symptoms. Larger studies are needed to validate
             these findings.},
   Doi = {10.1097/JCP.0000000000000345},
   Key = {fds273309}
}

@article{fds371770,
   Author = {Jacobson, W and Olsen, C and Mahableshwarkar, A and Yinzhong, C and Keefe, R},
   Title = {P.2.h.012 Effect of vortioxetine on functional capacity in
             patients with major depressive disorder with self-reported
             cognitive dysfunction},
   Journal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {25},
   Pages = {S460-S460},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(15)30622-2},
   Doi = {10.1016/s0924-977x(15)30622-2},
   Key = {fds371770}
}

@article{fds273344,
   Author = {Graham, KA and Keefe, RS and Lieberman, JA and Calikoglu, AS and Lansing, KM and Perkins, DO},
   Title = {Relationship of low vitamin D status with positive, negative
             and cognitive symptom domains in people with first-episode
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Early Interv Psychiatry},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {397-405},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {1751-7885},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eip.12122},
   Abstract = {AIM: Deficient vitamin D levels are very common among
             Americans of all ages and ethnicities, but little is known
             about its prevalence or associated problems among those with
             schizophrenia. METHODS: Stored plasma from 20 recent onset
             schizophrenia subjects and 20 matched healthy comparison
             subjects were analysed for 25 OH vitamin D, and related to
             measures of symptom severity and neurocognition. RESULTS:
             There was no significant difference in mean 25 OH vitamin D
             between the schizophrenia and the healthy comparison
             subjects (28.2 standard deviation (SD) 12.6 ng mL(-1)
             vs. 29.9 SD 14.3 ng mL(-1) ), and about half the
             subjects in each group had insufficient levels
             (<30 ng mL(-1) ). Among psychosis subjects, greater
             severity of negative symptoms was correlated with lower
             vitamin D status (r = -0.55, P = 0.012); the
             correlations of overall symptom severity and positive
             symptom severity with 25 OH vitamin D levels approached
             significance (r = -0.42, P = 0.07 and r = -0.36,
             P = 0.12, respectively). There was no relationship of
             vitamin D with depressive symptoms. Among the schizophrenia
             subjects, lower 25 OH vitamin D levels were associated with
             more severe overall cognitive deficits (r = 0.56,
             P = 0.019). CONCLUSION: This study found that lower
             vitamin D levels in schizophrenia subjects were associated
             with more severe negative symptoms and overall cognitive
             deficits. However, the cross-sectional design precludes any
             conclusions about whether low vitamin D status in fact
             causes more severe negative symptoms and cognitive
             impairments. No relationship was found between lower vitamin
             D levels and depressive symptoms.},
   Doi = {10.1111/eip.12122},
   Key = {fds273344}
}

@article{fds273304,
   Author = {Iwata, Y and Nakajima, S and Suzuki, T and Keefe, RSE and Plitman, E and Chung, JK and Caravaggio, F and Mimura, M and Graff-Guerrero, A and Uchida, H},
   Title = {Effects of glutamate positive modulators on cognitive
             deficits in schizophrenia: a systematic review and
             meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled
             trials.},
   Journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
   Volume = {20},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1151-1160},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {October},
   ISSN = {1359-4184},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.68},
   Abstract = {Hypofunction of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has
             been proposed to have an important role in the cognitive
             impairments observed in schizophrenia. Although glutamate
             modulators may be effective in reversing such
             difficult-to-treat conditions, the results of individual
             studies thus far have been inconsistent. We conducted a
             systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether
             glutamate positive modulators have beneficial effects on
             cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia. A
             literature search was conducted to identify double-blind
             randomized placebo-controlled trials in schizophrenia or
             related disorders, using Embase, Medline, and PsycINFO (last
             search: February 2015). The effects of glutamate positive
             modulators on cognitive deficits were evaluated for overall
             cognitive function and eight cognitive domains by
             calculating standardized mean differences (SMDs) between
             active drugs and placebo added to antipsychotics. Seventeen
             studies (N=1391) were included. Glutamate positive
             modulators were not superior to placebo in terms of overall
             cognitive function (SMD=0.08, 95% confidence interval=-0.06
             to 0.23) (11 studies, n=858) nor each of eight cognitive
             domains (SMDs=-0.03 to 0.11) (n=367-940) in this population.
             Subgroup analyses by diagnosis (schizophrenia only studies),
             concomitant antipsychotics, or pathway of drugs to enhance
             the glutamatergic neurotransmission (glycine allosteric site
             of NMDA receptors or α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic
             acid receptors) suggested no procognitive effect of
             glutamate positive modulators. Further, no effect was found
             in individual compounds on cognition. In conclusion,
             glutamate positive modulators may not be effective in
             reversing overall cognitive impairments in patients with
             schizophrenia as adjunctive therapies.},
   Doi = {10.1038/mp.2015.68},
   Key = {fds273304}
}

@article{fds322124,
   Author = {Klauser, P and Zhou, J and Lim, JKW and Poh, JS and Zheng, H and Tng, HY and Krishnan, R and Lee, J and Keefe, RSE and Adcock, RA and Wood, SJ and Fornito, A and Chee, MWL},
   Title = {Lack of Evidence for Regional Brain Volume or Cortical
             Thickness Abnormalities in Youths at Clinical High Risk for
             Psychosis: Findings From the Longitudinal Youth at Risk
             Study.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {41},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1285-1293},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv012},
   Abstract = {There is cumulative evidence that young people in an
             "at-risk mental state" (ARMS) for psychosis show structural
             brain abnormalities in frontolimbic areas, comparable to,
             but less extensive than those reported in established
             schizophrenia. However, most available data come from ARMS
             samples from Australia, Europe, and North America while
             large studies from other populations are missing. We
             conducted a structural brain magnetic resonance imaging
             study from a relatively large sample of 69 ARMS individuals
             and 32 matched healthy controls (HC) recruited from
             Singapore as part of the Longitudinal Youth At-Risk Study
             (LYRIKS). We used 2 complementary approaches: a voxel-based
             morphometry and a surface-based morphometry analysis to
             extract regional gray and white matter volumes (GMV and WMV)
             and cortical thickness (CT). At the whole-brain level, we
             did not find any statistically significant difference
             between ARMS and HC groups concerning total GMV and WMV or
             regional GMV, WMV, and CT. The additional comparison of 2
             regions of interest, hippocampal, and ventricular volumes,
             did not return any significant difference either. Several
             characteristics of the LYRIKS sample like Asian origins or
             the absence of current illicit drug use could explain, alone
             or in conjunction, the negative findings and suggest that
             there may be no dramatic volumetric or CT abnormalities in
             ARMS.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbv012},
   Key = {fds322124}
}

@article{fds323334,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Meltzer, HA and Dgetluck, N and Gawryl, M and Koenig, G and Moebius, HJ and Lombardo, I and Hilt, DC},
   Title = {Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of
             Encenicline, an α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
             Agonist, as a Treatment for Cognitive Impairment in
             Schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {40},
   Number = {13},
   Pages = {3053-3060},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.176},
   Abstract = {Encenicline is a novel, selective α7 nicotinic
             acetylcholine receptor agonist in development for treating
             cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's
             disease. A phase 2, double-blind, randomized,
             placebo-controlled, parallel-design, multinational study was
             conducted. Patients with schizophrenia on chronic stable
             atypical antipsychotics were randomized to encenicline 0.27
             or 0.9 mg once daily or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary
             efficacy end point was the Overall Cognition Index (OCI)
             score from the CogState computerized battery. Secondary end
             points include MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
             (in US patients), the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale
             (SCoRS) total score, SCoRS global rating, and Positive and
             Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total and subscale and
             cognition factor scores. Of 319 randomized patients, 317
             were included in the safety population, and 307 were
             included in the intent-to-treat population. Notable trends
             in improvement were demonstrated across all cognition
             scales. For the OCI score, the LS mean difference for
             encenicline 0.27 mg vs placebo was significant (Cohen's
             d=0.257; P=0.034). Mean SCoRS total scores decreased showing
             improvement in function over time, and the difference was
             significant for encenicline 0.9 mg vs placebo (P=0.011).
             Furthermore, the difference between encenicline 0.9 mg and
             placebo was significant for the PANSS Cognition Impairment
             Domain (P=0.0098, Cohen's d=0.40) and for the PANSS Negative
             scale (P=0.028, Cohen's d=0.33). Treatment-emergent adverse
             events were reported at similar frequencies across all
             treatment groups (39.0% with placebo, 23.4% with encenicline
             0.27 mg, and 33.3% with encenicline 0.9 mg). Overall,
             encenicline was generally well tolerated and demonstrated
             clinically meaningful improvements in cognition and function
             in patients with schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2015.176},
   Key = {fds323334}
}

@article{fds323335,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Harvey, PD},
   Title = {Understanding symbol coding in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Biol Psychiatry},
   Volume = {78},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {744-746},
   Year = {2015},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.09.005},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.09.005},
   Key = {fds323335}
}

@article{fds371767,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Khan, A and Staner, C and Reilly, J and Saoud, J and Davidson,
             M and Luthringer, R},
   Title = {Effect of MIN-101on Cognition of in Schizophrenia Patient
             With Predominant Negative Symptoms: A 12-Week Randomized,
             Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S389-S390},
   Year = {2016},
   Key = {fds371767}
}

@article{fds371768,
   Author = {Bishop, J and Mills, L and Hill, S and Alliey-Rodriguez, N and Reilly,
             J and Nanda, P and Padmanabhan, J and Tandon, N and Shafee, R and McCarroll, S and Hyman, S and Keefe, R and Pearlson, G and Clementz, B and Tamminga, C and Keshavan, M and Gershon, E and Sweeney,
             J},
   Title = {Genetic Associations With Cognitive Performance in Psychotic
             Disorders From the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on
             Intermediate Phenotypes Consortium},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S595-S596},
   Year = {2016},
   Key = {fds371768}
}

@article{fds371769,
   Author = {Schooler, N and Khan, A and Keefe, R and Marcy, P and Robinson, D and Kane,
             J},
   Title = {Cognitive Functioning in First Episode Psychosis: Comparison
             of a Two-Year Coordinated Specialty Care Program to
             Community Care},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S593-S593},
   Year = {2016},
   Key = {fds371769}
}

@article{fds323333,
   Author = {Cruz, BF and Resende, CBD and Carvalhaes, CF and Cardoso, CS and Teixeira, AL and Keefe, RS and Rocha, FL and Salgado,
             JV},
   Title = {Interview-based assessment of cognition is a strong
             predictor of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia
             and severe negative symptoms.},
   Journal = {Braz J Psychiatry},
   Volume = {38},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {216-221},
   Year = {2016},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1776},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between quality of
             life, symptoms, and cognition assessed by the
             interview-based Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale
             (SCoRS). METHODS: Seventy-nine outpatients diagnosed with
             schizophrenia were evaluated with the Quality of Life Scale
             - Brazilian version (QLS-BR), the SCoRS, and symptoms scales
             (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]). After
             determining the potential explanatory variables using
             Spearman's correlation and Student's t test results, we ran
             simple, multivariate, and decision-tree regression analyses
             to assess the impact of SCoRS and PANSS ratings on mean
             overall quality of life. RESULTS: Cognitive deficits and
             negative symptoms were the best predictors of quality of
             life. A low degree of negative symptoms (PANSS negative <
             11) was a strong predictor of better quality of life (QLS
             ∼ 75), regardless of SCoRS rating. Among participants with
             more severe negative symptoms, elevated cognitive impairment
             (interviewer SCoRS ∼ 44) was a predictor of worse quality
             of life (QLS ∼ 44). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive impairment
             determined by interview-based assessment seems to be a
             strong predictor of quality of life in subjects with severe
             negative symptoms. These results support the usefulness of
             SCoRS for cognitive assessment that is relevant to the
             everyday life of patients with schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1776},
   Key = {fds323333}
}

@article{fds323331,
   Author = {Hochberger, WC and Hill, SK and Nelson, CLM and Reilly, JL and Keefe,
             RSE and Pearlson, GD and Keshavan, MS and Tamminga, CA and Clementz, BA and Sweeney, JA},
   Title = {Unitary construct of generalized cognitive ability
             underlying BACS performance across psychotic disorders and
             in their first-degree relatives.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {170},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {156-161},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.022},
   Abstract = {Despite robust evidence of neurocognitive dysfunction in
             psychotic patients, the degree of similarity in cognitive
             architecture across psychotic disorders and among their
             respective first-degree relatives is not well delineated.
             The present study examined the latent factor structure of
             the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)
             neuropsychological battery. Analyses were conducted on 783
             psychosis spectrum probands (schizophrenia, schizoaffective,
             psychotic bipolar), 887 of their first-degree relatives, and
             396 non-psychiatric controls from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia
             Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) consortium.
             Exploratory factor analysis of BACS subtest scores indicated
             a single-factor solution that was similar across all groups
             and provided the best overall data fit in confirmatory
             analyses. Correlations between the standard BACS composite
             score and the sum of subscale scores weighted by their
             loadings on this unitary factor were very high in all groups
             (r≥.99). Thus, the BACS assesses a similar unitary
             cognitive construct in probands with different psychotic
             disorders, in their first-degree relatives, and in healthy
             controls, and this factor is well measured by the test's
             standard composite score.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.022},
   Key = {fds323331}
}

@article{fds323332,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Haig, GM and Marder, SR and Harvey, PD and Dunayevich, E and Medalia, A and Davidson, M and Lombardo, I and Bowie, CR and Buchanan,
             RW and Bugarski-Kirola, D and Carpenter, WT and Csernansky, JT and Dago,
             PL and Durand, DM and Frese, FJ and Goff, DC and Gold, JM and Hooker, CI and Kopelowicz, A and Loebel, A and McGurk, SR and Opler, LA and Pinkham,
             AE and Stern, RG},
   Title = {Report on ISCTM Consensus Meeting on Clinical Assessment of
             Response to Treatment of Cognitive Impairment in
             Schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {42},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {19-33},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv111},
   Abstract = {If treatments for cognitive impairment are to be utilized
             successfully, clinicians must be able to determine whether
             they are effective and which patients should receive them.
             In order to develop consensus on these issues, the
             International Society for CNS Clinical Trials and
             Methodology (ISCTM) held a meeting of experts on March 20,
             2014, in Washington, DC. Consensus was reached on several
             important issues. Cognitive impairment and functional
             disability were viewed as equally important treatment
             targets. The group supported the notion that sufficient data
             are not available to exclude patients from available
             treatments on the basis of age, severity of cognitive
             impairment, severity of positive symptoms, or the potential
             to benefit functionally from treatment. The group reached
             consensus that cognitive remediation is likely to provide
             substantial benefits in combination with procognitive
             medications, although a substantial minority believed that
             medications can be administered without nonpharmacological
             therapy. There was little consensus on the best methods for
             assessing cognitive change in clinical practice. Some
             participants supported the view that performance-based
             measures are essential for measurement of cognitive change;
             others pointed to their cost and time requirements as
             evidence of impracticality. Interview-based measures of
             cognitive and functional change were viewed as more
             practical, but lacking validity without informant
             involvement or frequent contact from clinicians. The lack of
             consensus on assessment methods was viewed as attributable
             to differences in experience and education among key
             stakeholders and significant gaps in available empirical
             data. Research on the reliability, validity, sensitivity,
             and practicality of competing methods will facilitate
             consensus.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbv111},
   Key = {fds323332}
}

@article{fds322123,
   Author = {Walling, D and Marder, SR and Kane, J and Fleischhacker, WW and Keefe,
             RSE and Hosford, DA and Dvergsten, C and Segreti, AC and Beaver, JS and Toler, SM and Jett, JE and Dunbar, GC},
   Title = {Phase 2 Trial of an Alpha-7 Nicotinic Receptor Agonist
             (TC-5619) in Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of
             Schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {42},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {335-343},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv072},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This trial was conducted to test the effects of
             an alpha7 nicotinic receptor full agonist, TC-5619, on
             negative and cognitive symptoms in subjects with
             schizophrenia. METHODS: In 64 sites in the United States,
             Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Romania, and Serbia, 477
             outpatients (18-65 years; male 62%; 55% tobacco users) with
             schizophrenia, treated with a new-generation antipsychotic,
             were randomized to 24 weeks of placebo (n = 235), TC-5619,
             5mg (n = 121), or TC-5619, 50 mg (n = 121), administered
             orally once daily. The primary efficacy measure was the
             Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS)
             composite score. Key secondary measures were the Cogstate
             Schizophrenia Battery (CSB) composite score and the
             University of California San Diego Performance-Based Skills
             Assessment-Brief Version (UPSA-B) total score. Secondary
             measures included: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in
             Schizophrenia (PANSS) total and subscale scores, SANS domain
             scores, CSB item scores, Clinical Global Impression-Global
             Improvement (CGI-I) score, CGI-Severity (CGI-S) score, and
             Subject Global Impression-Cognition (SGI-Cog) total score.
             RESULTS: SANS score showed no statistical benefit for
             TC-5619 vs placebo at week 24 (5 mg, 2-tailed P = .159; 50
             mg, P = .689). Likewise, no scores of CSB, UPSA-B, PANSS,
             CGI-I, CGI-S, or SGI-Cog favored TC-5619 (P > .05). Sporadic
             statistical benefit favoring TC-5619 in some of these
             outcome measures were observed in tobacco users, but these
             benefits did not show concordance by dose, country, gender,
             or other relevant measures. TC-5619 was generally well
             tolerated. CONCLUSION: These results do not support a
             benefit of TC-5619 for negative or cognitive symptoms in
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbv072},
   Key = {fds322123}
}

@article{fds327063,
   Author = {McCleery, A and Green, MF and Hellemann, GS and Baade, LE and Gold, JM and Keefe, RSE and Kern, RS and Mesholam-Gately, RI and Seidman, LJ and Subotnik, KL and Ventura, J and Nuechterlein, KH},
   Title = {Latent structure of cognition in schizophrenia: a
             confirmatory factor analysis of the MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery (MCCB).},
   Journal = {Psychol Med},
   Volume = {46},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1119},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002433},
   Doi = {10.1017/S0033291715002433},
   Key = {fds327063}
}

@article{fds323329,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Treating cognitive impairment in depression: an unmet
             need.},
   Journal = {Lancet Psychiatry},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {392-393},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00095-X},
   Doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00095-X},
   Key = {fds323329}
}

@article{fds323330,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Reichenberg, A},
   Title = {Predicting Schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Jama Psychiatry},
   Volume = {73},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {441-442},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0138},
   Doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0138},
   Key = {fds323330}
}

@article{fds323328,
   Author = {Kantrowitz, JT and Sharif, Z and Medalia, A and Keefe, RSE and Harvey,
             P and Bruder, G and Barch, DM and Choo, T and Lee, S and Lieberman,
             JA},
   Title = {A Multicenter, Rater-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Study of
             Auditory Processing-Focused Cognitive Remediation Combined
             With Open-Label Lurasidone in Patients With Schizophrenia
             and Schizoaffective Disorder.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {77},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {799-806},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m09998},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Small-scale studies of auditory processing
             cognitive remediation programs have demonstrated efficacy in
             schizophrenia. We describe a multicenter, rater-blinded,
             randomized, controlled study of auditory-focused cognitive
             remediation, conducted from June 24, 2010, to June 14, 2013,
             and approved by the local institutional review board at all
             sites. METHOD: Prior to randomization, participants with
             schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR) were stabilized on a standardized
             antipsychotic regimen (lurasidone [40-160 mg/d]), followed
             by randomization to adjunctive cognitive remediation:
             auditory focused (Brain Fitness) versus control (nonspecific
             video games), administered 1-2 times weekly for 30 sessions.
             Coprimary outcome measures included MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the University of California,
             San Diego, Performance-Based Skills Assessment-Brief scale.
             RESULTS: 120 participants were randomized and completed at
             least 1 auditory-focused cognitive remediation (n = 56) or
             video game control session (n = 64). 74 participants
             completed ≥ 25 sessions and postrandomization assessments.
             At study completion, the change from prestabilization was
             statistically significant for MCCB composite score (d =
             0.42, P < .0001) across groups. Participants randomized to
             auditory-focused cognitive remediation had a trend-level
             higher mean MCCB composite score compared to participants
             randomized to control cognitive remediation (P = .08). After
             controlling for scores at the time of randomization, there
             were no significant between-treatment group differences at
             study completion. CONCLUSIONS: Auditory processing cognitive
             remediation combined with lurasidone did not lead to
             differential improvement over nonspecific video games.
             Across-group improvement from prestabilization baseline to
             study completion was observed, but since all participants
             were receiving lurasidone open label, it is difficult to
             interpret the source of these effects. Future studies
             comparing both pharmacologic and behavioral cognitive
             enhancers should consider a 2 × 2 design, using a control
             for both the medication and the cognitive remediation. TRIAL
             REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:
             NCT01173874.},
   Doi = {10.4088/JCP.15m09998},
   Key = {fds323328}
}

@article{fds323327,
   Author = {Lim, J and Lee, S-A and Lam, M and Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Keefe,
             RSE and Lee, J},
   Title = {The relationship between negative symptom subdomains and
             cognition.},
   Journal = {Psychol Med},
   Volume = {46},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {2169-2177},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716000726},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in
             schizophrenia are partially overlapping. However, the nature
             of the relationship between negative symptoms and cognition
             remains equivocal. Recent reviews have demonstrated the
             presence of two negative symptom subdomains, diminished
             emotional expression (DEE) and avolition. In view of this,
             we sought to clarify the relationship between negative
             symptoms and cognitive domains. METHOD: A total of 687
             participants with schizophrenia were assessed on measures of
             psychopathology and cognition. Three cognitive factors,
             namely executive function, fluency/memory and
             speed/vigilance were computed from the cognitive tests.
             Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to examine if a
             one-factor or two-factor negative model was applicable to
             our sample. Subsequently, the relationships between negative
             symptoms and cognition were examined using structural
             equation modeling. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that the
             two-factor model fitted the data well. While negative
             symptoms were mildly to moderately associated with
             cognition, we found that DEE had unique associations with
             cognition compared to social avolition, contributing to the
             validity of the constructs and suggesting the possibility of
             common underlying substrates in negative symptoms and
             cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlighted the need to
             classify DEE and social avolition separately as both are
             necessary in refining the complex relationship between
             negative symptoms and cognition as well as potentially
             guiding treatment and management of schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1017/S0033291716000726},
   Key = {fds323327}
}

@article{fds323326,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Davis, VG and Atkins, AS and Vaughan, A and Patterson, T and Narasimhan, M and Harvey, PD},
   Title = {Validation of a Computerized test of Functional
             Capacity.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {175},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {90-96},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.038},
   Abstract = {Regulatory guidance for schizophrenia cognition clinical
             trials requires that the assessment of cognitive change is
             accompanied by a functionally meaningful endpoint. However,
             currently available measures are challenged by resistance to
             change, psychometric weaknesses, and for interview-based
             assessments, dependence upon the presence of an informant.
             The aims of the current study were to: 1) assess the
             validity, sensitivity, and reliability of the Virtual
             Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) as a
             measure of functional capacity; 2) determine the association
             between performance on the VRFCAT and performance on the
             MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB); and 3) compare
             the metrics of the VRFCAT with the UCSD Performance-based
             Skills Assessment (UPSA). 167 patients with schizophrenia
             and 166 healthy controls completed the VRFCAT, UPSA, and the
             MCCB at baseline. The VRFCAT and UPSA were completed again
             at follow-up. The VRFCAT, MCCB, and UPSA were very sensitive
             to impairment in schizophrenia (d=1.16 to 1.22). High
             test-retest reliability was demonstrated for VRFCAT total
             completion time and the UPSA total score in patients
             (ICC=0.81 and 0.78, respectively). The UPSA demonstrated
             significant practice effects in patients (d=0.35), while the
             VRFCAT did not (d=-0.04). VRFCAT total completion time was
             correlated with both UPSA (r=-0.56, p<0.0001 for patients
             and -0.58, p<0.0001 for controls) and MCCB Composite
             (r=-0.57, p<0.0001 for patients and -0.68, p<0.0001 for
             controls). The VRFCAT is a highly reliable and sensitive
             measure of functional capacity with associations to the UPSA
             and MCCB. These results provide encouraging support for a
             computerized functional capacity assessment for use in
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.038},
   Key = {fds323326}
}

