Sanford School of Public Policy
Duke University
Publications of Kelly D. Brownell :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
We've launched a new site so please go to People & Research for current information on our faculty and staff.
%% Books
@book{fds305856,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Gold, MS},
Title = {Food and Addiction: A Comprehensive Handbook},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Editor = {Brownell, KD and Gold, MS},
Year = {2012},
Month = {August},
ISBN = {978-0199738168},
Abstract = {Food and Addiction: A Comprehensive Handbook brings
scientific order to the issue of food and addiction,
spanning multiple disciplines to create the foundation for
what is a rapidly advancing field and to highlight needed
advances in science and public policy. The book assembles
leading scientists and policy makers from fields such as
nutrition, addiction, psychology, epidemiology, and public
health to explore and analyze the scientific evidence for
the addictive properties of food.},
Key = {fds305856}
}
@book{fds218240,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Puhl, RB and Schwartz, MB and Rudd,
LC},
Title = {Weight Bias: Nature, Consequences, and Remedies},
Publisher = {Guilford},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds218240}
}
@book{fds218241,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Horgen, KB},
Title = {Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America's
Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About
It},
Publisher = {McGraw-Hill/Contemporary Books},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds218241}
}
@book{fds218242,
Author = {Fairburn, CG and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook
(Second Edition)},
Publisher = {Guilford Press},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds218242}
}
@book{fds218243,
Author = {Blechman, EA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Behavioral Medicine & Women: A Comprehensive
Handbook},
Publisher = {Guilford},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds218243}
}
@book{fds218244,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Fairburn, CG.},
Title = {Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive
Handbook},
Publisher = {Guilford},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds218244}
}
@book{fds218245,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Rodin, J and Wilmore, JH},
Title = {Eating, Body Weight and Performance in Athletes: Disorders
of Modern Society},
Year = {1992},
Key = {fds218245}
}
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds362768,
Author = {Xie, JZ and Demmler, KM and Trevenen-Jones, A and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Urban Public Food Procurement in Kiambu and Machakos
Counties as a Driver of Food and Nutrition Security and
Sustainability: A Literature Review and Case
Studies},
Journal = {Sustainability (Switzerland)},
Volume = {14},
Number = {6},
Year = {2022},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063341},
Abstract = {Urban public food procurement can address malnutrition and
improve the beneficiary experience at public institutions
whilst reshaping food systems to be healthier and more
sustainable. We reviewed grey and peer-reviewed literature
on urban public food procurement in Kiambu and Machakos
counties in Kenya. From the literature, we selected
programmes for case study research through stakeholder
interviews and targeted literature searching. We searched 11
databases and reviewed 23 relevant articles. The case
studies involved early childhood education centre and
primary school feeding, hospital food provision, and
COVID-19 responses. We found that actionable data and
public–private partnerships are enabling factors.
Similarly, multistakeholder involvement and governance
increase coordination. However, budget constraints threaten
programme stability. Procurement criteria focused on
nutrition, food quality, and community development, but did
not explicitly include environmental sustainability. We
linked case studies to the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 12. By developing,
improving, and scaling public food procurement, urban
governments in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) can
reach the most vulnerable whilst improving farmer
livelihoods, creating business opportunities, and addressing
environmental concerns. This paper contributes
implementational insights in Kenyan urban contexts by
highlighting opportunities for local and regional
policymakers in LMICs and their partners to strengthen
public food procurement.},
Doi = {10.3390/su14063341},
Key = {fds362768}
}
@article{fds358726,
Author = {Lobstein, T and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and obesity risk: A review of
recommendations for obesity prevention policies.},
Journal = {Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International
Association for the Study of Obesity},
Volume = {22},
Number = {11},
Pages = {e13332},
Year = {2021},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obr.13332},
Abstract = {Emerging evidence indicates that industrially produced
endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be as obesogenic
as poor dietary patterns and should be considered in obesity
prevention policies. The authors conducted two reviews: (a)
a systematic search of four electronic databases for papers
published since January 2010 to identify the policy
recommendations contained in scientific reviews of EDC
exposure and obesity risk and (b) a narrative review of
obesity policy documents published since January 2012 to
identify the recommendations of national and international
agencies. A search of four electronic databases found 63
scientific reviews with policy recommendations, of which 26
suggested individual responsibility to avoid exposure, 11
suggested medical interventions to counter the effects of
exposure, and 42 suggested regulatory control of hazardous
chemicals. Of sixty policy documents examined, six mentioned
pollutants as a possible risk factor for obesity, and only
one made explicit reference to strategies for reducing
exposure to EDCs. The UN Sustainable Development Goals
include targets to prevent ill health from hazardous
chemicals (Targets 3.9 and 12.4) and to remove unsafe
industrial chemicals from the environment (Targets 6.3,
11.6, 12.4, and 14.1). The authors suggest these should be
explicitly linked to World Health Assembly targets to halt
the rise in obesity.},
Doi = {10.1111/obr.13332},
Key = {fds358726}
}
@article{fds355472,
Author = {Nowlin, M and Bennett, A and Basurto, X and Virdin, J and Lin, X and Betances, S and Smith, M and Roady, S},
Title = {Recognize Fish as Food in Policy Discourse and Development
Funding},
Journal = {Ambio},
Volume = {50},
Number = {5},
Pages = {981-989},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01451-4},
Abstract = {The international development community is off-track from
meeting targets for alleviating global malnutrition.
Meanwhile, there is growing consensus across scientific
disciplines that fish plays a crucial role in food and
nutrition security. However, this 'fish as food' perspective
has yet to translate into policy and development funding
priorities. We argue that the traditional framing of fish as
a natural resource emphasizes economic development and
biodiversity conservation objectives, whereas situating fish
within a food systems perspective can lead to innovative
policies and investments that promote nutrition-sensitive
and socially equitable capture fisheries and aquaculture.
This paper highlights four pillars of research needs and
policy directions toward this end. Ultimately, recognizing
and working to enhance the role of fish in alleviating
hunger and malnutrition can provide an additional long-term
development incentive, beyond revenue generation and
biodiversity conservation, for governments, international
development organizations, and society more broadly to
invest in the sustainability of capture fisheries and
aquaculture.},
Doi = {10.1007/s13280-020-01451-4},
Key = {fds355472}
}
@article{fds355180,
Author = {Torto, NM and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Role of food aid and assistance in addressing the double
burden of malnutrition in Ghana: A qualitative policy
analysis},
Journal = {BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health},
Volume = {3},
Number = {2},
Pages = {196-204},
Year = {2020},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000136},
Abstract = {Background and aims In many low-income and middle-income
countries, the double burden of malnutrition threatens
public health and economic progress, urging a re-evaluation
of the roles and responsibilities of nutrition actors, both
traditional and non-traditional. This study examines the
food aid and assistance activities of the United Nations
World Food Programme (WFP) - one non-traditional actor in
the double burden conversation - and the potential for these
activities to reach beyond their traditional mandate on
undernutrition to also address overweight and obesity in
Ghana. Methods Information on WFP activities in Ghana from
2012 up through its planning into 2023 was extracted from 11
WFP planning, operations and evaluation documents. WFP
activities were then judged against the WHO's framework on
the determinants of the double burden of malnutrition to
determine their potential to address the double burden.
Semistructured interviews were also conducted with 17 key
informants in the global nutrition landscape to identify
challenges that may complicate the role of WFP and other
actors in addressing the double burden. Results The analysis
demonstrates that WFP activities in Ghana can serve as a
platform on which to address the double burden, particularly
by targeting the food access, food systems and socioeconomic
disadvantage determinants of the double burden. Actors'
uncertainty with what role WFP should play in addressing the
double burden, insufficient government attention to
malnutrition and poor data on overweight and obesity were
identified as potential challenges that complicate
addressing the double burden. Conclusion The findings
suggest that integrating WFP as a partner in the effort to
address the double burden in Ghana might help amplify
progress. To better address the double burden, WFP might
prioritise retrofitting existing activities rather than
implementing new interventions.},
Doi = {10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000136},
Key = {fds355180}
}
@article{fds343679,
Author = {Miller, L and Schwartz, M and Brownell, K},
Title = {Primer on US Food and Nutrition Policy and Public Health:
Protect School Nutrition Standards},
Journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
Volume = {109},
Number = {7},
Pages = {990-991},
Year = {2019},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305072},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.2019.305072},
Key = {fds343679}
}
@article{fds343678,
Author = {Miller, L and Brownell, K and Schwartz, M},
Title = {Primer on US Food and Nutrition Policy and Public Health:
Food Assistance},
Journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
Volume = {109},
Number = {7},
Pages = {988-989},
Year = {2019},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305070},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.2019.305070},
Key = {fds343678}
}
@article{fds343677,
Author = {Miller, L and Schwartz, M and Brownell, K},
Title = {Primer on US Food and Nutrition Policy and Public Health:
Food Sustainability},
Journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
Volume = {109},
Number = {7},
Pages = {986-988},
Year = {2019},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305071},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.2019.305071},
Key = {fds343677}
}
@article{fds339799,
Author = {Barnhill, A and Palmer, A and Weston, CM and Brownell, KD and Clancy, K and Economos, CD and Gittelsohn, J and Hammond, RA and Kumanyika, S and Bennett, WL},
Title = {Grappling With Complex Food Systems to Reduce Obesity: A US
Public Health Challenge.},
Journal = {Public health reports (Washington, D.C. :
1974)},
Volume = {133},
Number = {1_suppl},
Pages = {44S-53S},
Year = {2018},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354918802793},
Abstract = {Despite 2 decades of effort by the public health community
to combat obesity, obesity rates in the United States
continue to rise. This lack of progress raises fundamental
questions about the adequacy of our current approaches.
Although the causes of population-wide obesity are
multifactorial, attention to food systems as potential
drivers of obesity has been prominent. However, the
relationships between broader food systems and obesity are
not always well understood. Our efforts to address obesity
can be advanced and improved by the use of systems
approaches that consider outcomes of the interconnected
global food system, including undernutrition, climate
change, the environmental sustainability of agriculture, and
other social and economic concerns. By implementing
innovative local and state programs, taking new approaches
to overcome political obstacles to effect policy, and
reconceptualizing research needs, we can improve obesity
prevention efforts that target the food systems, maximize
positive outcomes, and minimize adverse consequences. We
recommend strengthening innovative local policies and
programs, particularly those that involve community members
in identifying problems and potential solutions and that
embrace a broad set of goals beyond making eating patterns
healthier. We also recommend undertaking interdisciplinary
research projects that go beyond testing targeted
interventions in specific populations and aim to build an
understanding of the broader social, political, and economic
context.},
Doi = {10.1177/0033354918802793},
Key = {fds339799}
}
@article{fds366512,
Author = {Jacobson, MF and Krieger, J and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Potential Policy Approaches to Address Diet-Related
Diseases.},
Journal = {JAMA},
Volume = {320},
Number = {4},
Pages = {341-342},
Year = {2018},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.7434},
Doi = {10.1001/jama.2018.7434},
Key = {fds366512}
}
@article{fds335162,
Author = {Tomaselli, G and Roach, WH and Piña, IL and Oster, ME and Dietz, WH and Horton, K and Borden, WB and Brownell, K and Gibbons, RJ and Otten, JJ and Lee, CS and Hill, C and Heidenreich, PA and Siscovick, DS and Whitsel,
LP},
Title = {Government continues to have an important role in promoting
cardiovascular health.},
Journal = {American heart journal},
Volume = {198},
Pages = {160-165},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2017.11.002},
Doi = {10.1016/j.ahj.2017.11.002},
Key = {fds335162}
}
@article{fds335161,
Author = {Bragg, MA and Miller, AN and Roberto, CA and Sam, R and Sarda, V and Harris, JL and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Sports Sponsorships of Food and Nonalcoholic
Beverages.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {141},
Number = {4},
Pages = {e20172822},
Publisher = {American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2822},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Food and nonalcoholic beverage companies
spend millions of dollars on professional sports
sponsorships, yet this form of marketing is understudied.
These sponsorships are valuable marketing tools but prompt
concerns when unhealthy products are associated with popular
sports organizations, especially those viewed by
youth.<h4>Methods</h4>This descriptive study used Nielsen
audience data to select 10 sports organizations with the
most 2-17 year old viewers of 2015 televised events.
Sponsors of these organizations were identified and assigned
to product categories. We identified advertisements
promoting food and/or nonalcoholic beverage sponsorships on
television, YouTube, and sports organization Web sites from
2006 to 2016, and the number of YouTube advertisement views.
The nutritional quality of advertised products was
assessed.<h4>Results</h4>Youth watched telecasts associated
with these sports organizations over 412 million times.
