%% Books
@book{fds51728,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {Paying the Tab: The Economics of Alcohol
Policy},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds51728}
}
@book{fds14350,
Title = {Evaluating Gun Violence},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press},
Editor = {J Ludwig and PJ Cook},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds14350}
}
@book{fds47480,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Gun Violence: The Real Costs},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds47480}
}
@book{fds160476,
Title = {Kids, Guns and Public Policy},
Journal = {Law & Contemporary Problems},
Volume = {59},
Number = {1},
Editor = {P.J. Cook},
Year = {1996},
Month = {Winter},
Key = {fds160476}
}
@book{fds47468,
Author = {RH Frank and PJ Cook},
Title = {The Winner-Take-All Society},
Publisher = {New York: The Free Press},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds47468}
}
@book{fds47481,
Author = {CT Clotfelter and PJ Cook},
Title = {Selling Hope: State Lotteries in America},
Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
Year = {1989},
Key = {fds47481}
}
@book{fds47338,
Title = {Vice},
Journal = {Law and Contemporary Problems},
Editor = {PJ Cook},
Year = {1988},
Month = {Winter},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0023-9186%28198824%2951%3A1%3C1%3AAITV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F},
Key = {fds47338}
}
@book{fds160477,
Title = {Criminal Process in the Seventies},
Journal = {Law and Contemporary Problems},
Volume = {41},
Number = {1},
Editor = {AK Pye and PJ Cook},
Year = {1977},
Month = {Winter},
Key = {fds160477}
}
@book{fds47337,
Title = {Valuing Lives},
Journal = {Law and Contemporary Problems},
Volume = {40},
Number = {4},
Editor = {P.J. Cook},
Year = {1976},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0023-9186%28197623%2940%3A4%3C1%3AF%3E2.0CO%3B2-E},
Key = {fds47337}
}
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds157199,
Author = {P.J. Cook and J. Ludwig and A. Samaha},
Title = {Gun Control After Heller: Threats and Sideshows from a
Social Welfare Perspective},
Journal = {UCLA Law Review},
Volume = {56},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1041-1093},
Year = {2009},
Month = {June},
Key = {fds157199}
}
@article{fds150394,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {Crime Control in the City: A Research-Based Briefing on
Public and Private Measures},
Journal = {Cityscape},
Year = {2009},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds150394}
}
@article{fds157856,
Author = {P.J. Cook and W. Cukier and K. Krause},
Title = {The Illicit Firearms Trade in North America},
Journal = {Criminology & Criminal Justice},
Volume = {9},
Number = {3},
Pages = {265-286},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds157856}
}
@article{fds138934,
Author = {P.J. Cook and R MacCoun and C Muschkin and J Vigdor},
Title = {The negative impacts of starting middle school in sixth
grade},
Journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
Volume = {27},
Number = {1},
Year = {2008},
Month = {Winter},
Key = {fds138934}
}
@article{fds138927,
Author = {S.B. Sorenson and P.J. Cook},
Title = {"We've got a gun?": Comparing reports of adolescents and
their parents about household firearms},
Journal = {Journal of Community Psychology},
Volume = {36},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-19},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds138927}
}
@article{fds150393,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {A Free Lunch},
Journal = {Journal of Drug Policy Analysis},
Volume = {1},
Number = {1},
Address = {http://www.bepress.com/jdpa/vol1/iss1/art2},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds150393}
}
@article{fds138923,
Author = {C. Carpenter and P.J. Cook},
Title = {Cigarette taxes and youth smoking: New evidence from
national, state, and local Youth Risk Behavior
Surveys},
Journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
Volume = {27},
Pages = {287-299},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {but not all – finding that higher taxes reduce youth
consumption of tobacco. We advance the literature by using
data from the 11 1991 to 2005 waves of the national Youth
Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS), providing information on over
100,000 high school 12 age youths. We also are the first to
make use of hundreds of independently fielded state and
local versions of the YRBS, reflecting 13 data from over
750,000 youths. Importantly, these data are to our knowledge
the only sources of relevant information on youth 14 smoking
that were explicitly designed to be representative of the
sampled state or locality.We estimate two-way fixed effects
models 15 of the effect of state cigarette taxes on youth
smoking, controlling for survey demographics and area and
year fixed effects. Our 16 most consistent finding is that
– contrary to some recent research – the large state
tobacco tax increases of the past 15 years were 17
associated with significant reductions in smoking
participation and frequent smoking by youths. Our price
elasticity estimates for 18 smoking participation by high
school youths are generally smaller than previous
cross-sectional approaches but are similar to recent 19
quasi-experimental estimates. 20 © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All
rights reserved. 21 Keywords: Cigarette tax; Tobacco
control; Smoking; Youth substance use 22 22 1. Introduction
23 Is youth smoking price sensitive? Conventional wisdom in
research and policy circles is that, indeed, the smoking 24
behaviors of youths and young adults are highly sensitive to
price, more so than for adults who as a group may have 25
better established habits. In fact, this reasoning has been
explicitly voiced as a motivation for numerous recently 26
proposed and adopted state cigarette tax increases, which
have become much larger in magnitude over the past decade 27
(Fig. 1). Despite this conventional wisdom, however, a
series of recent studies in the economics literature has
called into 28 question whether higher cigarette taxes will
“put out the fires” from youth smoking. Using panel data
on youths from 29 the National Educational Longitudinal
Study (NELS), DeCicca et al. (2002) find that once
time-invariant state fixed Q4 effects are accounted for,
youth smoking initiation is statistically unrelated to
cigarette taxes. More recently, DeCicca 30 31 et al. (2004,
2006) argue that the strong negative cross-sectional
association between cigarette taxes and youth
smoking},
Key = {fds138923}
}
@article{fds145307,
Author = {R MacCoun and PJ Cook and C Muschkin and J Vigdor},
Title = {Distinguishing Spurious and Real Peer Effects: Evidence from
Artificial Societies, Small-Group Experiments, and Real
Schoolyards},
Journal = {Review of Law and Economics},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds145307}
}
@article{fds138930,
Author = {P.J. Cook and J. Ludwig and S.A. Venkatesh and A.A.
Braga},
Title = {Underground gun markets},
Journal = {Economic Journal},
Volume = {117},
Year = {2007},
Month = {November},
Key = {fds138930}
}
@article{fds138921,
Author = {P.J. Cook and P. Reuter},
Title = {When is alcohol just another drug?},
Journal = {Addiction},
Volume = {98},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1182-88},
Year = {2007},
Month = {June},
Key = {fds138921}
}
@article{fds138922,
Author = {P.J. Cook and R. Hutchinson},
Title = {Smoke signals: Adolescent smoking and school
continuation},
Journal = {Advances in Austrian Economics},
Volume = {10},
Pages = {157-188},
Editor = {Marina Bianchi},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds138922}
}
@article{fds51717,
Author = {P.J. Cook and Jens Ludwig},
Title = {Aiming for evidence-based gun policy},
Journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
Volume = {25},
Number = {3},
Pages = {691-735},
Year = {2006},
Month = {Summer},
Key = {fds51717}
}
@article{fds47463,
Author = {PJ Cook and SB Sorenson},
Title = {The Gender Gap Among Teen Survey Respondents: Why are Boys
more Likely to Report a Gun in the Home than
Girls?},
Journal = {Journal of Quantitative Criminology},
Year = {2006},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds47463}
}
@article{fds47462,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {The Social Costs of Gun Ownership},
Journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
Volume = {90},
Number = {1-2},
Pages = {379-391},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds47462}
}
@article{fds51716,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {Symposium on Deterrence: Editorial Introduction},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds51716}
}
@article{fds47465,
Author = {GJ Wintemute and PJ Cook and M Wright},
Title = {Risk Factors among Handgun Retailers for Frequent and
Disproportionate Sales of Guns Used in Violent and
Firearm-Related Crimes},
Journal = {Injury Prevention},
Pages = {357-363},
Year = {2005},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds47465}
}
@article{fds47371,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ostermann and FA Sloan},
Title = {The Net Effect of an Alcohol Tax Increase
on},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Volume = {95},
Number = {2},
Pages = {278-281},
Year = {2005},
Month = {May},
url = {http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=937513981&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=15020&RQT=309&VName=PQD},
Abstract = {This article combines new estimates on the effect of per
capital alcohol consumption on drinking patterns with a
summary estimate from the epidemiology literature of
relative risks associated with different levels of drinking.
It is calculated that a permanent reduction of 1% in alcohol
consumption per capital, induced by a tax increase or some
other mechanism, would have little net effect on mortality
in middle age. Sensitivity experiments suggest that the
effect may be positive or negative but is always close to
zero. Since there is no health benefit from drinking for
younger people, and considerable risks, it is concluded that
the public-health case for increased alcohol taxation is
strong.},
Key = {fds47371}
}
@article{fds47464,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig and A Braga},
Title = {Criminal Records of Homicide Offenders},
Journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},
Volume = {294},
Number = {5},
Pages = {598-601},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds47464}
}
@article{fds30697,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Principles for effective gun policy},
Journal = {Fordham Law Review},
Volume = {73},
Number = {2},
Pages = {589-613},
Year = {2004},
Month = {November},
Abstract = {We review the evidence pertinent to judging the
effectiveness of policies to reduce the use of firearms in
crime. One goal is to correct popular misconceptions based
on such sources as bumper-strip slogans (“Guns don’t
kill people, people kill people”) and Michael Moore’s
documentary Bowling for Columbine. A second goal is to
describe an evidence-based approach to firearms policy. We
conclude that a promising strategy for reducing gun violence
is to make guns a legal liability to criminals, a goal that
can be furthered through a variety of both regulatory and
law-enforcement tactics. Furthermore, while existing
“supply side” regulations on gun transfers (what most
people mean by “gun control”) do not appear to have had
much effect, several innovative approaches to shrinking the
illicit market are worth serious consideration.},
Key = {fds30697}
}
@article{fds30696,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Youths' involvement with guns: Motivation vs.
availability},
Journal = {Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine},
Pages = {705},
Year = {2004},
Month = {July},
Key = {fds30696}
}
@article{fds15898,
Author = {D Azrael and PJ Cook and M Miller},
Title = {State and Local Prevalence of Firearms Ownership:
Measurement, Structure and Trends},
Journal = {Journal of Quantitative Criminology},
Volume = {20},
Number = {1},
Pages = {43-62},
Year = {2004},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds15898}
}
@article{fds15900,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Does Gun Prevalence Affect Teen Gun Carrying After
All?},
Journal = {Criminology},
Volume = {42},
Number = {1},
Pages = {27-54},
Year = {2004},
Month = {February},
Key = {fds15900}
}
@article{fds47370,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Pricing and Taxation of Alcohol: What is the 'Right' Tax
Rate? Comment on Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity},
Journal = {Addiction},
Volume = {98},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1356-7},
Year = {2003},
Month = {October},
Key = {fds47370}
}
@article{fds47417,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Meeting the Demand for Expert Advice on Drug
Policy},
Journal = {Criminology and Public Policy},
Volume = {2},
Number = {3},
Pages = {565-570},
Year = {2003},
Month = {July},
url = {http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=408592461&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=15020&RQT=309&VName=PQD},
Abstract = {Cook comments on Manski's essay entitled "Credible Research
Practices to Inform Drug Law Enforcement." Although he
agrees with Manski that the quality of the statistical
evidence is poor, he holds that drug enforcement researchers
have made important contributions in structuring and
defining the drug problem. Moreover, he suggests that the
public interest would be well served if policy makers heeded
the advice of drug policy researchers.},
Key = {fds47417}
}
@article{fds15896,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Fact-Free Gun Policy},
Journal = {University of Pennsylvania Law Review},
Volume = {151},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1329-1340},
Year = {2003},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds15896}
}
@article{fds14348,
Author = {PJ Cook and MJ Moore},
Title = {The Economics of Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol-Control
Policies},
Journal = {Health Affairs},
Volume = {21},
Number = {2},
Pages = {120-133},
Year = {2002},
Abstract = {Economic research has contributed to the evaluation of
alcohol policy through empirical analysis of the effects of
alcohol-control measures on alcohol consumption and its
consequences. It has also provided an accounting framework
for defining and comparing costs and benefits of alcohol
consumption and related policy interventions, including
excise taxes. The most important finding from the economics
literature is that consumers tend to drink less ethanol, and
have fewer alcohol-related problems, when alcoholic beverage
prices are increased or alcohol availability is restricted.