@article{fds322122,
   Author = {Wang, C and Ji, F and Hong, Z and Poh, JS and Krishnan, R and Lee, J and Rekhi, G and Keefe, RSE and Adcock, RA and Wood, SJ and Fornito, A and Pasternak, O and Chee, MWL and Zhou, J},
   Title = {Disrupted salience network functional connectivity and
             white-matter microstructure in persons at risk for
             psychosis: findings from the LYRIKS study.},
   Journal = {Psychol Med},
   Volume = {46},
   Number = {13},
   Pages = {2771-2783},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716001410},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Salience network (SN) dysconnectivity has been
             hypothesized to contribute to schizophrenia. Nevertheless,
             little is known about the functional and structural
             dysconnectivity of SN in subjects at risk for psychosis. We
             hypothesized that SN functional and structural connectivity
             would be disrupted in subjects with At-Risk Mental State
             (ARMS) and would be associated with symptom severity and
             disease progression. METHOD: We examined 87 ARMS and 37
             healthy participants using both resting-state functional
             magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging.
             Group differences in SN functional and structural
             connectivity were examined using a seed-based approach and
             tract-based spatial statistics. Subject-level functional
             connectivity measures and diffusion indices of disrupted
             regions were correlated with CAARMS scores and compared
             between ARMS with and without transition to psychosis.
             RESULTS: ARMS subjects exhibited reduced functional
             connectivity between the left ventral anterior insula and
             other SN regions. Reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) and
             axial diffusivity were also found along white-matter tracts
             in close proximity to regions of disrupted functional
             connectivity, including frontal-striatal-thalamic circuits
             and the cingulum. FA measures extracted from these disrupted
             white-matter regions correlated with individual symptom
             severity in the ARMS group. Furthermore, functional
             connectivity between the bilateral insula and FA at the
             forceps minor were further reduced in subjects who
             transitioned to psychosis after 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our
             findings support the insular dysconnectivity of the proximal
             SN hypothesis in the early stages of psychosis. Further
             developed, the combined structural and functional SN assays
             may inform the prognosis of persons at-risk for
             psychosis.},
   Doi = {10.1017/S0033291716001410},
   Key = {fds322122}
}

@article{fds323325,
   Author = {Kantrowitz, JT and Medalia, A and Keefe, RSE and Harvey, PD and Bruder,
             G and Barch, DM and Choo, T and Lee, S and Lieberman,
             JA},
   Title = {Dr Kantrowitz and Colleagues Reply.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {77},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {e1353},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16lr10887a},
   Doi = {10.4088/JCP.16lr10887a},
   Key = {fds323325}
}

@article{fds325512,
   Author = {Mahableshwarkar, AR and Zajecka, J and Jacobson, W and Chen, Y and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Active-Reference,
             Double-Blind, Flexible-Dose Study of the Efficacy of
             Vortioxetine on Cognitive Function in Major Depressive
             Disorder.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {41},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {2961},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.181},
   Doi = {10.1038/npp.2016.181},
   Key = {fds325512}
}

@article{fds371766,
   Author = {Kraus, M and Walker, T and Jarskog, L and Jones, K and Millet, R and Keefe,
             R},
   Title = {Comprehensive Assessment of Auditory Perception and its
             Relation to Impaired Emotion Recognition in
             Schizophrenia},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {41},
   Pages = {S251-S252},
   Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {December},
   Key = {fds371766}
}

@article{fds323324,
   Author = {Kraus, M and Rapisarda, A and Lam, M and Thong, JYJ and Lee, J and Subramaniam, M and Collinson, SL and Chong, SA and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Disrupted latent inhibition in individuals at ultra
             high-risk for developing psychosis.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research. Cognition},
   Volume = {6},
   Pages = {1-8},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2016.07.003},
   Abstract = {The addition of off-the-shelf cognitive measures to
             established prodromal criteria has resulted in limited
             improvement in the prediction of conversion to psychosis.
             Tests that assess cognitive processes central to
             schizophrenia might better identify those at highest risk.
             The latent inhibition paradigm assesses a subject's tendency
             to ignore irrelevant stimuli, a process integral to healthy
             perceptual and cognitive function that has been hypothesized
             to be a key deficit underlying the development of
             schizophrenia. In this study, 142 young people at ultra
             high-risk for developing psychosis and 105 controls were
             tested on a within-subject latent inhibition paradigm.
             Additionally, we later inquired about the strategy that each
             subject employed to complete the test, and further
             investigated the relationship between reported strategy and
             the extent of latent inhibition exhibited. Unlike controls,
             ultra high-risk subjects did not demonstrate a significant
             latent inhibition effect. This difference between groups
             became greater when controlling for strategy. The lack of
             latent inhibition effect in our ultra high-risk sample
             suggests that individuals at ultra high-risk for psychosis
             are impaired in their allocation of attentional resources
             based on past predictive value of repeated stimuli. This
             fundamental deficit in the allocation of attention may
             contribute to the broader array of cognitive impairments and
             clinical symptoms displayed by individuals at ultra
             high-risk for psychosis.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.scog.2016.07.003},
   Key = {fds323324}
}

@article{fds370649,
   Author = {Lam, M and Keefe, R and Jun Liu and J and Lee, J},
   Title = {Pleiotropic Effects of Schizophrenia And Cognitive LOCI: A
             Meta-Analytic Approach},
   Journal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {27},
   Pages = {S394-S395},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2017},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.09.432},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.09.432},
   Key = {fds370649}
}

@article{fds370733,
   Author = {Atkins, A and Tseng, T and Vaughan, A and Harvey, P and Narasimhan, M and Patterson, T and Khan, A and Keefe, R},
   Title = {DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE BRIEF ASSESSMENT OF
             VALIDATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (BAC-APP)},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {43},
   Pages = {S220-S220},
   Year = {2017},
   Key = {fds370733}
}

@article{fds370734,
   Author = {Schooler, N and Khan, A and Keefe, R and Robinson, D and Kane,
             J},
   Title = {COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS:_X000B_COMPARISON
             OF A 2-YEAR COORDINATED SPECIALTY CARE PROGRAM TO COMMUNITY
             CARE},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {43},
   Pages = {S24-S24},
   Year = {2017},
   Key = {fds370734}
}

@article{fds372607,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Woods, S and Cannon, T and Ruhrmann, S and Mathalon, D and McGuire, P and Fillon, G and Rosenbrock, H and Sand,
             M},
   Title = {EARLY INTERVENTION IN ATTENUATED PSYCHOSIS SYNDROME: A PHASE
             II STUDY EVALUATING EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF
             ORAL BI 409306},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {43},
   Pages = {S216-S216},
   Year = {2017},
   Key = {fds372607}
}

@article{fds325352,
   Author = {Addington, J and Liu, L and Perkins, DO and Carrion, RE and Keefe, RSE and Woods, SW},
   Title = {The Role of Cognition and Social Functioning as Predictors
             in the Transition to Psychosis for Youth With Attenuated
             Psychotic Symptoms.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {43},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {57-63},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw152},
   Abstract = {In the literature, there have been several attempts to
             develop prediction models for youth who are at clinical high
             risk (CHR) of developing psychosis. Although there are no
             specific clinical or demographic variables that seem to
             consistently predict the later transition to psychosis in
             those CHR youth, in addition to attenuated psychotic
             symptoms, the most commonly occuring predictors tend to be
             poor social functioning and certain cognitive tasks.
             Unfortunately, there has been little attempt to replicate
             alogorithms. A recently published article by Cornblatt et al
             suggested that, for individuals with attentuated psychotic
             symptoms (APS), disorganized communication, suspiciousness,
             verbal memory, and a decline in social functioning were the
             best predictors of later transition to psychosis (the RAP
             model). The purpose of this article was to first test the
             prediction model of Cornblatt et al with a new sample of
             individuals with APS from the PREDICT study. The RAP model
             was not the best fit for the PREDICT data. However, using
             other variables from PREDICT, it was demonstrated that
             unusual thought content, disorganized communication,
             baseline social functioning, verbal fluency, and memory,
             processing speed and age were predictors of later transition
             to psychosis in the PREDICT sample. Although the predictors
             were different in these 2 models, both supported that
             disorganized communication, poor social functioning, and
             verbal memory, were good candidates as predictors for later
             conversion to psychosis.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbw152},
   Key = {fds325352}
}

@article{fds370577,
   Author = {Bishop, J and Hill, S and Mills, L and Alliey-Rodriguez, N and Reilly,
             J and Shaffee, R and McCarroll, S and Keefe, R and Pearlson, G and Clementz, B and Tamminga, C and Keshavan, M and Gershon, E and Sweeney,
             J},
   Title = {GENETIC ANALYSES OF COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN PSYCHOTIC
             DISORDERS FROM THE BIPOLAR-SCHIZOPHRENIA NETWORK ON
             INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES (B-SNIP) CONSORTIUM},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {43},
   Pages = {S245-S245},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370577}
}

@article{fds370732,
   Author = {Marx, C and Naylor, J and Kilts, J and Allan, T and Smith, K and Szabo, S and Wagner, R and Buchanan, R and Keefe, R and Shampine,
             L},
   Title = {RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF A NEUROSTEROID INTERVENTION
             IN SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {43},
   Pages = {S14-S14},
   Publisher = {OXFORD UNIV PRESS},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {March},
   Key = {fds370732}
}

@article{fds323546,
   Author = {Atkins, AS and Tseng, T and Vaughan, A and Twamley, EW and Harvey, P and Patterson, T and Narasimhan, M and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Validation of the tablet-administered Brief Assessment of
             Cognition (BAC App).},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {181},
   Pages = {100-106},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.010},
   Abstract = {Computerized tests benefit from automated scoring procedures
             and standardized administration instructions. These methods
             can reduce the potential for rater error. However,
             especially in patients with severe mental illnesses, the
             equivalency of traditional and tablet-based tests cannot be
             assumed. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (BACS) is a pen-and-paper cognitive assessment tool that has
             been used in hundreds of research studies and clinical
             trials, and has normative data available for generating age-
             and gender-corrected standardized scores. A tablet-based
             version of the BACS called the BAC App has been developed.
             This study compared performance on the BACS and the BAC App
             in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Test
             equivalency was assessed, and the applicability of
             paper-based normative data was evaluated. Results
             demonstrated the distributions of standardized composite
             scores for the tablet-based BAC App and the pen-and-paper
             BACS were indistinguishable, and the between-methods mean
             differences were not statistically significant. The
             discrimination between patients and controls was similarly
             robust. The between-methods correlations for individual
             measures in patients were r>0.70 for most subtests. When
             data from the Token Motor Test was omitted, the
             between-methods correlation of composite scores was r=0.88
             (df=48; p<0.001) in healthy controls and r=0.89 (df=46;
             p<0.001) in patients, consistent with the test-retest
             reliability of each measure. Taken together, results
             indicate that the tablet-based BAC App generates results
             consistent with the traditional pen-and-paper BACS, and
             support the notion that the BAC App is appropriate for use
             in clinical trials and clinical practice.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.010},
   Key = {fds323546}
}

@article{fds327062,
   Author = {Reilly, JL and Hill, SK and Gold, JM and Keefe, RSE and Clementz, BA and Gershon, E and Keshavan, MS and Pearlson, G and Tamminga, CA and Sweeney, JA},
   Title = {Impaired Context Processing is Attributable to Global
             Neuropsychological Impairment in Schizophrenia and Psychotic
             Bipolar Disorder.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {43},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {397-406},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw081},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Context processing may reflect a specific
             cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Whether impaired
             context processing is observed across psychotic disorders or
             among relatives of affected individuals, and whether it is a
             deficit that is independent from the generalized
             neuropsychological deficits seen in psychotic disorders, are
             less established. METHODS: Schizophrenia, schizoaffective,
             and psychotic bipolar probands (n = 660), their first-degree
             relatives (n = 741), and healthy individuals (n = 308)
             studied by the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate
             Phenotypes consortium performed an expectancy task requiring
             use of contextual information to overcome a pre-potent
             response. Sensitivity for target detection and false alarm
             rates on trials requiring inhibition or goal maintenance
             were measured. RESULTS: Proband groups and relatives with
             psychosis spectrum personality traits demonstrated reduced
             target sensitivity and elevated false alarm rates. False
             alarm rate was higher under inhibition vs goal maintenance
             conditions although this difference was attenuated in
             schizophrenia and schizoaffective proband groups. After
             accounting for global neuropsychological impairment, as
             reflected by the composite score from the Brief Assessment
             of Cognition in Schizophrenia neuropsychological battery,
             deficits in schizophrenia and bipolar proband groups were no
             longer significant. Performance measures were moderately
             familial. CONCLUSION: Reduced target detection, but not a
             specific deficit in context processing, is observed across
             psychotic disorders. Impairments in both goal maintenance
             and response inhibition appear to contribute comparably to
             deficits in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder,
             whereas greater difficulty with response inhibition
             underlies deficits in bipolar disorder. Yet, these deficits
             are not independent from the generalized neurocognitive
             impairment observed in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar
             disorder.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbw081},
   Key = {fds327062}
}

@article{fds371749,
   Author = {Lam, M and Keefe, R and Liu, J-J and Lee, J},
   Title = {700. Genetic Overlaps between Schizophrenia and Cognition in
             Asia},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {81},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {S284-S284},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.767},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.767},
   Key = {fds371749}
}

@article{fds371765,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Woods, S and Cannon, T and Ruhrmann, S and Mathalon, D and McGuire, P and Fillon, G and Rosenbrock, H and Sand,
             M},
   Title = {868. Early Intervention in Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome: A
             Phase II Study Evaluating Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability
             of Oral BI 409306},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {81},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {S351-S351},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.593},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.593},
   Key = {fds371765}
}

@article{fds327059,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Kahn, RS},
   Title = {Cognitive Decline and Disrupted Cognitive Trajectory in
             Schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Jama Psychiatry},
   Volume = {74},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {535-536},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0312},
   Doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0312},
   Key = {fds327059}
}

@article{fds324823,
   Author = {Mazhari, S and Ghafaree-Nejad, AR and Soleymani-Zade, S and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Validation of the Persian version of the Schizophrenia
             Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) in patients with
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Asian J Psychiatr},
   Volume = {27},
   Pages = {12-15},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.02.007},
   Abstract = {The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) is an
             interview-based assessment of cognition that involves
             interviews with patients and informants. The SCoRS has shown
             good reliability, validity, and sensitivity to cognitive
             impairment in schizophrenia, with the advantage of brief
             administration and scoring time. The present study aimed to
             test the concurrent validity of the Persian version of the
             SCoRS. A group of 35 patients with schizophrenia and a group
             of 35 healthy controls received the Persian-SCoRS in the
             first session, and a standardized performance-based
             cognitive battery, the Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (BACS), in the second session.Our results
             indicated that the Persian version of the SCoRS was
             sensitive to cognitive impairment in the patients. The
             Persian SCoRS global rating was significantly associated
             with the composite score generated from the Persian version
             of the BACS and predicted functional outcomes as measured by
             Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and World Health
             Organization Quality of Life (WHO QOL). A Persian version of
             the SCoRS, an interview based measure of cognition that
             included informants, is related to cognitive performance and
             global functioning.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.ajp.2017.02.007},
   Key = {fds324823}
}

@article{fds327058,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Davis, VG and Harvey, PD and Atkins, AS and Haig, GM and Hagino, O and Marder, S and Hilt, DC and Umbricht,
             D},
   Title = {Placebo Response and Practice Effects in Schizophrenia
             Cognition Trials.},
   Journal = {Jama Psychiatry},
   Volume = {74},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {807-814},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1574},
   Abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Patients' previous experience with
             performance-based cognitive tests in clinical trials for
             cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia can
             create practice-related improvements. Placebo-controlled
             trials for cognitive impairment associated with
             schizophrenia are at risk for these practice effects, which
             can be difficult to distinguish from placebo effects.
             OBJECTIVES: To conduct a systematic evaluation of the
             magnitude of practice effects on the Measurement and
             Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia
             Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) in cognitive impairment
             associated with schizophrenia and to examine which
             demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics were
             associated with improvement in placebo conditions. DESIGN,
             SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A blinded review was conducted of
             data from 813 patients with schizophrenia who were treated
             with placebo in 12 randomized placebo-controlled clinical
             trials conducted mostly in outpatient clinics in North
             America, Europe, Asia, and Latin America from February 22,
             2007, to March 1, 2014. A total of 779 patients provided
             data for the primary outcome measure at baseline and at
             least 1 follow-up. Seven trials had prebaseline assessments
             wherein the patients knew that they were not receiving
             treatment, allowing a comparison of practice and placebo
             effects in the same patients. INTERVENTIONS: Placebo
             compared with various experimental drug treatments. MAIN
             OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Composite score on the MCCB. RESULTS:
             Of the 813 patients in the study (260 women and 553 men;
             mean [SD] age, 41.2 [11.5] years), the mean MCCB composite
             score at baseline was 22.8 points below the normative mean,
             and the mean (SEM) total change in the MCCB during receipt
             of placebo was 1.8 (0.2) T-score points (95% CI, 1.40-2.18),
             equivalent to a change of 0.18 SD. Practice effects in the 7
             studies in which there was a prebaseline assessment were
             essentially identical to the postbaseline placebo changes.
             Baseline factors associated with greater improvements in the
             MCCB during receipt of placebo included more
             depression/anxiety (F1,438 = 5.41; P = .02), more
             motivation (F1,272 = 4.63; P = .03), and less
             improvement from screening to baseline (F1,421 = 59.32;
             P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Placebo effects
             were minimal and associated with the number of postbaseline
             assessments and several patient characteristics. Given that
             the patients performed 2.28 SDs below normative standards on
             average at baseline, a mean placebo-associated improvement
             of less than 0.2 SD provides evidence that ceiling effects
             do not occur in these trials. These minimal changes in the
             MCCB could not be responsible for effective active
             treatments failing to separate from placebo.},
   Doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1574},
   Key = {fds327058}
}

@article{fds326635,
   Author = {Lam, M and Wang, M and Huang, W and Eng, GK and Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Kang, S and Keefe, RSE and Lee, J},
   Title = {Establishing the Brief Assessment of Cognition - Short
             form.},
   Journal = {J Psychiatr Res},
   Volume = {93},
   Pages = {1-11},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.05.006},
   Abstract = {The study aims to identify and validate a parsimonious
             subset of tests in the commonly used Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) that allows the evaluation
             of global cognitive ability. Several permutations of
             subtests from the BACS were examined to identify the best
             subset of tests to compose the short form measure. The Brief
             Assessment of Cognition-Short Form (BAC-SF) was evaluated
             for convergent validity in healthy and psychiatric samples
             (N = 3718). Verbal Memory, Digit Sequencing, and Symbol
             Coding subtests were found to best summarize the variance of
             composite scores in both Asian and US Norming samples
             (r = 0.91) indicating that BAC-SF is an appropriate
             approximation of cognitive deficits. Test re-test
             reliability of the BAC-SF was adequate (Intraclass
             Correlation Coefficient (ICC) = 0.73) and showed
             sufficient separation between healthy controls and
             schizophrenia (Average Predictive Accuracy = 79.9%;
             replication = 76.5%). Findings indicate that the BAC-SF an
             could be used as a cognitive screener for large-scale
             clinical and epidemiological studies. The short form does
             not replace the need for comprehensive neuropsychological
             batteries purposed for detailed neuropsychological and
             clinical investigation of cognitive function. Further
             replication of the construct might be necessary in other
             clinical populations.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.05.006},
   Key = {fds326635}
}

@article{fds330047,
   Author = {Cella, M and Stahl, D and Morris, S and Keefe, RSE and Bell, MD and Wykes,
             T},
   Title = {Effects of cognitive remediation on negative symptoms
             dimensions: exploring the role of working
             memory.},
   Journal = {Psychol Med},
   Volume = {47},
   Number = {15},
   Pages = {2593-2601},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717000757},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent theories suggest that poor working memory
             (WM) may be the cognitive underpinning of negative symptoms
             in people with schizophrenia. In this study, we first
             explore the effect of cognitive remediation (CR) on two
             clusters of negative symptoms (i.e. expressive and social
             amotivation), and then assess the relevance of WM gains as a
             possible mediator of symptom improvement. METHOD: Data were
             accessed for 309 people with schizophrenia from the NIMH
             Database of Cognitive Training and Remediation Studies and a
             separate study. Approximately half the participants received
             CR and the rest were allocated to a control condition. All
             participants were assessed before and after therapy and at
             follow-up. Expressive negative symptoms and social
             amotivation symptoms scores were calculated from the
             Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. WM was assessed with
             digit span and letter-number span tests. RESULTS:
             Participants who received CR had a significant improvement
             in WM scores (d = 0.27) compared with those in the control
             condition. Improvements in social amotivation levels
             approached statistical significance (d = -0.19), but change
             in expressive negative symptoms did not differ between
             groups. WM change did not mediate the effect of CR on social
             amotivation. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a course
             of CR may benefit behavioural negative symptoms. Despite
             hypotheses linking memory problems with negative symptoms,
             the current findings do not support the role of this
             cognitive domain as a significant mediator. The results
             indicate that WM improves independently from negative
             symptoms reduction.},
   Doi = {10.1017/S0033291717000757},
   Key = {fds330047}
}

@article{fds326113,
   Author = {Eum, S and Hill, SK and Rubin, LH and Carnahan, RM and Reilly, JL and Ivleva, EI and Keedy, SK and Tamminga, CA and Pearlson, GD and Clementz,
             BA and Gershon, ES and Keshavan, MS and Keefe, RSE and Sweeney, JA and Bishop, JR},
   Title = {Cognitive burden of anticholinergic medications in psychotic
             disorders.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {190},
   Pages = {129-135},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.034},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients with psychotic disorders are often
             treated with numerous medications, many of which have
             anticholinergic activity. We assessed cognition in relation
             to the cumulative anticholinergic burden of multiple drugs
             included in treatment regimens of participants from the
             Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes
             (B-SNIP) study. METHOD: Clinically stable participants with
             schizophrenia (n=206), schizoaffective disorder (n=131), and
             psychotic bipolar disorder (n=146) were examined.
             Anticholinergic properties of all scheduled drugs were
             quantified using the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS). ADS
             scores were summed across individual drugs to create a total
             ADS burden score for each participant and examined in
             relation to the Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (BACS). RESULTS: Anticholinergic burden
             aggregated across all medications was inversely related to
             cognitive performance starting at ADS scores of 4 in
             participants with schizophrenia. Those with ADS scores ≥4
             had lower composite BACS scores compared to those with ADS<4
             (p=0.004). Among BACS subtests, Verbal Memory was the most
             adversely affected by high anticholinergic burden. Despite
             similar anticholinergic burden scores across groups, a
             significant threshold effect of anticholinergic burden was
             not detected in schizoaffective or psychotic bipolar
             disorder. CONCLUSION: We identified an adverse effect
             threshold of anticholinergic burden on cognition in
             clinically stable participants with schizophrenia. This
             relationship was not identified in affective psychoses.
             Examination of other medications, doses, and clinical
             measures did not account for these findings. Patients with
             schizophrenia may have increased cognitive susceptibility to
             anticholinergic medications and the aggregate effects of
             one's medication regimen may be important to consider in
             clinical practice.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.034},
   Key = {fds326113}
}