These organizations had 44 food and/or nonalcoholic beverage
sponsors (18.8% of sponsors), second to automotive sponsors
(<i>n</i> = 46). The National Football League had the most
food and/or nonalcoholic beverage sponsors (<i>n</i> = 10),
followed by the National Hockey League (<i>n</i> = 7) and
Little League (<i>n</i> = 7). We identified 273
advertisements that featured food and/or nonalcoholic
beverage products 328 times and product logos 83 times (some
advertisements showed multiple products). Seventy-six
percent (<i>n</i> = 132) of foods had unhealthy nutrition
scores, and 52.4% (<i>n</i> = 111) of nonalcoholic beverages
were sugar-sweetened. YouTube sponsorship advertisements
totaled 195.6 million views.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Sports
sponsorships are commonly used to market unhealthy food and
nonalcoholic beverages, exposing millions of consumers to
these advertisements.},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2017-2822},
Key = {fds335161}
}
@article{fds331326,
Author = {Bragg, MA and Roberto, CA and Harris, JL and Brownell, KD and Elbel,
B},
Title = {Marketing Food and Beverages to Youth Through
Sports.},
Journal = {The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of
the Society for Adolescent Medicine},
Volume = {62},
Number = {1},
Pages = {5-13},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2018},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.016},
Abstract = {Food and beverage marketing has been identified as a major
driver of obesity yet sports sponsorship remains common
practice and represents millions of dollars in advertising
expenditures. Research shows that food and beverage products
associated with sports (e.g., M&M's with National
Association for Stock Car Auto Racing logo) generate
positive feelings, excitement, and a positive self-image
among adults and children. Despite this, self-regulatory
pledges made by food companies to limit exposure of
unhealthy products to children have not improved the
nutritional quality of foods marketed to children. We
reviewed the literature about sports-related food marketing,
including food and beverage companies' use of sports
sponsorships, athlete endorsements, and sports video games.
This review demonstrates that sports sponsorships with food
and beverage companies often promote energy-dense,
nutrient-poor products and while many of these promotions do
not explicitly target youth, sports-related marketing
affects food perceptions and preferences among youth.
Furthermore, endorsement of unhealthy products by
professional athletes sends mixed messages; although
athletes may promote physical activity, they simultaneously
encourage consumption of unhealthy products that can lead to
negative health outcomes. We argue that more athletes and
sports organizations should stop promoting unhealthy foods
and beverages and work with health experts to encourage
healthy eating habits among youth.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.016},
Key = {fds331326}
}
@article{fds331325,
Author = {Cooksey-Stowers, K and Schwartz, MB and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Food Swamps Predict Obesity Rates Better Than Food Deserts
in the United States.},
Journal = {International journal of environmental research and public
health},
Volume = {14},
Number = {11},
Pages = {E1366},
Year = {2017},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111366},
Abstract = {This paper investigates the effect of food environments,
characterized as food swamps, on adult obesity rates. Food
swamps have been described as areas with a high-density of
establishments selling high-calorie fast food and junk food,
relative to healthier food options. This study examines
multiple ways of categorizing food environments as food
swamps and food deserts, including alternate versions of the
Retail Food Environment Index. We merged food outlet,
sociodemographic and obesity data from the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Environment Atlas, the
American Community Survey, and a commercial street reference
dataset. We employed an instrumental variables (IV) strategy
to correct for the endogeneity of food environments (i.e.,
that individuals self-select into neighborhoods and may
consider food availability in their decision). Our results
suggest that the presence of a food swamp is a stronger
predictor of obesity rates than the absence of full-service
grocery stores. We found, even after controlling for food
desert effects, food swamps have a positive, statistically
significant effect on adult obesity rates. All three food
swamp measures indicated the same positive association, but
reflected different magnitudes of the food swamp effect on
rates of adult obesity (<i>p</i> values ranged from 0.00 to
0.16). Our adjustment for reverse causality, using an IV
approach, revealed a stronger effect of food swamps than
would have been obtained by naïve ordinary least squares
(OLS) estimates. The food swamp effect was stronger in
counties with greater income inequality (<i>p</i> < 0.05)
and where residents are less mobile (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Based
on these findings, local government policies such as zoning
laws simultaneously restricting access to unhealthy food
outlets and incentivizing healthy food retailers to locate
in underserved neighborhoods warrant consideration as
strategies to increase health equity.},
Doi = {10.3390/ijerph14111366},
Key = {fds331325}
}
@article{fds324189,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Strategic science for eating disorders research and policy
impact.},
Journal = {The International journal of eating disorders},
Volume = {50},
Number = {3},
Pages = {312-314},
Year = {2017},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.22678},
Abstract = {Scientific research often fails to have relevance and impact
because scientists do not engage policy makers and
influencers in the process of identifying information needs
and generating high priority questions. To address this
scholarship-policy gap, we have developed a model of
Strategic Science. This research approach involves working
with policy makers and influencers to craft research
questions that will answer important and timely
policy-related questions. The goal is to create tighter
links between research and policy and ensure findings are
communicated efficiently to change agents best positioned to
apply the research to policy debates. In this article, we
lay out a model for Strategic Science and describe how this
approach may help advance policy research and action for
eating disorders.},
Doi = {10.1002/eat.22678},
Key = {fds324189}
}
@article{fds326083,
Author = {Bleich, SN and Rimm, EB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {U.S. Nutrition Assistance, 2018 - Modifying SNAP to Promote
Population Health.},
Journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
Volume = {376},
Number = {13},
Pages = {1205-1207},
Year = {2017},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1613222},
Doi = {10.1056/nejmp1613222},
Key = {fds326083}
}
@article{fds323423,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Wadden, TA},
Title = {The Heterogeneity of Obesity: Fitting Treatments To
Individuals – Republished Article},
Journal = {Behavior Therapy},
Volume = {47},
Number = {6},
Pages = {950-965},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2016},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.009},
Abstract = {Body weight is regulated by a complex interaction of
biological, behavioral, and cultural factors. The population
as a whole is at risk for obesity because of increased
intake of dietary fat, the consumption of calories in fewer
meals per day, striking accessibility to palatable foods,
and decreased physical activity. This risk may become a
reality in individuals with certain biological
predispositions (genetic tendency, low metabolic rate,
increased fat cell number), specific eating patterns, and
susceptibility to the extreme cultural pressure to be lean.
These factors must be considered in establishing goals for
treatment, which fall into medical and psychosocial
categories. This includes defining a “reasonable” as
opposed to “ideal” weight. A three-stage process is
proposed for identifying the best treatment for an
individual. This involves a classification decision, a
stepped care decision, and then a matching decision.
Criteria are provided for a comprehensive assessment of the
overweight individual, and treatment options are reviewed
for programs of varying intensity, cost, and
risk.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.009},
Key = {fds323423}
}
@article{fds317717,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Corbin, WR and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version
2.0.},
Journal = {Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society
of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors},
Volume = {30},
Number = {1},
Pages = {113-121},
Year = {2016},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/adb0000136},
Abstract = {Parallels in biological, psychological, and behavioral
systems have led to the hypothesis that an addictive process
may contribute to problematic eating. The Yale Food
Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed to provide a validated
measure of addictive-like eating behavior based upon the
diagnostic criteria for substance dependence. Recently, the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th
ed.; DSM-5) was released, which included significant changes
to the substance-related and addictive disorders (SRAD)
section. In the current study, the YFAS 2.0 was developed to
maintain consistency with the current diagnostic
understanding of addiction and to improve the psychometric
properties of the original YFAS. In a sample of 550
participants, 14.6% met criteria for food addiction. The
YFAS 2.0 demonstrated good internal consistency, as well as
convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. Elevated
scores on the YFAS 2.0 were associated with higher rates of
obesity and more severe pathological eating (e.g., binge
eating). The YFAS 2.0 also appeared to capture a related,
but unique construct relative to traditional eating
disorders. In a separate sample of 209 participants, the
YFAS and YFAS 2.0 were directly compared. Both versions of
the YFAS were similarly associated with elevated body mass
index, binge eating, and weight cycling. However, exceeding
the food addiction threshold was more strongly associated
with obesity for the YFAS 2.0 than the original YFAS. Thus,
the YFAS 2.0 appears to by a psychometrically sound measure
that reflects the current diagnostic understanding of
addiction to further investigate the potential role of an
addictive process in problematic eating behavior.},
Doi = {10.1037/adb0000136},
Key = {fds317717}
}
@article{fds271122,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Roberto, CA},
Title = {Strategic science with policy impact.},
Journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
Volume = {385},
Number = {9986},
Pages = {2445-2446},
Year = {2015},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0140-6736},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62397-7},
Doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62397-7},
Key = {fds271122}
}
@article{fds271123,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Swinburn, B and Hawkes, C and Huang, TT-K and Costa, SA and Ashe, M and Zwicker, L and Cawley, JH and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples,
entrenched barriers, and new thinking.},
Journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
Volume = {385},
Number = {9985},
Pages = {2400-2409},
Year = {2015},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0140-6736},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61744-x},
Abstract = {Despite isolated areas of improvement, no country to date
has reversed its obesity epidemic. Governments, together
with a broad range of stakeholders, need to act urgently to
decrease the prevalence of obesity. In this Series paper, we
review several regulatory and non-regulatory actions taken
around the world to address obesity and discuss some of the
reasons for the scarce and fitful progress. Additionally, we
preview the papers in this Lancet Series, which each
identify high-priority actions on key obesity issues and
challenge some of the entrenched dichotomies that dominate
the thinking about obesity and its solutions. Although
obesity is acknowledged as a complex issue, many debates
about its causes and solutions are centred around overly
simple dichotomies that present seemingly competing
perspectives. Examples of such dichotomies explored in this
Series include personal versus collective responsibilities
for actions, supply versus demand-type explanations for
consumption of unhealthy food, government regulation versus
industry self-regulation, top-down versus bottom-up drivers
for change, treatment versus prevention priorities, and a
focus on undernutrition versus overnutrition. We also
explore the dichotomy of individual versus environmental
drivers of obesity and conclude that people bear some
personal responsibility for their health, but environmental
factors can readily support or undermine the ability of
people to act in their own self-interest. We propose a
reframing of obesity that emphasises the reciprocal nature
of the interaction between the environment and the
individual. Today's food environments exploit people's
biological, psychological, social, and economic
vulnerabilities, making it easier for them to eat unhealthy
foods. This reinforces preferences and demands for foods of
poor nutritional quality, furthering the unhealthy food
environments. Regulatory actions from governments and
increased efforts from industry and civil society will be
necessary to break these vicious cycles.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61744-x},
Key = {fds271123}
}
@article{fds271121,
Author = {Pearl, RL and Dovidio, JF and Puhl, RM and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Exposure to Weight-Stigmatizing Media: Effects on Exercise
Intentions, Motivation, and Behavior.},
Journal = {Journal of health communication},
Volume = {20},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1004-1013},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1081-0730},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018601},
Abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the impact of exposure to
weight-stigmatizing media on exercise intentions,
motivation, and behavior, as well as to examine the
interaction between this exposure and past experiences with
weight stigma. A community sample of 72 women were randomly
assigned to view a brief weight-stigmatizing or neutral
video. Participants' choice of taking the stairs versus the
elevator was observed before they completed measures of
exercise intentions, motivation, and behavior; psychological
well-being; and experiences with weight stigma. A follow-up
survey was sent to participants 1 week later that assessed
exercise behavior and intentions. Frequency of past weight
stigma correlated with worse psychological well-being and
more controlled (versus autonomous) exercise motivation.
Significant interactions were found between past
weight-stigmatizing experiences and exposure to the
weight-stigmatizing video for outcomes of exercise
intentions, behavior, and drive for thinness. Participants
in the stigma condition with higher frequency of past
experiences reported greater exercise intentions and
behavior, along with higher drive for thinness. Past
experiences of weight stigma interact with exposure to
weight-stigmatizing media to increase exercise intentions
and behavior, although this effect is accompanied by a
heightened drive for thinness that may increase risk for
long-term negative health consequences.},
Doi = {10.1080/10810730.2015.1018601},
Key = {fds271121}
}
@article{fds271126,
Author = {Yokum, S and Gearhardt, AN and Harris, JL and Brownell, KD and Stice,
E},
Title = {Individual differences in striatum activity to food
commercials predict weight gain in adolescents.},
Journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)},
Volume = {22},
Number = {12},
Pages = {2544-2551},
Year = {2014},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1930-7381},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.20882},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Adolescents view thousands of food
commercials annually, but little is known about how
individual differences in neural response to food
commercials relate to weight gain. To add to our
understanding of individual risk factors for unhealthy
weight gain and environmental contributions to the obesity
epidemic, we tested the associations between reward region
(striatum and orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]) responsivity to
food commercials and future change in body mass index
(BMI).<h4>Methods</h4>Adolescents (N = 30) underwent a scan
session at baseline while watching a television show edited
to include 20 food commercials and 20 nonfood commercials.
BMI was measured at baseline and 1-year follow-up.<h4>Results</h4>Activation
in the striatum, but not OFC, in response to food
commercials relative to nonfood commercials and in response
to food commercials relative to the television show was
positively associated with change in BMI over 1-year
follow-up. Baseline BMI did not moderate these
effects.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The results suggest that there
are individual differences in neural susceptibility to food
advertising. These findings highlight a potential mechanism
for the impact of food marketing on adolescent
obesity.},
Doi = {10.1002/oby.20882},
Key = {fds271126}
}
@article{fds271124,
Author = {Pomeranz, JL and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Can government regulate portion sizes?},
Journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
Volume = {371},
Number = {21},
Pages = {1956-1958},
Year = {2014},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0028-4793},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1410076},
Doi = {10.1056/nejmp1410076},
Key = {fds271124}
}
@article{fds271120,
Author = {Allison, KC and Berkowitz, RI and Brownell, KD and Foster, GD and Wadden, TA},
Title = {Albert J. ("Mickey") Stunkard, M.D.},
Journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)},
Volume = {22},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1937-1938},
Year = {2014},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1930-739X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.20869},
Doi = {10.1002/oby.20869},
Key = {fds271120}
}
@article{fds271127,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Yokum, S and Stice, E and Harris, JL and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Relation of obesity to neural activation in response to food
commercials.},
Journal = {Social cognitive and affective neuroscience},
Volume = {9},
Number = {7},
Pages = {932-938},
Year = {2014},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {1749-5016},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst059},
Abstract = {Adolescents view thousands of food commercials annually, but
the neural response to food advertising and its association
with obesity is largely unknown. This study is the first to
examine how neural response to food commercials differs from
other stimuli (e.g. non-food commercials and television
show) and to explore how this response may differ by weight
status. The blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic
resonance imaging activation was measured in 30 adolescents
ranging from lean to obese in response to food and non-food
commercials imbedded in a television show. Adolescents
exhibited greater activation in regions implicated in visual
processing (e.g. occipital gyrus), attention (e.g. parietal
lobes), cognition (e.g. temporal gyrus and posterior
cerebellar lobe), movement (e.g. anterior cerebellar
cortex), somatosensory response (e.g. postcentral gyrus) and
reward [e.g. orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate
cortex (ACC)] during food commercials. Obese participants
exhibited less activation during food relative to non-food
commercials in neural regions implicated in visual
processing (e.g. cuneus), attention (e.g. posterior
cerebellar lobe), reward (e.g. ventromedial prefrontal
cortex and ACC) and salience detection (e.g. precuneus).