That set of findings is relevant for policy purposes because
alcohol abuse imposes large "external" costs on others.
Important challenges remain, including developing a better
understanding of the effects of drinking on labor-market
productivity.<br> <br> The production and sale of alcoholic
beverages account for a small share of national product in
the United States and in other advanced economies. However,
the deleterious effects of alcohol consumption on health and
safety constitute a substantial economic burden, reducing
our overall standard of living. Chronic heavy drinking
causes organ damage that results in disability and early
death. Other possible consequences include cognitive
impairment, addiction, reduced productivity, neglect of
family responsibilities, and birth defects. The acute
effects of alcohol abuse are still more costly: traumatic
injury and property damage from accidents, criminal
victimization, domestic violence, unwanted sexual encounters
and venereal diseases, and hangover. In sum, alcohol is not
just another commodity. Around the world, historically and
currently, public concern about the consequences of excess
alcohol consumption for individual health and community
wellbeing has been incorporated in cultural norms, which are
often reinforced by private rules and government
regulation.<br> <br> The nature and extent of government
involvement in the alcohol market has varied widely over
time and place, reaching a logical extreme in the United
States with Prohibition in the 1920s. Every state now has a
wide array of alcohol-control measures in place, including a
minimum age of purchase (twenty-one), excise taxes, a
licensing system for retail outlets, and penalties for
driving under alcohol's influence. While alcohol control is
not so contentious as when the temperance movement was in
full flower, the relevant policies continue to be debated
and are subject to change.<br> <br> To some extent, the
debate over appropriate policy is concerned with factual
issues. That is the arena in which economists have made
their primary contribution. Economic research on the effects
of alcohol-control measures on consumption and its
consequences has helped to establish that such measures can
be effective in reducing alcohol abuse and improving public
health. But the debate is also concerned with values "of how
best to balance the conflicts between individual liberty and
community well-being. Economists have contributed to this
discussion through application of cost-benefit analysis to
the evaluation of alcohol-control measures and treatment.
Economists' normative framework is distinguished in part by
its incorporation of the consumer-sovereignty principle,
acknowledging the pleasures of drinking as well as the
pains.<br> <br> This paper provides a brief summary of the
economics literature on drinking and its consequences, with
a focus on the effects of alcohol-control measures. We
conclude by suggesting that higher tax rates on alcoholic
beverages would be in the public interest and noting the
importance of further research on drinking and
productivity.<br>},
Key = {fds14348}
}
@article{fds14351,
Author = {PJ Cook and JA Leitzel},
Title = {Smart Guns: A Technological Fix for Regulating the Secondary
Gun Market},
Journal = {Contemporary Economic Problems},
Volume = {20},
Number = {1},
Pages = {38-49},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds14351}
}
@article{fds14352,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {The Costs of Gun Violence Against Children},
Journal = {The Future of Children},
Volume = {12},
Number = {2},
Pages = {87-99},
Year = {2002},
Abstract = {Gun violence imposes significant costs on children,
families, and American society as a whole. But these costs
can be difficult to quantify, as much of the burden of gun
violence results from intangible concerns about injury and
death. This article explores several methods for estimating
the costs of gun violence. One method is to assess how much
Americans would be willing to pay to reduce the risk of gun
violence. The authors use this “willingness-to-pay”
framework to estimate the total costs of gun violence. Their
approach yields the following lessons: Although gun violence
has a disproportionate impact on the poor, it imposes costs
on the entire socioeconomic spectrum through increased
taxes, decreased property values, limits on choices of where
to live and visit, and safety concerns. Most of the costs of
gun violence—especially violence against children—result
from concerns about safety. These are not captured by the
traditional public health approach to estimating costs,
which focuses on medical expenses and lost earnings. When
people in a national survey were asked about their
willingness to pay for reductions in gun violence, their
answers suggested that the costs of gun violence are
approximately $100 billion per year, of which at least $15
billion is directly attributable to gun violence against
youth. The authors note that in light of the substantial
costs of gun violence, even modestly effective regulatory
and other interventions may generate benefits to society
that exceed costs.},
Key = {fds14352}
}
@article{fds157200,
Author = {AA Braga and PJ Cook and DM Kennedy and MH Moore},
Title = {The Illegal Supply of Firearms},
Pages = {229-262},
Booktitle = {Crime and Justice: A Review of Research},
Publisher = {Chicago, University of Chicago Press},
Editor = {Michael Tonry},
Year = {2002},
Abstract = {The case for focusing regulatory and enforcement efforts on
the illegal supply of forearms to criminals rests on the
belief that a supply-side approach has the potential to
reduce the use of guns in violence. The case against this
focus follows from the belief that guns in America are so
readily available, and from such a variety of sources, that
efforts to restrict the supply are futile. Individuals who
are proscribed from buying guns legally (because of their
criminal record or youth) tend to acquire firearms from
“point” sources, such as illegal traffickers and
scofflaw dealers, and “diffuse sources,” including all
sorts of informal transfers from the vast stock of weapons
in private hands. Both are important. The mix within a
jurisdiction appears to depend on the prevalence of gun
ownership and the stringency of state regulations. A variety
of promising supply-side measures are available, and some
have been tried. Lessons have been learned – for example,
that gun “buybacks” are ineffective – but for the most
part any conclusions necessarily are speculative. Systematic
“experimentation” with different tactics appears
warranted.},
Key = {fds157200}
}
@article{fds13146,
Author = {J Ludwig and PJ Cook},
Title = {The Benefits of Reducing Gun Violence: Evidence from
Contingent-Valuation Survey Data},
Journal = {Journal of Risk and Uncertainty},
Volume = {22},
Number = {3},
Pages = {207-226},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds13146}
}
@article{fds13148,
Author = {PJ Cook and A Braga},
Title = {Comprehensive Firearms Tracing: Strategic and Investigative
Uses of New Data on Firearms Markets},
Journal = {Arizona Law Review},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds13148}
}
@article{fds47461,
Author = {PJ Cook and A Braga},
Title = {Comprehensive Firearms Tracing: Strategic and Investigative
Uses of New Data on Firearms Markets},
Journal = {Arizona Law Review},
Volume = {43},
Number = {2},
Pages = {277-309},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds47461}
}
@article{fds13145,
Author = {J Ludwig and PJ Cook},
Title = {Homicide and Suicide Rates Associated with Implementation of
the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act},
Journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},
Volume = {284},
Number = {5},
Pages = {585-591},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds13145}
}
@article{fds13139,
Author = {PJ Cook and A. Parnell and MJ Moore and D Pagnini},
Title = {The Effects of Short-Term Variation in Abortion Funding on
Pregnancy Outcomes},
Journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
Volume = {18},
Number = {2},
Pages = {241-258},
Year = {1999},
Abstract = {The appropriations for North Carolina's abortion fund have
proven inadequate during five of the years between 1980 and
1994. This on-again, off-again funding pattern provides a
natural experiment for estimating the short-run effect of
changes in the cost of abortions on the number of abortions
to indigent women. Using an unusually detailed dataset, we
estimate the effects of funding termination on the monthly
abortion and birth rates. Overall, approximately one-third
of pregnancies that would have resulted in an abortion, had
state funds been available, are instead carried to
term.},
Key = {fds13139}
}
@article{fds13144,
Author = {PJ Cook and B Lawrence and J Ludwig and T Miller},
Title = {The Medical Costs of Gunshot Wounds},
Journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},
Volume = {282},
Number = {5},
Pages = {447-454},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds13144}
}
@article{fds47365,
Author = {PJ Cook and A Parnell and MJ Moore and D Pagnini},
Title = {The Effects of Short-Term Variation in Abortion Funding on
Pregnancy Outcomes},
Journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
Volume = {18},
Number = {2},
Pages = {241-258},
Year = {1999},
Abstract = {The appropriations for North Carolina's abortion fund have
proven inadequate during five of the years betweeen 1980 and
1994. This on-again, off-again funding pattern provides a
natural experiment for estimating the short-run effect of
changes in the cost of abortions on the number of abortions
to indigent women. Using an unusually detailed dataset, we
estimate the effects of funding termination on the monthly
abortion and birth rates. Overall, approximately one-third
of pregnancies that would have resulted in an abortion, had
state funds been available, are instead carried to
term.},
Key = {fds47365}
}
@article{fds47457,
Author = {PJ Cook and B Lawrence and J Ludwig and T Miller},
Title = {The Medical Costs of Gunshot Wounds},
Journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},
Volume = {282},
Number = {5},
Pages = {447-454},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds47457}
}
@article{fds47452,
Author = {J Ludwig and PJ Cook and TW Smith},
Title = {The Gender Gap in Reporting Household Gun
Ownership},
Journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
Volume = {88},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1715-1718},
Year = {1998},
Month = {November},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=1259610&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Objectives. This study examined errors in estimating
household gun ownership that result from interviewing only 1
adult per household. Methods. Data from 2 recent telephone
surveys and a series of in-person surveys were used to
compare reports of household gun ownership by husbands and
wives. Results. In the telephone surveys, the rate of
household gun ownership reported by husbands exceeded wives'
reports by an average of 12 percentage points; husbands'
reports also implied 43.3 million more guns. The median
"gender gap" in recent in-person surveys is 7 percentage
points. Conclusions. Future research should focus on
respondents' reports about personally owned
guns.},
Key = {fds47452}
}
@article{fds47454,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Defensive Gun Uses: New Evidence from a National
Survey},
Journal = {Journal of Quantitative Criminology},
Volume = {14},
Number = {2},
Pages = {111-131},
Year = {1998},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=11303450&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {The number of civilian defensive gun uses (DGUs) against
criminal attackers is regularly invoked in public policy
debates as a benefit of widespread private ownership of
firearms. Yet there is considerable uncertainty for the
prevalence of civilian DGUs, with estimates ranging from
108,000 (using the National Crime Victimization Survey) to
2.5 million (using smaller telephone surveys) per year. In
this paper we analyze the results of a new national
random-digit-dial telephone survey to estimate the
prevalence of DGU and then discuss the plausibility of the
results in light of other well-known facts and possible
sources of bias in survey data for sensitive behaviors.