@article{fds330046,
   Author = {Ang, MS and Abdul Rashid and NA and Lam, M and Rapisarda, A and Kraus, M and Keefe, RSE and Lee, J},
   Title = {The Impact of Medication Anticholinergic Burden on Cognitive
             Performance in People With Schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {J Clin Psychopharmacol},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {651-656},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000790},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognitive deficits are prevalent in people with
             schizophrenia and associated with functional impairments. In
             addition to antipsychotics, pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia
             often includes other psychotropics, and some of these agents
             possess anticholinergic properties, which may impair
             cognition. The objective of this study was to explore the
             association between medication anticholinergic burden and
             cognition in schizophrenia. METHODS: Seven hundred five
             individuals with schizophrenia completed a
             neuropsychological battery comprising Judgment of Line
             Orientation Test, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
             Matrix Reasoning, Continuous Performance Test-Identical
             Pairs Version, and the Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia. Cognitive g and 3 cognitive factor scores
             that include executive function, memory/fluency, and speed
             of processing/vigilance, which were derived from a
             previously published analysis, were entered as cognitive
             variables. Anticholinergic burden was computed using 2
             anticholinergic scales: Anticholinergic Burden Scale and
             Anticholinergic Drug Scale. Duration and severity of
             illness, antipsychotic dose, smoking status, age, and sex
             were included as covariates. RESULTS: Anticholinergic burden
             was associated with poorer cognitive performance in
             cognitive g, all 3 cognitive domains and most cognitive
             tasks in multivariate analyses. The associations were
             statistically significant, but the effect sizes were small
             (for Anticholinergic Burden Scale, Cohen f = 0.008; for
             Anticholinergic Drug Scale, Cohen f = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS:
             Although our results showed a statistically significant
             association between medications with anticholinergic
             properties and cognition in people with schizophrenia, the
             impact is of doubtful or minimal clinical
             significance.},
   Doi = {10.1097/JCP.0000000000000790},
   Key = {fds330046}
}

@article{fds332788,
   Author = {Khan, A and Liharska, L and Harvey, PD and Atkins, A and Ulshen, D and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Negative Symptom Dimensions of the Positive and Negative
             Syndrome Scale Across Geographical Regions: Implications for
             Social, Linguistic, and Cultural Consistency.},
   Journal = {Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {11-12},
   Pages = {30-40},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {Objective: Recognizing the discrete dimensions that underlie
             negative symptoms in schizophrenia and how these dimensions
             are understood across localities might result in better
             understanding and treatment of these symptoms. To this end,
             the objectives of this study were to 1) identify the
             Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale negative symptom
             dimensions of expressive deficits and experiential deficits
             and 2) analyze performance on these dimensions over 15
             geographical regions to determine whether the items defining
             them manifest similar reliability across these regions.
             Design: Data were obtained for the baseline Positive and
             Negative Syndrome Scale visits of 6,889 subjects across 15
             geographical regions. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we
             examined whether a two-factor negative symptom structure
             that is found in schizophrenia (experiential deficits and
             expressive deficits) would be replicated in our sample, and
             using differential item functioning, we tested the degree to
             which specific items from each negative symptom subfactor
             performed across geographical regions in comparison with the
             United States. Results: The two-factor negative symptom
             solution was replicated in this sample. Most geographical
             regions showed moderate-to-large differential item
             functioning for Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
             expressive deficit items, especially N3 Poor Rapport, as
             compared with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
             experiential deficit items, showing that these items might
             be interpreted or scored differently in different regions.
             Across countries, except for India, the differential item
             functioning values did not favor raters in the United
             States. Conclusion: These results suggest that the Positive
             and Negative Syndrome Scale negative symptom factor can be
             better represented by a two-factor model than by a
             single-factor model. Additionally, the results show
             significant differences in responses to items representing
             the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale expressive factors,
             but not the experiential factors, across regions. This could
             be due to a lack of equivalence between the original and
             translated versions, cultural differences with the
             interpretation of items, dissimilarities in rater training,
             or diversity in the understanding of scoring anchors.
             Knowing which items are challenging for raters across
             regions can help to guide Positive and Negative Syndrome
             Scale training and improve the results of international
             clinical trials aimed at negative symptoms.},
   Key = {fds332788}
}

@article{fds332789,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Khan, A and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to
             Define Different Domains of Negative Symptoms: Prediction of
             Everyday Functioning by Impairments in Emotional Expression
             and Emotional Experience.},
   Journal = {Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {11-12},
   Pages = {18-22},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {December},
   Abstract = {Background: Reduced emotional experience and expression are
             two domains of negative symptoms. The authors assessed these
             two domains of negative symptoms using previously developed
             Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) factors. Using
             an existing dataset, the authors predicted three different
             elements of everyday functioning (social, vocational, and
             everyday activities) with these two factors, as well as with
             performance on measures of functional capacity. Methods: A
             large (n=630) sample of people with schizophrenia was used
             as the data source of this study. Using regression analyses,
             the authors predicted the three different aspects of
             everyday functioning, first with just the two Positive and
             Negative Syndrome Scale factors and then with a global
             negative symptom factor. Finally, we added neurocognitive
             performance and functional capacity as predictors. Results:
             The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale reduced emotional
             experience factor accounted for 21 percent of the variance
             in everyday social functioning, while reduced emotional
             expression accounted for no variance. The total Positive and
             Negative Syndrome Scale negative symptom factor accounted
             for less variance (19%) than the reduced experience factor
             alone. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale expression
             factor accounted for, at most, one percent of the variance
             in any of the functional outcomes, with or without the
             addition of other predictors. Implications: Reduced
             emotional experience measured with the Positive and Negative
             Syndrome Scale, often referred to as "avolition and
             anhedonia," specifically predicted impairments in social
             outcomes. Further, reduced experience predicted social
             impairments better than emotional expression or the total
             Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale negative symptom
             factor. In this cross-sectional study, reduced emotional
             experience was specifically related with social outcomes,
             accounting for essentially no variance in work or everyday
             activities, and being the sole meaningful predictor of
             impairment in social outcomes.},
   Key = {fds332789}
}

@article{fds327060,
   Author = {Georgiades, A and Davis, VG and Atkins, AS and Khan, A and Walker, TW and Loebel, A and Haig, G and Hilt, DC and Dunayevich, E and Umbricht, D and Sand, M and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Psychometric characteristics of the MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery in a large pooled cohort of stable
             schizophrenia patients.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {190},
   Pages = {172-179},
   Year = {2017},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.040},
   Abstract = {The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was developed
             to assess cognitive treatment effects in schizophrenia
             clinical trials, and is considered the FDA gold standard
             outcome measure for that purpose. The aim of the present
             study was to establish pre-treatment psychometric
             characteristics of the MCCB in a large pooled sample. The
             dataset included 2616 stable schizophrenia patients enrolled
             in 15 different clinical trials between 2007 and 2016 within
             the United States (94%) and Canada (6%). The MCCB was
             administered twice prior to the initiation of treatment in
             1908 patients. Test-retest reliability and practice effects
             of the cognitive composite score, the neurocognitive
             composite score, which excludes the domain Social Cognition,
             and the subtests/domains were examined using Intra-Class
             Correlations (ICC) and Cohen's d. Simulated regression
             models explored which domains explained the greatest portion
             of variance in composite scores. Test-retest reliability was
             high (ICC=0.88) for both composite scores. Practice effects
             were small for the cognitive (d=0.15) and neurocognitive
             (d=0.17) composites. Simulated bootstrap regression analyses
             revealed that 3 of the 7 domains explained 86% of the
             variance for both composite scores. The domains that entered
             most frequently in the top 3 positions of the regression
             models were Speed of Processing, Working Memory, and Visual
             Learning. Findings provide definitive psychometric
             characteristics and a benchmark comparison for clinical
             trials using the MCCB. The test-retest reliability of the
             MCCB composite scores is considered excellent and the
             learning effects are small, fulfilling two of the key
             criteria for outcome measures in cognition clinical
             trials.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.040},
   Key = {fds327060}
}

@article{fds339319,
   Author = {Atkins, AS and Khan, A and Ulshen, D and Vaughan, A and Balentin, D and Dickerson, H and Liharska, LE and Plassman, B and Welsh-Bohmer, K and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in
             Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline Using the
             Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool
             (VRFCAT).},
   Journal = {J Prev Alzheimers Dis},
   Volume = {5},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {216-234},
   Year = {2018},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2018.28},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Continuing advances in the understanding of
             Alzheimer's disease progression have inspired development of
             disease-modifying therapeutics intended for use in
             preclinical populations. However, identification of
             clinically meaningful cognitive and functional outcomes for
             individuals who are, by definition, asymptomatic remains a
             significant challenge. Clinical trials for prevention and
             early intervention require measures with increased
             sensitivity to subtle deficits in instrumental activities of
             daily living (IADL) that comprise the first functional
             declines in prodromal disease. Validation of potential
             endpoints is required to ensure measure sensitivity and
             reliability in the populations of interest. OBJECTIVES: The
             present research validates use of the Virtual Reality
             Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) for
             performance-based assessment of IADL functioning in older
             adults (age 55+) with subjective cognitive decline. DESIGN:
             Cross-sectional validation study. SETTING: All participants
             were evaluated on-site at NeuroCog Trials, Durham, NC, USA.
             PARTICIPANTS: Participants included 245 healthy younger
             adults ages 20-54 (131 female), 247 healthy older adults
             ages 55-91 (151 female) and 61 older adults with subjective
             cognitive decline (SCD) ages 56-97 (45 female). MEASURES:
             Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool; Brief
             Assessment of Cognition App; Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative
             Study Prevention Instrument Project - Mail-In Cognitive
             Function Screening Instrument; Alzheimer's Disease
             Cooperative Study Instrumental Activities of Daily Living -
             Prevention Instrument, University of California, San Diego
             Performance-Based Skills Assessment - Validation of
             Intermediate Measures; Montreal Cognitive Assessment; Trail
             Making Test- Part B. RESULTS: Participants with SCD
             performed significantly worse than age-matched normative
             controls on all VRFCAT endpoints, including total completion
             time, errors and forced progressions (p≤0001 for all,
             after Bonferonni correction). Consistent with prior
             findings, both groups performed significantly worse than
             healthy younger adults (age 20-54). Participants with SCD
             also performed significantly worse than controls on
             objective cognitive measures. VRFCAT performance was
             strongly correlated with cognitive performance. In the SCD
             group, VRFCAT performance was strongly correlated with
             cognitive performance across nearly all tests with
             significant correlation coefficients ranging from 0.3 to
             0.7; VRFCAT summary measures all had correlations greater
             than r=0.5 with MoCA performance and BAC App Verbal Memory
             (p<0.01 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest the VRFCAT
             provides a sensitive tool for evaluation of IADL functioning
             in individuals with subjective cognitive decline. Strong
             correlations with cognition across groups suggest the VRFCAT
             may be uniquely suited for clinical trials in preclinical
             AD, as well as longitudinal investigations of the
             relationship between cognition and function.},
   Doi = {10.14283/jpad.2018.28},
   Key = {fds339319}
}

@article{fds336079,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Harvey, PD and Khan, A and Saoud, JB and Staner, C and Davidson, M and Luthringer, R},
   Title = {Cognitive Effects of MIN-101 in Patients With Schizophrenia
             and Negative Symptoms: Results From a Randomized Controlled
             Trial.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
   Volume = {79},
   Number = {3},
   Year = {2018},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17m11753},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Current dopamine-blocking antipsychotic drugs
             have little impact on the cognitive deficits associated with
             schizophrenia. We evaluated whether MIN-101, a molecule that
             combines sigma-2 antagonism and 5-HT2A antagonism, might
             improve cognitive deficits in individuals with moderate to
             severe negative symptoms in schizophrenia. METHODS:
             Individuals (N = 244) aged 18 to 60 years with stable
             symptoms of DSM-5-defined schizophrenia and moderate to
             severe negative symptoms were randomized to placebo (n =
             83), MIN-101 32 mg (n = 78), or MIN-101 64 mg (n = 83) in a
             12-week, phase 2b, prospective, double-blind,
             placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial between May 2015
             and December 2015. In a post hoc analysis, mean z and T
             score changes from baseline at 12 weeks of treatment in the
             cognitive composite score and individual tests on the Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) Battery were
             compared between MIN-101 and placebo. RESULTS: A total of 79
             patients (95.2%) from the placebo group, 76 (97.4%) from the
             MIN-101 32 mg group, and 79 (95.2%) from the MIN-101 64 mg
             group completed the BACS at baseline. The BACS token motor
             (P = .04), verbal fluency (P = .01), and composite z scores
             (P = .05) showed significant improvements in the MIN-101 32
             mg group compared to the placebo group. At week 4, the
             clinical improvements from baseline in the Positive and
             Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative factor showed a
             significant correlation with improvements from baseline on
             the BACS composite in the 64 mg group (r = -0.292, P =
             .020). At week 12, improvement in the PANSS negative factor
             showed significant correlations with improvements in the
             BACS composite (r = -0.408, P = .002), Trail Making Test (r
             = -0.394, P = .003), and verbal memory (r = -0.322, P =
             .017) for the 64 mg group. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest a
             possible benefit of MIN-101 on cognitive performance in
             individuals with schizophrenia with stable positive symptoms
             and concurrent clinically significant negative symptoms.
             TRIAL REGISTRATION: EU Clinical Trials Register identifier:
             2014-004878-42​.},
   Doi = {10.4088/JCP.17m11753},
   Key = {fds336079}
}

@article{fds337108,
   Author = {Romero, HR and Monsch, AU and Hayden, KM and Plassman, BL and Atkins,
             AS and Keefe, RSE and Brewster, S and Chiang, C and O'Neil, J and Runyan,
             G and Atkinson, MJ and Crawford, S and Budur, K and Burns, DK and Welsh-Bohmer, KA},
   Title = {TOMMORROW neuropsychological battery: German language
             validation and normative study.},
   Journal = {Alzheimer'S & Dementia (New York, N. Y.)},
   Volume = {4},
   Pages = {314-323},
   Year = {2018},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2018.06.009},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Assessment of preclinical Alzheimer's disease
             (AD) requires reliable and validated methods to detect
             subtle cognitive changes. The battery of standardized
             cognitive assessments that is used for diagnostic criteria
             for mild cognitive impairment due to AD in the TOMMORROW
             study have only been fully validated in English-speaking
             countries. We conducted a validation and normative study of
             the German language version of the TOMMORROW
             neuropsychological test battery, which tests episodic
             memory, language, visuospatial ability, executive function,
             and attention. METHODS: German-speaking cognitively healthy
             controls (NCs) and subjects with AD were recruited from a
             memory clinic at a Swiss medical center. Construct validity,
             test-retest, and alternate form reliability were assessed in
             NCs. Criterion and discriminant validities of the cognitive
             measures were tested using logistic regression and
             discriminant analysis. Cross-cultural equivalency of
             performance of the German language tests was compared with
             English language tests. RESULTS: A total of 198 NCs and 25
             subjects with AD (aged 65-88 years) were analyzed. All
             German language tests discriminated NCs from persons with
             AD. Episodic memory tests had the highest potential to
             discriminate with almost twice the predictive power of any
             other domain. Test-retest reliability of the test battery
             was adequate, and alternate form reliability for episodic
             memory tests was supported. For most tests, age was a
             significant predictor of group effect sizes; therefore,
             normative data were stratified by age. Validity and
             reliability results were similar to those in the published
             US cognitive testing literature. DISCUSSION: This study
             establishes the reliability and validity of the German
             language TOMMORROW test battery, which performed similarly
             to the English language tests. Some variations in test
             performance underscore the importance of regional normative
             values. The German language battery and normative data will
             improve the precision of measuring cognition and diagnosing
             incident mild cognitive impairment due to AD in clinical
             settings in German-speaking countries.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.trci.2018.06.009},
   Key = {fds337108}
}

@article{fds326634,
   Author = {Hochberger, WC and Combs, T and Reilly, JL and Bishop, JR and Keefe,
             RSE and Clementz, BA and Keshavan, MS and Pearlson, GD and Tamminga, CA and Hill, SK and Sweeney, JA},
   Title = {Deviation from expected cognitive ability across psychotic
             disorders.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {192},
   Pages = {300-307},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.019},
   Abstract = {Patients with schizophrenia show a deficit in cognitive
             ability compared to estimated premorbid and familial
             intellectual abilities. However, the degree to which this
             pattern holds across psychotic disorders and is familial is
             unclear. The present study examined deviation from expected
             cognitive level in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder,
             and psychotic bipolar disorder probands and their
             first-degree relatives. Using a norm-based regression
             approach, parental education and WRAT-IV Reading scores
             (both significant predictors of cognitive level in the
             healthy control group) were used to predict global
             neuropsychological function as measured by the composite
             score from the Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (BACS) test in probands and relatives. When
             compared to healthy control group, psychotic probands showed
             a significant gap between observed and predicted BACS
             composite scores and a greater likelihood of robust
             cognitive decline. This effect was not seen in unaffected
             relatives. While BACS and WRAT-IV Reading scores were
             themselves highly familial, the decline in cognitive
             function from expectation had lower estimates of
             familiality. Thus, illness-related factors such as
             epigenetic, treatment, or pathophysiological factors may be
             important causes of illness related decline in cognitive
             abilities across psychotic disorders. This is consistent
             with the markedly greater level of cognitive impairment seen
             in affected individuals compared to their unaffected family
             members.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.019},
   Key = {fds326634}
}

@article{fds337740,
   Author = {Healey, KM and Penn, DL and Perkins, D and Woods, SW and Keefe, RSE and Addington, J},
   Title = {Latent Profile Analysis and Conversion to Psychosis:
             Characterizing Subgroups to Enhance Risk
             Prediction.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {44},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {286-296},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx080},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Groups at clinical high risk (CHR) of developing
             psychosis are heterogeneous, composed of individuals with
             different clusters of symptoms. It is likely that there
             exist subgroups, each associated with different symptom
             constellations and probabilities of conversion. METHOD:
             Present study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to
             ascertain subgroups in a combined sample of CHR (n = 171)
             and help-seeking controls (HSCs; n = 100; PREDICT study).
             Indicators in the LPA model included baseline Scale of
             Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS), Calgary Depression Scale for
             Schizophrenia (CDSS), and neurocognitive performance as
             measured by multiple instruments, including category
             instances (CAT). Subgroups were further characterized using
             covariates measuring demographic and clinical features.
             RESULTS: Three classes emerged: class 1 (mild, transition
             rate 5.6%), lowest SOPS and depression scores, intact
             neurocognitive performance; class 2 (paranoid-affective,
             transition rate 14.2%), highest suspiciousness, mild
             negative symptoms, moderate depression; and class 3
             (negative-neurocognitive, transition rate 29.3%), highest
             negative symptoms, neurocognitive impairment, social
             cognitive impairment. Classes 2 and 3 evidenced poor social
             functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Results support a subgroup
             approach to research, assessment, and treatment of
             help-seeking individuals. Class 3 may be an early risk stage
             of developing schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbx080},
   Key = {fds337740}
}

@article{fds327210,
   Author = {Xavier, RM and Pan, W and Dungan, JR and Keefe, RSE and Vorderstrasse,
             A},
   Title = {Unraveling interrelationships among psychopathology
             symptoms, cognitive domains and insight dimensions in
             chronic schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {193},
   Pages = {83-90},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.002},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Insight in schizophrenia is long known to have
             a complex relationship with psychopathology symptoms and
             cognition. However, very few studies have examined models
             that explain these interrelationships. METHODS: In a large
             sample derived from the NIMH Clinical Antipsychotic Trials
             of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial
             (N=1391), we interrogated these interrelationships for
             potential causal pathways using structural equation
             modeling. Using the NIMH consensus model, latent variables
             were constructed for psychopathology symptom dimensions,
             including positive, negative, disorganized, excited and
             depressed from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
             (PANSS) items. Neurocognitive variables were created from
             five predefined domains of working memory, verbal memory,
             reasoning, vigilance and processing speed. Illness insight
             and treatment insight were tested using latent variables
             constructed from the Illness and Treatment Attitude
             Questionnaire (ITAQ). RESULTS: Disorganized symptoms had the
             strongest effect on insight. Illness insight mediated the
             relationship of positive, depressed, and disorganized
             symptoms with treatment insight. Neurocognition mediated the
             relationship between disorganized and treatment insight and
             depressed symptoms and treatment insight. There was no
             effect of negative symptoms on either illness insight or
             treatment insight. Taken together, our results indicate
             overlapping and unique relational paths for illness and
             treatment insight dimensions, which could suggest
             differences in causal mechanisms and potential interventions
             to improve insight.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.002},
   Key = {fds327210}
}

@article{fds370730,
   Author = {Ventura, J and Welikson, T and Subotnik, KL and Ered, A and Keefe, R and Hellemann, GH and Nuechterlein, KH},
   Title = {T59. VIRTUAL REALTY ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN
             EARLY SCHIZOPHRENIA: ASSOCIATIONS WITH NEUROCOGNITION,
             FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY PERFORMANCE, AND DAILY
             FUNCTIONING},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {44},
   Number = {suppl_1},
   Pages = {S136-S137},
   Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby016.335},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sby016.335},
   Key = {fds370730}
}

@article{fds370731,
   Author = {Seccomandi, B and Agbedjro, D and Bell, M and Keefe, R and Keshavan, M and Galderisi, S and Medalia, A and Fiszdon, J and Maj, M and Mucci, A and Cavallato, R and Wykes, T and Cella, M},
   Title = {T206. DOES AGE INFLUENCE RESPONSE TO COGNITIVE
             REMEDIATION?},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {44},
   Number = {suppl_1},
   Pages = {S196-S197},
   Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby016.482},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sby016.482},
   Key = {fds370731}
}

@article{fds327061,
   Author = {Kendler, KS and Ohlsson, H and Keefe, RSE and Sundquist, K and Sundquist, J},
   Title = {The joint impact of cognitive performance in adolescence and
             familial cognitive aptitude on risk for major psychiatric
             disorders: a delineation of four potential pathways to
             illness.},
   Journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
   Volume = {23},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1076-1083},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.78},
   Abstract = {How do joint measures of premorbid cognitive ability and
             familial cognitive aptitude (FCA) reflect risk for a
             diversity of psychiatric and substance use disorders? To
             address this question, we examined, using Cox models, the
             predictive effects of school achievement (SA) measured at
             age 16 and FCA-assessed from SA in siblings and cousins, and
             educational attainment in parents-on risk for 12 major
             psychiatric syndromes in 1 140 608 Swedes born
             1972-1990. Four developmental patterns emerged. In the
             first, risk was predicted jointly by low levels of SA and
             high levels of FCA-that is a level of SA lower than would be
             predicted from the FCA. This pattern was strongest in autism
             spectrum disorders and schizophrenia, and weakest in bipolar
             illness. In these disorders, a pathologic process seems to
             have caused cognitive functioning to fall substantially
             short of familial potential. In the second pattern, seen in
             the internalizing conditions of major depression and anxiety
             disorders, risk was associated with low SA but was unrelated
             to FCA. Externalizing disorders-drug abuse and alcohol use
             disorders-demonstrated the third pattern, in which risk was
             predicted jointly by low SA and low FCA. The fourth pattern,
             seen in eating disorders, was directly opposite of that
             observed in externalizing disorders with risk associated
             with high SA and high FCA. When measured together,
             adolescent cognitive ability and FCA identified four
             developmental patterns leading to diverse psychiatric
             disorders. The value of cognitive assessments in psychiatric
             research can be substantially increased by also evaluating
             familial cognitive potential.},
   Doi = {10.1038/mp.2017.78},
   Key = {fds327061}
}