Obese participants did exhibit greater activation in a
region implicated in semantic control (e.g. medial temporal
gyrus). These findings may inform current policy debates
regarding the impact of food advertising to
minors.},
Doi = {10.1093/scan/nst059},
Key = {fds271127}
}
@article{fds271130,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Pomeranz, JL},
Title = {The trans-fat ban--food regulation and long-term
health.},
Journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
Volume = {370},
Number = {19},
Pages = {1773-1775},
Year = {2014},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0028-4793},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1314072},
Doi = {10.1056/nejmp1314072},
Key = {fds271130}
}
@article{fds271133,
Author = {Flint, AJ and Gearhardt, AN and Corbin, WR and Brownell, KD and Field,
AE and Rimm, EB},
Title = {Food-addiction scale measurement in 2 cohorts of middle-aged
and older women.},
Journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},
Volume = {99},
Number = {3},
Pages = {578-586},
Year = {2014},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0002-9165},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.068965},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Excess weight is a major threat to public
health. An addiction-like tendency toward certain foods may
contribute to overeating.<h4>Objective</h4>We aimed to
describe the prevalence and associated characteristics in
relation to a food-addiction scale in middle-aged and older
women.<h4>Design</h4>We examined the prevalence and
associated characteristics of a food-addiction scale measure
in a cross-sectional analysis of 134,175 women participating
in 2 ongoing prospective cohort studies of US
nurses.<h4>Results</h4>Overall, 7839 (5.8%) of the women
surveyed met the criteria for food addiction measured by
using the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale. The prevalence
of food addiction was 8.4% in the younger cohort of women
aged 45-64 y and 2.7% in the older cohort of women aged
62-88 y. In the multivariate model, body mass index (BMI; in
kg/m²) ≥ 35.0 (compared with 18.5-22.9) was associated
with food addiction, a prevalence ratio (PR) of 15.83 (95%
CI: 12.58, 19.91) in the younger cohort of women, and a PR
of 18.41 (95% CI: 11.63, 29.14) in the older cohort of
women. Several other demographic characteristics and other
factors were associated with the food-addiction measure in
both cohorts of women.<h4>Conclusions</h4>To our knowledge,
for the first time in a large, US-based population of women,
we documented the prevalence of food addiction by using a
novel measurement scale in middle-aged and older women. The
results may provide insight into the strong association
between behavioral attributes of food consumption and the
development of obesity.},
Doi = {10.3945/ajcn.113.068965},
Key = {fds271133}
}
@article{fds271136,
Author = {Brochu, PM and Pearl, RL and Puhl, RM and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Do media portrayals of obesity influence support for
weight-related medical policy?},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {33},
Number = {2},
Pages = {197-200},
Year = {2014},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032592},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>The purpose of this research was to
examine the impact of nonstigmatizing visual portrayals of
obesity on support for a discriminatory weight-based medical
policy.<h4>Method</h4>Participants read an online news story
about a policy to deny fertility treatment to obese women
that was accompanied by a nonstigmatizing, stigmatizing, or
no image of an obese couple. A balanced discussion of the
policy was presented, with information both questioning the
policy as discriminatory and supporting the policy because
of weight-related medical complications.<h4>Results</h4>Results
revealed that participants who viewed the nonstigmatizing
image were less supportive of the policy to deny obese women
fertility treatment and recommended the policy less strongly
than participants who viewed the stigmatizing image.
Furthermore, weaker perceptions of medical risk mediated the
effect of the nonstigmatizing image on policy
ratings.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The findings indicate that simply
eliminating stigmatizing media portrayals of obesity may
help reduce bias.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0032592},
Key = {fds271136}
}
@article{fds271368,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Roberto, CA and Seamans, MJ and Corbin, WR and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for
children.},
Journal = {Eating behaviors},
Volume = {14},
Number = {4},
Pages = {508-512},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1471-0153},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.07.002},
Abstract = {<h4>Introduction</h4>Evidence is growing that an addictive
process may play a role in problematic eating behavior. The
majority of research on this topic has examined the concept
of "food addiction" solely in adult samples. If certain
foods have addictive potential, children may be impacted as
much as (or more) than adults due to psychological and
neurobiological vulnerabilities at younger developmental
stages. In the current study, we developed a measure of food
addiction in children that reflects the diagnostic
indicators of addiction.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>The
content and reading level of the Yale Food Addiction Scale
(YFAS) was altered to be appropriate for children (YFAS-C).
The YFAS-C and other eating-related measures were
administered to study participants to examine the validity
and reliability of the YFAS-C.<h4>Participants</h4>75
children were recruited from the community ranging from lean
to obese.<h4>Results</h4>The validation of the YFAC-C
provides preliminary support for its convergent validity
with like constructs and incremental validity in predicting
body mass index. Internal consistency was adequate given the
small number of items on the scale.<h4>Discussion</h4>The
YFAS-C appears to be a helpful tool for identifying
addictive-like eating in children.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.07.002},
Key = {fds271368}
}
@article{fds271142,
Author = {Bragg, MA and Yanamadala, S and Roberto, CA and Harris, JL and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Athlete endorsements in food marketing.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {132},
Number = {5},
Pages = {805-810},
Year = {2013},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0093},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>This study quantified professional
athletes' endorsement of food and beverages, evaluated the
nutritional quality of endorsed products, and determined the
number of television commercial exposures of
athlete-endorsement commercials for children, adolescents,
and adults.<h4>Methods</h4>One hundred professional athletes
were selected on the basis of Bloomberg Businessweek's 2010
Power 100 rankings, which ranks athletes according to their
endorsement value and prominence in their sport. Endorsement
information was gathered from the Power 100 list and the
advertisement database AdScope. Endorsements were sorted
into 11 endorsement categories (eg, food/beverages, sports
apparel). The nutritional quality of the foods featured in
athlete-endorsement advertisements was assessed by using a
Nutrient Profiling Index, whereas beverages were evaluated
on the basis of the percentage of calories from added sugar.
Marketing data were collected from AdScope and
Nielsen.<h4>Results</h4>Of 512 brands endorsed by 100
different athletes, sporting goods/apparel represented the
largest category (28.3%), followed by food/beverages (23.8%)
and consumer goods (10.9%). Professional athletes in this
sample were associated with 44 different food or beverage
brands during 2010. Seventy-nine percent of the 62 food
products in athlete-endorsed advertisements were
energy-dense and nutrient-poor, and 93.4% of the 46
advertised beverages had 100% of calories from added sugar.
Peyton Manning (professional American football player) and
LeBron James (professional basketball player) had the most
endorsements for energy-dense, nutrient-poor products.
Adolescents saw the most television commercials that
featured athlete endorsements of food.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Youth
are exposed to professional athlete endorsements of food
products that are energy-dense and nutrient-poor.},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2013-0093},
Key = {fds271142}
}
@article{fds271137,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Haynos, AF and Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD and White,
MA},
Title = {Calorie estimation accuracy and menu labeling perceptions
among individuals with and without binge eating and/or
purging disorders.},
Journal = {Eating and weight disorders : EWD},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {255-261},
Year = {2013},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1124-4909},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40519-013-0035-x},
Abstract = {Menu labeling is a public health policy that requires chain
restaurants in the USA to post kilocalorie information on
their menus to help consumers make informed choices.
However, there is concern that such a policy might promote
disordered eating. This web-based study compared individuals
with self-reported binge eating disorder (N = 52), bulimia
nervosa (N = 25), and purging disorder (N = 17) and those
without eating disorders (No ED) (N = 277) on restaurant
calorie information knowledge and perceptions of menu
labeling legislation. On average, people answered 1.46 ±
1.08 questions correctly (out of 6) (25%) on a calorie
information quiz and 92% of the sample was in favor of menu
labeling. The findings did not differ based on eating
disorder, dieting, or weight status, or race/ethnicity. The
results indicated that people have difficulty estimating the
calories in restaurant meals and individuals with and
without eating disorders are largely in favor of menu
labeling laws.},
Doi = {10.1007/s40519-013-0035-x},
Key = {fds271137}
}
@article{fds271125,
Author = {Kaslow, NJ and Hilt, L and Wisco, BE and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (1959-2013).},
Journal = {The American psychologist},
Volume = {68},
Number = {5},
Pages = {404},
Year = {2013},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0003-066X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033053},
Abstract = {Presents an obituary for Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. Susan
received her bachelor's degree from Yale University and her
doctorate in clinical psychology from the University of
Pennsylvania. Her undergraduate and graduate school mentors
were Irving Janis, Robert Sternberg, and Martin Seligman.
Susan began her career at Stanford University, where she
became a tenured associate professor in 1993, and moved to
the University of Michigan, where she was promoted to the
rank of professor and directed the Institute for Research on
Women and Gender. Susan joined the Yale University
Department of Psychology in 2004 as a professor and served
as its chair and director of graduate studies. Few words can
capture Susan's masterful approach to research, which
balanced creativity with pragmatism. A pioneer in the study
of depression and a leading figure in research on sex
differences in depression, she transformed clinical
psychology with her research. Raised in the small town of
Stonington, Illinois, Susan acquired a decency, kindness,
and strength of character that lasted her lifetime. Despite
her academic achievements and stature in the field, she
treated everyone with respect and dignity. She was
remarkable in her ability to support people through
difficult circumstances, fairly treat all individuals, and
be a kind and dedicated mentor and colleague to those of us
fortunate enough to know her. Our field is richer for her
presence, and her untimely death is a tragic loss. There
could be no better colleague and friend. (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/a0033053},
Key = {fds271125}
}
@article{fds271373,
Author = {Martinez, OD and Roberto, CA and Kim, JH and Schwartz, MB and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {A Survey of undergraduate student perceptions and use of
nutrition information labels in a university dining
hall},
Journal = {Health Education Journal},
Volume = {72},
Number = {3},
Pages = {319-325},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2013},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0017-8969},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896912443120},
Abstract = {Objective: To examine undergraduate student perceptions and
reported use of nutrition information labels in campus
dining halls. Design: Paper surveys were administered to a
convenience sample of undergraduates. Setting: This study
was conducted at an urban United States university. Method:
A survey about perceptions and use of nutrition information
labels in the dining halls was distributed to 487 students
over a three-month period during the 2009-2010 academic
year. Results: Of survey respondents, 98% were in favour of
making nutrition information available to students, while
96% preferred the information to appear in the dining halls
or both in the dining halls and online, rather than online
only. Some 88% of survey respondents indicated that the
labels affect their food choices at least sometimes.
Conclusion: The results suggest that college and university
dining halls should consider student opinion when deciding
whether to provide nutrition information labels in the
dining halls. © The Author(s) 2012.},
Doi = {10.1177/0017896912443120},
Key = {fds271373}
}
@article{fds271374,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Can food and addiction change the game?},
Journal = {Biological psychiatry},
Volume = {73},
Number = {9},
Pages = {802-803},
Year = {2013},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0006-3223},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.024},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.024},
Key = {fds271374}
}
@article{fds271143,
Author = {Harris, JL and Sarda, V and Schwartz, MB and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Redefining "child-directed advertising" to reduce unhealthy
television food advertising.},
Journal = {American journal of preventive medicine},
Volume = {44},
Number = {4},
Pages = {358-364},
Year = {2013},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0749-3797},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.039},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Food and beverage companies have pledged
to reduce unhealthy marketing to children through the
Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI).