Because DGU is a relatively rare event by any measure, a
small proportion of respondents who falsely report a gun use
can produce substantial overestimates of the prevalence of
DGU, even if every true defensive gun user conceals his or
her use. We find that estimates from this new survey are
apparently subject to a large positive bias, which calls
into question the accuracy of DGU estimates based on data
from general-population surveys. Our analysis also suggests
that available survey data are not able to determine whether
reported DGU incidents, even if true, add to or detract from
public health and safety.},
Key = {fds47454}
}
@article{fds47455,
Author = {SP Teret and DW Webster and JS Vernick and TW Smith and D Leff and GJ
Wintemute, PJ Cook and DF Hawkins and AL Kellermann and SB Sorenson and S DeFrancesco},
Title = {Support for New Policies to Regulate Firearms: Results of
two national surveys},
Journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
Volume = {339},
Pages = {813-818},
Year = {1998},
Abstract = {Abstract: New policy options are emerging in the debate
regarding the regulation of firearms in the United States.
These options include the treatment of firearms as consumer
products, the design of which can be regulated for safety;
denial of gun ownership to those convicted of misdemeanors;
and strategies to curtail the illegal sale of guns. The
public's opinion of these innovative gun-policy options has
not been thoroughly assessed. Methods: We conducted two
telephone surveys of 1200 adults each in the United States
in 1996 and 1997-1998. Cognitive interviews and pretests
were used in the development of the survey instruments.
Potential participants were then contacted by random-digit
dialing of telephone numbers. Results: A majority of the
respondents favored safety standards for new handguns. These
standards included childproofing (favored by 88 percent of
respondents), personalization (devices that permit firing
only by an authorized person; 71 percent), magazine safeties
(devices that prevent firing after the magazine or clip is
removed; 82 percent), and loaded-chamber indicators (devices
that show whether the handgun is loaded; 73 percent). There
was strong support for policies prohibiting persons
convicted of specific misdemeanors from purchasing a
firearm. Support for such prohibitions was strongest for
crimes involving violence or the illegal use of a firearm
(83 to 95 percent) or substance abuse (71 to 92 percent).
There was also widespread support for policies designed to
reduce the illegal sale of guns, such as mandatory
tamper-resistant serial numbers (90 percent), a limit of one
handgun purchase per customer per month (81 percent), and
mandatory registration of handguns (82 percent). Even among
the subgroup of respondents who were gun owners, a majority
were in favor of stricter gun regulations with regard to 20
of the 22 proposals covered in the poll. Conclusions: Strong
public support, even among gun owners, for innovative
strategies to regulate firearms suggests that these
proposals warrant serious consideration by policy
makers.},
Key = {fds47455}
}
@article{fds47448,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig and D Hemenway},
Title = {The Gun Debate's New Mythical Number: How Many Defensive
Uses Per Year},
Journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
Volume = {16},
Number = {3},
Pages = {463-9},
Year = {1997},
Month = {Summer},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=9707155227&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Presents information on a number of Americans who use guns
defensively against a criminal attacker each year. Details
on research supporting this fact; Why widespread gun
ownership is a net plus for public safety.},
Key = {fds47448}
}
@article{fds47478,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Weighing the Burden of 'Acting White': Are there Race
Differences in Attitudes Towards Education?},
Journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
Volume = {16},
Number = {2},
Pages = {256-278},
Year = {1997},
Month = {Spring},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=9712030902&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Analyzes the `National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988'
to answer three questions on race differences in attitudes
toward education in the United States. Greater alienation
experienced by blacks toward school than non-Hispanic
whites; Peer penalties for academic success; Impact of
family backgrounds between blacks and whites in the
educational process.},
Key = {fds47478}
}
@article{fds47425,
Title = {Kids, Guns, and Public Policy},
Journal = {Law and Contemporary Problems},
Volume = {59},
Number = {1},
Editor = {PJ Cook (special},
Year = {1996},
Month = {Winter},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0023-9186%28199624%2959%3A1%3C1%3AF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P},
Key = {fds47425}
}
@article{fds47447,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Leitzel},
Title = {Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy: An Economic Analysis of the
Attack on Gun Control},
Journal = {Law and Contemporary Problems},
Volume = {59},
Number = {1},
Pages = {91-118},
Year = {1996},
Month = {Winter},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0023-9186%28199624%2959%3A1%3C91%3A%22FJAEA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L},
Key = {fds47447}
}
@article{fds47446,
Author = {PJ Cook and T Cole},
Title = {Editorial: Strategic Thinking About Gun Markets and
Violence},
Journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},
Volume = {275},
Number = {22},
Pages = {1765-7},
Year = {1996},
Key = {fds47446}
}
@article{fds47361,
Author = {KE Warner and PJ Cook and et al.},
Title = {Criteria for Determining an Optimal Cigarette Tax: the
Economists' Perspective},
Journal = {Tobacco Control},
Volume = {4},
Number = {4},
Pages = {380-86},
Year = {1995},
Month = {Winter},
Abstract = {In the debate on cigarette taxation, both supporters and
opponents of higher taxes often appeal to economic theory
and analysis. To evaluate the criteria for defining an
optimal cigarette excise tax from the perspective of
economics, the office on Smoking and Health of the US
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a
meeting of economists on 5 May 1995. Meeting participants
acknowledged that, by itself, neither the discipline of
economics nor any other could determine what is socially
“right” or “wrong”. However, the economist’s
understanding of efficiency and equity in the workings of
the marketplace can inform the debate, offering insights
relevant to assessing the merits of tax proposals and of
arguments supporting or opposing such proposals. In this
paper, the efficiency and equity considerations that
economists use in evaluating the desirability of a tax are
described and applied to the case of cigarettes. It is
concluded that at present neither the arguments of tax
increase advocates nor those of opponents are well grounded
in economic analysis per se. Additional research based
knowledge of the costs imposed on people other than the
immediate consumers of cigarettes, especially those related
to environmental tobacco smoke, is needed, as is further
understanding of children’s responsiveness to cigarette
price changes. Protection of children constitutes the
strongest argument favoring increased taxation of
cigarettes.},
Key = {fds47361}
}
@article{fds47357,
Author = {PJ Cook and O-J Skog},
Title = {Alcool, alcoolisme, alcoolisation" by S.
Ledermann},
Journal = {Alcohol Health & Research World},
Volume = {19},
Number = {1},
Pages = {30-32},
Year = {1995},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=9506020235&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Discusses the impact of the article `Alcool, Alcoolisme,
Alcoolisation,' by S. Leddermann on the direction of alcohol
research. Original publication in the Volume One Number 29
issue of the `Donnees Scientifique de Caractere
Physiologique, Economique et Social' periodical; Changes
that have occurred since the article was published;
Developing trends as a result of this research.},
Key = {fds47357}
}
@article{fds47445,
Author = {PJ Cook and S Molliconi and T Cole},
Title = {Regulating Gun Markets},
Journal = {Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology},
Volume = {86},
Number = {1},
Pages = {59-92},
Year = {1995},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=9601093944&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {The article explores issues relating to the secondary gun
market in the U.S. Guns are used in two-thirds of criminal
homicides, and over 80 percent of male homicide victims aged
fifteen to twenty-four die of gunshot wounds. Many
delinquent youths are active in the gun market as both
buyers and sellers, and they acquire guns by borrowing and
stealing them. One objective of the federal gun control law
is to insulate states so that stringent regulations on
firearms commerce adopted in some states will not be
undercut by greater availability of guns in other states. As
of 1993, a majority of states require that handgun buyers
submit to a waiting period and a criminal record check
before taking possession of a handgun. The secondary market
is diverse, similar to the secondary market for motor
vehicles. Word-of-mouth advertising is apparently an
effective means for finding a buyer on the street, and some
people, often drug dealers, deal in guns frequently enough
to become known in this regard. To compete, secondary
sellers have to offer lower prices, both because guns sold
in the secondary market are used and of uncertain quality
and because shopping in the secondary market is
inconvenient.},
Key = {fds47445}
}
@article{fds47360,
Author = {PJ Cook and MJ Moore},
Title = {This Tax's for You},
Journal = {National Tax Journal},
Pages = {559-573},
Year = {1994},
Month = {September},
url = {http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=27614&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=15020&RQT=309&VName=PQD},
Abstract = {Some of the evidence that alcoholic beverages prices
influence the prevalence and social costs of alcohol abuse
is reviewed. The focus is on youths since it is this group
that is most prone to abusing alcohol and that suffers a
disproportionate share of the adverse consequences of abuse.
Since most youthful alcohol consumption is in the form of
beer, the particular concern is documenting the effects of
raising the federal and state beer excise taxes. In the
search for the effective policy instruments to reduce the
social cost of alcohol abuse, excise taxes represent an
attractive option that is currently under used. State and
federal taxes on alcoholic beverages are substantially lower
than warranted by the negative external costs of
consumption. The implicit policy of Congress and most state
legislatures has been to allow inflation to erode the real
value of alcohol taxes, and both taxes and prices are
substantially lower now than in the 1970s and
earlier.},
Key = {fds47360}
}
@article{fds47380,
Author = {CT Clotfelter and PJ Cook},
Title = {The Gambler's Fallacy in Lottery Play},
Journal = {Management Science},
Year = {1993},
Month = {December},
url = {http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=107154&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=15020&RQT=309&VName=PQD},
Abstract = {The gambler's fallacy is the belief that the probability of
an event is lowered when that event has recently occurred,
even though the probability of the event is objectively
known to be independent from one trial to the next. Evidence
is provided on the time pattern of lottery participation to
see whether actual behavior is consistent with this fallacy.
Data from the Maryland daily numbers game show a clear and
consistent tendency for the amount of money bet on a
particular number to fall sharply immediately after it is
drawn, and then gradually to recover to its former level
over the course of several months. This pattern is
consistent with the hypothesis that lottery players are in
fact subject to the gambler's fallacy.},
Key = {fds47380}
}
@article{fds47379,
Author = {PJ Cook and CT Clotfelter},
Title = {The Peculiar Scale of Economics of Lotto},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Pages = {634-643},
Year = {1993},
Month = {June},
url = {http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=128611&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=15020&RQT=309&VName=PQD},
Abstract = {A small state seeking to increase per capita lotto sales has
several options. First, it could increase the fraction of
the handle going into the jackpot. However, the regression
estimate of the "jackpot elasticity of demand" in
Massachusetts suggests that the additional betting
engendered by this ploy will not cover the cost. Second, the
state could seek to mimic the game offered by a larger state
by guaranteeing a large minimum jackpot while changing the
format to produce a corresponding reduction in the
probability of winning. This ploy would surely fail,
however, because the game would lose credibility after going
many weeks without a winner. Third, the state could join
with other states to increase the population base for the
game, and that is what a number of small states have done.