@article{fds336080,
   Author = {Shafee, R and Nanda, P and Padmanabhan, JL and Tandon, N and Alliey-Rodriguez, N and Kalapurakkel, S and Weiner, DJ and Gur, RE and Keefe, RSE and Hill, SK and Bishop, JR and Clementz, BA and Tamminga,
             CA and Gershon, ES and Pearlson, GD and Keshavan, MS and Sweeney, JA and McCarroll, SA and Robinson, EB},
   Title = {Polygenic risk for schizophrenia and measured domains of
             cognition in individuals with psychosis and
             controls.},
   Journal = {Translational Psychiatry},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {78},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0124-8},
   Abstract = {Psychotic disorders including schizophrenia are commonly
             accompanied by cognitive deficits. Recent studies have
             reported negative genetic correlations between schizophrenia
             and indicators of cognitive ability such as general
             intelligence and processing speed. Here we compare the
             effect of polygenetic risk for schizophrenia (PRSSCZ) on
             measures that differ in their relationships with psychosis
             onset: a measure of current cognitive abilities (the Brief
             Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, BACS) that is
             greatly reduced in psychotic disorder patients, a measure of
             premorbid intelligence that is minimally affected by
             psychosis onset (the Wide-Range Achievement Test, WRAT); and
             educational attainment (EY), which covaries with both BACS
             and WRAT. Using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism
             (SNP) data from 314 psychotic and 423 healthy research
             participants in the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for
             Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) Consortium, we investigated
             the association of PRSSCZ with BACS, WRAT, and EY. Among
             apparently healthy individuals, greater genetic risk for
             schizophrenia (PRSSCZ) was significantly associated with
             lower BACS scores (r = -0.17, p = 6.6 × 10-4 at
             PT = 1 × 10-4), but not with WRAT or EY. Among
             individuals with psychosis, PRSSCZ did not associate with
             variations in any of these three phenotypes. We further
             investigated the association between PRSSCZ and WRAT in more
             than 4500 healthy subjects from the Philadelphia
             Neurodevelopmental Cohort. The association was again null
             (p > 0.3, N = 4511), suggesting that different
             cognitive phenotypes vary in their etiologic relationship
             with schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1038/s41398-018-0124-8},
   Key = {fds336080}
}

@article{fds371748,
   Author = {Sand, M and Nakagome, K and Cordes, J and Brenner, R and Gründer, G and Keefe, R and Riesenberg, R and Walling, D and Daniels, K and Wang, L and Carter, K and Brown, D},
   Title = {T205. Effect of BI 409306 on Positive and Negative Syndrome
             Scale in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind,
             Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Trial},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {83},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {S207-S208},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.542},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.542},
   Key = {fds371748}
}

@article{fds329375,
   Author = {Blokland, GAM and Del Re and EC and Mesholam-Gately, RI and Jovicich, J and Trampush, JW and Keshavan, MS and DeLisi, LE and Walters, JTR and Turner, JA and Malhotra, AK and Lencz, T and Shenton, ME and Voineskos,
             AN and Rujescu, D and Giegling, I and Kahn, RS and Roffman, JL and Holt,
             DJ and Ehrlich, S and Kikinis, Z and Dazzan, P and Murray, RM and Di Forti,
             M and Lee, J and Sim, K and Lam, M and Wolthusen, RPF and de Zwarte, SMC and Walton, E and Cosgrove, D and Kelly, S and Maleki, N and Osiecki, L and Picchioni, MM and Bramon, E and Russo, M and David, AS and Mondelli, V and Reinders, AATS and Falcone, MA and Hartmann, AM and Konte, B and Morris,
             DW and Gill, M and Corvin, AP and Cahn, W and Ho, NF and Liu, JJ and Keefe,
             RSE and Gollub, RL and Manoach, DS and Calhoun, VD and Schulz, SC and Sponheim, SR and Goff, DC and Buka, SL and Cherkerzian, S and Thermenos,
             HW and Kubicki, M and Nestor, PG and Dickie, EW and Vassos, E and Ciufolini, S and Reis Marques and T and Crossley, NA and Purcell, SM and Smoller, JW and van Haren, NEM and Toulopoulou, T and Donohoe, G and Goldstein, JM and Seidman, LJ and McCarley, RW and Petryshen,
             TL},
   Title = {The Genetics of Endophenotypes of Neurofunction to
             Understand Schizophrenia (GENUS) consortium: A collaborative
             cognitive and neuroimaging genetics project.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {195},
   Pages = {306-317},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.024},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia has a large genetic component, and
             the pathways from genes to illness manifestation are
             beginning to be identified. The Genetics of Endophenotypes
             of Neurofunction to Understand Schizophrenia (GENUS)
             Consortium aims to clarify the role of genetic variation in
             brain abnormalities underlying schizophrenia. This article
             describes the GENUS Consortium sample collection. METHODS:
             We identified existing samples collected for schizophrenia
             studies consisting of patients, controls, and/or individuals
             at familial high-risk (FHR) for schizophrenia. Samples had
             single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data or genomic
             DNA, clinical and demographic data, and neuropsychological
             and/or brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Data
             were subjected to quality control procedures at a central
             site. RESULTS: Sixteen research groups contributed data from
             5199 psychosis patients, 4877 controls, and 725 FHR
             individuals. All participants have relevant demographic data
             and all patients have relevant clinical data. The sex ratio
             is 56.5% male and 43.5% female. Significant differences
             exist between diagnostic groups for premorbid and current IQ
             (both p<1×10-10). Data from a diversity of
             neuropsychological tests are available for 92% of
             participants, and 30% have structural MRI scans (half also
             have diffusion-weighted MRI scans). SNP data are available
             for 76% of participants. The ancestry composition is 70%
             European, 20% East Asian, 7% African, and 3% other.
             CONCLUSIONS: The Consortium is investigating the genetic
             contribution to brain phenotypes in a schizophrenia sample
             collection of >10,000 participants. The breadth of data
             across clinical, genetic, neuropsychological, and MRI
             modalities provides an important opportunity for elucidating
             the genetic basis of neural processes underlying
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.024},
   Key = {fds329375}
}

@article{fds336078,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Nomikos, G and Zhong, W and Christensen, MC and Jacobson,
             W},
   Title = {A Subgroup Analysis of the Impact of Vortioxetine on
             Functional Capacity, as Measured by UPSA, in Patients with
             Major Depressive Disorder and Subjective Cognitive
             Dysfunction.},
   Journal = {The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {21},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {442-447},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy020},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: We evaluated vortioxetine's effects on
             functional capacity in demographic and clinical subgroups of
             patients with major depressive disorder. METHODS: This was
             an exploratory analysis of the CONNECT study (NCT01564862)
             that evaluated changes in functional capacity using
             University of California San Diego Performance-based Skills
             Assessment data, categorized by sex, age, education,
             employment status, and baseline disease severity
             (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, Clinical Global
             Impressions-Severity of Illness). RESULTS: Greater changes
             in University of California San Diego Performance-based
             Skills Assessment composite scores were observed with
             vortioxetine vs placebo in specific subgroups: males
             (∆+3.2), females (∆+2.9), 45-54 or ≥55 years (∆+5.6,
             ∆+3.4), working (∆+2.8), high school or greater
             education (∆+2.7, ∆+2.8), disease severity
             (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, <30, ∆+3.5;
             ≥30, ∆+2.5; Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of
             Illness ≤4, ∆+2.8; >4, ∆+3.0), major depressive
             episodes (≤2, >2 [∆+2.7,+3.3]), and episode duration
             (≤22, >22 weeks [∆+3.7,+2.4]). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
             support the need for additional studies to assess whether
             vortioxetine improves functional capacity within specific
             patient subgroups. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY:
             clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01564862.},
   Doi = {10.1093/ijnp/pyy020},
   Key = {fds336078}
}

@article{fds329482,
   Author = {Xavier, RM and Vorderstrasse, A and Keefe, RSE and Dungan,
             JR},
   Title = {Genetic correlates of insight in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {195},
   Pages = {290-297},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.021},
   Abstract = {UNLABELLED: Insight in schizophrenia is clinically important
             as it is associated with several adverse outcomes. Genetic
             contributions to insight are unknown. We examined genetic
             contributions to insight by investigating if polygenic risk
             scores (PRS) and candidate regions were associated with
             insight. METHOD: Schizophrenia case-only analysis of the
             Clinical Antipsychotics Trials of Intervention Effectiveness
             trial. Schizophrenia PRS was constructed using Psychiatric
             Genomics Consortium (PGC) leave-one out GWAS as discovery
             data set. For candidate regions, we selected 105
             schizophrenia-associated autosomal loci and 11
             schizophrenia-related oligodendrocyte genes. We used
             regressions to examine PRS associations and set-based
             testing for candidate analysis. RESULTS: We examined data
             from 730 subjects. Best-fit PRS at p-threshold of 1e-07 was
             associated with total insight (R2=0.005, P=0.05, empirical
             P=0.054) and treatment insight (R2=0.005, P=0.048, empirical
             P=0.048). For models that controlled for neurocognition, PRS
             significantly predicted treatment insight but at higher
             p-thresholds (0.1 to 0.5) but did not survive correction.
             Patients with highest polygenic burden had 5.9 times
             increased risk for poor insight compared to patients with
             lowest burden. PRS explained 3.2% (P=0.002, empirical
             P=0.011) of variance in poor insight. Set-based analyses
             identified two variants associated with poor insight-
             rs320703, an intergenic variant (within-set P=6e-04, FDR
             P=0.046) and rs1479165 in SOX2-OT (within-set P=9e-04, FDR
             P=0.046). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is
             the first study examining genetic basis of insight. We
             provide evidence for genetic contributions to impaired
             insight. Relevance of findings and necessity for replication
             are discussed.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.021},
   Key = {fds329482}
}

@article{fds332787,
   Author = {Xavier, RM and Dungan, JR and Keefe, RSE and Vorderstrasse,
             A},
   Title = {Polygenic signal for symptom dimensions and cognitive
             performance in patients with chronic schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research. Cognition},
   Volume = {12},
   Pages = {11-19},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2018.01.001},
   Abstract = {Genetic etiology of psychopathology symptoms and cognitive
             performance in schizophrenia is supported by candidate gene
             and polygenic risk score (PRS) association studies. Such
             associations are reported to be dependent on several factors
             - sample characteristics, illness phase, illness severity
             etc. We aimed to examine if schizophrenia PRS predicted
             psychopathology symptoms and cognitive performance in
             patients with chronic schizophrenia. We also examined if
             schizophrenia associated autosomal loci were associated with
             specific symptoms or cognitive domains. Case-only analysis
             using data from the Clinical Antipsychotics Trials of
             Intervention Effectiveness-Schizophrenia trials
             (n = 730). PRS was constructed using Psychiatric
             Genomics Consortium (PGC) leave one out genome wide
             association analysis as the discovery data set. For
             candidate region analysis, we selected 105-schizophrenia
             associated autosomal loci from the PGC study. We found a
             significant effect of PRS on positive symptoms at
             p-threshold (PT ) of 0.5 (R2 = 0.007, p = 0.029,
             empirical p = 0.029) and negative symptoms at PT of
             1e-07 (R2 = 0.005, p = 0.047, empirical
             p = 0.048). For models that additionally controlled for
             neurocognition, best fit PRS predicted positive (p-threshold
             0.01, R2 = 0.007, p = 0.013, empirical
             p = 0.167) and negative symptoms (p-threshold 0.1,
             R2 = 0.012, p = 0.004, empirical p = 0.329). No
             associations were seen for overall neurocognitive and social
             cognitive performance tests. Post-hoc analyses revealed that
             PRS predicted working memory and vigilance performance but
             did not survive correction. No candidate regions that
             survived multiple testing corrections were associated with
             either symptoms or cognitive performance. Our findings point
             to potentially distinct pathogenic mechanisms for
             schizophrenia symptoms.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.scog.2018.01.001},
   Key = {fds332787}
}

@article{fds346907,
   Author = {Fava, M and Mahableshwarkar, AR and Jacobson, W and Zhong, W and Keefe,
             RS and Olsen, CK and Jaeger, J},
   Title = {What is the overlap between subjective and objective
             cognitive impairments in MDD?},
   Journal = {Ann Clin Psychiatry},
   Volume = {30},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {176-184},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {August},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairments, such as memory deficits
             and executive impairment, are common among patients with
             major depressive disorder (MDD) and can be captured with
             objective or subjective assessments. The aim of this
             post-hoc analysis of the CONNECT study was to assess the
             degree of overlap between subjective and objective cognitive
             impairment among MDD patients, and to evaluate associated
             clinical characteristics. METHODS: The study was conducted
             from April 2012 to February 2014 and enrolled a total of 602
             patients with MDD who reported subjective cognitive
             impairment. Efficacy was assessed using a battery of
             objective tests of cognitive function representing multiple
             domains: Digit Symbol Substitution Test performance, Trail
             Making Test A, Trail Making Test B, Congruent and
             Incongruent Stroop Test, Groton Maze Learning Test,
             Detection Task, Identification Task, and One-Back Task. The
             Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ) was
             used to capture patient-reported assessments of cognitive
             function. RESULTS: Although 48% of patients with MDD met our
             conservative criteria for subjectively defined marked
             cognitive impairment, 64% of patients with MDD met our
             conservative criteria for objectively defined cognitive
             impairment. Therefore, the proportion of patients defined as
             having impaired cognition was somewhat similar regardless of
             methodology. Overall, 80% of patients with MDD in this study
             reported either subjective or objective cognitive impairment
             per subjective and objective scales. However, the proportion
             of patients meeting criteria for both subjectively and
             objectively defined cognitive impairment was only 31%. This
             could be explained by the fact that the CPFQ total score was
             only modestly-although significantly-correlated with all but
             one of the objective tests. CONCLUSIONS: This post-hoc study
             shows that approximately 80% of patients with MDD
             participating in an antidepressant trial reported either
             subjective or objective cognitive impairment.},
   Key = {fds346907}
}

@article{fds337700,
   Author = {Lam, M and Lee, J and Rapisarda, A and See, YM and Yang, Z and Lee, S-A and Abdul-Rashid, NA and Kraus, M and Subramaniam, M and Chong, S-A and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Longitudinal Cognitive Changes in Young Individuals at
             Ultrahigh Risk for Psychosis.},
   Journal = {Jama Psychiatry},
   Volume = {75},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {929-939},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1668},
   Abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Cognitive deficits are a key feature of risk for
             psychosis. Longitudinal changes in cognitive architecture
             may be associated with the social and occupational
             functioning in young people. OBJECTIVES: To examine
             longitudinal profiles of cognition in individuals at
             ultrahigh risk (UHR) for psychosis, compared with healthy
             controls, and to investigate the association of cognition
             with functioning. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This
             study has a multiple-group prospective design completed in
             24 months and was conducted from January 1, 2009, to
             November 11, 2012, as part of the Longitudinal Youth at-Risk
             Study conducted in Singapore. Participants either were
             recruited from psychiatric outpatient clinics, educational
             institutions, and community mental health agencies or
             self-referred. Follow-up assessments were performed every 6
             months for 2 years or until conversion to psychosis.
             Individuals with medical causes for psychosis, current
             illicit substance use, or color blindness were excluded.
             Data analysis was conducted from June 2014 to May 2018. MAIN
             OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Neuropsychological, perceptual, and
             social cognitive tasks; semi-structured interviews, and the
             Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders
             were administered every 6 months. The UHR status of
             nonconverters, converters, remitters, and nonremitters was
             monitored. Cognitive domain scores and functioning were
             investigated longitudinally. RESULTS: In total, 384 healthy
             controls and 173 UHR individuals between ages 14 and 29
             years were evaluated prospectively. Of the 384 healthy
             controls, 153 (39.8%) were female and 231 (60.2%) were male
             with a mean (SD) age of 21.69 (3.26) years. Of the 173
             individuals at UHR for psychosis, 56 (32.4%) were female and
             117 (67.6%) were male with a mean (SD) age of 21.27 (3.52)
             years). After 24 months of follow-up, 383 healthy controls
             (99.7%) and 122 individuals at UHR for psychosis (70.5%)
             remained. Baseline cognitive deficits were associated with
             psychosis conversion later (mean odds ratio [OR], 1.66;
             combined 95% CI, 1.08-2.83; P = .04) and nonremission of
             UHR status (mean OR, 1.67; combined 95% CI, 1.09-2.95;
             P = .04). Five cognitive components-social cognition,
             attention, verbal fluency, general cognitive function, and
             perception-were obtained from principal components analysis.
             Longitudinal component structure change was observed in
             general cognitive function (maximum vertical
             deviation = 0.59; χ2 = 8.03; P = .01).
             Group-by-time interaction on general cognitive function
             (F = 12.23; η2 = 0.047; P < .001) and
             perception (F = 8.33; η2 = 0.032; P < .001) was
             present. Changes in attention (F = 5.65;
             η2 = 0.013; P = .02) and general cognitive function
             (F = 7.18; η2 = 0.014; P = .01) accounted for
             longitudinal changes in social and occupational functioning.
             CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Individuals in this study who met
             the UHR criteria appeared to demonstrate cognitive deficits,
             and those whose UHR status remitted were seen to recover
             cognitively. Cognition appeared as poor in nonremitters and
             appeared to be associated with poor functional outcome. This
             study suggests that cognitive dimensions are sensitive to
             the identification of young individuals at risk for
             psychosis and to the longitudinal course of those at highest
             risk.},
   Doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1668},
   Key = {fds337700}
}

@article{fds336077,
   Author = {Yang, Z and Lim, K and Lam, M and Keefe, R and Lee, J},
   Title = {Factor structure of the positive and negative syndrome scale
             (PANSS) in people at ultra high risk (UHR) for
             psychosis.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {201},
   Pages = {85-90},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.024},
   Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
             (PANSS), a comprehensive psychopathology assessment scale
             used in the evaluation of psychopathology in schizophrenia,
             is also often used in the Ultra-High-Risk (UHR) population.
             This paper examined the dimensional structure of the PANSS
             in a UHR sample. METHODS: A total of 168 individuals
             assessed to be at UHR for psychosis on the Comprehensive
             Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) were evaluated
             on the PANSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia
             (CDSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), and Global Assessment of
             Functioning (GAF). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the
             PANSS was performed to identify the factorial structure.
             Convergent validity was explored with the CAARMS, CDSS, BAI
             and BACS. RESULTS: EFA of the PANSS yielded five symptom
             factors - Positive, Negative, Cognition/Disorganization,
             Anxiety/Depression, and Hostility. This 5-factor solution
             showed good convergent validity with the CAARMS composite
             score, CDSS, BAI, and BACS. Positive, Negative and
             Anxiety/Depression factors were associated with functioning.
             CONCLUSION: The reported PANSS factor structure may serve to
             improve the understanding and measurement of clinical
             symptom dimensions manifested in people with UHR for future
             research and clinical setting.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.024},
   Key = {fds336077}
}

@article{fds339669,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Pani, L},
   Title = {Take This Cognitive Training Efficacy Bar Fight Outside (to
             a Regulatory Agency).},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and
             Neuroimaging},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {900-902},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.09.002},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.09.002},
   Key = {fds339669}
}

@article{fds339773,
   Author = {Wang, C and Lee, J and Ho, NF and Lim, JKW and Poh, JS and Rekhi, G and Krishnan, R and Keefe, RSE and Adcock, RA and Wood, SJ and Fornito, A and Chee, MWL and Zhou, J},
   Title = {Large-Scale Network Topology Reveals Heterogeneity in
             Individuals With at Risk Mental State for Psychosis:
             Findings From the Longitudinal Youth-at-Risk
             Study.},
   Journal = {Cerebral Cortex},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {4234-4243},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx278},
   Abstract = {Emerging evidence demonstrates heterogeneity in clinical
             outcomes of prodromal psychosis that only a small percentage
             of at-risk individuals eventually progress to full-blown
             psychosis. To examine the neurobiological underpinnings of
             this heterogeneity from a network perspective, we tested
             whether the early patterns of large-scale brain network
             topology were associated with risk of developing clinical
             psychosis. Task-free functional MRI data were acquired from
             subjects with At Risk Mental State (ARMS) for psychosis and
             healthy controls (HC). All individuals had no history of
             drug abuse and were not on antipsychotics. We performed
             functional connectomics analysis to identify patterns of
             system-level functional brain dysconnectivity associated
             with ARMS individuals with different outcomes. In comparison
             to HC and ARMS who did not transition to psychosis at
             follow-up (ARMS-NT), ARMS individuals who did (ARMS-T)
             showed marked brain functional dysconnectivity,
             characterized by loss of network segregation and disruption
             of network communities, especially the salience, default,
             dorsal attention, sensorimotor and limbic networks (P < 0.05
             FWE-corrected, Cohen's d > 1.00), and was associated with
             baseline symptom severity. In contrast, we did not observe
             connectivity differences between ARMS-NT and HC individuals.
             Taken together, these results suggest a possible large-scale
             functional brain network topology phenotype related to risk
             of psychosis transition in ARMS individuals.},
   Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhx278},
   Key = {fds339773}
}

@article{fds348865,
   Author = {Krystal, AD and Pizzagalli, DA and Mathew, SJ and Sanacora, G and Keefe,
             R and Song, A and Calabrese, J and Goddard, A and Goodman, W and Lisanby,
             SH and Smoski, M and Weiner, R and Iosifescu, D and Nurnberger, J and Szabo, S and Murrough, J and Shekhar, A and Potter,
             W},
   Title = {The first implementation of the NIMH FAST-FAIL approach to
             psychiatric drug development.},
   Journal = {Nat Rev Drug Discov},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {82-84},
   Year = {2018},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.222},
   Doi = {10.1038/nrd.2018.222},
   Key = {fds348865}
}

@article{fds371764,
   Author = {Keefe, R and Canadas, E and Song, D and Farlow, D},
   Title = {A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, 6-Week Trial to
             Assess a Novel Digital Intervention Designed to Improve
             Cognitive Dysfunction as Adjunct Therapy to Antidepressant
             Medication in Adults With Major Depressive
             Disorder},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {44},
   Number = {SUPPL 1},
   Pages = {425-425},
   Year = {2019},
   Key = {fds371764}
}

@article{fds338438,
   Author = {Kraus, MS and Walker, TM and Jarskog, LF and Millet, RA and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Basic auditory processing deficits and their association
             with auditory emotion recognition in schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {204},
   Pages = {155-161},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.031},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Individuals with schizophrenia are impaired in
             their ability to recognize emotions based on vocal cues and
             these impairments are associated with poor global outcome.
             Basic perceptual processes, such as auditory pitch
             processing, are impaired in schizophrenia and contribute to
             difficulty identifying emotions. However, previous work has
             focused on a relatively narrow assessment of auditory
             deficits and their relation to emotion recognition
             impairment in schizophrenia. METHODS: We have assessed 87
             patients with schizophrenia and 73 healthy controls on a
             comprehensive battery of tasks spanning the five empirically
             derived domains of auditory function. We also explored the
             relationship between basic auditory processing and auditory
             emotion recognition within the patient group using
             correlational analysis. RESULTS: Patients exhibited
             widespread auditory impairments across multiple domains of
             auditory function, with mostly medium effect sizes.
             Performance on all of the basic auditory tests correlated
             with auditory emotion recognition at the p < .01 level
             in the patient group, with 9 out of 13 tests correlating
             with emotion recognition at r = 0.40 or greater. After
             controlling for cognition, many of the largest correlations
             involved spectral processing within the phase-locking range
             and discrimination of vocally based stimuli. CONCLUSIONS:
             While many auditory skills contribute to this impairment,
             deficient formant discrimination appears to be a key skill
             contributing to impaired emotion recognition as this was the
             only basic auditory skill to enter a step-wise multiple
             regression after first entering a measure of cognitive
             impairment, and formant discrimination accounted for
             significant unique variance in emotion recognition
             performance after accounting for deficits in pitch
             processing.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.031},
   Key = {fds338438}
}