However, public health experts question the initiative's
effectiveness because pledges apply to only some types of
marketing. For instance, the CFBAI covers only TV
advertising that is "child-directed," defined as advertising
during programs for which children make up 35% or more of
the viewing audience.<h4>Purpose</h4>To quantify the
proportion of food and beverage TV advertisements (ads)
viewed by children that is covered by current CFBAI pledges
and examine the potential impact of broader definitions of
child-directed advertising.<h4>Methods</h4>Nielsen data were
used to quantify percentages of children (aged 2-11 years)
in the audience (i.e., child-audience share), as well as
absolute numbers of child viewers, for all national TV
programs in 2009. Nielsen advertising data provided the
number of food and beverage ads viewed by preschoolers (aged
2-5 years); older children (aged 6-11 years); and adults
(aged 18-49 years) during programs with various
child-audience compositions. Data were collected in 2010 and
analyzed in 2011.<h4>Results</h4>Just 45%-48% of food ads
viewed by children met current CFBAI definitions of
child-directed advertising. Expanding this definition to
include advertising during programs with a child-audience
share of 20% or higher and/or 100,000 or more child viewers
would cover 70%-71% of food advertising seen by children but
just one third of ads seen by adults.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Children
viewed an estimated 35% fewer food ads during TV programs
with a high child-audience share (≥50%) in 2009 compared
with 2004. However, ensuring that nutrition standards apply
to the majority of food ads viewed by children requires
broader definitions of child-directed advertising.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.039},
Key = {fds271143}
}
@article{fds271371,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The importance of understanding the impact of children's
food marketing on the brain.},
Journal = {The Journal of pediatrics},
Volume = {162},
Number = {4},
Pages = {672-673},
Year = {2013},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0022-3476},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.11.068},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.11.068},
Key = {fds271371}
}
@article{fds271372,
Author = {Bragg, MA and Liu, PJ and Roberto, CA and Sarda, V and Harris, JL and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The use of sports references in marketing of food and
beverage products in supermarkets.},
Journal = {Public health nutrition},
Volume = {16},
Number = {4},
Pages = {738-742},
Year = {2013},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {1368-9800},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012003163},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Food marketing has been identified as a
significant driver of the childhood obesity epidemic. The
purpose of the present study was to (i) conduct a content
analysis of the types of sports references that appear on
supermarket food and beverage products and (ii) assess each
product's nutritional and marketing profile.<h4>Design</h4>This
was a descriptive study. Every product featuring sports
references on the packaging was purchased in two major
supermarkets during 2010. A content analysis was conducted
and nutritional evaluations were made based on the Nutrient
Profile Model, a validated nutrition model. Marketing data
were obtained from The Nielsen Company.<h4>Setting</h4>Two
major supermarkets in Connecticut, USA.<h4>Subjects</h4>Food
and beverage products (n 102) were selected from two
supermarkets.<h4>Results</h4>The 102 products (fifty-three
foods and forty-nine beverages) had sports references as
part of their packaging: 72·5 % featured a character
exercising, 42·2 % were endorsed by a professional sports
entity and 34·0 % were child-targeted. The median nutrition
score for food products was 36 (1 = unhealthiest and 100 =
healthiest; scores of ≥63 are considered healthy according
to this model). More than two-thirds of beverages (69·4 %)
were 100 % sugar-sweetened. Children saw significantly more
commercials for these products than adults.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Companies
place sports figures on food and beverage products that are
child-targeted and unhealthy.},
Doi = {10.1017/s1368980012003163},
Key = {fds271372}
}
@article{fds271370,
Author = {Hawley, KL and Roberto, CA and Bragg, MA and Liu, PJ and Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The science on front-of-package food labels.},
Journal = {Public health nutrition},
Volume = {16},
Number = {3},
Pages = {430-439},
Year = {2013},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1368-9800},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000754},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and
Institute of Medicine are currently investigating
front-of-package (FOP) food labelling systems to provide
science-based guidance to the food industry. The present
paper reviews the literature on FOP labelling and
supermarket shelf-labelling systems published or under
review by February 2011 to inform current investigations and
identify areas of future research.<h4>Design</h4>A
structured search was undertaken of research studies on
consumer use, understanding of, preference for, perception
of and behaviours relating to FOP/shelf labelling published
between January 2004 and February 2011.<h4>Results</h4>Twenty-eight
studies from a structured search met inclusion criteria.
Reviewed studies examined consumer preferences,
understanding and use of different labelling systems as well
as label impact on purchasing patterns and industry product
reformulation.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The findings indicate that
the Multiple Traffic Light system has most consistently
helped consumers identify healthier products; however,
additional research on different labelling systems'
abilities to influence consumer behaviour is
needed.},
Doi = {10.1017/s1368980012000754},
Key = {fds271370}
}
@article{fds271365,
Author = {Udo, T and Grilo, CM and Brownell, KD and Weinberger, AH and Dileone,
RJ and McKee, SA},
Title = {Modeling the effects of positive and negative mood on the
ability to resist eating in obese and non-obese
individuals.},
Journal = {Eating behaviors},
Volume = {14},
Number = {1},
Pages = {40-46},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1471-0153},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.10.010},
Abstract = {This pilot study adapted a well-established drug
self-administration paradigm to examine the effects of mood
induction on the ability to resist high-calorie foods and
subsequent food consumption differently in 15 obese
individuals (40.0% women, BMI: 35.1±3.70) and 15 non-obese
individuals (46.7% women, BMI: 23.0±1.96). Participants
completed two laboratory sessions (positive vs. negative
mood conditions) consisting of 3-hour food deprivation,
followed by mood induction, and a 3-hour ad-lib eating
period, where they were asked to choose between favorite
high-calorie snacks and monetary reinforcement. Obese
individuals were less able to resist eating and increased
high-calorie food consumption during the positive mood
condition than the negative condition. Non-obese individuals
were less able to resist eating during the negative mood
condition than the positive condition, but their total
consumption was not affected by the mood conditions. In
obese individuals, food craving was associated with less
ability to resist eating and greater calorie consumption
during the negative mood condition. This is the first study
to experimentally demonstrate that mood state may increase
vulnerability to food consumption by reducing the ability to
resist eating. The ability to resist eating may be a novel
dimension of eating behaviors that has a significant
contribution to understanding mood-eating
relationships.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.10.010},
Key = {fds271365}
}
@article{fds217538,
Author = {Roberto CA and Haynos AF and Schwartz MB and Brownell KD and White
MA.},
Title = {Calorie estimation accuracy and menu labeling perceptions
among individuals with and without binge eating and/or
purging disorders. Eating and Weight Disorders},
Journal = {Eating and Weight Disorders},
Volume = {May: 1-7},
Year = {2013},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/DOI 10.1007/s40519-013-0035-x},
Doi = {DOI 10.1007/s40519-013-0035-x},
Key = {fds217538}
}
@article{fds271354,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Foreword},
Journal = {Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {xxi-xxii},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2012},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.09008-8},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.09008-8},
Key = {fds271354}
}
@article{fds271366,
Author = {Liu, PJ and Roberto, CA and Liu, LJ and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {A test of different menu labeling presentations.},
Journal = {Appetite},
Volume = {59},
Number = {3},
Pages = {770-777},
Year = {2012},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0195-6663},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.011},
Abstract = {Chain restaurants will soon need to disclose calorie
information on menus, but research on the impact of calorie
labels on food choices is mixed. This study tested whether
calorie information presented in different formats
influenced calories ordered and perceived restaurant
healthfulness. Participants in an online survey were
randomly assigned to a menu with either (1) no calorie
labels (No Calories); (2) calorie labels (Calories); (3)
calorie labels ordered from low to high calories
(Rank-Ordered Calories); or (4) calorie labels ordered from
low to high calories that also had red/green circles
indicating higher and lower calorie choices (Colored
Calories). Participants ordered items for dinner, estimated
calories ordered, and rated restaurant healthfulness.
Participants in the Rank-Ordered Calories condition and
those in the Colored Calories condition ordered fewer
calories than the No Calories group. There was no
significant difference in calories ordered between the
Calories and No Calories groups. Participants in each
calorie label condition were significantly more accurate in
estimating calories ordered compared to the No Calories
group. Those in the Colored Calories group perceived the
restaurant as healthier. The results suggest that presenting
calorie information in the modified Rank-Ordered or Colored
Calories formats may increase menu labeling
effectiveness.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.011},
Key = {fds271366}
}
@article{fds271363,
Author = {Pearl, RL and Puhl, RM and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Positive media portrayals of obese persons: impact on
attitudes and image preferences.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {31},
Number = {6},
Pages = {821-829},
Year = {2012},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027189},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>The purpose of this research was to assess
the impact of nonstereotypical, positive media portrayals of
obese persons on biased attitudes, as well as propose a
change in media practices that could reduce public weight
bias and consequent negative health outcomes for those who
experience weight stigma.<h4>Method</h4>Two online
experiments were conducted in which participants viewed
either a stigmatizing or a positive photograph of an obese
model. In Experiment 1 (N = 146), participants viewed a
photograph of either a Caucasian or African American obese
woman; in Experiment 2 (N = 145), participants viewed either
a Caucasian male or female obese model. Multiple linear
regression models were used to analyze outcomes for social
distance attitudes toward the obese models depicted in the
images, in addition to other negative attitudes and image
preferences.<h4>Results</h4>Participants who viewed the
stigmatizing images endorsed stronger social distance
attitudes and more negative attitudes toward obese persons
than participants who viewed the positive images, and there
was a stronger preference for the positive images than the
stigmatizing images. These results were consistent
regardless of the race or gender of the obese model
pictured.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The findings indicate that more
positive media portrayals of obese individuals may help
reduce weight stigma and its associated negative health
outcomes.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0027189},
Key = {fds271363}
}
@article{fds271364,
Author = {Novak, NL and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Role of policy and government in the obesity
epidemic.},
Journal = {Circulation},
Volume = {126},
Number = {19},
Pages = {2345-2352},
Year = {2012},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0009-7322},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.037929},
Doi = {10.1161/circulationaha.111.037929},
Key = {fds271364}
}
@article{fds271362,
Author = {Pomeranz, JL and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Portion sizes and beyond--government's legal authority to
regulate food-industry practices.},
Journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
Volume = {367},
Number = {15},
Pages = {1383-1385},
Year = {2012},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0028-4793},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1208167},
Doi = {10.1056/nejmp1208167},
Key = {fds271362}
}
@article{fds271117,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The Imperative of Changing Public Policy to Address
Obesity},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2012},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736362.013.0035},
Abstract = {This chapter discusses the responsibility of changing public
policy to address obesity. The understanding of obesity as
an issue of personal responsibility has led to weak
government action. The chapter notes that the environment is
the major force underlying the obesity crisis and then
addresses school food environments, food access and cost,
sugared beverage consumption, food marketing, and restaurant
food nutrition content and portion size. Comprehensive bans
on advertising are difficult to develop, given the range of
ways in which foods are advertised, such as on the Internet
and through videogames. Menu labeling could promote
healthier food choices when dining out. Public health
policies that target the school food environment, issues of
access and cost of foods, sugar beverage consumption, food
marketing, restaurant food nutrition content and portion
size can have far-reaching effects in curbing the obesity
epidemic and in improving the world's diet and health in
cost-effective ways.},
Doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736362.013.0035},
Key = {fds271117}
}
@article{fds271359,
Author = {Yanamadala, S and Bragg, MA and Roberto, CA and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Food industry front groups and conflicts of interest: the
case of Americans Against Food Taxes.},
Journal = {Public health nutrition},
Volume = {15},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1331-1332},
Year = {2012},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {1368-9800},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012003187},
Doi = {10.1017/s1368980012003187},
Key = {fds271359}
}
@article{fds271361,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Bragg, MA and Schwartz, MB and Seamans, MJ and Musicus,
A and Novak, N and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Facts up front versus traffic light food labels: a
randomized controlled trial.},
Journal = {American journal of preventive medicine},
Volume = {43},
Number = {2},
Pages = {134-141},
Year = {2012},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0749-3797},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.022},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>The U.S. food and beverage industry
recently released a new front-of-package nutrition labeling
system called Facts Up Front that will be used on thousands
of food products.<h4>Purpose</h4>To test consumer
understanding of the Facts Up Front system (Facts Up Front)
compared to the Multiple Traffic Light system (Traffic
Light). Facts Up Front displays grams/milligrams and
percentage daily value information for various nutrients;
Traffic Light uses an interpretive color-coded scheme to
alert consumers to low, medium, and high levels of certain
nutrients.<h4>Design</h4>Participants in an Internet-based
study were randomized to one of five front-of-package label
conditions: (1) no label; (2) Traffic Light; (3) Traffic
Light plus information about protein and fiber (Traffic
Light+); (4) Facts Up Front; or (5) Facts Up Front plus
information about "nutrients to encourage" (Facts Up
Front+).<h4>Setting/participants</h4>A total of 703 adults
recruited through an online database in May 2011
participated in this study, and data were analyzed in June
2011.<h4>Main outcome measures</h4>Total percentage correct
quiz scores were generated reflecting participants' ability
to compare two foods on nutrient levels, based on their
labels, and to estimate amounts of saturated fat, sugar,
sodium, fiber and protein in the foods.<h4>Results</h4>The
front-of-package label groups outperformed the control group
on nearly all of the nutrient quizzes (p<0.05). The control
group did not differ from the Facts Up Front group on the
saturated fat quiz, or from the Facts Up Front+ group on the
sugars quiz. Those in the Traffic Light+ group had the best
overall performance (>80% on all quizzes).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Overall,
those in the Traffic Light+ condition performed better than
those in the Facts Up Front conditions on measures of
nutrition knowledge and label perceptions.<h4>Trial
registration</h4>This study is registered at
clinicaltrials.gov NCT01626729.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.022},
Key = {fds271361}
}
@article{fds271357,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Shivaram, M and Martinez, O and Boles, C and Harris, JL and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The Smart Choices front-of-package nutrition label.
Influence on perceptions and intake of cereal.},
Journal = {Appetite},
Volume = {58},
Number = {2},
Pages = {651-657},
Year = {2012},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0195-6663},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.003},
Abstract = {Numerous front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labeling systems
exist, but it is unclear if such labels influence behavior.