The scale effect evident in lotto forms an interesting
contrast to the scale effect in insurance markets. In
insurance, increasing the scale reduces the investment risk.
In lotto, increasing the scale provides a more risky
instrument. In both cases, bigger is better.},
Key = {fds47379}
}
@article{fds47355,
Author = {PJ Cook and MJ Moore},
Title = {Violence Reduction through Restrictions on Alcohol
Availability},
Journal = {Alcohol Health & Research World},
Volume = {17},
Number = {2},
Pages = {151-156},
Year = {1993},
url = {http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1502237&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=15020&RQT=309&VName=PQD},
Abstract = {It is suggested that the link between alcohol and violence
is relevant to evaluating alcohol control policies and that
policies that can curtail the use or abuse of alcohol among
people who may be prone to violence can reduce the incidence
of violent crime.},
Key = {fds47355}
}
@article{fds47356,
Author = {PJ Cook and MJ Moore},
Title = {Drinking and Schooling},
Journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
Volume = {12},
Pages = {411-429},
Year = {1993},
Abstract = {We employ the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to
explore the effect of youthful drinking on years of
schooling and on the likelihood of college graduation. Our
instruments for youthful drinking include the state beer tax
and the minimum purchase age. Reduced form equations are
also estimated. Our results indicate that heavy drinking in
high school reduces the average number of years of schooling
completed following high school. Other things equal,
students who spend their high school years in states with
relatively high taxes and minimum age are more likely to
graduate from college.},
Key = {fds47356}
}
@article{fds47443,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Notes on the Availability and Prevalence of
Firearms},
Journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
Volume = {9},
Number = {3,supp},
Year = {1993},
Abstract = {Legislators have formulated a variety of state and federal
regulations to make obtaining firearms more difficult for
dangerous people. Even though this goal may appear hopeless
in the face of the 150-200 million guns currently in
circulation, both evidence and economic logic suggest
otherwise. Guns are scarce commodities, and policies that
would make them scarcer, to reduce violent crimes that
involve guns, warrant consideration. Possibilities include
state-level regulation of gun dealers, interdiction of black
markets where stolen guns are fenced, and an increase in the
federal excise tax on guns.},
Key = {fds47443}
}
@article{fds47377,
Author = {CT Clotfelter and PJ Cook},
Title = {Lotteries in the Real World},
Journal = {Journal of Risk and Uncertainty},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3},
Pages = {227-232},
Year = {1991},
Month = {July},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=16620366&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Observed patterns of lottery play suggest that many players
believe they can improve their chance of winning by
adjusting their bets according to which numbers have won in
recent drawings, or in response to their dreams or other
portents. This skill orientation is encouraged by state
lottery advertising, which tends to be misleading in other
respects as well. Patterns of lottery play and the content
of lottery commercials provide readily available
illustrations of psychological tendencies in risky
decision-making that have been documented in laboratory
experiments.},
Key = {fds47377}
}
@article{fds47376,
Author = {CT Clotfelter and PJ Cook},
Title = {What Kind of Lottery for North Carolina?},
Journal = {Popular Government},
Volume = {56},
Number = {4},
Pages = {25-29},
Year = {1991},
Month = {Spring},
Abstract = {In this time of fiscal distress, the lottery—the
“voluntary tax”—can be an appealing option. The North
Carolina Senate passed a bill in the 1990 session that
mandated a public referendum on the creation of a state
lottery, and a similar bill is being considered by both
houses of the General Assembly this year. If it passes, it
would place the question of a lottery on the November 5,
1991, ballot. Our state has held out longer than most: there
are thirty-three state lotteries currently in operation,
with half of them in business for more than a decade. What
will it mean for North Carolina if we join in? The answer,
we believe, depends to some extent on how the lottery agency
would be structured and what restrictions would be placed on
lottery operations. In this article we review the experience
of other states as a basis for making a few predictions and
recommendations about a North Carolina lottery.},
Key = {fds47376}
}
@article{fds47352,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Social Costs of Drinking},
Journal = {The Expert Meeting on the Negative Social Consequences of
Alcohol Abuse},
Publisher = {Nowegian Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Oslo,
Norway},
Year = {1991},
Abstract = {Societies in which drinking is widespread experience a wide
variety of negative social and economic consequences.
Several accounting frameworks are commonly used to assess
the relative importance of these effects, and to calculate
some sort of “total cost” figure. The public health
framework measures costs in terms of excess mortality and
morbidity. The economic cost framework is also concerned
with health effects, but measures them in terms of resulting
lost productivity in employment and in the household. The
economic framework also takes account of other resources
expended or lost as a result of alcohol use, and measures
all of these effects in monetary units. A variant of this
approach distinguishes between costs borne by the drinker,
and costs imposed by the drinker on other people; only the
latter are deemed appropriate as a basis for government
action. A review of social cost studies in the United States
and other advanced western nations suggests that of the
various consequences of alcohol use, two dominate the cost
statistics; lost productivity due to alcohol-related
morbidity, and trauma deaths due to alcohol-related
accidents and intentional violence. Alcohol use is
associated with absenteeism, job accidents, and poor work
performance, as well as impaired productivity in household
tasks. But recent research, based on population survey data
in the United States, has generally found no relationship
between how much a man drinks and how productive he is (as
measured by his earnings, or days lost from work). While
these results may prove to reflect biases in the survey data
or an inadequate conceptual framework, for now there is
little basis for asserting that alcohol use imposes large
costs on the U.S. economy in terms of lost job productivity.
On the other hand, there is firm evidence that alcohol use
causes a substantial increase in total accidents and
victimization from violent crime, and that these
consequences are of considerable importance. Estimates of
the total cost of alcohol use, whether based on the public
health or economic accounting frameworks, are commonly used
to quality the importance of this problem. A more
appropriate use of this perspective is in the evaluation of
specific policy interventions intended to reduce problems
related to alcohol consumption.},
Key = {fds47352}
}
@article{fds157201,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Technology of Personal Violence},
Volume = {14},
Booktitle = {Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {1991},
Abstract = {Over 30,000 deaths each year result from gunshot wounds. Two
decades of systematic research on weapons and personal
violence indicate a pervasive influence of weapon type on
the patterns and outcomes of violent encounters. The
likelihood that an assault will result in death depends
(among other things) on the lethality of the weapon. The
evidence that weapon lethality affects the likelihood of
death in suicide is somewhat weaker. Assailants’ weapon
choice depends on a number of factors, including the
relative vulnerability of the intended victim and the
general availability of firearms. National Crime Survey data
indicate that guns are used only about 80,000 times each
year in self-defense.},
Key = {fds157201}
}
@article{fds47374,
Author = {CT Clotfelter and PJ Cook},
Title = {Redefining 'Success' in the State Lottery
Business},
Journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
Volume = {9},
Number = {1},
Pages = {99-104},
Year = {1990},
Month = {Winter},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=5869967&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Assesses implications of the state lottery business in the
United States. Maximization of lottery revenues; Options
that lottery managers used to increase their sales;
Alternatives to revenue lottery; Perception that lotteries
should accommodate rather than encourage
gambling.},
Key = {fds47374}
}
@article{fds47375,
Author = {CT Clotfelter and PJ Cook},
Title = {On the Economics of State Lotteries},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Pages = {105-120},
Year = {1990},
Month = {Fall},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=9604085558&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Examines the economic aspects of state lotteries in the
United States. Overview of state lottery operations; Reasons
why people play the lottery; Effect of changing prices and
payoffs; Economies of scale of lotto; Lotteries as revenue
sources.},
Key = {fds47375}
}
@article{fds47351,
Author = {DC Chapman and PJ Cook et al.},
Title = {The Cultural Dimensions of Alcohol Policy
Worldwide},
Journal = {Health Affairs},
Pages = {48-62},
Year = {1989},
Month = {Summer},
Key = {fds47351}
}
@article{fds47372,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Increasing the Federal Excise Taxes on Alcoholic
Beverages},
Journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
Volume = {7},
Number = {1},
Pages = {89-91},
Year = {1988},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds47372}
}
@article{fds47373,
Author = {CT Clotfelter and PJ Cook},
Title = {Implicit Taxation in Lottery Finance},
Journal = {National Tax Journal},
Year = {1987},
Month = {December},
url = {http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=618325261&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=15020&RQT=309&VName=PQD},
Abstract = {State lotteries as they are operated in the United States
today involve four distinct aspects: legalization of lottery
games, monopolistic provision by the state, marketing of
lottery products, and extraction of a portion of the surplus
they derive from sales for state revenue. In this paper we
use conventional tools of applied public finance to examine
the implicit tax levied by lottery agencies through this
fourth function. We examine the incidence of the implicit
lottery tax, focusing on the dominant lottery games used in
the 1980s. We find that the implicit tax is regressive in
virtually all cases. We then consider whether the implicit
tax rate on lotteries is too high, comparing that rate to
excise tax rates on alcohol and tobacco.},
Key = {fds47373}
}
@article{fds47408,
Author = {PJ Cook and JH Laub},
Title = {The (Surprising) Stability of Youth Crime
Rates},
Journal = {Journal of Quantitative Criminology},
Volume = {2},
Number = {3},
Pages = {265-278},
Year = {1986},
Month = {September},
Abstract = {Despite the profound demographic and socioeconomic changes
characterizing family life in recent years, youth crime
rates have remained more or less constant since 1971. This
finding is of interest given the intense public concern
regarding the welfare of children. It also serves as a
convenient basis for projecting the future volume of youth
crime.},
Key = {fds47408}
}
@article{fds47440,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Relationship Between Victime Resistance and Injury in
Noncommercial Robbery},
Journal = {Journal of Legal Studies},
Volume = {XV},
Number = {1},
Pages = {405-416},
Year = {1986},
Month = {June},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0047-2530%28198606%2915%3A2%3C405%3ATRBVRA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T},
Key = {fds47440}
}
@article{fds47398,
Author = {PJ Cook and G Zarkin},
Title = {Homicide and Economic Conditions},
Journal = {Journal of Quantitative Criminology},
Volume = {2},
Number = {1},
Year = {1986},
Month = {March},
Abstract = {M. Harvey Brenner has produced two influential studies of
the social costs of unemployment, economic inequality, and
economic growth, both sponsored by the Joint Economic
Committee of the U.S. Congress. This paper reports the
results of an effort to reproduce Brenner’s findings for
homicide from his more recent (1984) study. Our conclusions
are as follows. (1) Although not obvious from his write-up,
Brenner’s 1984 results differ substantively from his
earlier results. (2) We are unable to reproduce his reported
findings. (3) There are serious methodological problems with
his procedure for choosing a regression specification.},
Key = {fds47398}
}
@article{fds157202,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Demand and Supply of Criminal Opportunities},
Volume = {7},
Pages = {1-28},
Booktitle = {Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Editor = {Michael Tonry and Norval Morris},
Year = {1986},
Abstract = {Criminal opportunity theory provides a framework for
examining the interaction between potential offenders and
potential victims. Criminals’ behavior influences the
nature and amount of self-protective measures taken by
potential victims, and changes in self-protection make
criminal opportunities more or less attractive. Criminal
opportunity theory has precursors in criminological theory,
preeminently in the work of Cloward and Ohlin, but in these
theories opportunities are mediated through social learning.