@article{fds342181,
   Author = {Brown, D and Nakagome, K and Cordes, J and Brenner, R and Gründer, G and Keefe, RSE and Riesenberg, R and Walling, DP and Daniels, K and Wang, L and McGinniss, J and Sand, M},
   Title = {Evaluation of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of BI
             409306, a Novel Phosphodiesterase 9 Inhibitor, in Cognitive
             Impairment in Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind,
             Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Trial.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {45},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {350-359},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby049},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients with cognitive impairment associated
             with schizophrenia may benefit from treatments targeting
             dysfunctional glutamatergic neurotransmission. BI 409306, a
             potent and selective phosphodiesterase 9 inhibitor, was
             assessed in patients with schizophrenia using a
             learn-and-confirm adaptive trial design. METHODS: This
             double-blind, parallel-group trial randomized patients
             2:1:1:1:1 to once-daily placebo or BI 409306 (10, 25, 50, or
             100 mg) for 12 weeks. Stage 1 (learn) assessed change from
             baseline in Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated
             Battery (CANTAB) scores (week 12) to identify ≥1
             meaningful endpoints for stage 2 (confirm). If no domains
             showed efficacy, change from baseline in Measurements and
             Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) composite
             scores (week 12) was the primary endpoint. The key secondary
             endpoint was change from baseline in Schizophrenia Cognition
             Rating Scale (SCoRS) total score. Safety was monitored.
             RESULTS: Five hundred eighteen patients were randomized. In
             stage 1, CANTAB did not differentiate between BI 409306 and
             placebo (n = 120), so the primary endpoint of change from
             baseline in MCCB composite score was analyzed in 450
             patients in stage 2. There was no significant difference
             between BI 409306 (1.2-2.8) and placebo (2.5) in MCCB
             composite score change. BI 409306 did not significantly
             improve change from baseline in SCoRS total score (-3.1 to
             -2.0) vs placebo (-2.5). Adverse events were dose-dependent,
             increasing from 33.3% (10 mg) to 53.5% (100 mg), vs 36.4%
             for placebo. CONCLUSION: The primary endpoint of cognitive
             function improvement was not met. BI 409306 was
             well-tolerated, with an acceptable safety
             profile.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sby049},
   Key = {fds342181}
}

@article{fds370535,
   Author = {Kraus, M and Walker, T and Perkins, D and Keefe, R},
   Title = {T32. INTACT AUDITORY PERCEPTION IN INDIVIDUALS AT CLINICAL
             HIGH RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {45},
   Number = {Supplement_2},
   Pages = {S215-S215},
   Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz019.312},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbz019.312},
   Key = {fds370535}
}

@article{fds370728,
   Author = {Harvey, P and Khan, A and Atkins, A and Keefe, R},
   Title = {O5.7. VIRTUAL REALITY FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT IN
             PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: CORRELATES OF PERFORMANCE OF
             SOLITARY AND SOCIALLY RELEVANT TASKS},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {45},
   Number = {Supplement_2},
   Pages = {S175-S175},
   Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz021.216},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbz021.216},
   Key = {fds370728}
}

@article{fds370729,
   Author = {Podhorna, J and Hake, S and Groeschl, M and Pollentier, S and Atkins, A and Keefe, R},
   Title = {S27. EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF BI 425809
             ONCE DAILY IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: METHODOLOGY OF A
             RANDOMIZED TRIAL},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {45},
   Number = {Supplement_2},
   Pages = {S315-S316},
   Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz020.572},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbz020.572},
   Key = {fds370729}
}

@article{fds371921,
   Author = {Krystal, A and Pizzagalli, D and Smoski, M and Mathew, S and Nurnberger,
             J and Lisanby, S and Iosifescu, D and Murrough, J and Weiner, R and Calabrese, J and Sanacora, G and Keefe, R and Song, A and Goodman, W and Szabo, S and Whitten, A and Gao, K and Potter, W},
   Title = {116. Results of the NIMH FAST-MAS Phase IIa Proof of
             Mechanism Study of the Effects of the Selective κ Opioid
             Antagonist JNJ-67953964 on fMRI Ventral Striatal Activity in
             Anhedonic Patients},
   Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
   Volume = {85},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {S48-S49},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.130},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.130},
   Key = {fds371921}
}

@article{fds342388,
   Author = {Mahncke, HW and Kim, S-J and Rose, A and Stasio, C and Buckley, P and Caroff, S and Duncan, E and Yasmin, S and Jarskog, LF and Lamberti, JS and Nuechterlein, K and Strassnig, M and Velligan, D and Ventura, J and Walker, T and Stroup, TS and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Evaluation of a plasticity-based cognitive training program
             in schizophrenia: Results from the eCaesar
             trial.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {208},
   Pages = {182-189},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.006},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is a core
             feature of the disorder. Computerized cognitive training has
             shown promise in pilot studies. A 26-week randomized blinded
             placebo-controlled trial was conducted to investigate the
             effect of a novel computerized cognitive training program on
             cognitive and functional capacity outcomes. METHOD: The
             study followed MATRICS guidelines for the evaluation of
             interventions designed to improve cognitive function in
             schizophrenia. Participants (N = 150) were randomized to
             experimental (computerized cognitive training in a game-like
             format) or active control (computer games) groups. Training
             was conducted in-clinic, with an intended training schedule
             of 5 days per week, 1 h per day, for 26 weeks.
             Co-primary outcome measures were the MATRICS Consensus
             Cognitive Battery (MCCB) composite score and the UCSD
             Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA-2) total score,
             secondary outcome measures included the Cognitive Assessment
             Interview (CAI) and the Short-Form-12 Mental Composite Score
             (SF-12 MCS). Target engagement was assessed with
             task-learning based assessment. RESULTS: At baseline, the
             groups were well matched. No significant effect of the
             experimental treatment was seen on the primary or secondary
             outcome measures compared to the active control. Review of
             the task learning/target engagement data suggested
             inadequate target engagement. CONCLUSIONS: Results do not
             support a cognitive or functional capacity benefit from this
             implementation of a computerized cognitive training program
             in people with schizophrenia. In future trials, careful
             consideration is merited of the assessment of task
             learning/target engagement, the effects of making the
             cognitive training game-like on motivation, and the implicit
             effects of trial requirements on participant
             selection.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.006},
   Key = {fds342388}
}

@article{fds343406,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Why are there no approved treatments for cognitive
             impairment in schizophrenia?},
   Journal = {World Psychiatry : Official Journal of the World Psychiatric
             Association (Wpa)},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {167-168},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {June},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20648},
   Doi = {10.1002/wps.20648},
   Key = {fds343406}
}

@article{fds341562,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Khan, A and Atkins, A and Keefe, RS},
   Title = {Virtual reality assessment of functional capacity in people
             with Schizophrenia: Associations with reduced emotional
             experience and prediction of functional outcomes.},
   Journal = {Psychiatry Research},
   Volume = {277},
   Pages = {58-63},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.045},
   Abstract = {Virtual Reality (VR) approaches have had considerable
             success in measurement of functional capacity. However, it
             is not clear if factors other than cognitive impairment
             influence performance on VR measures. Many people with
             schizophrenia have significant negative symptoms and they
             could reduce engagement in assessment. 158 patients with
             schizophrenia performed the VRFCAT, were tested with the
             MCCB, were rated with the PANSS, and were rated on everyday
             functioning. Scores for reduced emotional experience and
             reduced expression were derived. Reduced emotional
             experience, but not reduced expression, was correlated with
             socially relevant VRFCAT subtasks and real-world social
             functioning. Performance on the socially relevant subtasks,
             but not the solitary subtasks, shared variance with work
             outcomes. MCCB performance was associated with both
             subdomains, but socially relevant subtasks shared more
             variance. Patients with higher reduced emotional experience
             validly engaged in socially relevant VR simulations, as
             indexed by correlations with outcome measures. These
             patients had poorer performance on socially relevant tasks
             than on solitary tasks. The differential validity of
             solitary vs. socially relevant simulations was supported by
             differences in correlates, suggesting that assessments with
             a focus on performance of simulated socially relevant tasks
             could be developed.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.045},
   Key = {fds341562}
}

@article{fds343768,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Khan, A and Atkins, A and Walker, TM and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Comprehensive review of the research employing the
             schizophrenia cognition rating scale (SCoRS).},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {210},
   Pages = {30-38},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.040},
   Abstract = {This review of research utilizing the Schizophrenia
             Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) outlines the development,
             evaluation, validation, and implementation of the SCoRS to
             assess whether the scale meets the criteria as a functional
             co-primary as defined by the MATRICS-CT initiative.
             Interview-based co-primary assessments should be: 1)
             practical and easy to administer for a clinician or
             researcher; 2) validated in individuals with schizophrenia;
             3) contain the relevant areas of cognition and functioning
             applicable to schizophrenia; 4) able to assess all phases
             and severity levels of schizophrenia; 5) capable of
             monitoring disease progression; 6) minimal burden to
             patients; and 7) sensitive to assess treatment effects. A
             review of the literature was conducted to present
             information on the development, psychometric properties and
             usage of the SCoRS. Review of the development of the SCoRS
             followed the parameters outlined for scale development on
             content expert validation and feedback. The SCoRS shows good
             psychometric properties in various studies, and demonstrates
             low burden on clinicians and patients. The items measure
             global concepts that do not require notable cultural
             modification, making international use feasible. While
             multiple performance-based tests in cognition and functional
             outcomes are available, there is a need for a multi-domain,
             interview-based assessment of cognitive progression and
             treatment response in clinical trials. The SCoRS appears to
             meet many of the criteria for an optimal co-primary measure
             for schizophrenia cognition clinical trials as defined in
             the MATRICS-CT initiative.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.040},
   Key = {fds343768}
}

@article{fds372050,
   Author = {Podhorna, J and Hake, S and Zhao, Y and Groeschl, M and Pollentier, S and Atkins, A and Keefe, R},
   Title = {P.244 Novel endpoints of motivation and reinforcement
             learning in a large interventional clinical trial of BI
             425809 in patients with schizophrenia},
   Journal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {29},
   Pages = {S187-S188},
   Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.286},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.286},
   Key = {fds372050}
}

@article{fds343766,
   Author = {Pani, L and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Approaches to attenuated psychosis syndrome treatments: A
             perspective on the regulatory issues.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research. Cognition},
   Volume = {18},
   Pages = {100155},
   Year = {2019},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2019.100155},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.scog.2019.100155},
   Key = {fds343766}
}

@article{fds370726,
   Author = {Horan, B and Hake, S and Huang, S and Zhao, Y and Keefe, R and Atkins, A and Podhorna, J},
   Title = {BI 425809 Once Daily in Patients With Schizophrenia:
             Feasibility of Novel Endpoints to Assess
             Motivation},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {45},
   Number = {SUPPL 1},
   Pages = {131-132},
   Year = {2020},
   Key = {fds370726}
}

@article{fds370727,
   Author = {Lindenmayer, J-P and Khan, A and Harvey, P and Keefe, R and Liharska, L and Yavorsky, C and Seddo, M},
   Title = {IMPAIRED CLINICAL INSIGHT AS A PREDICTOR OF RELAPSE IN
             SCHIZOPHRENIA},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {46},
   Pages = {S180-S181},
   Year = {2020},
   Key = {fds370727}
}

@article{fds371763,
   Author = {Nuechterlein, K and Tishler, T and Ellingson, B and Ventura, J and Williamson, D and Turkoz, I and Keefe, R and O'Donnell, A and Alphs,
             L},
   Title = {Frontal Intracortical Myelin Volume is Related to Speed of
             Processing in Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia
             Assessed With the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery
             (MCCB)},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {45},
   Number = {SUPPL 1},
   Pages = {336-337},
   Year = {2020},
   Key = {fds371763}
}

@article{fds349932,
   Author = {Goldberg, TE and Harvey, PD and Devanand, DP and Keefe, RSE and Gomar,
             JJ},
   Title = {Development of an UPSA Short Form for Use in Longitudinal
             Studies in the Early Alzheimer's Disease
             Spectrum.},
   Journal = {The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer'S
             Disease},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {179-183},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2019.51},
   Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>In individuals with only mild or very
             mild cognitive attenuations (i.e., so-called pre-clinical
             AD), performance-based measures of function may be superior
             to informant-based measures because of increased
             sensitivity, greater reliability, and fewer ceiling
             effects.<h4>Objective</h4>We sought to determine if a
             performance-based measure of everyday function would
             demonstrate adequate psychometric properties and validity in
             the context of serial assessment over a one-year period in
             patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and early
             stage Alzheimer's disease (AD).<h4>Design</h4>Participants
             were assessed with the performance-based measure at
             baseline, six weeks, and one year.<h4>Setting</h4>A
             specialized center for the assessment and treatment of
             AD.<h4>Participants</h4>Three groups of subjects
             participated: a healthy subjects (HS) older cognitively
             intact group (N=43), an MCI group (N=20), and an AD group
             (N=26).<h4>Measurements</h4>A three subtest short form of
             the UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA) (called
             the UPSA-3) was the measure of interest. It consisted of the
             Communication, Planning, and Finance subtests.<h4>Results</h4>Mixed
             model repeated measures were used to assess performance over
             time. Large group effects were present (HS>MCI>AD).
             Additionally, the AD and MCI groups demonstrated declines
             over one year, while the HS group remained stable (group x
             time interaction p=.11). The MCI/AD group demonstrated
             adequate test-retest reliability and did not demonstrate
             ceiling or floor effects.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Our data
             indicate that the UPSA-3 is suitable for clinical trials in
             that it has adequate ecological coverage and reasonable
             psychometric properties, and perhaps most importantly,
             demonstrates validity in serial assessments.},
   Doi = {10.14283/jpad.2019.51},
   Key = {fds349932}
}

@article{fds343767,
   Author = {Ventura, J and Welikson, T and Ered, A and Subotnik, KL and Keefe, RSE and Hellemann, GS and Nuechterlein, KH},
   Title = {Virtual reality assessment of functional capacity in the
             early course of schizophrenia: Associations with cognitive
             performance and daily functioning.},
   Journal = {Early Interv Psychiatry},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {106-114},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eip.12831},
   Abstract = {AIM: Computer-based virtual reality assessments of
             functional capacity have shown promise as a reliable and
             valid way to assess individuals with multi-episode
             schizophrenia. However, there has been little research
             utilizing this innovative approach with young patients who
             are in the early phase of schizophrenia. METHODS:
             Outpatients in the early course of schizophrenia (n = 42)
             were compared to controls (n = 13) at cross-sectional study
             points. Patients were within 2 years of their first
             psychotic episode, were an average of 22.2 years old and had
             an average of 12.3 years of education. We used the Virtual
             Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) and the
             University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Performance-Based
             Skills Assessment-2 (UPSA-2) to assess functional capacity.
             The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the
             Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI) were the measures of
             cognitive functioning. The Global Functioning Scale: Role
             (GFS-R) and Social (GFS-S), and the Role Functioning Scale
             (RFS) were the measures of daily functioning. RESULTS: Early
             course patients vs controls were slower (patient M
             = 830.41 seconds vs control M = 716.84 seconds; t = 3.0,
             P < .01) and committed more errors (patient M = 3.2 vs
             control M = 1.7 seconds, t = 2.9, P < .01) on the VRFCAT.
             Total time was significantly correlated with the UPSA (r =
             -0.66, P < .01), MCCB (r = -0.70, P < .01), CAI (r =
             -0.51, P < .01), and GFS role (r = -0.52, P <. 01) and
             social functioning (r = -0.43, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: We
             extend previous findings to patients with first-episode
             schizophrenia. Virtual-reality-based performance was
             correlated with a standard test of functional capacity,
             indicating VRFCAT validity. Furthermore, correlations with
             cognitive functioning and occupational/school and social
             functioning indicate promise as a co-primary measure to
             track changes in response to treatment.},
   Doi = {10.1111/eip.12831},
   Key = {fds343767}
}

@article{fds347052,
   Author = {Kraus, MS and Gold, JM and Barch, DM and Walker, TM and Chun, CA and Buchanan, RW and Csernansky, JG and Goff, DC and Green, MF and Jarskog,
             LF and Javitt, DC and Kimhy, D and Lieberman, JA and McEvoy, JP and Mesholam-Gately, RI and Seidman, LJ and Ball, MP and Kern, RS and McMahon, RP and Robinson, J and Marder, SR and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {The characteristics of cognitive neuroscience tests in a
             schizophrenia cognition clinical trial: Psychometric
             properties and correlations with standard
             measures.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research. Cognition},
   Volume = {19},
   Pages = {100161},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2019.100161},
   Abstract = {In comparison to batteries of standard neuropsychological
             tests, cognitive neuroscience tests may offer a more
             specific assessment of discrete neurobiological processes
             that may be aberrant in schizophrenia. However, more
             information regarding psychometric properties and
             correlations with standard neuropsychological tests and
             functional measures is warranted to establish their validity
             as treatment outcome measures. The N-back and AX-Continuous
             Performance Task (AX-CPT) are two promising cognitive
             neuroscience tests designed to measure specific components
             of working memory and contextual processing respectively. In
             the current study, we report the psychometric properties of
             multiple outcome measures from these two tests as well as
             their correlations with standard neuropsychological measures
             and functional capacity measures. The results suggest that
             while the AX-CPT and N-back display favorable psychometric
             properties, they do not exhibit greater sensitivity or
             specificity with functional measures than standard
             neurocognitive tests.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.scog.2019.100161},
   Key = {fds347052}
}

@article{fds349057,
   Author = {Rakesh, G and Mischel, NA and Luber, B and Keefe, RSE and Emory, S and Lisanby, SH and Szabo, ST},
   Title = {Theta Burst for Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia: A
             Case Series and Feasibility Study.},
   Journal = {J Ect},
   Volume = {36},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {72-74},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0000000000000625},
   Doi = {10.1097/YCT.0000000000000625},
   Key = {fds349057}
}

@article{fds349213,
   Author = {Kollins, SH and DeLoss, DJ and Cañadas, E and Lutz, J and Findling, RL and Keefe, RSE and Epstein, JN and Cutler, AJ and Faraone,
             SV},
   Title = {A novel digital intervention for actively reducing severity
             of paediatric ADHD (STARS-ADHD): a randomised controlled
             trial.},
   Journal = {The Lancet Digital Health},
   Volume = {2},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {e168-e178},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30017-0},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
             is a common paediatric neurodevelopmental disorder with
             substantial effect on families and society. Alternatives to
             traditional care, including novel digital therapeutics, have
             shown promise to remediate cognitive deficits associated
             with this disorder and may address barriers to standard
             therapies, such as pharmacological interventions and
             behavioural therapy. AKL-T01 is an investigational digital
             therapeutic designed to target attention and cognitive
             control delivered through a video game-like interface via
             at-home play for 25 min per day, 5 days per week for 4
             weeks. This study aimed to assess whether AKL-T01 improved
             attentional performance in paediatric patients with ADHD.
             METHODS: The Software Treatment for Actively Reducing
             Severity of ADHD (STARS-ADHD) was a randomised,
             double-blind, parallel-group, controlled trial of paediatric
             patients (aged 8-12 years, without disorder-related
             medications) with confirmed ADHD and Test of Variables of
             Attention (TOVA) Attention Performance Index (API) scores of
             -1·8 and below done by 20 research institutions in the USA.
             Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to AKL-T01 or a digital
             control intervention. The primary outcome was mean change in
             TOVA API from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Safety,
             tolerability, and compliance were also assessed. Analyses
             were done in the intention-to-treat population. This trial
             is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02674633 and is
             completed. FINDINGS: Between July 15, 2016, and Nov 30,
             2017, 857 patients were evaluated and 348 were randomly
             assigned to receive AKL-T01 or control. Among patients who
             received AKL-T01 (n=180 [52%]; mean [SD] age, 9·7 [1·3]
             years) or control (n=168 [48%]; mean [SD] age, 9·6 [1·3]
             years), the non-parametric estimate of the population median
             change from baseline TOVA API was 0·88 (95% CI 0·24-1·49;
             p=0·0060). The mean (SD) change from baseline on the TOVA
             API was 0·93 (3·15) in the AKL-T01 group and 0·03 (3·16)
             in the control group. There were no serious adverse events
             or discontinuations. Treatment-related adverse events were
             mild and included frustration (5 [3%] of 180) and headache
             (3 [2%] of 180). Patient compliance was a mean of 83 (83%)
             of 100 expected sessions played (SD, 29·2 sessions).
             INTERPRETATION: Although future research is needed for this
             digital intervention, this study provides evidence that
             AKL-T01 might be used to improve objectively measured
             inattention in paediatric patients with ADHD, while
             presenting minimal adverse events. FUNDING: Sponsored by
             Akili Interactive Labs.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30017-0},
   Key = {fds349213}
}

@article{fds349715,
   Author = {Ho, NF and Lee, BJH and Tng, JXJ and Lam, MZY and Chen, G and Wang, M and Zhou, J and Keefe, RSE and Sim, K},
   Title = {Corticolimbic brain anomalies are associated with cognitive
             subtypes in psychosis: A longitudinal study.},
   Journal = {Eur Psychiatry},
   Volume = {63},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {e40},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.36},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Earlier studies examining structural brain
             abnormalities associated with cognitively derived subgroups
             were mainly cross-sectional in design and had mixed
             findings. Thus, we obtained cross-sectional and longitudinal
             data to characterize the extent and trajectory of brain
             structure abnormalities underlying distinct cognitive
             subtypes ("preserved," "deteriorated," and "compromised")
             seen in psychotic spectrum disorders. METHODS: Data from 364
             subjects (225 patients with psychotic conditions and 139
             healthy controls) were first used to determine the
             relationship of cognitive subtypes with cross-sectional
             measures of subcortical volume and cortical thickness. To
             probe neurodevelopmental abnormalities, brain structure
             laterality was examined. To examine whether neuroprogressive
             abnormalities persist, longitudinal brain structural changes
             over 5 years were examined within a subset of 101 subjects.
             Subsequent discriminant analysis using the identified brain
             measures was performed on an independent subject group.
             RESULTS: Cross-sectional comparisons showed that cortical
             thinning and limbic volume reductions were most widespread
             in "deteriorated" cognitive subtype. Laterality comparisons
             showed more rightward amygdala lateralization in
             "compromised" than "preserved" subtype. Longitudinal
             comparisons revealed progressive hippocampal shrinkage in
             "deteriorated" compared with healthy controls and
             "preserved" subtype, which correlated with worse negative
             symptoms, cognitive and psychosocial functioning. Post-hoc
             discrimination analysis on an independent group of 52
             subjects using the identified brain structures found an
             overall accuracy of 71% for classification of cognitive
             subtypes. CONCLUSION: These findings point toward distinct
             extent and trajectory of corticolimbic abnormalities
             associated with cognitive subtypes in psychosis, which can
             allow further understanding of the biological course of
             cognitive functioning over illness course and with
             treatment.},
   Doi = {10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.36},
   Key = {fds349715}
}