A single-summary label called Smart Choices (SC) appeared
briefly on products in the United States in 2009. The
current study aimed to evaluate (1) the influence the SC
symbol has on the serving and consumption of cereal; and (2)
the impact of providing calorie and serving size information
on a FOP label. Two hundred and sixteen adults were
randomized to a high-sugar breakfast cereal that had either
(1) no label; (2) the SC symbol; or (3) a modified SC symbol
with serving size information. Participants rated
perceptions of healthfulness, taste, and purchase intent,
estimated calories per serving and poured and ate the cereal
for breakfast. Participants in the SC label conditions were
better able to estimate calories per serving, but there were
no differences across groups on perceptions of
healthfulness, taste, purchase intent, and levels of
vitamins, and sugar or amount of cereal poured or consumed.
These results suggest that calories per serving information
on FOP labels can increase knowledge, but the SC symbol had
little impact on behavior. Studies examining FOP label
influence on purchasing, consumption, and product
reformulation are greatly needed to determine label
utility.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.003},
Key = {fds271357}
}
@article{fds271355,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Bragg, MA and Livingston, KA and Harris, JL and Thompson, JM and Seamans, MJ and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Choosing front-of-package food labelling nutritional
criteria: how smart were 'Smart Choices'?},
Journal = {Public health nutrition},
Volume = {15},
Number = {2},
Pages = {262-267},
Year = {2012},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {1368-9800},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011000826},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>The 'Smart Choices' programme was an
industry-driven, front-of-package (FOP) nutritional
labelling system introduced in the USA in August 2009,
ostensibly to help consumers select healthier options during
food shopping. Its nutritional criteria were developed by
members of the food industry in collaboration with nutrition
and public health experts and government officials. The aim
of the present study was to test the extent to which
products labelled as 'Smart Choices' could be classified as
healthy choices on the basis of the Nutrient Profile Model
(NPM), a non-industry-developed, validated nutritional
standard.<h4>Design</h4>A total of 100 packaged products
that qualified for a 'Smart Choices' designation were
sampled from eight food and beverage categories. All
products were evaluated using the NPM method.<h4>Results</h4>In
all, 64 % of the products deemed 'Smart Choices' did not
meet the NPM standard for a healthy product. Within each
'Smart Choices' category, 0 % of condiments, 8·70 % of fats
and oils, 15·63 % of cereals and 31·58 % of snacks and
sweets met NPM thresholds. All sampled soups, beverages,
desserts and grains deemed 'Smart Choices' were considered
healthy according to the NPM standard.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The
'Smart Choices' programme is an example of industries'
attempts at self-regulation. More than 60 % of foods that
received the 'Smart Choices' label did not meet standard
nutritional criteria for a 'healthy' food choice, suggesting
that industries' involvement in designing labelling systems
should be scrutinized. The NPM system may be a good option
as the basis for establishing FOP labelling criteria,
although more comparisons with other systems are
needed.},
Doi = {10.1017/s1368980011000826},
Key = {fds271355}
}
@article{fds271356,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Bragg, MA and Pearl, RL and Schvey, NA and Roberto,
CA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Obesity and public policy.},
Journal = {Annual review of clinical psychology},
Volume = {8},
Pages = {405-430},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1548-5943},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143129},
Abstract = {There is a pressing need to reduce both the prevalence and
impact of obesity. This review begins with a discussion of
the roles of treatment and prevention. Two overriding
issues, weight bias and the addictive nature of food, are
covered because of their importance not only to the
individuals affected but also to public policy. We then
cover promising policy areas in which changes can be
implemented to support healthy behaviors: school policy,
food marketing, food labeling and packaging, and taxes on
unhealthy foods. The roles of the food industry and federal,
state, and local governments are also discussed.},
Doi = {10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143129},
Key = {fds271356}
}
@article{fds271358,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Thinking forward: the quicksand of appeasing the food
industry.},
Journal = {PLoS medicine},
Volume = {9},
Number = {7},
Pages = {e1001254},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1549-1277},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001254},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001254},
Key = {fds271358}
}
@article{fds271360,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Bragg, MA and Seamans, MJ and Mechulan, RL and Novak, N and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Evaluation of consumer understanding of different
front-of-package nutrition labels, 2010-2011.},
Journal = {Preventing chronic disease},
Volume = {9},
Number = {9},
Pages = {E149},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1545-1151},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.120015},
Abstract = {<h4>Introduction</h4>Governments throughout the world are
using or considering various front-of-package (FOP) food
labeling systems to provide nutrition information to
consumers. Our web-based study tested consumer understanding
of different FOP labeling systems.<h4>Methods</h4>Adult
participants (N = 480) were randomized to 1 of 5 groups to
evaluate FOP labels: 1) no label; 2) multiple traffic light
(MTL); 3) MTL plus daily caloric requirement icon
(MTL+caloric intake); 4) traffic light with specific
nutrients to limit based on food category (TL+SNL); or 5)
the Choices logo. Total percentage correct quiz scores were
created reflecting participants' ability to select the
healthier of 2 foods and estimate amounts of saturated fat,
sugar, and sodium in foods. Participants also rated products
on taste, healthfulness, and how likely they were to
purchase the product. Quiz scores and product perceptions
were compared with 1-way analysis of variance followed by
post-hoc Tukey tests.<h4>Results</h4>The MTL+caloric intake
group (mean [standard deviation], 73.3% [6.9%]) and Choices
group (72.5% [13.2%]) significantly outperformed the no
label group (67.8% [10.3%]) and the TL+SNL group (65.8%
[7.3%]) in selecting the more healthful product on the
healthier product quiz. The MTL and MTL+caloric intake
groups achieved average scores of more than 90% on the
saturated fat, sugar, and sodium quizzes, which were
significantly better than the no label and Choices group
average scores, which were between 34% and
47%.<h4>Conclusion</h4>An MTL+caloric intake label and the
Choices symbol hold promise as FOP labeling systems and
require further testing in different environments and
population subgroups.},
Doi = {10.5888/pcd9.120015},
Key = {fds271360}
}
@article{fds271353,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Ludwig, DS},
Title = {Sugar-sweetened beverages in the Supplemental Nutrition
Assistance Program: Reply},
Journal = {JAMA},
Volume = {306},
Number = {24},
Pages = {2670},
Publisher = {American Medical Association (AMA)},
Year = {2011},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0098-7484},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1885},
Doi = {10.1001/jama.2011.1885},
Key = {fds271353}
}
@article{fds271350,
Author = {Novak, NL and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Obesity: a public health approach.},
Journal = {The Psychiatric clinics of North America},
Volume = {34},
Number = {4},
Pages = {895-909},
Year = {2011},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0193-953X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.001},
Abstract = {Obesity is an epidemic that likely will worsen without
substantive changes to the current environment. Although
treatment of the individual has conventionally been the
focus of the obesity field, prevention using a public health
model will be essential for making progress on a population
level. There are encouraging signs that communities across
the country are acknowledging the complex causes of obesity
and making impressive reforms to improve their health and
that of their children. Public policy changes long have been
used to combat infectious and chronic diseases and will be
vital in the attempt to reduce the toll of poor diet,
physical inactivity, and obesity.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.001},
Key = {fds271350}
}
@article{fds271352,
Author = {Harris, JL and Thompson, JM and Schwartz, MB and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Nutrition-related claims on children's cereals: what do they
mean to parents and do they influence willingness to
buy?},
Journal = {Public health nutrition},
Volume = {14},
Number = {12},
Pages = {2207-2212},
Year = {2011},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1368-9800},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011001741},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>To examine parents' beliefs about the
meaning of common front-of-package nutrition-related claims
on children's cereals and determine whether the claims would
make them more willing to buy the cereals.<h4>Design</h4>Parents
viewed images of box fronts for children's cereals of
below-average nutritional quality, as assessed by a
validated nutrient profiling model. These boxes featured
various nutrition-related claims including 'supports your
child's immunity', 'whole grain', 'fibre', 'calcium and
vitamin D' and 'organic'. Participants were provided
possible meanings for these claims and asked to select any
that applied with the option to write in additional
meanings. They also indicated how the claim would affect
their willingness to buy the product.<h4>Setting</h4>Online
survey.<h4>Subjects</h4>Parents with children between the
ages of 2 and 11 years (n 306) recruited through an online
panel.<h4>Results</h4>The majority of parents misinterpreted
the meaning of claims commonly used on children's cereals.
They inferred that cereals with claims were more nutritious
overall and might provide specific health-related benefits
for their children; and these beliefs predicted greater
willingness to buy the cereals.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These
findings indicate that common front-of-package
nutrition-related claims are potentially misleading,
especially when placed on products with high levels of
nutrients to limit (e.g. sugar, sodium) and low levels of
other nutrients to encourage (e.g. fibre, protein).
Additional regulation is needed to protect consumers in the
USA.},
Doi = {10.1017/s1368980011001741},
Key = {fds271352}
}
@article{fds271351,
Author = {Schvey, NA and Puhl, RM and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The impact of weight stigma on caloric consumption.},
Journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)},
Volume = {19},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1957-1962},
Year = {2011},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {1930-7381},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.204},
Abstract = {The present study assessed the influence of exposure to
weight stigma on energy intake in both overweight and
normal-weight adult women. Seventy-three women (mean age:
31.71 ± 12.72 years), both overweight (n = 34) and normal
weight (n = 39), were randomly assigned to view one of two
videos depicting either weight stigmatizing material or
neutral material, after which they consumed snacks ad
libitum. Pre- and post-video measures included blood
pressure, attitudes toward overweight individuals, and
positive and negative affect. Participants' body weight was
measured, as was the number of kilocalories consumed
following video exposure. Overweight women who watched the
stigmatizing video ate more than three times as many
kilocalories as overweight women who watched the neutral
video (302.82 vs. 89.00 kcal), and significantly more
calories than the normal-weight individuals who watched
either the stigmatizing or the neutral video. A two-by-two
analysis of covariance revealed that even after adjusting
for relevant covariates, there was a significant interaction
between video type and weight status in that when
overweight, individuals consumed significantly more calories
if they were in the stigmatizing condition vs. the neutral
condition (F(1,65) = 4.37, P = 0.04, η(2) = 0.03). These
findings suggest that among overweight women, exposure to
weight stigmatizing material may lead to increased caloric
consumption. This directly challenges the notion that
pressure to lose weight in the form of weight stigma will
have a positive, motivating effect on overweight
individuals.},
Doi = {10.1038/oby.2011.204},
Key = {fds271351}
}
@article{fds271348,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Davis, C and Kuschner, R and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {The addiction potential of hyperpalatable
foods.},
Journal = {Current drug abuse reviews},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3},
Pages = {140-145},
Year = {2011},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1874-4737},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874473711104030140},
Abstract = {Scientific interest in "food addiction" continues to grow
due both to neurobiological and behavioral similarities
between substance dependence and excessive food consumption.
An important next step is to examine the addictive potential
of highly processed foods. In this paper, we explore
addiction-related changes in the modern food environment
(e.g., increased potency, elevated speed of absorption),
examine the historical and modern understanding of addictive
substances as applied to hyperpalatable foods, and outline
shared factors that increase the public health costs of both
addictive drugs and certain foods.},
Doi = {10.2174/1874473711104030140},
Key = {fds271348}
}
@article{fds271349,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Ludwig, DS},
Title = {The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, soda, and
USDA policy: who benefits?},
Journal = {JAMA},
Volume = {306},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1370-1371},
Year = {2011},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0098-7484},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1382},
Doi = {10.1001/jama.2011.1382},
Key = {fds271349}
}
@article{fds271347,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Yokum, S and Orr, PT and Stice, E and Corbin, WR and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Neural correlates of food addiction.},
Journal = {Archives of general psychiatry},
Volume = {68},
Number = {8},
Pages = {808-816},
Year = {2011},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0003-990X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.32},
Abstract = {<h4>Context</h4>Research has implicated an addictive process
in the development and maintenance of obesity. Although
parallels in neural functioning between obesity and
substance dependence have been found, to our knowledge, no
studies have examined the neural correlates of
addictive-like eating behavior.<h4>Objective</h4>To test the
hypothesis that elevated "food addiction" scores are
associated with similar patterns of neural activation as
substance dependence.<h4>Design</h4>Between-subjects
functional magnetic resonance imaging study.<h4>Setting</h4>A
university neuroimaging center.<h4>Participants</h4>Forty-eight
healthy young women ranging from lean to obese recruited for
a healthy weight maintenance trial.<h4>Main outcome
measure</h4>The relation between elevated food addiction
scores and blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic
resonance imaging activation in response to receipt and
anticipated receipt of palatable food (chocolate
milkshake).<h4>Results</h4>Food addiction scores (N = 39)
correlated with greater activation in the anterior cingulate
cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala in
response to anticipated receipt of food (P < .05, false
discovery rate corrected for multiple comparisons in small
volumes). Participants with higher (n = 15) vs lower (n =
11) food addiction scores showed greater activation in the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the caudate in response
to anticipated receipt of food but less activation in the
lateral orbitofrontal cortex in response to receipt of food
(false discovery rate-corrected P < .05).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Similar
patterns of neural activation are implicated in
addictive-like eating behavior and substance dependence:
elevated activation in reward circuitry in response to food
cues and reduced activation of inhibitory regions in
response to food intake.},
Doi = {10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.32},
Key = {fds271347}
}
@article{fds271344,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Grilo, CM and DiLeone, RJ and Brownell, KD and Potenza, MN},
Title = {Can food be addictive? Public health and policy
implications.},
Journal = {Addiction (Abingdon, England)},
Volume = {106},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1208-1212},
Year = {2011},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0965-2140},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03301.x},
Abstract = {<h4>Aims</h4>Data suggest that hyperpalatable foods may be
capable of triggering an addictive process. Although the
addictive potential of foods continues to be debated,
important lessons learned in reducing the health and
economic consequences of drug addiction may be especially
useful in combating food-related problems.<h4>Methods</h4>In
the current paper, we review the potential application of
policy and public health approaches that have been effective
in reducing the impact of addictive substances to
food-related problems.<h4>Results</h4>Corporate
responsibility, public health approaches, environmental
change and global efforts all warrant strong consideration
in reducing obesity and diet-related disease.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Although
there exist important differences between foods and
addictive drugs, ignoring analogous neural and behavioral
effects of foods and drugs of abuse may result in increased
food-related disease and associated social and economic
burdens. Public health interventions that have been
effective in reducing the impact of addictive drugs may have
a role in targeting obesity and related diseases.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03301.x},
Key = {fds271344}
}
@article{fds271345,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Dileone, RJ and Grilo, CM and Brownell, KD and Potenza, MN},
Title = {Important next steps in evaluating food's addictive
potential},
Journal = {Addiction},
Volume = {106},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1219-1220},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2011},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0965-2140},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03454.x},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03454.x},
Key = {fds271345}
}
@article{fds271346,
Author = {Crum, AJ and Corbin, WR and Brownell, KD and Salovey,
P},
Title = {Mind over milkshakes: mindsets, not just nutrients,
determine ghrelin response.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {30},
Number = {4},
Pages = {424-429},
Year = {2011},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023467},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>To test whether physiological satiation as
measured by the gut peptide ghrelin may vary depending on
the mindset in which one approaches consumption of
food.<h4>Methods</h4>On 2 separate occasions, participants
(n = 46) consumed a 380-calorie milkshake under the pretense
that it was either a 620-calorie "indulgent" shake or a
140-calorie "sensible" shake. Ghrelin was measured via
intravenous blood samples at 3 time points: baseline (20
min), anticipatory (60 min), and postconsumption (90 min).