Criminal opportunity theory employs the economic theory of
markets to describe and predict how criminals and victims
interact. Evidence is available that potential victims take
more self-protection measures when the perceived risk of
victimization is greater and that prospective criminals are
likelier to attack relatively more vulnerable targets.
Little research is available on whether increases in
self-protection reduce the total volume of crime or merely
displace crime to more vulnerable targets; the extent of
displacement probably differs among offenses. The market
perspective has several benefits to the investigation of
interaction between potential victims and offenders: it
assembles different topics encompassed by criminal
opportunity theory into a coherent whole, it is expressed in
a form that facilitates borrowing from economic theory, and
it generates new and important insights for policy
evaluation and criminological theory. One central insight is
that law enforcement strategies may alter the quality of
opportunities and thereby precipitate additional crime.
Effective incapacitation or rehabilitation policies, for
example, may reduce the number of offenders in circulation
and thereby reduce the perceived risk of victimization. This
may cause individuals to reduce their self-protection
efforts, making them more attractive targets than before and
thereby stimulating increased crime rates on the part of
those criminals who remain active.},
Key = {fds157202}
}
@article{fds47439,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Is Robbery Becoming More Violent? An Analysis of Robbery
Murder Trends Since 1968},
Journal = {Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology},
Volume = {76},
Number = {2},
Pages = {480-489},
Year = {1985},
Month = {Summer},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0091-4169%28198522%2976%3A2%3C480%3AIRBMVA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V},
Key = {fds47439}
}
@article{fds47397,
Author = {JQ Wilson and PJ Cook},
Title = {Unemployment and Crime--What is the Connection?},
Journal = {The Public Interest},
Volume = {79},
Pages = {3-8},
Year = {1985},
Month = {Spring},
Key = {fds47397}
}
@article{fds47438,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Case of the Missing Victims: Gunshot Woundings in the
National Crime Survey},
Journal = {Journal of Quantitative Criminology},
Pages = {91-102},
Year = {1985},
Month = {March},
Abstract = {National Crime Survey (NCS) data yield an estimate that
171,000 Americans were nonfatally shot in criminal assaults,
robberies, and rapes for the period 1973-1979. Comparing
this estimate with the number of firearms homicides during
this period suggests either that the death rate in gunshot
cases is very high (over 1/3) or that the NCS estimate is
low. Based on police-generated data appropriate to
estimating the true death rate from gunshot wounds, it
appears that the NCS estimate is low by a factor of about
3.0 compared with the number of criminal gunshot woundings
known to the police. It is common knowledge that
survey-based estimates of assault rates tend to be
relatively unreliable, a fact that has been attributed to
problems with respondents being willing and able to recall
threats, fist fights, and other minor assaults. The current
result indicates that the estimation problem is not limited
to minor assaults. There is reason to think that the
underestimate of gunshot woundings is the result of problems
with the NCS sample as well as problems with respondent
cooperation.},
Key = {fds47438}
}
@article{fds47477,
Author = {PJ Cook and JW Vaupel},
Title = {What Policy Analysts Do: Three Research Styles},
Journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3},
Pages = {427-8},
Year = {1985},
Month = {Spring},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=7708010&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Focuses on the characteristics of three styles of social
science research conducted by policy analysts. Policy
analysis related to students' activities after graduation;
Definition of policy research agenda by problems; Derivation
of solutions from given information in Applied Social
Science Research.},
Key = {fds47477}
}
@article{fds47396,
Author = {PJ Cook and G Zarkin},
Title = {Crime and the Business Cycle},
Journal = {Journal of Legal Studies},
Year = {1985},
Month = {January},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0047-2530%28198501%2914%3A1%3C115%3ACATBC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P},
Key = {fds47396}
}
@article{fds47395,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Use of Criminal Statutes to Regulate Product Safety:
Comment on Wheeler},
Journal = {Journal of Legal Studies},
Pages = {619-622},
Year = {1984},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/view/00472530/ap020032/02a00130/0},
Key = {fds47395}
}
@article{fds47346,
Author = {PJ Cook and G Tauchen},
Title = {The Effect of Minimum Drinking Age Legislation on Youthful
Auto Fatalities, 1970-77},
Journal = {Journal of Legal Studies},
Volume = {13},
Pages = {169-190},
Year = {1984},
Month = {January},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0047-2530%28198401%2913%3A1%3C169%3ATEOMDA%3E2.0CO%3B2-R},
Key = {fds47346}
}
@article{fds157203,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {The Influence of Gun Availability on Violent Crime
Patterns},
Journal = {Crme and Justice: An Annual Review of Research},
Volume = {4},
Pages = {49-90},
Editor = {Norval Morris and Michael Tonry},
Year = {1983},
Key = {fds157203}
}
@article{fds47345,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Alcohol Taxes as a Public Health Measure},
Journal = {British Journal of Addiction},
Pages = {245-250},
Year = {1982},
Month = {September},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=6273185&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Prices of alcoholic beverages in the U.S. have declined
sharply over the last two decades relative to the overall
rate of price inflation, in part because federal alcohol
excise taxes have not been increased since 1951. There is
strong evidence that an increase in alcohol taxes would
reduce the prevalence of chronic heavy drinking; this
evidence, summarized here, is based on an analysis of the
effect of changes in state liquor taxes rates on cirrhosis
mortality. Thus alcohol taxation is an effective public
health policy investment. Alcohol taxes are also fairly well
targeted, in the sense that a large fraction of tax revenues
are collected from those whose alcohol consumption level
places them at risk for health problems and other
alcohol-related problems.},
Key = {fds47345}
}
@article{fds47344,
Author = {PJ Cook and G Tauchen},
Title = {The Effect of Liquor Taxes on Heavy Drinking},
Journal = {Bell Journal of Economics},
Pages = {379-390},
Year = {1982},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=5748755&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {In this article we present the strongest evidence to date
that chronic heavy drinkers' consumption is responsive to
changes in the price of liquor. We estimate that an increase
in the liquor excise tax by one dollar (1967 prices) per
proof gallon reduces the liver cirrhosis mortality rate by
5.4% in the short run and by perhaps twice that amount in
the long run. (The liver cirrhosis mortality rate is a
reliable proxy for the prevalence of chronic excess
consumption.) Our estimate is based on an analysis of
covariance of annual state-level data, for a 16-year panel
of 30 states, with state excise taxes and per capita income
as the covariates. Of course, our estimate is not sufficient
to determine whether an increase in the liquor tax is
worthwhile, much less to determine an "optimal" tax. It is,
however, an important datum for making these
determinations.},
Key = {fds47344}
}
@article{fds47436,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The 'Saturday Night Special': An Assessment of Alternative
Definitions from a Policy Perspective},
Journal = {Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology},
Volume = {72},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1735-1745},
Year = {1981},
Month = {Winter},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0091-4169%28198124%2972%3A4%3C1735%3AT%22NSAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N},
Key = {fds47436}
}
@article{fds47435,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Guns and Crime: the Power of Long Division},
Journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
Pages = {120-125},
Year = {1981},
Month = {Fall},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=6673985&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Analyzes the use of handguns in crime in the U.S. Rates of
handgun suicide and fatal handgun accident; Mathematical
relationship between crime involvement rate and the
probability of criminal use.},
Key = {fds47435}
}
@article{fds47432,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Blose},
Title = {State Programs for Screening Handgun Buyers},
Journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science},
Pages = {80-91},
Year = {1981},
Month = {May},
Abstract = {Three to five million handguns change hands each year.
Almost half the states—including 64 percent of the
population—require that buyers be screened by the police,
with the objective of preventing certain groups of
potentially dangerous people—felons, fugitives, ex-mental
patients, drug addicts, and so forth—from obtaining
handguns. These state systems operate within the federal
framework created by the Gun Control Act of 1968, which
requires that most all interstate transactions in firearms
be handled by federally licensed dealers or manufacturers.
The states’ main problems are (1) weak federal regulation
of licensees, (2) incomplete state criminal history files,
and (3) the difficulty of regulating hand-to-hand
transactions in used handguns. States that wish to increase
the effectiveness of their screening systems will probably
have to assume responsibility for regulating retail dealers
and will have to institute civil liability for dealers and
individual gun owners, together with a more comprehensive
registration system, to make the screening system more
difficult to circumvent.},
Key = {fds47432}
}
@article{fds47431,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Reducing Injury and Death Rates in Robbery},
Journal = {Policy Analysis},
Volume = {6},
Number = {1},
Pages = {21-45},
Year = {1980},
Month = {Winter},
Abstract = {The author presents a variety of evidence that a large
fraction of injuries and deaths in robbery are the result of
the robber’s unprovoked decision to harm the victim. This
finding supports a policy of sentencing enhancements for
robbery injury. Sentencing enhancements for the use of a gun
in robbery may reduce the robbery murder rate, but at the
cost of an increased injury rate.},
Key = {fds47431}
}
@article{fds157204,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Research in Criminal Deterrence: Laying the Groundwork for
the Second Decade},
Journal = {Crime and Justice: Ann Annual Review of Research},
Volume = {2},
Pages = {211-268},
Publisher = {University of Chicago},
Editor = {Norval Morris and Michael Tonry},
Year = {1980},
Abstract = {Deterrence theory has been developed primarily by
economists, who have viewed potential criminals as rational
decision-makers faced with an array of illicit opportunities
characterized by costs (time, possible adverse legal
consequences, and so forth) and payoffs. The crime decision
is thus characterized in a way that fits the well-developed
theoretical framework of decision-making under uncertainty.