@article{fds349352,
   Author = {Krystal, AD and Pizzagalli, DA and Smoski, M and Mathew, SJ and Nurnberger, J and Lisanby, SH and Iosifescu, D and Murrough, JW and Yang, H and Weiner, RD and Calabrese, JR and Sanacora, G and Hermes, G and Keefe, RSE and Song, A and Goodman, W and Szabo, ST and Whitton, AE and Gao, K and Potter, WZ},
   Title = {A randomized proof-of-mechanism trial applying the
             'fast-fail' approach to evaluating κ-opioid antagonism as a
             treatment for anhedonia.},
   Journal = {Nat Med},
   Volume = {26},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {760-768},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0806-7},
   Abstract = {The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) 'fast-fail'
             approach seeks to improve too-often-misleading early-phase
             drug development methods by incorporating biomarker-based
             proof-of-mechanism (POM) testing in phase 2a. This first
             comprehensive application of the fast-fail approach
             evaluated the potential of κ-opioid receptor (KOR)
             antagonism for treating anhedonia with a POM study
             determining whether robust target engagement favorably
             impacts the brain circuitry hypothesized to mediate clinical
             effects. Here we report the results from a multicenter,
             8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial
             in patients with anhedonia and a mood or anxiety disorder
             (selective KOR antagonist (JNJ-67953964, 10 mg;
             n = 45) and placebo (n = 44)). JNJ-67953964
             significantly increased functional magnetic resonance
             imaging (fMRI) ventral striatum activation during reward
             anticipation (primary outcome) as compared to placebo
             (baseline-adjusted mean: JNJ-67953964, 0.72
             (s.d. = 0.67); placebo, 0.33 (s.d. = 0.68);
             F(1,86) = 5.58, P < 0.01; effect size = 0.58
             (95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.99)). JNJ-67953964,
             generally well tolerated, was not associated with any
             serious adverse events. This study supports proceeding with
             assessment of the clinical impact of target engagement and
             serves as a model for implementing the 'fast-fail'
             approach.},
   Doi = {10.1038/s41591-020-0806-7},
   Key = {fds349352}
}

@article{fds350570,
   Author = {Chaturvedi, R and Kraus, M and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {A new measure of authentic auditory emotion recognition:
             Application to patients with schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {222},
   Pages = {450-454},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {August},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.043},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many social processes such as emotion
             recognition are severely impaired in patients with
             schizophrenia. While basic auditory processing seems to play
             a key role in identifying emotions, research in this field
             is limited due to the lack of proper assessment batteries.
             Many of the widely accepted tests utilize actors to portray
             certain emotions-these batteries are less ecologically and
             face valid. METHODS: This study utilized a newly developed
             auditory emotion recognition test that contained natural
             stimuli from spontaneous displays of emotions to assess 28
             patients with schizophrenia and 16 healthy controls.
             RESULTS: The results indicate that the newly developed test,
             referred to as the INTONATION Test, is more sensitive to the
             emotion recognition deficits in patients with schizophrenia
             than previously used measures. The correlations of the
             INTONATION Test measures with basic auditory processes were
             similar to established tests of auditory emotion. Particular
             emotion sub scores from the INTONTATION test, such as
             happiness, demonstrated the strongest correlations with
             specific auditory processing skills, such as formant
             discrimination and sinusoidal amplitude modulation detection
             (SAM60). CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study indicate
             that auditory emotion recognition impairments are more
             pronounced in patients with schizophrenia when perceiving
             authentic displays of emotion. Understanding these deficits
             could help specify the nature of auditory emotion
             recognition deficits in patients with schizophrenia and
             those at risk.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.043},
   Key = {fds350570}
}

@article{fds350817,
   Author = {Lindenmayer, J-P and Goldring, A and Borne, S and Khan, A and Keefe,
             RSE and Insel, BJ and Thanju, A and Ljuri, I and Foreman,
             B},
   Title = {Assessing instrumental activities of daily living (iADL)
             with a game-based assessment for individuals with
             schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {223},
   Pages = {166-172},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.07.001},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Virtual Reality Functional Capacity
             Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is an "applied" game-based
             assessment that uses a multi-level functional task to assess
             instrumental activities of daily living (iADL). This study
             examines the feasibility, convergent validity, and
             predictive ability of the VRFCAT in a sample of inpatients
             with chronic schizophrenia. METHODS: Inpatients with a DSM-5
             diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder,
             completed the VRFCAT prior to discharge. The UPSA-B, SLOF,
             and PSP were administered, both at baseline and after
             four-weeks in the community. VRFCAT performance scores were
             compared to published data from the VRFCAT validation study.
             RESULTS: All 62 participants completed the VRFCAT. Compared
             to the performance of stable outpatients, participants
             performed 1.50 SDs below the VRFCAT mean adjusted total time
             (ATT) (Validation study: Mean T Score = 32.5,
             SD = 16.59) with more errors. The VRFCAT ATT T-score was
             significantly correlated with baseline UPSA-B total score
             (p = 0.005) and PSP Global score (p = 0.010). 34
             participants completed the follow-up period (55%), and 28
             were lost to follow-up. There were no statistically
             significant differences in VRFCAT scores between these two
             groups (all p > 0.29). The VRFCAT composite score at
             baseline was significantly associated with the UPSA-B total
             score (p = 0.010) and the PSP total score (p = 0.008) at
             four-weeks, as was the PSP Socially Useful Activities
             subscale score (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The VRFCAT is a
             valid measure of iADLs in inpatients with chronic
             schizophrenia. The VRFCAT predicted instrumental functioning
             four-weeks post-discharge. Future studies should examine
             other moderators of measures of functional capacity
             pre-discharge, predicting function later in the
             community.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2020.07.001},
   Key = {fds350817}
}

@article{fds349351,
   Author = {Kilciksiz, CM and Keefe, R and Benoit, J and Öngür, D and Torous,
             J},
   Title = {Verbal memory measurement towards digital perspectives in
             first-episode psychosis: A review.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research. Cognition},
   Volume = {21},
   Pages = {100177},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2020.100177},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Even in the early phases of psychotic spectrum
             illnesses such as schizophrenia, patients can experience
             cognitive decline or deficits prior to the onset of
             psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. In
             this systematic review, we assessed which verbal memory
             assessments are most widely used in first-episode psychosis
             and may be applied via digital technologies (smartphone
             applications, etc.) for use in early detection. METHODS: In
             November 2019, we searched for studies measuring verbal
             memory in first episode psychosis or schizophrenia over the
             past 10 years on PubMed and PsycINFO. We screened abstracts
             of these studies and excluded review studies. Full-texts of
             included studies were used to identify the verbal memory
             measurement tests, follow-up frequencies, and sample sizes.
             RESULTS: We screened 233 reports and found that 120 original
             research studies measured verbal memory in first episode
             psychosis over the past 10 years. Four of these studies
             specified using a computer, 24 (20%) used a paper-pen
             format, 1(1%) used both, and 91 (76%) studies did not
             specify their administration tools or suggest there were
             offered in digital formats. Thirty-five (30%) studies had
             follow-up measurements of verbal memory, while 85 (70%) had
             only a single verbal memory measurement. DISCUSSION: While
             many scales are commonly used to measure verbal memory in
             first episode psychosis, they are not often administered via
             digital technology. There is an emerging opportunity to
             administer these and other tests via digital technologies
             for expanding access to early detection of cognitive decline
             in clinical high risk and first-episode psychosis.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.scog.2020.100177},
   Key = {fds349351}
}

@article{fds352555,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Horan, WP and Atkins, AS and Stevens, H and Welch, M and Yuan, J and Patterson, TL and Narasimhan, M and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Factor structure of cognitive performance and functional
             capacity in schizophrenia: Evidence for differences across
             functional capacity measures.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {223},
   Pages = {297-304},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.08.010},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognition and functional capacity predict
             functional outcomes in mental illness. Traditional
             approaches conceptualize cognition as comprised of domains,
             but many studies support a unifactorial structure. Some
             functional capacity measures may share a single-factor
             structure with cognition. In this study, we examined the
             factor structure of two measures of functional capacity, a
             conventional assessment and a newer computerized assessment,
             testing for a shared factor structure with cognition.
             METHODS: Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls
             were examined with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery
             (MCCB), the UCSD Performance Based Skills Assessment (UPSA),
             and the Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool
             (VRFCAT). Models of the factor structures of the MCCB, UPSA,
             and VRFCAT were calculated, as were correlations between
             MCCB scores and individual VRFCAT objectives. RESULTS: The
             MCCB, VRFCAT, and UPSA all had unifactorial structures. The
             best fitting model of the correlations between MCCB and UPSA
             was a shared single factor, while the best fit for the
             relationship between MCCB and VRFCAT had two factors.
             Correlations between the MCCB domain and composite scores
             and the VRFCAT objectives suggested global rather than
             specific patterns of correlation. DISCUSSION: The
             relationship between cognitive performance and functional
             capacity was found to vary across functional capacity
             assessments. The UPSA and MCCB were not differentiated into
             separate factors, suggesting that the UPSA may overlap with
             neurocognitive performance. However, the VRFCAT appears to
             measure functional abilities that are separable from, yet
             correlated with, neurocognitive performance. It may provide
             a more distinctive assessment of the functional capacity
             construct.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2020.08.010},
   Key = {fds352555}
}

@article{fds350818,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Green, MF and Harvey, PD},
   Title = {Requisite Skills and the Meaningful Measurement of
             Cognition.},
   Journal = {Jama Psychiatry},
   Volume = {77},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {1103-1104},
   Year = {2020},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1618},
   Doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1618},
   Key = {fds350818}
}

@article{fds359635,
   Author = {Turner, TH and Atkins, A and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool
             (VRFCAT-SL) in Parkinson's Disease.},
   Journal = {J Parkinsons Dis},
   Volume = {11},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1917-1925},
   Year = {2021},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-212688},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is common in Parkinson's
             disease (PD) and highly associated with loss of
             independence, caregiver burden, and assisted living
             placement. The need for cognitive functional capacity tools
             validated for use in PD clinical and research applications
             has thus been emphasized in the literature. The Virtual
             Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT-SL) is a
             tablet-based instrument that assesses proficiency for
             performing real world tasks in a highly realistic
             environment. OBJECTIVE: The present study explored
             application of the VRFCAT-SL in clinical assessments of
             patients with PD. Specifically, we examined associations
             between VRFCAT-SL performance and measures of cognition,
             motor severity, and self-reported cognitive functioning.
             METHODS: The VRFCAT-SL was completed by a sample of 29 PD
             patients seen in clinic for a comprehensive
             neuropsychological evaluation. Fifteen patients met Movement
             Disorders Society Task Force criteria for mild cognitive
             impairment (PD-MCI); no patients were diagnosed with
             dementia. Non-parametric correlations between VRFCAT-SL
             performance and standardized neuropsychological tests and
             clinical measures were examined. RESULTS: VRFCAT-SL
             performance was moderately associated with global rank on
             neuropsychological testing and discriminated PD-MCI.
             Follow-up analyses found completion time was associated with
             visual memory, sustained attention, and set-switching, while
             errors were associated with psychomotor inhibition. No
             clinical or motor measures were associated with VRFCAT-SL
             performance. Self-report was not associated with VRFCAT-SL
             or neuropsychological test performance. CONCLUSION: The
             VRFCAT-SL appears to provide a useful measure of cognitive
             functional capacity that is not confounded by PD motor
             symptoms. Future studies will examine utility in PD
             dementia.},
   Doi = {10.3233/JPD-212688},
   Key = {fds359635}
}

@article{fds354357,
   Author = {Seccomandi, B and Agbedjro, D and Bell, M and Keefe, RSE and Keshavan,
             M and Galderisi, S and Fiszdon, J and Mucci, A and Cavallaro, R and Bechi,
             M and Ojeda, N and Peña, J and Wykes, T and Cella, M},
   Title = {Can IQ moderate the response to cognitive remediation in
             people with schizophrenia?},
   Journal = {J Psychiatr Res},
   Volume = {133},
   Pages = {38-45},
   Year = {2021},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.013},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: IQ and IQ decline are considered risk factors
             for poor prognosis in people with a diagnosis of
             schizophrenia. However, it is still not clear if, at least
             in part, IQ and IQ decline influence long-term outcomes via
             a negative effect on interventions. AIM: To identify whether
             current IQ, estimated premorbid IQ, or IQ decline moderate
             the response to cognitive remediation (CR). METHOD:
             Individual participant data from twelve randomised
             controlled trials of CR were considered. Hierarchical and
             k-means analyses were carried out to identify different IQ
             clusters. The moderating effect of estimated premorbid IQ,
             current IQ, and different IQ clusters (preserved,
             deteriorated and compromised trajectories) on cognitive
             outcomes at post-therapy and follow-up were evaluated using
             multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Data from 984
             participants (CR = 544, control = 440) with
             schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders were considered.
             The sample had a mean current IQ of 84.16 (SD 15.61) and
             estimated premorbid IQ of 95.82 (SD 10.63). Current IQ
             moderated working memory outcomes: people with higher IQ had
             larger working memory gains after therapy compared to those
             with a lower IQ. Those with a preserved IQ had better
             cognitive outcomes compared to either the deteriorated or
             compromised IQ groups, and those with a deteriorated IQ had
             better outcomes compared to those in the compromised IQ
             group. CONCLUSION: Current IQ is a significant moderator of
             cognitive gains after CR. These findings highlight the need
             to evaluate whether therapy adaptations (e.g. offering more
             sessions) can attenuate this effect so that those with lower
             IQ may derive benefit similar to those with higher
             IQ.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.013},
   Key = {fds354357}
}

@article{fds355040,
   Author = {Seccomandi, B and Agbedjro, D and Bell, M and Keefe, RSE and Keshavan,
             M and Galderisi, S and Fiszdon, J and Mucci, A and Cavallaro, R and Ojeda,
             N and Peña, J and Müller, D and Roder, V and Wykes, T and Cella,
             M},
   Title = {Exploring the role of age as a moderator of cognitive
             remediation for people with schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {228},
   Pages = {29-35},
   Year = {2021},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.060},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: While Cognitive Remediation (CR) is effective in
             reducing cognitive and functioning difficulties in people
             with schizophrenia, there is variability in treatment
             response. Previous research suggested that participants' age
             may be a significant moderator of CR response. AIM: To
             examine the impact of participants' age on CR outcomes.
             METHOD: Individual participant data were accessed from
             fourteen CR randomised controlled trials. We tested the
             moderating effect of participants' age on cognitive and
             functioning outcomes using multivariate linear models.
             RESULTS: Data from 1084 people with a diagnosis of
             schizophrenia were considered. Participants had a mean age
             of 36.6 years (SD 11), with 11.6 years of education (SD
             2.8), and an average duration of illness of 13.5 years (SD
             10.7). Multivariate models showed that participants' age,
             when considered as a continuous variable, was not a
             significant moderator of treatment effect for cognitive and
             functioning outcomes. However, when participants were split
             by median age, younger participants showed higher gains in
             executive functions following CR compared to older
             participants (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: These results suggest
             that participants' age does not moderate most CR outcomes.
             However, larger age differences may influence the effect of
             CR on executive function. This may suggest some adaptation
             of CR practice according to participants' age. These
             findings inform the CR personalisation agenda.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.060},
   Key = {fds355040}
}

@article{fds355504,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Where do we cut the bell-shaped curve of
             CIAS?},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {228},
   Pages = {633-634},
   Year = {2021},
   Month = {February},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.013},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.013},
   Key = {fds355504}
}

@article{fds353538,
   Author = {Cohen, EA and Hassman, HH and Ereshefsky, L and Walling, DP and Grindell, VM and Keefe, RSE and Wyka, K and Horan,
             WP},
   Title = {Placebo response mitigation with a participant-focused
             psychoeducational procedure: a randomized, single-blind, all
             placebo study in major depressive and psychotic
             disorders.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {46},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {844-850},
   Year = {2021},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00911-5},
   Abstract = {The remarkably high and growing placebo response rates in
             clinical trials for CNS indications, such as depression and
             schizophrenia, constitute a major challenge for the drug
             development enterprise. Despite extensive literature on
             participant expectancies and other potent psychosocial
             factors that perpetuate placebo response, no empirically
             validated participant-focused strategies to mitigate this
             phenomenon have been available. This study evaluated the
             efficacy of the Placebo-Control Reminder Script (PCRS), a
             brief interactive procedure that educates participants about
             factors known to cause placebo response, which was
             administered prior to the primary outcome assessments to
             subjects with major depressive or psychotic disorders who
             had at least moderate depression. Participants were informed
             they would participate in a 2-week randomized clinical trial
             with a 50% chance of receiving either an experimental
             antidepressant medication or placebo. In actuality, all
             participants received placebo. Participants randomly
             assigned to receive the PCRS (n = 70) reported
             significantly smaller reductions (i.e., less placebo
             response) in depression than those who did not receive the
             PCRS (n = 67). The magnitude of this effect was medium
             (Cohen's d = 0.40) and was not significantly impacted by
             diagnostic status. The number of adverse events (i.e.,
             nocebo effect) was also lower in the PCRS group,
             particularly in the first week of the study. These findings
             suggest that briefly educating participants about placebo
             response factors can help mitigate the large placebo
             response rates that are increasingly seen in failed CNS drug
             development programs.},
   Doi = {10.1038/s41386-020-00911-5},
   Key = {fds353538}
}

@article{fds355910,
   Author = {Fleischhacker, WW and Podhorna, J and Gröschl, M and Hake, S and Zhao,
             Y and Huang, S and Keefe, RSE and Desch, M and Brenner, R and Walling, DP and Mantero-Atienza, E and Nakagome, K and Pollentier,
             S},
   Title = {Efficacy and safety of the novel glycine transporter
             inhibitor BI 425809 once daily in patients with
             schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomised,
             placebo-controlled phase 2 study.},
   Journal = {Lancet Psychiatry},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {191-201},
   Year = {2021},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30513-7},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment associated with
             schizophrenia predicts poor functional outcomes, but
             currently no approved pharmacotherapy is available. This
             study investigated whether the glycine transporter-1
             inhibitor BI 425809 improves cognition in patients with
             schizophrenia. METHODS: This phase 2, randomised,
             double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial (81
             centres, 11 countries), randomly assigned outpatients (aged
             18-50 years) with schizophrenia on stable treatment to
             add-on once-daily oral BI 425809 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, or 25 mg
             or placebo (1:1:1:1:2) for 12 weeks. Treatment was assigned
             in blocks using interactive response technology; patients,
             investigators, and all trial personnel were masked to group
             assignment. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in
             MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) overall composite
             T-score at week 12. Six predefined dose-response models were
             evaluated using a multiple comparison procedure and
             modelling approach with mixed model repeated measures to
             assess evidence for a non-flat dose-response relationship
             for cognitive improvements with BI 425809. Adverse events
             were monitored. Safety analyses included all randomly
             allocated patients who received one or more doses of trial
             medication; efficacy analyses included patients from this
             set who also had available baseline data and at least one
             post-baseline on-treatment measurement for the primary or
             secondary endpoint. This study is registered with
             ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02832037. FINDINGS: 509
             patients were randomly assigned between April 25, 2018, and
             Oct 4, 2019 (BI 425809 2 mg, n=85; 5 mg, n=84; 10 mg, n=85;
             25 mg, n=85; placebo, n=170 444 (87%) completed the 12-week
             treatment. Five of six dose-response models showed a
             statistically significant benefit of BI 425809 over placebo
             (linear [t=2·55, p=0·015], linear in log [t=2·56,
             p=0·015]; Emax [t=2·75, p=0·0089], sigmoid Emax [t=2·98,
             p=0·0038], logistic [t=2·77, p=0·0085]). Pairwise
             comparisons showed greater mean improvement from baseline in
             MCCB overall composite T-score at week 12 with BI 425809 10
             mg and 25 mg versus placebo (adjusted mean difference 1·98
             [95% CI 0·43-3·53] for 10 mg and 1·73 [0·18-3·28] for
             25 mg; standardised effect size 0·34 for 10 mg and 0·30
             for 25 mg). Adverse events were balanced across groups,
             reported in 50 (59%) of 85 patients on BI 425809 2 mg, 44
             (52%) of 84 on 5 mg, 35 (41%) of 85 on 10 mg, 36 (42%) of 85
             on 25 mg, and 74 (44%) of 170 on placebo. INTERPRETATION: BI
             425809 improved cognition after 12 weeks in patients with
             schizophrenia; doses of 10 mg and 25 mg showed the largest
             separation from placebo. If these encouraging results are
             confirmed in phase 3 trials, BI 425809 could provide an
             effective treatment for cognitive impairment associated with
             schizophrenia. FUNDING: Boehringer Ingelheim.},
   Doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30513-7},
   Key = {fds355910}
}

@article{fds354388,
   Author = {Lim, K and Smucny, J and Barch, DM and Lam, M and Keefe, RSE and Lee,
             J},
   Title = {Cognitive Subtyping in Schizophrenia: A Latent Profile
             Analysis.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin},
   Volume = {47},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {712-721},
   Year = {2021},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa157},
   Abstract = {Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of schizophrenia.
             The subtyping of cognitive performance in schizophrenia may
             aid the refinement of disease heterogeneity. The literature
             on cognitive subtyping in schizophrenia, however, is limited
             by variable methodologies and neuropsychological tasks, lack
             of validation, and paucity of studies examining longitudinal
             stability of profiles. It is also unclear if cognitive
             profiles represent a single linear severity continuum or
             unique cognitive subtypes. Cognitive performance measured
             with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was
             analyzed in schizophrenia patients (n = 767). Healthy
             controls (n = 1012) were included as reference group. Latent
             profile analysis was performed in a schizophrenia discovery
             cohort (n = 659) and replicated in an independent cohort (n
             = 108). Longitudinal stability of cognitive profiles was
             evaluated with latent transition analysis in a 10-week
             follow-up cohort. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was
             carried out to investigate if cognitive profiles represent a
             unidimensional structure. A 4-profile solution was obtained
             from the discovery cohort and replicated in an independent
             cohort. It comprised of a "less-impaired" cognitive subtype,
             2 subtypes with "intermediate cognitive impairment"
             differentiated by executive function performance, and a
             "globally impaired" cognitive subtype. This solution showed
             relative stability across time. CFA revealed that cognitive
             profiles are better explained by distinct meaningful
             profiles than a severity linear continuum. Associations
             between profiles and negative symptoms were observed. The
             subtyping of schizophrenia patients based on cognitive
             performance and its associations with symptomatology may aid
             phenotype refinement, mapping of specific biological
             mechanisms, and tailored clinical treatments.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbaa157},
   Key = {fds354388}
}

@article{fds366331,
   Author = {Eum, S and Hill, SK and Alliey-Rodriguez, N and Stevenson, JM and Rubin,
             LH and Lee, AM and Mills, LJ and Reilly, JL and Lencer, R and Keedy, SK and Ivleva, E and Keefe, RSE and Pearlson, GD and Clementz, BA and Tamminga,
             CA and Keshavan, MS and Gershon, ES and Sweeney, JA and Bishop,
             JR},
   Title = {Genome-wide association study accounting for anticholinergic
             burden to examine cognitive dysfunction in psychotic
             disorders.},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {46},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1802-1810},
   Year = {2021},
   Month = {September},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01057-8},
   Abstract = {Identifying genetic contributors to cognitive impairments in
             psychosis-spectrum disorders can advance understanding of
             disease pathophysiology. Although CNS medications are known
             to affect cognitive performance, they are often not
             accounted for in genetic association studies. In this study,
             we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of
             global cognitive performance, measured as composite z-scores
             from the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (BACS), in persons with psychotic disorders and controls
             (N = 817; 682 cases and 135 controls) from the
             Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes
             (B-SNIP) study. Analyses accounting for anticholinergic
             exposures from both psychiatric and non-psychiatric
             medications revealed five significantly associated variants
             located at the chromosome 3p21.1 locus, with the top SNP
             rs1076425 in the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 1
             (ITIH1) gene (P = 3.25×E-9). The inclusion of
             anticholinergic burden improved association models
             (P < 0.001) and the number of significant SNPs
             identified. The effect sizes and direction of effect of the
             top variants remained consistent when investigating findings
             within individuals receiving specific antipsychotic drugs
             and after accounting for antipsychotic dose. These
             associations were replicated in a separate study sample of
             untreated first-episode psychosis. The chromosome 3p21.1
             locus was previously reported to have association with the
             risk for psychotic disorders and cognitive performance in
             healthy individuals. Our findings suggest that this region
             may be a psychosis risk locus that is associated with
             cognitive mechanisms. Our data highlight the general point
             that the inclusion of medication exposure information may
             improve the detection of gene-cognition associations in
             psychiatric genetic research.},
   Doi = {10.1038/s41386-021-01057-8},
   Key = {fds366331}
}