During the first interval (between 20 and 60 min)
participants were asked to view and rate the (misleading)
label of the shake. During the second interval (between 60
and 90 min) participants were asked to drink and rate the
milkshake.<h4>Results</h4>The mindset of indulgence produced
a dramatically steeper decline in ghrelin after consuming
the shake, whereas the mindset of sensibility produced a
relatively flat ghrelin response. Participants' satiety was
consistent with what they believed they were consuming
rather than the actual nutritional value of what they
consumed.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The effect of food consumption
on ghrelin may be psychologically mediated, and mindset
meaningfully affects physiological responses to
food.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0023467},
Key = {fds271346}
}
@article{fds271342,
Author = {Andreyeva, T and Chaloupka, FJ and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Estimating the potential of taxes on sugar-sweetened
beverages to reduce consumption and generate
revenue.},
Journal = {Preventive medicine},
Volume = {52},
Number = {6},
Pages = {413-416},
Year = {2011},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0091-7435},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.03.013},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Beverage taxes came into light with
increasing concerns about obesity, particularly among youth.
Sugar-sweetened beverages have become a target of
anti-obesity initiatives with increasing evidence of their
link to obesity. Our paper offers a method for estimating
revenues from an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages
that governments of various levels could direct towards
obesity prevention.<h4>Model</h4>We construct a model
projecting beverage consumption and tax revenues based on
best available data on regional beverage consumption,
historic trends and recent estimates of the price elasticity
of sugar-sweetened beverage demand.<h4>Results</h4>The
public health impact of beverage taxes could be substantial.
An estimated 24% reduction in sugar-sweetened beverage
consumption from a penny-per-ounce sugar-sweetened beverage
tax could reduce daily per capita caloric intake from
sugar-sweetened beverages from the current 190-200 cal to
145-150 cal, if there is no substitution to other caloric
beverages or food. A national penny-per-ounce tax on
sugar-sweetened beverages could generate new tax revenue of
$79 billion over 2010-2015.<h4>Conclusion</h4>A modest tax
on sugar-sweetened beverages could both raise significant
revenues and improve public health by reducing obesity. To
the extent that at least some of the tax revenues get
invested in obesity prevention programs, the public health
benefits could be even more pronounced.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.03.013},
Key = {fds271342}
}
@article{fds271343,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Koplan, JP},
Title = {Front-of-package nutrition labeling--an abuse of trust by
the food industry?},
Journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
Volume = {364},
Number = {25},
Pages = {2373-2375},
Year = {2011},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0028-4793},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1101033},
Doi = {10.1056/nejmp1101033},
Key = {fds271343}
}
@article{fds271340,
Author = {Pomeranz, JL and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Advancing public health obesity policy through state
attorneys general.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {101},
Number = {3},
Pages = {425-431},
Year = {2011},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0090-0036},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3036702/},
Abstract = {Obesity in the United States exacts a heavy health and
financial toll, requiring new approaches to address this
public health crisis. State attorneys general have been
underutilized in efforts to formulate and implement food and
obesity policy solutions. Their authority lies at the
intersection of law and public policy, creating unique
opportunities unavailable to other officials and government
entities. Attorneys general have a broad range of authority
over matters specifically relevant to obesity and nutrition
policy, including parens patriae (parent of the country)
authority, protecting consumer interests, enacting and
supporting rules and regulations, working together across
states, engaging in consumer education, and drafting
opinions and amicus briefs. Significant room exists for
greater attorney general involvement in formulating and
championing solutions to public health problems such as
obesity.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.2010.198697},
Key = {fds271340}
}
@article{fds271341,
Author = {Koplan, JP and Brownell, K},
Title = {Industry response to the obesity threat:
Reply},
Journal = {JAMA},
Volume = {305},
Number = {4},
Pages = {362},
Publisher = {American Medical Association (AMA)},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0098-7484},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.21},
Doi = {10.1001/jama.2011.21},
Key = {fds271341}
}
@article{fds271338,
Author = {Novak, NL and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Taxation as prevention and as a treatment for obesity: the
case of sugar-sweetened beverages.},
Journal = {Current pharmaceutical design},
Volume = {17},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1218-1222},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1381-6128},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161211795656783},
Abstract = {The contemporary American food environment makes
energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages the
"default" option for most consumers. Economic interventions
like taxes can shift the relative prices of unhealthy foods
to nudge consumers towards healthier options. Beverages with
added sugar are a good starting point for food taxation;
they constitute over 10 percent of caloric intake nationwide
and provide little or no nutritional value. Current levels
of taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are too low
to affect consumer behavior, but the implementation of a
penny-per-ounce excise tax could lead to substantial public
health benefits. Current estimates predict that a tax that
raised the cost of SSBs by 20 percent could lead to an
average reduction of 3.8 pounds per year for adults, causing
the prevalence of obesity to decline from 33 to 30 percent.
SSB taxes would also generate considerable revenue for
public health and obesity prevention programs. Although the
beverage industry is fighting such taxes with massive
lobbying and public relations campaigns, support for the
policies is increasing, especially when revenue is earmarked
for obesity prevention.},
Doi = {10.2174/138161211795656783},
Key = {fds271338}
}
@article{fds271339,
Author = {Harris, JL and Schwartz, MB and Ustjanauskas, A and Ohri-Vachaspati,
P and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Effects of serving high-sugar cereals on children's
breakfast-eating behavior.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {127},
Number = {1},
Pages = {71-76},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/1/71.full},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>To test (1) whether children will consume
low-sugar ready-to-eat (RTE) cereals and (2) the effects of
serving high- versus low-sugar cereals on the consumption of
cereal, refined sugar, fresh fruit, and milk.<h4>Participants
and methods</h4>Using an experimental design, we randomly
assigned children (n = 91) who were attending summer day
camp to receive a breakfast that included either the choice
of 1 of 3 high-sugar cereals (high-sugar condition) or
low-sugar cereals (low-sugar condition), as well as low-fat
milk, orange juice, bananas, strawberries, and sugar
packets. Participants served themselves and completed a
background questionnaire after eating. Researchers measured
the amount and calories consumed of each
food.<h4>Results</h4>In both conditions, children reported
"liking" or "loving" the cereal they chose. Children in the
low-sugar cereal condition consumed, on average, slightly
more than 1 serving of cereal (35 g), whereas children in
the high-sugar condition consumed significantly more (61 g)
and almost twice the amount of refined sugar in total (24.4
vs 12.5 g). Milk and total calories consumed did not differ
significantly between conditions, but children in the
low-sugar condition were more likely to put fruit on their
cereal (54% vs 8%) and consumed a greater portion of total
calories from fresh fruit (20% vs 13%).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Compared
with serving low-sugar cereals, high-sugar cereals increase
children's total sugar consumption and reduce the overall
nutritional quality of their breakfast. Children will
consume low-sugar cereals when offered, and they provide a
superior breakfast option.},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2010-0864},
Key = {fds271339}
}
@article{fds271337,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Hoffnagle, E and Bragg, MA and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {An observational study of consumer use of fast-food
restaurant drive-through lanes: implications for menu
labelling policy.},
Journal = {Public health nutrition},
Volume = {13},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1826-1828},
Year = {2010},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {1368-9800},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001000039x},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Some versions of restaurant menu labelling
legislation do not require energy information to be posted
on menus for drive-through lanes. The present study was
designed to quantify the number of customers who purchase
fast food through drive-in windows as a means of informing
legislative labelling efforts.<h4>Design</h4>This was an
observational study.<h4>Setting</h4>The study took place at
two McDonald's and Burger King restaurants, and single Dairy
Queen, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco Bell and Wendy's
restaurants.<h4>Subjects</h4>The number of customers
entering the chain restaurants and purchasing food via the
drive-through lane were recorded. A total of 3549 patrons
were observed.<h4>Results</h4>The percentage of customers
who made their purchases at drive-throughs was fifty-seven.
The overall average (57 %) is likely a conservative estimate
because some fast-food restaurants have late-night hours
when only the drive-throughs are open.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Since
nearly six in ten customers purchase food via the
drive-through lanes, menu labelling legislation should
mandate the inclusion of menu labels on drive-through menu
boards to maximise the impact of this public health
intervention.},
Doi = {10.1017/s136898001000039x},
Key = {fds271337}
}
@article{fds271334,
Author = {Koplan, JP and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Response of the food and beverage industry to the obesity
threat.},
Journal = {JAMA},
Volume = {304},
Number = {13},
Pages = {1487-1488},
Year = {2010},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0098-7484},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1436},
Doi = {10.1001/jama.2010.1436},
Key = {fds271334}
}
@article{fds271116,
Author = {Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The need for courageous action to prevent
obesity},
Pages = {424-444},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2010},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571512.003.0025},
Abstract = {This chapter focuses on three key issues: firstly, the
necessity of a shared vision; secondly, whether or not to
trust the food industry; and thirdly, what should be done
next. In order to move forward, a shared vision is needed of
the causes of obesity and a philosophy of prevention. The
strategy of trying to increase personal responsibility has
not worked. Instead, the focus must be shifted to changing
the environment so that it facilitates healthy eating
behaviours and physical activity. The next question to be
asked is: can the food instustry be trusted? In watching the
behaviour of the food industry in recent years, their
strategies have become apparent. The chapter describes
elements of the food industry 'playbook' and questions the
influence of the industry on the government. Finally, it
recommends a number of targeted actions. Among these are
making policy changes to protect children from
commercialism, and creating coalitions with groups concerned
about the environment and sustainability. Finally, the
chapter also describes a more productive role for the food
industry, and ends with example innovations that have
succeeded at the local level.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571512.003.0025},
Key = {fds271116}
}
@article{fds271335,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {The humbling experience of treating obesity: Should we
persist or desist?},
Journal = {Behaviour research and therapy},
Volume = {48},
Number = {8},
Pages = {717-719},
Year = {2010},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0005-7967},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.018},
Abstract = {Obesity has humbled one research group after another. Some
of the field's brightest scientists have attempted to subdue
obesity by treating it, but now, after decades of work,
treatment gains remain small, maintenance is poor, and the
field produces effects far below what patients want or
expect. This can be explained by strong biological and
environmental forces that oppose weight loss and foster
regain. Attempts to improve treatment must continue, but
with recognition that treatment is a clinical measure and
will not affect prevalence (because treatments are too
expensive to be used broadly). Policy change and prevention
will be necessary to improve public health.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.018},
Key = {fds271335}
}
@article{fds271336,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Baik, J and Harris, JL and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Influence of licensed characters on children's taste and
snack preferences.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {126},
Number = {1},
Pages = {88-93},
Year = {2010},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3433},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>The goal was to study how popular licensed
cartoon characters appearing on food packaging affect young
children's taste and snack preferences.<h4>Methods</h4>Forty
4- to 6-year-old children tasted 3 pairs of identical foods
(graham crackers, gummy fruit snacks, and carrots) presented
in packages either with or without a popular cartoon
character. Children tasted both food items in each pair and
indicated whether the 2 foods tasted the same or one tasted
better. Children then selected which of the food items they
would prefer to eat for a snack.<h4>Results</h4>Children
significantly preferred the taste of foods that had popular
cartoon characters on the packaging, compared with the same
foods without characters. The majority of children selected
the food sample with a licensed character on it for their
snack, but the effects were weaker for carrots than for
gummy fruit snacks and graham crackers.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Branding
food packages with licensed characters substantially
influences young children's taste preferences and snack
selection and does so most strongly for energy-dense,
nutrient-poor foods. These findings suggest that the use of
licensed characters to advertise junk food to children
should be restricted.},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2009-3433},
Key = {fds271336}
}
@article{fds271140,
Author = {Puhl, RM and Heuer, CA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Stigma and Social Consequences of Obesity},
Pages = {25-40},
Year = {2010},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444307627.ch3},
Doi = {10.1002/9781444307627.ch3},
Key = {fds271140}
}
@article{fds271326,
Author = {Schwartz, MB and Ross, C and Harris, JL and Jernigan, DH and Siegel, M and Ostroff, J and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Breakfast cereal industry pledges to self-regulate
advertising to youth: will they improve the marketing
landscape?},
Journal = {Journal of public health policy},
Volume = {31},
Number = {1},
Pages = {59-73},
Year = {2010},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0197-5897},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2009.50},
Abstract = {In 2007, the Council of Better Business Bureaus created the
Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative to
improve the nutritional profile of products marketed to
children in the United States. We provide quantitative
baseline data describing (a) the amount of child-directed
breakfast cereal advertising in 2007; (b) an assessment of
the nutritional value for all cereals advertised on
television; and (c) the relationship between nutrition
quality and child exposure to television advertising for
major cereal brands. In 2007, the average American child
viewed 757 cereal ads, and 98 per cent of these ads promoted
unhealthy cereals that would be prohibited from advertising
to children in the United Kingdom. Healthy cereals were
advertised in 2007 in the United States, but adults, not
children, were predominantly exposed to these ads. These
quantitative methods can be used in the future to evaluate
the impact of industry self-regulation efforts to improve
the marketing landscape.},
Doi = {10.1057/jphp.2009.50},
Key = {fds271326}
}
@article{fds271327,
Author = {Harris, JL and Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Marketing foods to children and adolescents: licensed
characters and other promotions on packaged foods in the
supermarket.},
Journal = {Public health nutrition},
Volume = {13},
Number = {3},
Pages = {409-417},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1368-9800},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009991339},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>To analyse cross-promotions targeted to
children and adolescents on packaging in the
supermarket.<h4>Design</h4>On three occasions from 2006 to
2008, researchers purchased all foods in a large supermarket
that included a cross-promotion on the package. A total of
397 products were categorized by promotional partner, food
category, targeted age group, promotion type, product
nutrition, and company policies on marketing to
children.<h4>Results</h4>The number of products with
youth-oriented cross-promotions increased by 78 % during the
period examined. Overall, 71 % of cross-promotions involved
third-party licensed characters and 57 % appealed primarily
to children under 12 years of age; however, the use of other
forms of promotions increased from 5 % of the total in 2006
to 53 % in 2008, and promotions targeting pre-school and
general audiences increased from 23 % to 54 % of the total.