Herbert Simon and others have questioned the descriptive
accuracy of this theory, and are beginning to uncover
systematic patterns in decision-making that violate the
predictions of the economic theory: This work could usefully
be incorporated into the crime choice framework. One of the
most important issues for further research in this area is
the way in which potential criminals acquire information
about criminal opportunities and the effectiveness of the
criminal justice system. A simple “realistic” model of
threat communication can be outlined that yields
deterrence-like effects, even though no one is well informed
concerning the true effectiveness of the system. Three other
questions that have been of great interest to deterrence
theorists are discussed: (1) what factors influence the rate
at which active criminals commit crimes; (2) which dimension
of the threat of punishment has a greater deterrent
effect—likelihood or severity; and (3) what effect does
the threat of punishment for one type of crime have on
involvement in other criminal activities?},
Key = {fds157204}
}
@article{fds47391,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Clearance Rate as a Measure of Criminal Justice System
Effectiveness},
Journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
Volume = {11},
Pages = {135-142},
Year = {1979},
Abstract = {The validity of the clearance rate as a measure of either
criminal justice system (CIS) effectiveness or of the
probability of punishment for crime can be questioned on the
grounds that the relationship between CIS effectiveness and
observed clearance rates is mediated by the choice behavior
of criminals. If the clearance rate is endogenous in that
sense, then recent econometric results concerning the
deterrence effect of punishment are fundamentally flawed. A
model of criminal adaptation to changes in CIS effectiveness
illustrates the basic problem.},
Key = {fds47391}
}
@article{fds47430,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Effect of Gun Availability on Robbery and Robbery
Murder: A Cross-Section Study of Fifty Cities},
Journal = {Policy Studies Review Annual},
Volume = {3},
Pages = {743-781},
Publisher = {Sage Publications},
Year = {1979},
Key = {fds47430}
}
@article{fds47341,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Value of Human Life in the Demand for Safety:
Comment},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Pages = {710-711},
Year = {1978},
Month = {September},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=4511633&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {Presents a derivation of B. Conley's justification for the
use of labor earnings measure of the value of life which
states that the value of life saving is greater than the
discounted lifetime labor income. Elasticity of utility with
respect to lifetime consumption; Relation between utility
associated with death and utility associated with positive
level of consumption.},
Key = {fds47341}
}
@article{fds47390,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Punishment and Crime: A Critique of Recent Findings on the
Preventive Effects of Punishment},
Journal = {Law and Contemporary Problems},
Pages = {164-204},
Year = {1977},
Month = {Winter},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0023-9186%28197724%2941%3A1%3C164%3APACACO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5},
Key = {fds47390}
}
@article{fds47340,
Author = {PJ Cook and D Graham},
Title = {The Demand for Insurance and Protection: The Case of
Irreplaceable Commodities},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Pages = {143-156},
Year = {1977},
Month = {February},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=4624031&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {This article evaluates the new theoretical characterization
of commodities and develops some results concerning the
demand for insurance in the U.S. A rational individual,
risk-averse with respect to lotteries on wealth, will
typically not fully insure an irreplaceable commodity and
may even choose to bet against losing it. In assessing the
benefit of an increase in public protection activity, the
correct value of a commodity is bracketed by the amount of
money the owner would pay to avoid its loss and the amount
of money required to fully compensate him for its
loss.},
Key = {fds47340}
}
@article{fds47389,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Correctional Carrot: The Prospect of Reducing Recidivism
through Improved Job Opportunities},
Journal = {Policy Analysis},
Pages = {11-54},
Year = {1975},
Month = {January},
Abstract = {How can men who have been released from prison be deterred
from returning to crime? Our present “correctional”
system does not correct, and most experiments with
innovative rehabilitation techniques have reached negative
conclusions. The most promising avenue for future research
is job creation and on-the-job training programs for
released prisoners. Original results presented here give an
empirical characterization of the labor market confronting
parolees and demonstrate that job satisfaction is associated
with parole success.},
Key = {fds47389}
}
@article{fds47476,
Author = {PJ Cook and Robert H Frank},
Title = {The Effect of Unemployment Dispersion on the Rate of Wage
Inflation},
Journal = {Journal of Monetary Economics},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {241-249},
Year = {1975},
Key = {fds47476}
}
@article{fds47475,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {A 'One Line' Proof of the Slutsky Equation},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Pages = {139},
Year = {1972},
Month = {March},
url = {http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&an=4502321&site=ehost&scope=site},
Abstract = {This article discusses the key features of consumer theory
on individual consumers' reaction to changes in the market
price of commodities. The discussion presented that market
price of a commodity can be broken into vectors of
substitution effects and income effects. The price effect
can be used on the Slutsky equation if the expenditure
includes an expenditure function. The article has presented
the equation used to determine the minimum expenditure
necessary for the consumer to achieve any utility level if
the consumer income faces a vector of commodity
prices.},
Key = {fds47475}
}
%% Chapters in Books
@article{fds160662,
Author = {C.T. Clotfelter and P.J. Cook},
Title = {Ends and Means in State Lotteries: The Importance of a Good
Cause},
Booktitle = {Gambling: Mapping the American Moral Landscape},
Publisher = {Baylor University Press},
Editor = {Alan Wolfe and Eric C. Owens},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds160662}
}
@article{fds145306,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {Crime},
Pages = {297-327},
Booktitle = {Making Cities Work: Prospects and Policies for Urban
America},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Address = {Princeton, NJ},
Editor = {Robert P. Inman},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds145306}
}
@article{fds139466,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {Robbery},
Booktitle = {Handbook on Crime and Public Policy},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Editor = {Michael Tonry},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds139466}
}
@article{fds139467,
Author = {P.J. Cook and J. Ludwig},
Title = {Firearm Violence},
Booktitle = {Handbook on Crime and Public Policy},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Editor = {Michael Tonry},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds139467}
}
@article{fds51725,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {Acting white},
Series = {2nd},
Booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences},
Editor = {William A. Darity Jr.},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds51725}
}
@article{fds138933,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {Use and control of firearms},
Booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Law & Society},
Publisher = {Sage Publications Inc.},
Editor = {David S. Clark},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds138933}
}
@article{fds47420,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Assigning Youths to Minimize Total Harm},
Pages = {67-89},
Booktitle = {Deviant Peer Influences in Programs for Youth},
Publisher = {The Guilford Press},
Editor = {K.A. Dodge and T. J. Dishion and J. Lansford},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds47420}
}
@article{fds47419,
Author = {PJ Cook and N Khmilevska},
Title = {Cross-National Patterns in Crime Rates},
Pages = {331-345},
Booktitle = {Crime and Punishment in Western Countries,
1980-1999},
Publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
Editor = {Michael Tonry and David P. Farrington},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds47419}
}
@article{fds15903,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {The Effects of the Brady Act on Gun Violence},
Pages = {283-298},
Booktitle = {Guns, Crime and Punishment in America},
Publisher = {NYU Press},
Editor = {B.E. Harcourt},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds15903}
}
@article{fds14355,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {The Effects of Gun Prevalance on Burglary: Deterrence vs
Inducement},
Pages = {74-118},
Booktitle = {Evaluating Gun Policy},
Publisher = {Brookings Institution Press},
Editor = {J Ludwig and PJ Cook},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds14355}
}
@article{fds14356,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Pragmatic Gun Policy},
Pages = {1-37},
Booktitle = {Evaluating Gun Policy},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press},
Editor = {J Ludwig and PJ Cook},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds14356}
}
@article{fds47418,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {"Comment" on "Catching Cheating Teachers"},
Pages = {210-215},
Booktitle = {Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs
2003},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press},
Editor = {William G. Gale and Janet Rothenberg Pack},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds47418}
}
@article{fds14353,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Litigation as Regulation: Firearms},
Booktitle = {Regulation Through Litigation},
Publisher = {Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press},
Editor = {WK Viscusi},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds14353}
}
@article{fds47416,
Author = {PJ Cook and JH Laub},
Title = {After the Epidemic: Recent Trends in Youth Violence in the
United States},
Pages = {117-153},
Booktitle = {Crime and Justice: A Review of Research},
Publisher = {Chicago, University of Chicago Press},
Editor = {Michael Tonry},
Year = {2002},
Abstract = {The epidemic of youth violence in the United States peaked
in 1993 and has been followed by a rapid, sustained drop. We
assess two types of explanation for this drop – those that
focus on “cohort” effects (including the effects of
abortion legalization) and those that focus on “period”
effects (including the effects of the changing crack-cocaine
trade). We are able to reject the cohort-type explanations
yet also find contradictions with an account based on the
dynamics of crack markets. The “way out” of this
epidemic has not been the same as the “way in.” The
relative importance in homicide of youths, racial
minorities, and guns, all of which increased greatly during
the epidemic, has remained high during the drop. Arrest
patterns tell a somewhat different story, in part because of
changing police practice with respect to aggravated assault.