@article{fds358788,
   Author = {Eskridge, CLM and Hochberger, WC and Kaseda, ET and Lencer, R and Reilly, JL and Keedy, SK and Keefe, RSE and Pearlson, GD and Keshavan,
             MS and Tamminga, CA and Sweeney, JA and Hill, SK},
   Title = {Deficits in generalized cognitive ability, visual
             sensorimotor function, and inhibitory control represent
             discrete domains of neurobehavioral deficit in psychotic
             disorders.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {236},
   Pages = {54-60},
   Year = {2021},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.036},
   Abstract = {Psychotic disorders are characterized by impaired cognition,
             yet some reports indicate specific deficits extend beyond
             reduced general cognitive ability. This study utilized
             exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic methods to
             evaluate the latent structure of a broad neurocognitive
             battery used in the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network of
             Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) study, which included
             neuropsychological and neurophysiological measures in
             psychotic disorder probands and their unaffected
             first-degree relatives. Findings indicate that the factor
             structure of data from this set of assessments is more
             complex than the unitary factor of global cognitive ability
             underlying the Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia (BACS). In addition to assessing generalized
             cognitive ability, two other factors were identified: visual
             sensorimotor function and inhibitory behavioral control.
             This complex cognitive architecture, derived in controls,
             generalized to patients across the psychosis spectrum and to
             their unaffected relatives. These findings highlight the
             need for a more differentiated assessment of neurobehavioral
             functions in studies designed to test for diagnostically
             specific biomarkers, endophenotypes for gene discovery and
             beneficial effects of therapeutics on cognitive
             function.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.036},
   Key = {fds358788}
}

@article{fds354288,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Woods, SW and Cannon, TD and Ruhrmann, S and Mathalon,
             DH and McGuire, P and Rosenbrock, H and Daniels, K and Cotton, D and Roy,
             D and Pollentier, S and Sand, M},
   Title = {A randomized Phase II trial evaluating efficacy, safety, and
             tolerability of oral BI 409306 in attenuated psychosis
             syndrome: Design and rationale.},
   Journal = {Early Interv Psychiatry},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1315-1325},
   Year = {2021},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eip.13083},
   Abstract = {AIM: Attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS), a condition for
             further study in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
             Mental Disorders-5, comprises psychotic symptoms that are
             qualitatively similar to those observed in schizophrenia but
             are less severe. Patients with APS are at high risk of
             converting to first-episode psychosis (FEP). As evidence for
             effective pharmacological interventions in APS is limited,
             novel treatments may provide symptomatic relief and
             delay/prevent psychotic conversion. This trial aims to
             investigate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of BI
             409306, a potent and selective phosphodiesterase-9
             inhibitor, versus placebo in APS. Novel biomarkers of
             psychosis are being investigated. METHODS: In this Phase II,
             multinational, double-blind, parallel-group trial,
             randomized (1:1) patients will receive BI 409306 50 mg or
             placebo twice daily for 52 weeks. Patients (n = 300)
             will be enrolled to determine time to remission of APS, time
             to FEP, change in everyday functional capacity
             (Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale), and change from
             baseline in Brief Assessment of Cognition composite score
             and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores. Potential
             biomarkers of psychosis under investigation include
             functional measures of brain activity and automated speech
             analyses. Safety is being assessed throughout. CONCLUSIONS:
             This trial will determine whether BI 409306 is superior to
             placebo in achieving sustainable remission of APS and
             improvements in cognition and functional capacity. These
             advances may provide evidence-based treatment options for
             symptomatic relief in APS. Furthermore, the study will
             assess the effect of BI 409306 on psychotic conversion and
             explore the identification of patients at risk for
             conversion using novel biomarkers.},
   Doi = {10.1111/eip.13083},
   Key = {fds354288}
}

@article{fds371761,
   Author = {Zhang, L and Lizano, P and Xu, Y and Rubin, L and Lee, A and Lencer, R and Reilly, J and Keefe, R and Keedy, S and Pearlson, G and Clementz, B and Keshavan, M and Gershon, E and Tamminga, C and Sweeney, JA and Hill, S and Bishop, J},
   Title = {Peripheral Inflammation is Associated With Impairments of
             Inhibitory Behavioral Control and Visual Sensorimotor
             Function in Psychotic Disorders},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {47},
   Pages = {380-381},
   Year = {2022},
   Key = {fds371761}
}

@article{fds371760,
   Author = {Brady, L and Eremenc, S and Keefe, R and Trivedi, M and Sand, M and Koblan,
             K and Stafford, E and Streiff, R and Lisanby, S},
   Title = {Developing Novel Clinical Outcome Assessments (COAs) for
             Psychiatric Illnesses},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {47},
   Pages = {2-3},
   Year = {2022},
   Key = {fds371760}
}

@article{fds371762,
   Author = {Horan, B and Depp, C and Hurst, S and Klein, H and Harvey, P and Keefe,
             R},
   Title = {Content Validation of a Functional Co-Primary Measure for
             Clinical Trials Targeting Cognitive Impairment Associated
             With Schizophrenia (CIAS): An FDA-Funded
             Study},
   Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
   Volume = {47},
   Pages = {383-384},
   Year = {2022},
   Key = {fds371762}
}

@article{fds366684,
   Author = {Atkins, AS and Kraus, MS and Welch, M and Yuan, Z and Stevens, H and Welsh-Bohmer, KA and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {Remote self-administration of digital cognitive tests using
             the Brief Assessment of Cognition: Feasibility, reliability,
             and sensitivity to subjective cognitive decline.},
   Journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
   Volume = {13},
   Pages = {910896},
   Year = {2022},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.910896},
   Abstract = {Cognitive impairment is a common and pervasive feature of
             etiologically diverse disorders of the central nervous
             system, and a target indication for a growing number of
             symptomatic and disease modifying drugs. Remotely acquired
             digital endpoints have been recognized for their potential
             in providing frequent, real-time monitoring of cognition,
             but their ultimate value will be determined by the
             reliability and sensitivity of measurement in the
             populations of interest. To this end, we describe initial
             validation of remote self-administration of cognitive tests
             within a regulatorily compliant tablet-based platform.
             Participants were 61 older adults (age 55+), including 20
             individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD). To
             allow comparison between remote (in-home) and site-based
             testing, participants completed 2 testing sessions 1 week
             apart. Results for three of four cognitive domains assessed
             demonstrated equivalence between remote and site-based
             tests, with high cross-modality ICCs (absolute agreement)
             for Symbol Coding (ICC = 0.75), Visuospatial Working Memory
             (ICC = 0.70) and Verbal Fluency (ICC > 0.73). Group
             differences in these domains were significant and reflected
             sensitivity to objective cognitive impairment in the SCD
             group for both remote and site-based testing (p < 0.05). In
             contrast, performance on tests of verbal episodic memory
             suggested inflated performance during unmonitored testing
             and indicate reliable use of remote cognitive assessments
             may depend on the construct, as well as the population being
             tested.},
   Doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.910896},
   Key = {fds366684}
}

@article{fds362559,
   Author = {Kraus, MS and Walker, TM and Perkins, D and Keefe,
             RSE},
   Title = {Basic auditory processing and emotion recognition in
             individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research. Cognition},
   Volume = {27},
   Pages = {100225},
   Year = {2022},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2021.100225},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.scog.2021.100225},
   Key = {fds362559}
}

@article{fds362794,
   Author = {Lim, K and Rapisarda, A and Keefe, RSE and Lee, J},
   Title = {Social skills, negative symptoms and real-world functioning
             in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis.},
   Journal = {Asian J Psychiatr},
   Volume = {69},
   Pages = {102996},
   Year = {2022},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102996},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Impairment in real-world social functioning is
             observed in individuals at Ultra-High Risk (UHR) of
             psychosis. Both social skills and negative symptoms appear
             to influence real-world functioning. This study aims to
             examine the psychometric properties of a social skills
             measure, the High-Risk Social Challenge task (HiSoC), and
             evaluate the relationship between social skills, negative
             symptoms, and real-world functioning in UHR individuals.
             METHODS: HiSoC data was analysed in 87 UHR individuals and
             358 healthy controls. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was
             used to evaluate the factor structure of the HiSoC task.
             Convergent and divergent validity were assessed. Negative
             symptoms were assessed on the Positive and Negative Syndrome
             Scale (PANSS) and real-world functioning was indexed by the
             Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Commonality analysis
             was used to partition unique and shared variance of HiSoC
             and negative symptoms with real-world functioning. RESULTS:
             EFA yielded a three-factor structure of HiSoC consisting of
             Affect, Odd behaviour and language, and Social-interpersonal.
             The HiSoC task discriminated UHR and healthy controls
             (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.437-0.598). Commonality
             analysis revealed that the unique variance of the social
             amotivation subdomain of negative symptoms was the strongest
             predictor of GAF (p < .001, R2 = .480). Shared variance
             of 3.7% between HiSoC Social-interpersonal and social
             amotivation was observed in relation to functioning.
             CONCLUSION: The HiSoC is a psychometrically valid task that
             is sensitive to identify social skill deficits in UHR. While
             social skills are related to functioning, experiential
             negative symptoms appear to be an important target for
             improving real-world functional outcomes.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102996},
   Key = {fds362794}
}

@article{fds362558,
   Author = {Zhang, L and Hill, SK and Guo, B and Wu, B and Alliey-Rodriguez, N and Eum,
             S and Lizano, P and Ivleva, EI and Reilly, JL and Keefe, RSE and Keedy, SK and Tamminga, CA and Pearlson, GD and Clementz, BA and Keshavan, MS and Gershon, ES and Sweeney, JA and Bishop, JR},
   Title = {Impact of polygenic risk for coronary artery disease and
             cardiovascular medication burden on cognitive impairment in
             psychotic disorders.},
   Journal = {Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry},
   Volume = {113},
   Pages = {110464},
   Year = {2022},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110464},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is a core deficit across
             psychotic disorders, the causes and therapeutics of which
             remain unclear. Epidemiological observations have suggested
             associations between cognitive dysfunction in psychotic
             disorders and cardiovascular risk factors, but an underlying
             etiology has not been established. METHODS:
             Neuropsychological performance using the Brief Assessment of
             Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) was assessed in 616
             individuals of European ancestry (403 psychosis, 213
             controls). Polygenic risk scores for coronary artery disease
             (PRSCAD) were quantified for each participant across 13
             p-value thresholds (PT 0.5-5e-8). Cardiovascular and
             psychotropic medications were categorized for association
             analyses. Each PRSCAD was examined in relation to the BACS
             and the optimized PT was confirmed with five-fold
             cross-validation and independent validation. Functional
             enrichment analyses were used to identify biological
             mechanisms linked to PRSCAD-cognition associations. Multiple
             regression analyses examined PRSCAD under the optimal PT and
             medication burden in relation to the BACS composite and
             subtest scores. RESULTS: Higher PRSCAD was associated with
             lower BACS composite scores (p = 0.001) in the psychosis
             group, primarily driven by the Verbal Memory subtest
             (p < 0.001). Genes linked to multiple nervous system
             related processes and pathways were significantly enriched
             in PRSCAD. After controlling for PRSCAD, a greater number of
             cardiovascular medications was also correlated with worse
             BACS performance in patients with psychotic disorders
             (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Higher PRSCAD and taking more
             cardiovascular medications were both significantly
             associated with cognitive impairment in psychosis. These
             findings indicate that cardiovascular factors may increase
             the risk for cognitive dysfunction and related functional
             outcomes among individuals with psychotic
             disorders.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110464},
   Key = {fds362558}
}

@article{fds363085,
   Author = {Keefe, RSE and Cañadas, E and Farlow, D and Etkin,
             A},
   Title = {Digital Intervention for Cognitive Deficits in Major
             Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess Efficacy
             and Safety in Adults.},
   Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
   Volume = {179},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {482-489},
   Year = {2022},
   Month = {July},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.21020125},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated AKL-T03, an investigational
             digital intervention delivered through a video game-based
             interface, designed to target the fronto-parietal network to
             enhance functional domains for attentional control. AKL-T03
             was tested in adult patients with major depressive disorder
             and a demonstrated cognitive impairment at baseline.
             METHODS: Adults ages 25-55 years on a stable antidepressant
             medication regimen with residual mild to moderate depression
             and an objective impairment in cognition (as measured using
             the symbol coding test) were enrolled in a double-blind
             randomized controlled study. Participants were randomized
             either to AKL-T03 or to an expectation-matched digital
             control intervention. Participants were assessed at baseline
             and after completion of their 6-week at-home intervention.
             The primary outcome measure was improvement in sustained
             attention, as measured by the Test of Variables of Attention
             (TOVA). RESULTS: AKL-T03 (N=37) showed a statistically
             significant medium-effect-size improvement in sustained
             attention compared with the control intervention on the TOVA
             primary outcome (N=37) (partial eta-squared=0.11).
             Additionally, a composite score derived from all cognitive
             measures demonstrated significant improvement with AKL-T03
             over the control intervention. Individual secondary and
             exploratory endpoints did not demonstrate statistically
             significant between-group differences. No serious adverse
             events were reported, and two patients (5.5%) in the AKL-T03
             group reported an intervention-related adverse event
             (headache). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with AKL-T03 resulted in
             significant improvement in sustained attention, as well as
             in cognitive functioning as a whole, compared with a control
             intervention. AKL-T03 is a safe digital intervention that is
             effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment
             associated with major depression. Further research will be
             needed to understand the clinical consequences of this
             treatment-induced change.},
   Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.21020125},
   Key = {fds363085}
}

@article{fds366161,
   Author = {Seccomandi, B and Agbedjro, D and Keefe, RSE and Galderisi, S and Fiszdon, J and Mucci, A and Wykes, T and Cella, M},
   Title = {Evaluating how treatment adherence influences cognitive
             remediation outcomes.},
   Journal = {Behav Res Ther},
   Volume = {158},
   Pages = {104186},
   Year = {2022},
   Month = {November},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104186},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is evidence that Cognitive Remediation
             (CR) is an efficacious approach to reduce cognitive and
             functioning difficulties in people with schizophrenia.
             However, there is still a limited understanding of what
             influences different treatment responses. Treatment
             adherence has been suggested as one factor but has not been
             investigated systematically. AIM: To investigate how the
             number of CR sessions completed influences treatment
             outcomes. METHOD: This study used data from six randomised
             controlled trials comparing CR to a control condition.
             Instrumental variable analysis was used to evaluate the
             effect of number of treatment sessions on cognitive and
             functional outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was
             conducted to identify significant predictors of session
             attendance. RESULTS: A total of 440 participants with
             schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis were considered.
             Participants were mostly men (71.6%) and had a mean age of
             39.6 (SD 10.69). A higher number of CR sessions led to
             larger improvements in executive function and processing
             speed at end of therapy. However, number of sessions did not
             influence outcomes for working memory and functioning.
             Younger age and higher levels of negative symptoms at
             baseline were associated with higher treatment attendance.
             CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the importance of
             treatment adherence and underscore the importance of massed
             practice, at least for some cognitive outcomes. While it may
             be complex to assess a single session's contribution to
             outcome in a dose-response fashion, accessing more sessions
             seems associated with some cognitive benefits. Observing a
             relationship to functioning may require longer
             therapy.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.brat.2022.104186},
   Key = {fds366161}
}

@article{fds366160,
   Author = {Williamson, DJ and Nuechterlein, KH and Tishler, T and Ventura, J and Ellingson, BM and Turkoz, I and Keefe, RSE and Alphs,
             L},
   Title = {Dispersion of cognitive performance test scores on the
             MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery: A different
             perspective.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research. Cognition},
   Volume = {30},
   Pages = {100270},
   Year = {2022},
   Month = {December},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2022.100270},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Persons with schizophrenia exhibit greater
             neurocognitive test score dispersion. Here, we seek to
             characterize dispersion on the Neurocognitive Composite
             subtests of the Measurement of Treatment Research to Improve
             Cognition in Schizophrena Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
             and determine the relative effects of different
             antipsychotic formulations on dispersion and mean
             performance. METHOD: In this post hoc analysis of the DREaM
             study (NCT02431702), which compared treatment with
             paliperidone palmitate (PP) long-acting injectable with oral
             antipsychotic (OAP) treatment over 18 months, dispersion in
             MCCB neurocognitive subtest performance was calculated for
             each participant by visit (test occasion). RESULTS: Over
             18 months, mean neurocognitive performance improved in a
             manner consistent with the expected effects of practice in
             both groups (p < 0.05); this improvement was observed
             during the first 9 months (PP: p < 0.05, OAP:
             p < 0.001), followed by stable performance over the second
             9 months (PP: p = 0.821, OAP: p = 0.375). Rates of
             change did not differ between groups (treatment-by-visit
             interaction: p = 0.548). In contrast, analyses of
             dispersion focusing on contrasts between baselines and end
             points of the first and second 9 months revealed different
             patterns. Over the first 9 months, dispersion in both
             groups lessened to a similar extent. However, over the
             second 9 months, dispersion remained stable in the PP
             group, whereas neurocognitive performance became
             significantly more variable in the OAP group (p < 0.01).
             CONCLUSION: Dispersion of neurocognitive test scores
             provides a different index of cognitive change than that
             provided by composite scores. Long-term maintenance of
             therapeutic levels provided by PP over time may limit
             (relative to oral AP) the extent to which cognitive
             performance becomes more variable.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.scog.2022.100270},
   Key = {fds366160}
}

@article{fds374580,
   Author = {Horan, WP and Depp, CA and Hurst, S and Linthicum, J and Vargas, G and Klein, H and Keefe, RSE and Harvey, PD},
   Title = {Qualitative Analysis of the Content Validity of the Virtual
             Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) in
             Schizophrenia: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin Open},
   Volume = {4},
   Number = {1},
   Year = {2023},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schizbullopen/sgad012},
   Abstract = {The US Food and Drug Agency (FDA) requires clinical trials
             targeting cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia
             (CIAS) to demonstrate the functional relevance of cognitive
             improvements by employing a functional co-primary measure.
             Although quantitative evidence supports the suitability of
             the Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool
             (VRFCAT) for this purpose, FDA guidelines for qualification
             of clinical outcome assessments require evidence of content
             validity, defined as qualitative evidence that key
             stakeholders view the measure as relevant and important. To
             collect this important qualitative data, semi-structured
             interviews were conducted with outpatients with
             schizophrenia (n = 24), caregivers (n = 12), and
             professional peer support specialists (n = 12) to elicit
             their views about the definition and importance of
             functional independence, the importance of the functional
             domains assessed by the VRFCAT (meal planning, using
             transportation, handling money, shopping), and the relevance
             of the VRFCAT tasks to these domains. Qualitative thematic
             analyses revealed consistent themes across groups in
             defining functional independence, including performing
             instrumental self-care, financial, and social tasks; making
             decisions autonomously; and not depending on others to carry
             out daily activities. There were, however, notable
             differences in their views regarding the importance of and
             barriers to functional independence. All groups viewed the
             VRFCAT as assessing skill domains that are central to
             independent functioning and, with some minor differences,
             the VRFCAT tasks were viewed as relevant and meaningful
             examples of the domains. These qualitative results provide
             converging evidence that key stakeholders view the VRFCAT as
             a content-valid measure.},
   Doi = {10.1093/schizbullopen/sgad012},
   Key = {fds374580}
}

@article{fds371563,
   Author = {Rekhi, G and Saw, YE and Lim, K and Keefe, RSE and Lee,
             J},
   Title = {Impact of Cognitive Impairments on Health-Related Quality of
             Life in Schizophrenia.},
   Journal = {Brain Sciences},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {2},
   Year = {2023},
   Month = {January},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020215},
   Abstract = {The impact of cognitive impairments on the health-related
             quality of life (HRQoL) in individuals with schizophrenia is
             unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the
             association between cognitive impairments and HRQoL in
             individuals with schizophrenia. A total of 609 individuals
             with schizophrenia were assessed on the Positive and
             Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and a neurocognitive battery
             which comprised of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of
             Intelligence matrix reasoning, the Benton Judgment of Line
             Orientation Test, Continuous Performance Tests-Identical
             Pairs, and the Brief Assessment of Cognition in
             Schizophrenia. A cognitive factor g was derived from the
             neurocognitive battery. EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D-5L)
             utility scores were derived from PANSS scores via a
             previously validated algorithm and used as a measure of
             HRQoL. Hierarchical multiple regression was conducted to
             examine the association between cognitive factor g and the
             EQ-5D-5L. Cognitive factor g (β = 0.189, t = 4.956, p <
             0.001) was found to be significantly associated with
             EQ-5D-5L scores. Age (β = -0.258, t = -6.776, p < 0.001),
             sex (β = 0.081, t = 2.117, p = 0.035), and being employed
             (β = 0.091, t = 2.317, p = 0.021) were also significant
             predictors of EQ-5D-5L. Our results add to the extant
             literature on the burden cognitive impairments exact in
             individuals with schizophrenia. More research is needed to
             develop effective interventions for cognitive impairments in
             schizophrenia.},
   Doi = {10.3390/brainsci13020215},
   Key = {fds371563}
}

@article{fds370725,
   Author = {Kendler, KS and Keefe, RSE and Ohlsson, H and Sundquist, J and Sundquist, K},
   Title = {Risk for psychiatric and substance use disorders as a
             function of transitions in Sweden's public educational
             system: a national study.},
   Journal = {Psychol Med},
   Pages = {1-8},
   Year = {2023},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003329172300048X},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: To clarify, in a national sample, associations
             between risk for seven psychiatric and substance use
             disorders and five key transitions in Sweden's public
             educational system. METHODS: Swedish-born individuals
             (1972-1995, N = 1 997 910) were followed through 12-31-2018,
             at mean age 34.9. We predicted, from these educational
             transitions, risk for major depression (MD),
             obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), bipolar disorder (BD),
             schizophrenia (SZ), anorexia nervosa (AN), alcohol use
             disorder (AUD), and drug use disorder (DUD), assessed from
             Swedish national registers, by Cox regression, censoring
             individuals with onsets ⩽17. We also predicted risk from
             the deviation of grades from family-genetic expectations
             (deviation 1) and from changes in grades from ages 16 to 19
             (deviation 2). RESULTS: We observed four major risk patterns
             across transitions in our disorders: (i) MD and BD, (ii) OCD
             and SZ, (iii) AUD and DUD, and (iv) AN. Failing early
             educational transitions had the greatest impact on risk for
             OCD and SZ while for other disorders, not progressing from
             basic to upper high school had the largest effect.
             Completing vocational v. college-prep upper high school was
             strongly associated with risk for AUD and DUD, had little
             relation with MD, OCD, BD, and SZ risk, and was protective
             for AN. Deviation 1 predicted risk most strongly for SZ, AN,
             and MD. Deviation 2 predicted risk most strongly for SZ,
             AUD, and DUD. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of educational
             transitions and within family and within person development
             deviations are strongly and relatively specifically
             associated with future risk for seven psychiatric and
             substance-use disorders.},
   Doi = {10.1017/S003329172300048X},
   Key = {fds370725}
}