Only 18 % of products met accepted nutrition standards for
foods sold to youth, and nutritional quality declined during
the period examined. Food manufacturers with policies
limiting marketing to children represented 65 % of all
youth-oriented cross-promotions, their use of
cross-promotions increased significantly, and the
nutritional quality of their products did not improve. Some
media companies did reduce the use of their properties on
food promotions.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Overall, the supermarket
environment worsened due to an increase in cross-promotions
targeted to children and adolescents and a decline in the
nutritional quality of these products. This analysis failed
to find improvements in food marketing to youth and
highlights the need to expand current industry
self-regulatory pledges.},
Doi = {10.1017/s1368980009991339},
Key = {fds271327}
}
@article{fds271330,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Government intervention and the nation's diet: the slippery
slope of inaction.},
Journal = {The American journal of bioethics : AJOB},
Volume = {10},
Number = {3},
Pages = {1-2},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1526-5161},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161003697313},
Doi = {10.1080/15265161003697313},
Key = {fds271330}
}
@article{fds271332,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Kersh, R and Ludwig, DS and Post, RC and Puhl, RM and Schwartz, MB and Willett, WC},
Title = {Personal responsibility and obesity: a constructive approach
to a controversial issue.},
Journal = {Health affairs (Project Hope)},
Volume = {29},
Number = {3},
Pages = {379-387},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0278-2715},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0739},
Abstract = {The concept of personal responsibility has been central to
social, legal, and political approaches to obesity. It
evokes language of blame, weakness, and vice and is a
leading basis for inadequate government efforts, given the
importance of environmental conditions in explaining high
rates of obesity. These environmental conditions can
override individual physical and psychological regulatory
systems that might otherwise stand in the way of weight gain
and obesity, hence undermining personal responsibility,
narrowing choices, and eroding personal freedoms. Personal
responsibility can be embraced as a value by placing
priority on legislative and regulatory actions such as
improving school nutrition, menu labeling, altering industry
marketing practices, and even such controversial measures as
the use of food taxes that create healthier defaults, thus
supporting responsible behavior and bridging the divide
between views based on individualistic versus collective
responsibility.},
Doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0739},
Key = {fds271332}
}
@article{fds271333,
Author = {Goren, A and Harris, JL and Schwartz, MB and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Predicting support for restricting food marketing to
youth.},
Journal = {Health affairs (Project Hope)},
Volume = {29},
Number = {3},
Pages = {419-424},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0278-2715},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0734},
Abstract = {To address the obesity crisis, public health experts
recommend major reductions in the marketing of unhealthy
food to youth. However, policies to restrict food marketing
are not currently viewed as politically feasible. This paper
examines attitudes and knowledge about food marketing and
support for restricting unhealthy food marketing [corrected]
among one group of constituents: parents. A survey of 807
parents found that those most likely to support food
marketing restrictions were also more likely to have
negative views of current food practices. [corrected] These
findings suggest that increased public education about the
harm caused by food marketing may increase public support
for policy interventions.},
Doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0734},
Key = {fds271333}
}
@article{fds271328,
Author = {Andreyeva, T and Long, MW and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The impact of food prices on consumption: a systematic
review of research on the price elasticity of demand for
food.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {100},
Number = {2},
Pages = {216-222},
Year = {2010},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {1541-0048},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.151415},
Abstract = {In light of proposals to improve diets by shifting food
prices, it is important to understand how price changes
affect demand for various foods. We reviewed 160 studies on
the price elasticity of demand for major food categories to
assess mean elasticities by food category and variations in
estimates by study design. Price elasticities for foods and
nonalcoholic beverages ranged from 0.27 to 0.81 (absolute
values), with food away from home, soft drinks, juice, and
meats being most responsive to price changes (0.7-0.8). As
an example, a 10% increase in soft drink prices should
reduce consumption by 8% to 10%. Studies estimating price
effects on substitutions from unhealthy to healthy food and
price responsiveness among at-risk populations are
particularly needed.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.2008.151415},
Key = {fds271328}
}
@article{fds271329,
Author = {Sharma, LL and Teret, SP and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The food industry and self-regulation: standards to promote
success and to avoid public health failures.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {100},
Number = {2},
Pages = {240-246},
Year = {2010},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0090-0036},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.160960},
Abstract = {Threatened by possible government regulation and critical
public opinion, industries often undertake self-regulatory
actions, issue statements of concern for public welfare, and
assert that self-regulation is sufficient to protect the
public. The food industry has made highly visible pledges to
curtail children's food marketing, sell fewer unhealthy
products in schools, and label foods in responsible ways.
Ceding regulation to industry carries opportunities but is
highly risky. In some industries (e.g., tobacco),
self-regulation has been an abject failure, but in others
(e.g., forestry and marine fisheries), it has been more
successful. We examined food industry self-regulation in the
context of other self-regulatory successes and failures and
defined 8 standards that should be met if self-regulation is
to be effective.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.2009.160960},
Key = {fds271329}
}
@article{fds271331,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Larsen, PD and Agnew, H and Baik, J and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Evaluating the impact of menu labeling on food choices and
intake.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {100},
Number = {2},
Pages = {312-318},
Year = {2010},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0090-0036},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.160226},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>We assessed the impact of restaurant menu
calorie labels on food choices and intake.<h4>Methods</h4>Participants
in a study dinner (n=303) were randomly assigned to either
(1) a menu without calorie labels (no calorie labels), (2) a
menu with calorie labels (calorie labels), or (3) a menu
with calorie labels and a label stating the recommended
daily caloric intake for an average adult (calorie labels
plus information). Food choices and intake during and after
the study dinner were measured.<h4>Results</h4>Participants
in both calorie label conditions ordered fewer calories than
those in the no calorie labels condition. When calorie label
conditions were combined, that group consumed 14% fewer
calories than the no calorie labels group. Individuals in
the calorie labels condition consumed more calories after
the study dinner than those in both other conditions. When
calories consumed during and after the study dinner were
combined, participants in the calorie labels plus
information group consumed an average of 250 fewer calories
than those in the other groups.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Calorie
labels on restaurant menus impacted food choices and intake;
adding a recommended daily caloric requirement label
increased this effect, suggesting menu label legislation
should require such a label. Future research should evaluate
menu labeling's impact on children's food choices and
consumption.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.2009.160226},
Key = {fds271331}
}
@article{fds271323,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Rationale and evidence for menu-labeling
legislation.},
Journal = {American journal of preventive medicine},
Volume = {37},
Number = {6},
Pages = {546-551},
Year = {2009},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0749-3797},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.015},
Abstract = {Menu-labeling legislation is a proposed public health
intervention for poor diet and obesity that requires chain
restaurants to provide nutrition information on menus and
menu boards. The restaurant industry has strongly opposed
menu-labeling legislation. Using scientific evidence, this
paper counters industry arguments against menu labeling by
demonstrating that consumers want chain restaurant nutrition
information to be disclosed; the current methods of
providing nutrition information are inadequate; the expense
of providing nutrition information is minimal; the
government has the legal right to mandate disclosure of
information; consumers have the right to know nutrition
information; a lack of information reduces the efficiency of
a market economy; and menu labeling has the potential to
make a positive public health impact.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.015},
Key = {fds271323}
}
@article{fds271325,
Author = {Harris, JL and Brownell, KD and Bargh, JA},
Title = {The Food Marketing Defense Model: Integrating Psychological
Research to Protect Youth and Inform Public
Policy},
Journal = {Social Issues and Policy Review},
Volume = {3},
Number = {1},
Pages = {211-271},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2009},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1751-2395},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01015.x},
Abstract = {Marketing practices that promote calorie-dense,
nutrient-poor foods directly to children and adolescents
present significant public health risk. Worldwide, calls for
government action and industry change to protect young
people from the negative effects of food marketing have
increased. Current proposals focus on restricting television
advertising to children under 12 years old, but current
psychological models suggest that much more is required. All
forms of marketing pose considerable risk; adolescents are
also highly vulnerable; and food marketing may produce
far-reaching negative health outcomes. We propose a food
marketing defense model that posits four necessary
conditions to effectively counter harmful food marketing
practices: awareness, understanding, ability, and motivation
to resist. A new generation of psychological research is
needed to examine each of these processes, including the
psychological mechanisms through which food marketing
affects young people, to identify public policy that will
effectively protect them from harmful influence. © 2009 The
Society for the Psychological Study of Social
Issues.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01015.x},
Key = {fds271325}
}
@article{fds271324,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Farley, T and Willett, WC and Popkin, BM and Chaloupka,
FJ and Thompson, JW and Ludwig, DS},
Title = {The public health and economic benefits of taxing
sugar-sweetened beverages.},
Journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
Volume = {361},
Number = {16},
Pages = {1599-1605},
Year = {2009},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0028-4793},
url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723},
Doi = {10.1056/nejmhpr0905723},
Key = {fds271324}
}
@article{fds271322,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Schwartz, MB and Puhl, RM and Henderson, KE and Harris,
JL},
Title = {The need for bold action to prevent adolescent
obesity.},
Journal = {The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of
the Society for Adolescent Medicine},
Volume = {45},
Number = {3 Suppl},
Pages = {S8-17},
Year = {2009},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1054-139X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.004},
Abstract = {Record levels of obesity in children and adolescents are
predictable in light of powerful conditions that promote
high consumption of calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods and
discourage physical activity. Default conditions for youth
are dangerous, and include multiple and relentless forms of
marketing, poor foods promoted in schools, and a variety of
other conditions that undermine personal resources,
individual responsibility, and parental authority. This
article discusses how optimal defaults can be created using
five issues as examples: framing of the obesity issue,
treating versus preventing obesity, nutrition in schools,
marketing, and addressing weight bias and discrimination. By
adopting a public health approach that addresses the
conditions causing obesity, there is hope of reversing
troubling trends in prevalence.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.004},
Key = {fds271322}
}
@article{fds271320,
Author = {Ludwig, DS and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Public health action amid scientific uncertainty: the case
of restaurant calorie labeling regulations.},
Journal = {JAMA},
Volume = {302},
Number = {4},
Pages = {434-435},
Year = {2009},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0098-7484},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1045},
Doi = {10.1001/jama.2009.1045},
Key = {fds271320}
}
@article{fds271321,
Author = {Harris, JL and Bargh, JA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Priming effects of television food advertising on eating
behavior.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {28},
Number = {4},
Pages = {404-413},
Year = {2009},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014399},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Health advocates have focused on the
prevalence of advertising for calorie-dense low-nutrient
foods as a significant contributor to the obesity epidemic.