Finally, we demonstrate that the rise and fall of youth
violence has been narrowly confined with respect to race,
sex, and age, but not geography. Given the volatility in the
rates of juvenile violence, forecasting rates is a risky
business indeed. Effectively narrowing the range of
plausible explanations for the recent ups and downs may
require a long time horizon, consideration of a broader
array of problem behaviors, and comparisons with trends in
other countries.},
Key = {fds47416}
}
@article{fds47460,
Author = {PJ Cook and MH Moore and A Braga},
Title = {Gun Control},
Pages = {291-329},
Booktitle = {Crime: Public Policies For Crime Control},
Publisher = {ICS Press, Oakland CA},
Editor = {James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds47460}
}
@article{fds13141,
Author = {PJ Cook and MJ Moore},
Title = {Environment and Persistence in Youthful Drinking
Patterns},
Pages = {375-437},
Booktitle = {Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic
Analysis},
Publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
Editor = {J. Gruber},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds13141}
}
@article{fds47415,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Forward},
Booktitle = {Costs and Benefits of Preventing Crime},
Publisher = {Boulder, CO: Westview Press},
Editor = {BC Welsh and DP Farrington and LW Sherman},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds47415}
}
@article{fds13140,
Author = {PJ Cook and MJ Moore},
Title = {Alcohol},
Volume = {1B},
Pages = {1629-1673},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Health Economics},
Publisher = {New York: North-Holland},
Editor = {AJ Culyer and JP Newhouse},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds13140}
}
@article{fds13143,
Author = {AL Kellermann and PJ Cook},
Title = {Armed and Dangerous: Guns in American Homes},
Pages = {425-440},
Booktitle = {Lethal Imagination: Violence and Brutality in American
History},
Publisher = {New York University Press},
Editor = {MA Bellesiles},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds13143}
}
@article{fds47413,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Unprecedented Epidemic in Youth Violence},
Pages = {101-138},
Booktitle = {Youth Violence},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Editor = {Michael Tonry and Mark H. Moore},
Year = {1998},
Key = {fds47413}
}
@article{fds47414,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Epidemic of Youth Gun Violence},
Pages = {107-125},
Booktitle = {Perspectives on Crime and Violence: 1997-1998 Lecture
Series},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice},
Year = {1998},
Abstract = {An epidemic of youth gun violence has swept the United
States in recent years. The increase in youth homicide,
which began in the mid-1980s and peaked in 1993, was
unusual, large, abrupt, and unprecedented. Although it is
now 5 years past the peak, great uncertainty remains about
its causes and what can be done to head off the next
epidemic. During the early 1980s, violent crime rates in the
United States were generally headed down from a previous
record-breaking peak in 1980. But in 1985, this positive
trend reversed—not for everyone, but for demographic
groups with the highest prevalence of perpetrators and
victims of violent crime. While homicide rates for older
adults continued to decline, adolescents and young adults in
minority communities increasingly resorted to gunplay and
suffered its deadly consequences. My objective is to
describe this epidemic of youth gun violence and consider
two prominent explanations of the problem that have
influenced policy over the past 7 or 8 years. One school of
thought explains the epidemic in terms of the character of
the youths involved. Other researchers see the problem in
terms of the context in which the youths operate. In my
opinion, the evidence favors context over character. A
focused response to this epidemic was slow in coming, but in
recent years a number of law enforcement innovations
designed to separate kids from guns have been implemented
around the country. Although the research results are not
yet in, many of these efforts may have helped turn the
corner in reducing homicide rates.},
Key = {fds47414}
}
@article{fds47449,
Author = {P.J. Cook and J Leitzel},
Title = {Gun Control},
Booktitle = {New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and
Law},
Year = {1998},
Key = {fds47449}
}
@article{fds47453,
Author = {PJ Cook and MH Moore},
Title = {Guns, Gun Control, and Homicide: A Review of Research and
Public Policy},
Pages = {277-296},
Booktitle = {Homicide: A Sourcebook of Social Research},
Publisher = {Sage Publications},
Year = {1998},
Key = {fds47453}
}
@article{fds47479,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {The Burden of 'Acting White': Do Black Adolescents Disparage
Academic Achievement},
Pages = {375-400},
Booktitle = {The Black-White Test Score Gap},
Publisher = {Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC},
Editor = {Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips},
Year = {1998},
Key = {fds47479}
}
@article{fds47470,
Author = {PJ Cook and RH Frank},
Title = {The Economic Payoff of Attending an Ivy-League
Institution},
Booktitle = {Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the
Mirror},
Publisher = {Temple University Press},
Editor = {Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic},
Year = {1997},
Key = {fds47470}
}
@article{fds47358,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Social Costs of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drug Abuse" and "Tax
Laws, Alcohol},
Booktitle = {The Encyclopedia of Drugs and Alcohol},
Publisher = {New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.},
Editor = {J.H. Jaffe},
Year = {1996},
Key = {fds47358}
}
@article{fds47444,
Author = {PJ Cook and MH Moore},
Title = {Gun Control},
Pages = {267-294},
Booktitle = {Crime},
Publisher = {San Francisco: ICS Press},
Editor = {James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds47444}
}
@article{fds47353,
Author = {PJ Cook and MJ Moore},
Title = {Taxation of Alcoholic Beverages},
Pages = {33-58},
Booktitle = {Economic Research on the Prevention of Alcohol-Related
Problems},
Publisher = {NIAAA, NIH Publication No. 93-3513},
Editor = {M. Hilton and G. Bloss},
Year = {1993},
Abstract = {Excess drinking is associated with lost productivity,
accidents, disability, early death, crime, neglect of family
responsibilities, and personality deterioration. These and
related concerns have justified special restrictions on
alcoholic beverage commerce and consumption. The nature and
extent of government involvement in this arena vary widely
over time and place, and are often controversial. Economists
have contributed to the evaluation of alcohol policy through
empirical work on the effects of alcohol-control measures on
consumption and its consequences. Economics has also
provided an accounting framework for defining and comparing
costs and benefits of interventions, including excise taxes.
Outside of the policy arena, economists have analyzed
alcohol consumption in the context of stretching the
standard model of consumer choice to include intertemporal
effects and social influence. Nonetheless, perhaps the most
important contribution by economists has been the repeated
demonstration that there is nothing unusual about alcohol in
at least one essential respect: consumers drink less ethanol
(and have fewer alcohol-related problems) when
alcohol-beverage prices are increased. Important econometric
challenges remain, including the search for a satisfactory
resolution to the conflicting results on the effect of price
changes on consumption by consumers who tend to drink
heavily. There are also unresolved puzzles about the
relationship between drinking and productivity; even after
controlling for a variety of other characteristics, drinkers
tend to have higher earnings than abstainers, and women’s
earnings (but not men’s) tend to increase with alcohol
consumption.},
Key = {fds47353}
}
@article{fds47354,
Author = {PJ Cook and MJ Moore},
Title = {Economic Perspectives on Reducing Alcohol-Related
Violence},
Pages = {193-212},
Booktitle = {Alcohol and Interpersonal Viiolence: Fostering
Multidisciplinary Perspectives},
Publisher = {NIH Publication No. 93-3496},
Editor = {Susan E. Martin},
Year = {1993},
Key = {fds47354}
}
@article{fds47469,
Author = {PJ Cook and RH Frank},
Title = {The Growing Concentration of Top Students at Elite
Schools},
Booktitle = {Studies of Supply and Demand in Higher Education},
Publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
Editor = {Charles T. Clotfelter and Michael Rothschild},
Year = {1993},
Key = {fds47469}
}
@article{fds47378,
Author = {CT Clotfelter and PJ Cook},
Title = {Lotteries},
Booktitle = {The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and
Finance},
Publisher = {Macmillan Press, London},
Editor = {Peter Newman and Murray Milgate and John Eatwell},
Year = {1992},
Key = {fds47378}
}
@article{fds47350,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Comment},
Pages = {181-183},
Booktitle = {Preventing Automobile Injury: New Findings for Evaluation
Research},
Publisher = {Dover, MA: Auburn House Publishing Company},
Editor = {John D. Graham},
Year = {1988},
Key = {fds47350}
}
@article{fds47349,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Impact of Distilled Spirits Taxes on Consumption, Auto
Fatalities and Cirrhosis Mortality},
Pages = {159-167},
Booktitle = {Control Issues in Alcohol Abuse Prevention: Strategies for
States and Communities},
Publisher = {Jai Press, Greenwich, CT},
Editor = {Harold D. Holder and Advances in Substance Abuse and Suppl.
1},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds47349}
}
@article{fds47410,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Economics of Criminal Sanctions},
Booktitle = {Sanctions and Rewards in the Legal System},
Publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
Editor = {Martin L. Friedland},
Year = {1987},
Abstract = {This is an essay on the economists’ theoretical
perspective of how rewards and sanctions influence criminal
activity. Although I include an occasional reference to the
empirical evidence, Franklin Zimring’s essay (elsewhere in
this volume) precludes the necessity of a more complete
account. In any event, as an economist I run true to form in
placing precedence on developing the theory: as the joke has
it, an economist is someone who, told that something is true
in practice, wonders whether it is true in theory. Economics
is unique among the social sciences in having a
well-developed paradigm for guiding theoretical inquiry on
any topic that an economist chooses to investigate. This
paradigm is well illustrated in the modern literature on the
economics of crime, beginning with the seminal articles by
Becker and Ehrlich. In essence, the paradigm has five parts:
1. Identify the relevant decision-makers and the objectives
that motivate their behavior, usually by assuming
self-interest and rationality. 2. Given these objectives,
and a characterization of the available options, develop the
implications for how behavioral choices will respond to
changes in opportunity. 3. Specify the conditions of
interaction or exchange among the decision-makers. 4. Derive
a characterization of the aggregate consequences of this
interaction, with special attention to the characteristics
of ‘equilibrium’. 5. Analyze the effects on this
equilibrium of changes in contextual variables. Of course,
economists traditionally have applied this approach to the
analysis of prices and quantities in the context of a market
system of exchange, and efforts to expand the domain of
economic inquiry to include topics such as criminal behavior
have met with resistance from other social scientists. The
bulk of this essay is devoted to an account of the
‘economic’ characterization of the behavior of the
potential (or actual) criminal, together with a discussion
of the common objections to this characterization. This
account covers only the first two of the five parts that
constitute the economic paradigm. The entire paradigm is
briefly illustrated in a subsequent section of the essay,
with an analysis of the crime of motor vehicle theft. The
conclusion discusses research priorities.},
Key = {fds47410}
}
@article{fds47411,
Author = {PJ Cook and JH Laub},
Title = {Trends in Child Abuse and Juvenile Delinquency},
Volume = {II, Chapter 7},
Pages = {109-127},
Booktitle = {From Children to Citizens: The Role of the Juvenile
Court},
Publisher = {Springer-Verlag, New York},
Editor = {Francis X. Hartman},
Year = {1987},
Abstract = {This paper seeks to project future trends in child abuse and
juvenile delinquency. Such projections are useful in
planning capacity changes in the juvenile justice system.
Trends in youth crime and child abuse as well as information
on various social indicators affecting children are
reviewed. We conclude that juvenile crime rates per capita
will probably remain at current levels or even decline over
the next 10 to 15 years, although we are inclined to
emphasize the uncertainty that attaches to this
prediction.},
Key = {fds47411}
}
@article{fds47412,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Notes on an Accounting Scheme for the Juvenile Correctional
System},
Volume = {II},
Pages = {362-370},
Booktitle = {From Children to Citizens: The Role of the Juvenile
Court},
Publisher = {Springer-Verlag, New York},
Editor = {Francis X. Hartman},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds47412}
}
@article{fds47441,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Robbery Violence},
Journal = {Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology},
Volume = {78},
Number = {2},
Pages = {357-376},
Year = {1987},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0091-4169%28198722%2978%3A2%3C357%3ARV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W},
Key = {fds47441}
}
@article{fds47407,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Criminal Incapacitation Effects Considered in a Adaptive
Choice Framework},
Pages = {202-216},
Booktitle = {The Reasoning Criminal},
Publisher = {New York: Springer-Verlag},
Editor = {Derek Cornish and Ron Clarke},
Year = {1986},
Abstract = {Philip Cook’s analysis of the possible adaptations made by
offenders to policies of incapacitation constitutes a
valuable example of the policy applications of a rational
choice perspective. Taking as his starting point the
assumption that people adapt their behavior in the light of
information about the costs and benefits of alternative
courses of action, Cook draws on the “danger
compensation” thesis current in the road safety field to
argue that such adaptations may sometimes act to partially
negate the effects of policy. He shows clearly that
selective incapacitation measures may, depending on the
extent to which different classes of offender adapt their
behaviors in the knowledge of the changing costs and
benefits involved, very well lead to an increase rather than
a decrease in overall levels of crime. His is a hypothetical
example and needs to be fleshed out with interview and
behavioral data, but it illustrates how important it may be
for policymakers to obtain a clearer understanding of the
way in which crime-control policies—whether
incapacitative, deterrent, rehabilitative, or
preventive—are perceived, evaluated, and reacted to by
their intended objects. Neglect of the offender’s
perspective probably underlies the catastrophic failure of
rehabilitation, and a similar neglect may well lead to the
failure of many of the new deterrent policies. The situation
can only be remedied by a large investment in research into
offender perceptions.},
Key = {fds47407}
}
@article{fds47347,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Increasing the Federal Alcohol Excise Tax},
Pages = {24-32},
Booktitle = {Toward the Prevention of Alcohol Problems: Government,
Business, and Community Action},
Publisher = {National Academy Press, Washington, DC},
Editor = {Dean Gerstein},
Year = {1984},
Key = {fds47347}
}
@article{fds47348,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Economics of Alcohol Consumption and
Abuse},
Pages = {56-77},
Booktitle = {Alcoholism and Related Problems: Issues for the American
Public},
Publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
Editor = {Louis Jolyon West},
Year = {1984},
Key = {fds47348}
}
@article{fds47394,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Costs of Crime},
Booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice},
Publisher = {Macmillan Publishing Company},
Editor = {Sanford H. Kadish},
Year = {1983},
Key = {fds47394}
}
@article{fds47437,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Role of Firearms in Violent Crime},
Pages = {236-289},
Booktitle = {Criminal Violence},
Publisher = {Sage Publications},
Editor = {Marvin E. Wolfgang and Neil A. Weiner},
Year = {1982},
Key = {fds47437}
}
@article{fds47433,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Effect of Gun Availability on Violent Crime
Patterns},
Booktitle = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science},
Year = {1981},
Month = {May},
Abstract = {Social scientists have started to find answers to some of
the questions raised in the ongoing debate over gun control.