@article{fds370724,
   Author = {Feber, L and Peter, N and Schneider-Thoma, J and Siafis, S and Bighelli,
             I and Hansen, W-P and Prates Baldez and D and Salanti, G and Keefe, RSE and Engel, RR and Leucht, S},
   Title = {Antipsychotic drugs and their effects on cognitive function:
             protocol for a systematic review, pairwise, and network
             meta-analysis.},
   Journal = {Systematic Reviews},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {54},
   Year = {2023},
   Month = {March},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13643-023-02213-5},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is evidence that antipsychotic drugs
             differ in their effect on the cognitive symptoms of
             schizophrenia. So far, there is no comprehensive systematic
             review available that would enable providers and patients to
             make informed choices regarding this important aspect of
             treatment. With a large number of substances available,
             conventional pairwise meta-analyses will not be sufficient
             to inform this choice. To fill this gap, we will conduct a
             network meta-analysis (NMA), integrating direct and indirect
             comparisons from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to rank
             antipsychotics according to their effect on cognitive
             functioning. METHODS: In our NMA, we will include RCTs in
             patients with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses
             comparing one antipsychotic agent with another antipsychotic
             agent or placebo that measures cognitive function. We will
             include studies on patients of every age group, in any phase
             of illness (e.g., acute or stable, first episode or chronic
             schizophrenia, in- or outpatients) with an intervention time
             of at least 3 weeks. The primary outcome will be the
             composite score of cognitive functioning, preferentially
             measured with the test battery developed by the Measurement
             and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia
             (MATRICS) initiative. The secondary outcomes include the
             seven cognitive domains that the composite score is composed
             of, as well as functioning and quality of life. Study
             selection and data extraction will be conducted by at least
             two independent reviewers. We will use the Cochrane Risk of
             Bias tool 2 to determine the risk of bias in studies, and we
             will evaluate the confidence in the results using Confidence
             in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA). We will perform NMA using
             R (package netmeta). We will conduct subgroup and
             sensitivity analyses to explore the heterogeneity and assess
             the robustness of our findings. DISCUSSION: This systematic
             review and network meta-analysis aims to inform
             evidence-based antipsychotic treatment choice for cognitive
             deficits in schizophrenia patients by analyzing existing
             RCTs on this subject. The results have the potential to
             support patients' and physicians' decision-making processes
             based on the latest available evidence. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
             REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022312483.},
   Doi = {10.1186/s13643-023-02213-5},
   Key = {fds370724}
}

@article{fds371818,
   Author = {Cecchi, M and Adachi, M and Basile, A and Buhl, DL and Chadchankar, H and Christensen, S and Christian, E and Doherty, J and Fadem, KC and Farley,
             B and Forman, MS and Honda, S and Johannesen, J and Kinon, BJ and Klamer,
             D and Marino, MJ and Missling, C and O'Donnell, P and Piser, T and Puryear,
             CB and Quirk, MC and Rotte, M and Sanchez, C and Smith, DG and Uslaner, JM and Javitt, DC and Keefe, RSE and Mathalon, D and Potter, WZ and Walling,
             DP and Ereshefsky, L},
   Title = {Validation of a suite of ERP and QEEG biomarkers in a
             pre-competitive, industry-led study in subjects with
             schizophrenia and healthy volunteers.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {254},
   Pages = {178-189},
   Year = {2023},
   Month = {April},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2023.02.018},
   Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Complexity and lack of standardization have
             mostly limited the use of event-related potentials (ERPs)
             and quantitative EEG (QEEG) biomarkers in drug development
             to small early phase trials. We present results from a
             clinical study on healthy volunteers (HV) and patients with
             schizophrenia (SZ) that assessed test-retest, group
             differences, variance, and correlation with functional
             assessments for ERP and QEEG measures collected at clinical
             and commercial trial sites with standardized instrumentation
             and methods, and analyzed through an automated data analysis
             pipeline. METHODS: 81 HV and 80 SZ were tested at one of
             four study sites. Subjects were administered two ERP/EEG
             testing sessions on separate visits. Sessions included a
             mismatch negativity paradigm, a 40 Hz auditory steady-state
             response paradigm, an eyes-closed resting state EEG, and an
             active auditory oddball paradigm. SZ subjects were also
             tested on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC), Positive
             and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and Virtual Reality
             Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT). RESULTS:
             Standardized ERP/EEG instrumentation and methods ensured few
             test failures. The automated data analysis pipeline allowed
             for near real-time analysis with no human intervention.
             Test-retest reliability was fair-to-excellent for most of
             the outcome measures. SZ subjects showed significant
             deficits in ERP and QEEG measures consistent with published
             academic literature. A subset of ERP and QEEG measures
             correlated with functional assessments administered to the
             SZ subjects. CONCLUSIONS: With standardized instrumentation
             and methods, complex ERP/EEG testing sessions can be
             reliably performed at clinical and commercial trial sites to
             produce high-quality data in near real-time.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2023.02.018},
   Key = {fds371818}
}

@article{fds371571,
   Author = {McCutcheon, RA and Keefe, RSE and McGuire, PK},
   Title = {Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: aetiology,
             pathophysiology, and treatment.},
   Journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1902-1918},
   Year = {2023},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-01949-9},
   Abstract = {Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia,
             account for much of the impaired functioning associated with
             the disorder and are not responsive to existing treatments.
             In this review, we first describe the clinical presentation
             and natural history of these deficits. We then consider
             aetiological factors, highlighting how a range of similar
             genetic and environmental factors are associated with both
             cognitive function and schizophrenia. We then review the
             pathophysiological mechanisms thought to underlie cognitive
             symptoms, including the role of dopamine, cholinergic
             signalling and the balance between GABAergic interneurons
             and glutamatergic pyramidal cells. Finally, we review the
             clinical management of cognitive impairments and candidate
             novel treatments.},
   Doi = {10.1038/s41380-023-01949-9},
   Key = {fds371571}
}

@article{fds371570,
   Author = {McCutcheon, RA and Keefe, RSE and McGuire, PK},
   Title = {Correction: Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia:
             aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment.},
   Journal = {Mol Psychiatry},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1919},
   Year = {2023},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-01984-6},
   Doi = {10.1038/s41380-023-01984-6},
   Key = {fds371570}
}

@article{fds371747,
   Author = {Zhang, L and Lizano, P and Xu, Y and Rubin, LH and Lee, AM and Lencer, R and Reilly, JL and Keefe, RSE and Keedy, SK and Pearlson, GD and Clementz,
             BA and Keshavan, MS and Gershon, ES and Tamminga, CA and Sweeney, JA and Hill, SK and Bishop, JR},
   Title = {Peripheral inflammation is associated with impairments of
             inhibitory behavioral control and visual sensorimotor
             function in psychotic disorders.},
   Journal = {Schizophrenia Research},
   Volume = {255},
   Pages = {69-78},
   Year = {2023},
   Month = {May},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.030},
   Abstract = {Elevated markers of peripheral inflammation are common in
             psychosis spectrum disorders and have been associated with
             brain anatomy, pathology, and physiology as well as clinical
             outcomes. Preliminary evidence suggests a link between
             inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) with
             generalized cognitive impairments in a subgroup of
             individuals with psychosis. Whether these patients with
             elevated peripheral inflammation demonstrate deficits in
             specific cognitive domains remains unclear. To examine this,
             seventeen neuropsychological and sensorimotor tasks and
             thirteen peripheral inflammatory and microvascular markers
             were quantified in a subset of B-SNIP consortium
             participants (129 psychosis, 55 healthy controls). Principal
             component analysis was conducted across the inflammatory
             markers, resulting in five inflammation factors. Three
             discrete latent cognitive domains (Visual Sensorimotor,
             General Cognitive Ability, and Inhibitory Behavioral
             Control) were characterized based on the neurobehavioral
             battery and examined in association with inflammation
             factors. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified
             cognition-sensitive high/low inflammation subgroups. Among
             persons with psychotic disorders but not healthy controls,
             higher inflammation scores had significant associations with
             impairments of Inhibitory Control (R2 = 0.100,
             p-value = 2.69e-4, q-value = 0.004) and suggestive
             associations with Visual Sensorimotor function
             (R2 = 0.039, p-value = 0.024, q-value = 0.180), but
             not with General Cognitive Ability (R2 = 0.015,
             p-value = 0.162). Greater deficits in Inhibitory Control
             were observed in the high inflammation patient subgroup,
             which represented 30.2 % of persons with psychotic
             disorders, as compared to the low inflammation psychosis
             subgroup. These findings indicate that inflammation
             dysregulation may differentially impact specific
             neurobehavioral domains across psychotic disorders,
             particularly performance on tasks requiring ongoing
             behavioral monitoring and control.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.030},
   Key = {fds371747}
}

@article{fds374358,
   Author = {Lutz, J and Pratap, A and Lenze, EJ and Bestha, D and Lipschitz, JM and Karantzoulis, S and Vaidyanathan, U and Robin, J and Horan, W and Brannan, S and Mittoux, A and Davis, MC and Lakhan, SE and Keefe,
             R},
   Title = {Innovative Technologies in CNS Trials: Promises and Pitfalls
             for Recruitment, Retention, and Representativeness},
   Journal = {Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience},
   Volume = {20},
   Number = {7-9},
   Pages = {40-46},
   Year = {2023},
   Month = {July},
   Abstract = {Objective: Recruitment of a sufficiently large and
             representative patient sample and its retention during
             central nervous system (CNS) trials presents major
             challenges for study sponsors. Technological advances are
             reshaping clinical trial operations to meet these
             challenges, and the COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated
             this development. Method of Research: The International
             Society for CNS Clinical Trials and Methodology (ISCTM;
             www.isctm.org) Innovative Technologies for CNS Trials
             Working Group surveyed the state of technological
             innovations for improved recruitment and retention and
             assessed their promises and pitfalls. Results: Online
             advertisement and electronic patient registries can enhance
             recruitment, but challenges with sample representativeness,
             conversion rates from eligible prescreening to enrolled
             patients, data privacy and security, and patient
             identification remain hurdles for optimal use of these
             technologies. Electronic medical records (EMR) mining with
             artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) methods
             is promising but awaits translation into trials. During the
             study treatment phase, technological innovations
             increasingly support participant retention, including
             adherence with the investigational treatment. Digital tools
             for adherence and retention support take many forms,
             including patient-centric communication channels between
             researchers and participants, real-time study reminders, and
             digital behavioral interventions to increase study
             compliance. However, such tools add technical complexities
             to trials, and their impact on the generalizability of
             results are largely unknown. Conclusion: Overall, the group
             found a scarcity of systematic data directly assessing the
             impact of technological innovations on study recruitment and
             retention in CNS trials, even for strategies with already
             high adoption, such as online recruitment. Given the added
             complexity and costs associated with most technological
             innovations, such data is needed to fully harness
             technologies for CNS trials and drive further
             adoption.},
   Key = {fds374358}
}

@article{fds372237,
   Author = {Darrow, SM and Pizzagalli, DA and Smoski, M and Mathew, SJ and Nurnberger, J and Lisanby, SH and Iosifescu, D and Murrough, JW and Yang, H and Weiner, RD and Sanacora, G and Keefe, RSE and Song, A and Goodman, W and Whitton, AE and Potter, WZ and Krystal,
             AD},
   Title = {Using latent profile analyses to classify subjects with
             anhedonia based on reward-related measures obtained in the
             FAST-MAS study.},
   Journal = {J Affect Disord},
   Volume = {339},
   Pages = {584-592},
   Year = {2023},
   Month = {October},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.081},
   Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Growing evidence indicates that anhedonia is a
             multifaceted construct. This study examined the possibility
             of identifying subgroups of people with anhedonia using
             multiple reward-related measures to provide greater
             understanding the Research Domain Criteria's Positive
             Valence Systems Domain and pathways for developing
             treatments. METHODS: Latent profile analysis of baseline
             data from a study that examined the effects of a novel kappa
             opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist drug on measures and
             biomarkers associated with anhedonia was used to identify
             subgroups. Measures included ventral striatal activation
             during the Monetary Incentive Delay task, response bias in
             the Probabilistic Reward Task, reward valuation scores from
             the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task, and scores from
             reward-related self-report measures. RESULTS: Two subgroups
             were identified, which differed on self-report measures of
             reward. Participants in the subgroup reporting more
             anhedonia also reported more depression and had greater
             illness severity and functional impairments. Graphs of
             change with treatment showed a trend for the less severe
             subgroup to demonstrate higher response to KOR antagonist
             treatment on the neuroimaging measure, probabilistic reward
             task, and ratings of functioning; the subgroup with greater
             severity showed a trend for higher treatment response on
             reward-related self-report measures. LIMITATIONS: The main
             limitations include the small sample size and exploratory
             nature of analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of possible
             dissociation between self-reported measures of anhedonia and
             other measures with respect to treatment response emerged.
             These results highlight the importance for future research
             to consider severity of self-reported reward-related
             deficits and how the relationship across measurement methods
             may vary with severity.},
   Doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.081},
   Key = {fds372237}
}


%% Papers Published   
@article{fds135040,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E., Mohs, R.C., Losonczy, M.F., Davidson, M.,
             Silverman, J.M., Kendler, K.S., Nora, R., Horvath, T.B., and
             Davis, K.L. Characteristics of very poor outcome
             schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987;
             144:889-895.},
   Year = {1987},
   Key = {fds135040}
}

@article{fds135031,
   Title = {Kahn, R.S., Harvey P.D., Davidson, M., Keefe, R.S.E., Apter,
             S., Neale, J.M., Mohs, R.C., and Davis, K.L.
             Neuropsychological functioning correlates of central
             monoamine function in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia
             Research. 1994; 11:217-224.},
   Year = {1994},
   Key = {fds135031}
}

@article{fds135041,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E., Silverman, J.M., Lees Roitman, S.E., Harvey,
             P.D., Duncan, A., Alroy, D., Siever, L.J, Mohs, R.C., and
             Davis, K.L. Performance of nonpsychotic relatives of
             schizophrenic patients on cognitive tests. Psychiatry
             Research 1994; 53:1-12.},
   Year = {1994},
   Key = {fds135041}
}

@article{fds135043,
   Title = {Siever, L.J., Freidman, L., Moskowitz, J., Mitropoulou, V.,
             Keefe, R.S.E., Lees Roitman, S, Merhige, D., Trestman, R.,
             Silverman, J.M., and Mohs, R.C. Eye movement impairment and
             schizotypal psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry
             1994; 151:1209-1216.},
   Year = {1994},
   Key = {fds135043}
}

@article{fds135044,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E., and Harvey P.D. (1994) Understanding
             Schizophrenia: A Guide to the New Research on Causes and
             Treatment, New York: The Free Press (Division of Simon and
             Schuster), 283 pp.},
   Year = {1994},
   Key = {fds135044}
}

@article{fds135030,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E., Lees Roitman, S.E., Harvey, P.D. Blum, C.,
             DuPre, R.L., Davidson, M., and Davis, K.L. A pen-and-paper
             human analogue of a monkey prefrontal cortex activation
             task: spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia.
             Schizophrenia Research, 1995; 17:25-33.},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds135030}
}

@article{fds135032,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E. The contribution of neuropsychology to
             psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995;
             152:6-15.},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds135032}
}

@article{fds135033,
   Title = {Siever, L.J., Bergman, A.J., and Keefe, R.S.E. The
             schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders. In:
             Schizophrenia, S.R. Hirsch and D.R. Weinberger, eds., pp.
             87-105, Oxford: Blackwell University Press,
             1995.},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds135033}
}

@article{fds135034,
   Title = {Keefe R.S.E., and Cornblatt, B.A. Neuropsychology of
             Schizophrenia, edited by A.S. David and J.C. Cutting.
             Contemporary Psychology (in press).},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds135034}
}

@article{fds135045,
   Title = {Yehuda R., Keefe, R.S.E., Harvey, P.D., Levengood, R.A.,
             Gerber D.K., Geni J., and Siever, L.J. Learning and memory
             deficits in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress
             disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995;
             152:137-139.},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds135045}
}

@article{fds135046,
   Title = {Davidson, M., Harvey, P.D., Powchik, P., Parrella, M.,
             White, L., Knobler, H.Y., Losonczy, M.F., Keefe, R.S.E.,
             Katz, S., and Frecska, E. Severity of symptoms in geriatric
             schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995;
             152:197-207.},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds135046}
}

@article{fds135047,
   Title = {Wainberg, M.L. Keefe, R.S.E., Siever L.J. The
             neuropsychiatry of schizotypal personality disorder. In:
             Neuropsychiatry of Behavior Disorders, J.J. Ratey, ed., pp.
             210-229, Oxford: Blackwell University Press,
             1995.},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds135047}
}

@article{fds135048,
   Title = {Davidson, M., and Keefe, R.S.E. Cognitive impairment as a
             target for pharmacological treatment in schizophrenia.
             Schizophrenia Research 1995; 17:123-129.},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds135048}
}

@article{fds135049,
   Title = {Keefe, R. Progress in Experimental Personality and
             Psychopathology Research, vol. 15, edited by E.F. Walker,
             R.H. Dworkin, and B.A. Cornblatt. American Journal of
             Psychiatry 1995;152:288-289.},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds135049}
}

@article{fds135050,
   Title = {Trestman, R.L., Keefe, R.S.E., Mitropoulou, V., Harvey, P.D.
             deVegvar M.L., Lees Roitman, S.E., Davidson, M., Aaronson,
             A., Silverman, J.M., and Siever, L.J. Cognitive function and
             biological correlates of cognitive performance in
             schizotypal personality disorder. Psychiatry Research 1995;
             59:127-136.},
   Year = {1995},
   Key = {fds135050}
}

@article{fds135035,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E., Practical applications of neuropsychology in
             clinical psychiatry. Directions in Psychiatry 1996;
             16(4):1-8.},
   Year = {1996},
   Key = {fds135035}
}

@article{fds135036,
   Title = {Vocisano, C., Klein, D.N., Keefe, R.S.E., Dienst, E.R.,
             Kincaid, M.M. Demographics, family history, premorbid
             functioning, developmental characteristics, and course of
             patients with deteriorated affective disorder. American
             Journal of Psychiatry 1996:153:248-255.},
   Year = {1996},
   Key = {fds135036}
}

@article{fds135037,
   Title = {Harvey, P.D., Keefe, R.S.E., Mitropolou, V., DuPre, R.L.,
             Lees Roitman, S.E., Mohs, R.C., and Siever, L.J. Information
             processing and vulnerability to schizophrenia: Performance
             of patients with schizotypal and nonschizotypal personality
             disorders. Psychiatry Research 1996;60:49-56.},
   Year = {1996},
   Key = {fds135037}
}

@article{fds135038,
   Title = {Keefe R.S.E., and Cornblatt, B.A. Neuropsychology of
             Schizophrenia, edited by A.S. David and J.C. Cutting.
             Contemporary Psychology (in press).},
   Year = {1996},
   Key = {fds135038}
}

@article{fds135051,
   Title = {Epstein, J.I., Keefe, R.S.E., Lees Roitman, S.E., Harvey,
             P.D., and Mohs, R.C. Impact of neuroleptic medications on
             continuous performance test measures in schizophrenia.
             Biological Psychiatry 1996;39:902-905.},
   Year = {1996},
   Key = {fds135051}
}

@article{fds135052,
   Title = {Harvey, P.D., Davidson, M., White, L., Keefe, R.S.E.,
             Hirschowitz, J., Mohs, R.C., and Davis, K.L. Empirical
             evaluation of the factorial structure of clinical symptoms
             in schizophrenia: Effects of typical neuroleptics on the
             BPRS. Biological Psychiatry 1996;40:755-761.},
   Year = {1996},
   Key = {fds135052}
}

@article{fds135053,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E., Frecska, E., Apter, S., Davidson, M.,
             Hirschowitz, J., and Davis, K.L. Clinical characteristics of
             kraepelinian schizophrenia: Replication and extension of
             previous findings. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153:
             806-811.},
   Year = {1996},
   Key = {fds135053}
}

@article{fds135054,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E. Neuropsychological assessment of patients with
             schizophrenia. Clinical Advances in the Treatment of
             Psychiatric Disorders 1996; 10(5):16, 11-13.},
   Year = {1996},
   Key = {fds135054}
}

@article{fds135042,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E., Silverman, J., Mohs, R.C., Siever, L.J,
             Harvey, P.D., Friedman, L., Lees Roitman S.E., DuPre R.L.,
             Smith C.J., Schmeidler, J., and Davis, K.L. Eye tracking,
             attention, and schizotypal personality symptoms in
             nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients. Archives
             of General Psychiatry 54: 169-177, 1997.},
   Year = {1997},
   Key = {fds135042}
}

@article{fds135039,
   Title = {McEvoy, J.P., and Keefe, R.S.E. Informing subjects of risks
             and benefits. 1999: pp. 129-157. In: Ethics in Psychiatric
             Research, H.A. Pincus, J.A. Lieberman, and S. Ferris, eds.,
             Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association},
   Year = {1998},
   Key = {fds135039}
}

@article{fds135055,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E. The neurobiology of disturbances of the self:
             Autonoetic agnosia in schizophrenia. 1998: pp. 142-173. In:
             Insight and Psychosis, X.F. Amador and A. David, eds., New
             York: Oxford University Press.},
   Year = {1998},
   Key = {fds135055}
}

@article{fds135056,
   Title = {Harvey, P.D., and Keefe, R.S.E. Cognition and the new
             antipsychotics. Journal of Advances in Schizophrenia and
             Brain Research 1998;1:2-8.},
   Year = {1998},
   Key = {fds135056}
}

@article{fds135057,
   Title = {Davis, K.L., Buchsbaum, M.S., Shihabuddin, L.,
             Spiegel-Cohen, J., Metzger, M., Frecska, E., Keefe, R.S.,
             and Powchik, P. Ventricular enlargement in poor-outcome
             schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1998;43:783-793.},
   Year = {1998},
   Key = {fds135057}
}

@article{fds135058,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E. and Harvey, P.D. Schizophrenia. In: McGraw
             Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 9th edition
             (2001).},
   Year = {2001},
   Key = {fds135058}
}

@article{fds135059,
   Title = {Harvey, P.D., and Keefe, R.S.E. Studies of cognitive change
             with treatment in schizophrenia. American Journal of
             Psychiatry, 2001; 158: 176-184.},
   Year = {2001},
   Key = {fds135059}
}

@article{fds135060,
   Title = {Keefe, R.S.E. Neurocognition. 2001: pp. 192-205, In Current
             Issues in the Psychopharmacology of Schizophrenia, Breier,
             A., et al, eds. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins:
             Philadelphia.},
   Year = {2001},
   Key = {fds135060}
}


%% Chapters in Books   
@misc{fds366162,
   Author = {Harvey, PD and Keefe, RSE},
   Title = {The importance of treating cognition in schizophrenia and
             other severe mental illnesses: background, strategies, and
             findings to date},
   Pages = {177-191},
   Booktitle = {ESSENTIAL CNS DRUG DEVELOPMENT},
   Year = {2012},
   Key = {fds366162}
}

@misc{fds326114,
   Author = {Vance, M and Pappadopulos, E and Keefe, R and Kalali,
             A},
   Title = {Conceptual issues in cultural adaptation and the role of
             culture in assessment of health-related quality of life in
             schizophrenia},
   Pages = {53-62},
   Booktitle = {Beyond Assessment of Quality of Life in Schizophrenia},
   Publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
   Year = {2016},
   Month = {January},
   ISBN = {9783319300597},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30061-0_4},
   Abstract = {Before we begin a discussion about the role of culture in
             evaluating health-related quality of life in schizophrenia,
             let’s clarify some terms used in connection with
             measurement of psychiatric states and samples of behavior
             across clinical disciplines and related industries. For
             conceptual consistency of the discussion in this chapter,
             it’s important to understand how terminology from other
             scientific disciplines is used across healthcare and
             pharmaceutical industries that describes, or simply refers
             to, psychometric measurement and the tools that are used for
             such purpose.},
   Doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-30061-0_4},
   Key = {fds326114}
}


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