The basic factual issue in this debate concerns the effect
of gun availability on the distribution, seriousness, and
number of violent crimes. Some evidence is available on each
of these dimensions of the violent crime problem. The
distribution of violent crimes among different types of
victims is governed in part by the “vulnerability
pattern” in weapon choice. The seriousness of robbery and
assault incidents is influenced by weapon type, as indicated
by the objective dangerousness and instrumental violence
pattern. A reduction in gun availability would cause some
weapon substitution and probably little change in overall
robbery and assault rates—but the homicide rate would be
reduced.},
Key = {fds47433}
}
@article{fds47434,
Author = {PJ Cook and K Hawley},
Title = {North Carolin's Pistol Permit Law: An Evaluation},
Pages = {1-6},
Booktitle = {Popular Government},
Year = {1981},
Month = {May},
Abstract = {A pistol purchaser in North Carolina must obtain a permit in
his county of residence—from the sheriff (in 81 counties)
or clerk of superior court (in 19 counties)—before he can
take possession of the gun. This article, based on a survey
in 81 counties and an intensive investigation of six urban
counties, will describe in detail how the pistol permit
works.},
Key = {fds47434}
}
@article{fds47343,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Effect of Liquor Taxes on Drinking, Cirrhosis, and Auto
Fatalities},
Journal = {Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of
Prohibition},
Pages = {255-285},
Publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
Editor = {Mark Moore and Dean Gerstein},
Year = {1981},
url = {http://www.nap.edu/books/0309031494/html/},
Key = {fds47343}
}
@article{fds47392,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {The Implications of Deterrence and Incapacitation Research
for Policy Evaluation},
Pages = {55-77},
Booktitle = {An Anatomy of Criminal Justice},
Publisher = {D.C. Health, Lexington},
Editor = {Cleon Foust and Robert Webster},
Year = {1980},
Key = {fds47392}
}
@article{fds47428,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {A Strategic Choice Analysis of Robbery},
Pages = {173-187},
Booktitle = {Sample Surveys of the Victims of Crimes},
Publisher = {Ballinger},
Editor = {Wesley Skogan},
Year = {1976},
Key = {fds47428}
}
%% Book Reviews
@article{fds157262,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {The Economics of Crime by Harold Winter},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Year = {2009},
Month = {September},
Key = {fds157262}
}
@article{fds138951,
Author = {P.J. Cook},
Title = {The Demand for Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana:
International Evidence by S. Selvanathan and E.A.
Selvanathan},
Journal = {Addiction},
Volume = {102},
Number = {5},
Pages = {830},
Year = {2007},
Month = {May},
Key = {fds138951}
}
@article{fds15913,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Can Gun Control Work? by James Jacobs},
Journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
Volume = {23},
Number = {1},
Pages = {198-201},
Year = {2004},
Month = {Fall},
Key = {fds15913}
}
@article{fds14358,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Drug War Heresues by Robert J. MacCoun and Peter
Reuter},
Journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
Volume = {21},
Number = {2},
Pages = {303-306},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds14358}
}
@article{fds13151,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {What Price Fame? by Tyler Cowen},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Pages = {933-935},
Year = {2001},
Month = {September},
Key = {fds13151}
}
@article{fds15967,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Cost-Benefit Analysis of Heroin Maintenance
Treatment},
Journal = {Addiction},
Volume = {96},
Pages = {1071-1072},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds15967}
}
%% Monographs
@article{fds47424,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive National Survey
on Firearms Ownership and Use},
Publisher = {Washington, D.C.: The Police Foundation},
Year = {1997},
Abstract = {The NSPOF focuses on four central issues: (1) the size,
composition, and ownership of America's gun stock; (2) how
and why firearms are acquired; (3) gun storage and carrying;
and (4) the defensive use of firearms against criminal
attackers. Also included are attitudes toward gun-control
regulation.},
Key = {fds47424}
}
@article{fds47388,
Author = {PJ Cook and D Slawson},
Title = {The Costs of Processing Murder Cases in North
Carolina},
Publisher = {Administrative Office of the Courts, Raleigh,
NC},
Year = {1993},
Key = {fds47388}
}
@article{fds47423,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Robbery in the United States},
Publisher = {National Institute of Justice},
Year = {1983},
Month = {September},
Key = {fds47423}
}
@article{fds47422,
Title = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science},
Series = {Issue entitled "Gun Control"},
Editor = {PJ Cook},
Year = {1981},
Month = {May},
Key = {fds47422}
}
@article{fds47421,
Author = {PJ Cook and D Nagin},
Title = {Does the Weapon Matter? An Evaluation of a Weapon - Emphasis
Policy in the Prosecution of Violent Offenders},
Publisher = {Institute of Law and Social Research, Washington,
DC},
Year = {1979},
Key = {fds47421}
}
%% Book Chapter
@article{fds51726,
Author = {R.H. Frank and P.J. Cook},
Title = {The Winner-Take-All Society},
Series = {2nd},
Booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences},
Editor = {William A. Darity Jr.},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds51726}
}
%% Other
@article{fds157198,
Author = {P.J. Cook and symposium},
Title = {Explaining the growth in the prison population},
Journal = {Criminology & Public Policy},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Year = {2009},
Month = {February},
Key = {fds157198}
}
@article{fds157205,
Author = {P.J. Cook and special},
Title = {Symposium on deterrence: editorial introduction},
Journal = {Criminology & Public Policy},
Volume = {5},
Number = {3},
Pages = {413-416},
Year = {2007},
Month = {August},
Key = {fds157205}
}
@article{fds138952,
Author = {C.T. Clotfelter and P.J. Cook},
Title = {OpEd},
Journal = {News & Observer},
Year = {2007},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds138952}
}
@article{fds14357,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {What did the sniper case teach us? Lessons in Gun
Control},
Journal = {New and Observer},
Pages = {25A},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds14357}
}
@article{fds13150,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Toward Smarter Gun Laws},
Journal = {The Christian Science Monitor},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds13150}
}
@article{fds47467,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Protecting the Public in Presidential Style},
Journal = {News & Observer},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds47467}
}
@article{fds13149,
Author = {PJ Cook and J Ludwig},
Title = {Has the Brady Act Been Successful?},
Journal = {The Charlotte Observer},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds13149}
}
@article{fds47381,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {State Lotteries at the Turn of the Century: Report to the
National Gambling Impact Study Commission},
Year = {1999},
Abstract = {This report provides an overview of lottery operations, with
particular attention to who plays the lottery, how the
lotteries are marketed, and what kinds of policy
alternatives exist for state and federal policymakers.
Section I of the report provides a descriptive overview of
state lotteries, a statistical profile, and a description of
the distribution and size of their revenues. Section II
discusses the findings from the national survey of gambling
conducted by NORC for the Commission. Section III presents a
preliminary analysis of data available to marketers as well
as an initial assessment of marketing plans. The final
section of the report discusses the prominent policy issues
involved in the legalization and operation of state
lotteries.},
Key = {fds47381}
}
@article{fds47387,
Author = {PJ Cook and Charles T Clotfelter},
Title = {OpEd. Pieces},
Journal = {The News & Observer (Raleigh)},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds47387}
}
@article{fds47474,
Author = {PJ Cook and Robert Frank},
Title = {Chronicle of Higher Education},
Year = {1996},
Key = {fds47474}
}
@article{fds47473,
Author = {PJ Cook and Robert Frank},
Title = {Washington Monthly},
Year = {1995},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds47473}
}
@article{fds47471,
Author = {PJ Cook and Robert Frank},
Title = {USA Today},
Pages = {13A},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds47471}
}
@article{fds47472,
Author = {PJ Cook and Robert Frank},
Title = {Washington Post},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds47472}
}
@article{fds47339,
Title = {Recommendations Concerning Administration and Rate Structure
for Excise Taxation in Romania},
Publisher = {Distributed by Tax Advisory Program, US Treasury
Department},
Editor = {PJ Cook and A Scharff},
Year = {1994},
Month = {August},
Key = {fds47339}
}
@article{fds47359,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Comment},
Journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics},
Pages = {162-166},
Year = {1994},
Key = {fds47359}
}
@article{fds47386,
Author = {PJ Cook and Charles T Clotfelter},
Title = {OpEd. Pieces},
Journal = {San Diego Union},
Year = {1991},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds47386}
}
@article{fds47384,
Author = {PJ Cook and Charles T Clotfelter},
Title = {OpEd. Pieces},
Journal = {The News and Observer (Raleigh)},
Year = {1990},
Key = {fds47384}
}
@article{fds47385,
Author = {PJ Cook and Charles T Clotfelter},
Title = {OpEd. Pieces},
Journal = {Newsday},
Year = {1990},
Key = {fds47385}
}
@article{fds47383,
Author = {PJ Cook and Charles T Clotfelter},
Title = {OpEd. Piece},
Journal = {The Atlanta Constitution},
Year = {1989},
Key = {fds47383}
}
@article{fds47382,
Author = {PJ Cook and Charles T Clotfelter},
Title = {OpEd. Piece},
Journal = {New York Times},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds47382}
}
@article{fds47466,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Making Handguns Harder to Hide},
Journal = {The Christian Science Monitor},
Year = {1981},
Key = {fds47466}
}
@article{fds47342,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Discussion" (on Martin Bailey's paper on Safety Decisions
and Insurance)},
Journal = {American Economics Association Papers and
Proceedings},
Pages = {300},
Year = {1978},
Month = {May},
Key = {fds47342}
}
@article{fds47429,
Author = {PJ Cook},
Title = {Causal Linkages between Gun Control Ordinances and Crime: A
Conceptualization and Review of the Literature},
Journal = {Hearings on the Treasury Department's proposed fun
regulations},
Publisher = {before the Subcommittee on Crime, Commitee on the Judiciacy,
U.S. House of Representatives, 95th Congress, 2nd Session,
Appendix 4},
Year = {1978},
Key = {fds47429}
}