This research tests the hypothesis that exposure to food
advertising during TV viewing may also contribute to obesity
by triggering automatic snacking of available
food.<h4>Design</h4>In Experiments 1a and 1b,
elementary-school-age children watched a cartoon that
contained either food advertising or advertising for other
products and received a snack while watching. In Experiment
2, adults watched a TV program that included food
advertising that promoted snacking and/or fun product
benefits, food advertising that promoted nutrition benefits,
or no food advertising. The adults then tasted and evaluated
a range of healthy to unhealthy snack foods in an apparently
separate experiment.<h4>Main outcome measures</h4>Amount of
snack foods consumed during and after advertising
exposure.<h4>Results</h4>Children consumed 45% more when
exposed to food advertising. Adults consumed more of both
healthy and unhealthy snack foods following exposure to
snack food advertising compared to the other conditions. In
both experiments, food advertising increased consumption of
products not in the presented advertisements, and these
effects were not related to reported hunger or other
conscious influences.<h4>Conclusion</h4>These experiments
demonstrate the power of food advertising to prime automatic
eating behaviors and thus influence far more than brand
preference alone.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0014399},
Key = {fds271321}
}
@article{fds271316,
Author = {Thomas, JJ and Vartanian, LR and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The relationship between eating disorder not otherwise
specified (EDNOS) and officially recognized eating
disorders: meta-analysis and implications for
DSM.},
Journal = {Psychological bulletin},
Volume = {135},
Number = {3},
Pages = {407-433},
Year = {2009},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0033-2909},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015326},
Abstract = {Eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) is the most
prevalent eating disorder (ED) diagnosis. In this
meta-analysis, the authors aimed to inform Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders revisions by
comparing the psychopathology of EDNOS with that of the
officially recognized EDs: anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia
nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). A
comprehensive literature search identified 125 eligible
studies (published and unpublished) appearing in the
literature from 1987 to 2007. Random effects analyses
indicated that whereas EDNOS did not differ significantly
from AN and BED on eating pathology or general
psychopathology, BN exhibited greater eating and general
psychopathology than EDNOS. Moderator analyses indicated
that EDNOS groups who met all diagnostic criteria for AN
except for amenorrhea did not differ significantly from full
syndrome cases. Similarly, EDNOS groups who met all criteria
for BN or BED except for binge frequency did not differ
significantly from full syndrome cases. Results suggest that
EDNOS represents a set of disorders associated with
substantial psychological and physiological morbidity.
Although certain EDNOS subtypes could be incorporated into
existing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994)
categories, others-such as purging disorder and
non-fat-phobic AN-may be best conceptualized as distinct
syndromes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all
rights reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/a0015326},
Key = {fds271316}
}
@article{fds271318,
Author = {Thomas, JJ and Roberto, CA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Eighty-five per cent of what? Discrepancies in the weight
cut-off for anorexia nervosa substantially affect the
prevalence of underweight.},
Journal = {Psychological medicine},
Volume = {39},
Number = {5},
Pages = {833-843},
Year = {2009},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0033-2917},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708004327},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>DSM-IV cites <85% of expected body weight
(EBW) as a guideline for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa
(AN) but does not require a specific method for calculating
EBW. The purpose of the present study was to determine the
degree to which weight cut-off calculations vary across
studies, and to evaluate whether differential cut-offs lead
to discrepancies in the prevalence of individuals who are
eligible for the AN diagnosis.<h4>Method</h4>Two coders
independently recorded the EBW calculation methods from 99
studies that either (a) compared individuals with AN to
those with subclinical eating disorders or (b) conducted AN
treatment trials. Each weight cut-off was applied to a
nationally representative (n=12001) and treatment-seeking
(n=189) sample to determine the impact of EBW calculation on
the proportion who met the AN weight criterion.<h4>Results</h4>Coders
identified 10 different EBW methods, each of which produced
different weight cut-offs for the diagnosis of AN. Although
only 0.23% of the national sample met the lowest cut-off,
this number increased 43-fold to 10.10% under the highest
cut-off. Similarly, only 48.1% of treatment seekers met the
lowest cut-off, whereas 89.4% met the highest.<h4>Conclusions</h4>There
is considerable variance across studies in the determination
of the AN weight cut-off. Discrepancies substantially affect
the proportion of individuals who are eligible for
diagnosis, treatment and insurance reimbursement. However,
differences may not be fully appreciated because the
ubiquitous citation of the 85% criterion creates a sense of
false consensus.},
Doi = {10.1017/s0033291708004327},
Key = {fds271318}
}
@article{fds271319,
Author = {Roberto, CA and Agnew, H and Brownell, KD},
Title = {An observational study of consumers' accessing of nutrition
information in chain restaurants.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {99},
Number = {5},
Pages = {820-821},
Year = {2009},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0090-0036},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.136457},
Abstract = {In this observational study, we determined how frequently
consumers accessed on-premises nutrition information
provided at chain restaurants. The number of patrons
entering and accessing nutrition information was recorded at
8 locations that were part of 4 major restaurant chains
(McDonald's, Burger King, Starbucks, and Au Bon Pain). Only
6 (0.1%) of 4311 patrons accessed on-premises nutrition
information before purchasing food. This very small
percentage suggests that such information should be more
prominently displayed, such as on restaurant menu boards, to
help customers make informed decisions.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.2008.136457},
Key = {fds271319}
}
@article{fds271317,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Frieden, TR},
Title = {Ounces of prevention--the public policy case for taxes on
sugared beverages.},
Journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
Volume = {360},
Number = {18},
Pages = {1805-1808},
Year = {2009},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0028-4793},
url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0902392},
Doi = {10.1056/nejmp0902392},
Key = {fds271317}
}
@article{fds271375,
Author = {McKinnon, RA and Orleans, CT and Kumanyika, SK and Haire-Joshu, D and Krebs-Smith, SM and Finkelstein, EA and Brownell, KD and Thompson,
JW and Ballard-Barbash, R},
Title = {Considerations for an obesity policy research
agenda.},
Journal = {Am J Prev Med},
Volume = {36},
Number = {4},
Pages = {351-357},
Year = {2009},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0749-3797},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.11.017},
Abstract = {The rise in obesity levels in the U.S. in the past several
decades has been dramatic, with serious implications for
public health and the economy. Experiences in tobacco
control and other public health initiatives have shown that
public policy may be a powerful tool to effect structural
change to alter population-level behavior. In 2007, the
National Cancer Institute convened a meeting to discuss
priorities for a research agenda to inform obesity policy.
Issues considered were how to define obesity policy
research, key challenges and key partners in formulating and
implementing an obesity policy research agenda, criteria by
which to set research priorities, and specific research
needs and questions. Themes that emerged were: (1) the
embryonic nature of obesity policy research, (2) the need to
study "natural experiments" resulting from policy-based
efforts to address the obesity epidemic, (3) the importance
of research focused beyond individual-level behavior change,
(4) the need for economic research across several relevant
policy areas, and (5) the overall urgency of taking action
in the policy arena. Moving forward, timely evaluation of
natural experiments is of especially high priority. A
variety of policies intended to promote healthy weight in
children and adults are being implemented in communities and
at the state and national levels. Although some of these
policies are supported by the findings of intervention
research, additional research is needed to evaluate the
implementation and quantify the impact of new policies
designed to address obesity.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2008.11.017},
Key = {fds271375}
}
@article{fds271311,
Author = {Barry, CL and Brescoll, VL and Brownell, KD and Schlesinger,
M},
Title = {Obesity metaphors: how beliefs about the causes of obesity
affect support for public policy.},
Journal = {The Milbank quarterly},
Volume = {87},
Number = {1},
Pages = {7-47},
Year = {2009},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0887-378X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00546.x},
Abstract = {<h4>Context</h4>Relatively little is known about the factors
shaping public attitudes toward obesity as a policy concern.
This study examines whether individuals' beliefs about the
causes of obesity affect their support for policies aimed at
stemming obesity rates. This article identifies a unique
role of metaphor-based beliefs, as distinct from
conventional political attitudes, in explaining support for
obesity policies.<h4>Methods</h4>This article used the Yale
Rudd Center Public Opinion on Obesity Survey, a nationally
representative web sample surveyed from the Knowledge
Networks panel in 2006/07 (N = 1,009). The study examines
how respondents' demographic and health characteristics,
political attitudes, and agreement with seven obesity
metaphors affect support for sixteen policies to reduce
obesity rates.<h4>Findings</h4>Including obesity metaphors
in regression models helps explain public support for
policies to curb obesity beyond levels attributable solely
to demographic, health, and political characteristics. The
metaphors that people use to understand rising obesity rates
are strong predictors of support for public policy, and
their influence varies across different types of policy
interventions.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Over the last five years,
the United States has begun to grapple with the implications
of dramatically escalating rates of obesity. Individuals use
metaphors to better understand increasing rates of obesity,
and obesity metaphors are independent and powerful
predictors of support for public policies to curb obesity.
Metaphorical reasoning also offers a potential framework for
using strategic issue framing to shift support for obesity
policies.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00546.x},
Key = {fds271311}
}
@article{fds271312,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Warner, KE},
Title = {The perils of ignoring history: Big Tobacco played dirty and
millions died. How similar is Big Food?},
Journal = {The Milbank quarterly},
Volume = {87},
Number = {1},
Pages = {259-294},
Year = {2009},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0887-378X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00555.x},
Abstract = {<h4>Context</h4>In 1954 the tobacco industry paid to publish
the "Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers" in hundreds of
U.S. newspapers. It stated that the public's health was the
industry's concern above all others and promised a variety
of good-faith changes. What followed were decades of deceit
and actions that cost millions of lives. In the hope that
the food history will be written differently, this article
both highlights important lessons that can be learned from
the tobacco experience and recommends actions for the food
industry.<h4>Methods</h4>A review and analysis of empirical
and historical evidence pertaining to tobacco and food
industry practices, messages, and strategies to influence
public opinion, legislation and regulation, litigation, and
the conduct of science.<h4>Findings</h4>The tobacco industry
had a playbook, a script, that emphasized personal
responsibility, paying scientists who delivered research
that instilled doubt, criticizing the "junk" science that
found harms associated with smoking, making self-regulatory
pledges, lobbying with massive resources to stifle
government action, introducing "safer" products, and
simultaneously manipulating and denying both the addictive
nature of their products and their marketing to children.
The script of the food industry is both similar to and
different from the tobacco industry script.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Food
is obviously different from tobacco, and the food industry
differs from tobacco companies in important ways, but there
also are significant similarities in the actions that these
industries have taken in response to concern that their
products cause harm. Because obesity is now a major global
problem, the world cannot afford a repeat of the tobacco
history, in which industry talks about the moral high ground
but does not occupy it.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00555.x},
Key = {fds271312}
}
@article{fds271313,
Author = {Pomeranz, JL and Teret, SP and Sugarman, SD and Rutkow, L and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Innovative legal approaches to address obesity.},
Journal = {The Milbank quarterly},
Volume = {87},
Number = {1},
Pages = {185-213},
Year = {2009},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0887-378X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00552.x},
Abstract = {<h4>Context</h4>The law is a powerful public health tool
with considerable potential to address the obesity issue.
Scientific advances, gaps in the current regulatory
environment, and new ways of conceptualizing rights and
responsibilities offer a foundation for legal
innovation.<h4>Methods</h4>This article connects
developments in public health and nutrition with legal
advances to define promising avenues for preventing obesity
through the application of the law.<h4>Findings</h4>Two sets
of approaches are defined: (1) direct application of the law
to factors known to contribute to obesity and (2) original
and innovative legal solutions that address the weak
regulatory stance of government and the ineffectiveness of
existing policies used to control obesity. Specific legal
strategies are discussed for limiting children's food
marketing, confronting the potential addictive properties of
food, compelling industry speech, increasing government
speech, regulating conduct, using tort litigation, applying
nuisance law as a litigation strategy, and considering
performance-based regulation as an alternative to typical
regulatory actions. Finally, preemption is an overriding
issue and can play both a facilitative and a hindering role
in obesity policy.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Legal solutions are
immediately available to the government to address obesity
and should be considered at the federal, state, and local
levels. New and innovative legal solutions represent
opportunities to take the law in creative directions and to
link legal, nutrition, and public health communities in
constructive ways.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00552.x},
Key = {fds271313}
}
@article{fds271314,
Author = {Gearhardt, AN and Corbin, WR and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Food addiction: An examination of the diagnostic criteria
for dependence},
Journal = {Journal of Addiction Medicine},
Volume = {3},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-7},
Publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},
Year = {2009},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1932-0620},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e318193c993},
Abstract = {The evidence for food's addictive properties is steadily
growing. In addition to clinical and evolutionary
plausibility, the possibility of addiction to food is
supported by animal model research and increasingly by
research with humans. Much as classic drugs of abuse
"hijack" the brain, accumulating evidence with food suggests
a similar impact, but with weaker effects. Although
neu-robiological evidence for food addiction is compelling,
dependence as conceptualized with respect to alcohol and
other drugs of abuse is fundamentally a behavioral disorder.
Thus, we review the current state of food addiction research
in the context of each of the diagnostic criterion for
dependence (ie, tolerance, withdrawal, loss of control) and
briefly explore other relevant addiction topics such as
expectancies, reinforcement, and incentive salience. There
is substantial evidence that some people lose control over
their food consumption, suffer from repeated failed attempts
to reduce their intake, and are unable to abstain from
certain types of food or reduce consumption in the face of
negative consequences. Although there is some evidence for
other dependence criterion, further research is needed to
examine tolerance and withdrawal to high-fat sweets, time
spent in obtaining, using, and recovering from excess food
consumption and the degree to which important activities are
given up due to overconsumption. As science continues
forward and both the public and elected leaders become aware
that food may trigger an addictive process, this information
will likely be used to inform policy. Thus, researchers need
to carefully consider the implications of their work and the
way in which the results may be interpreted.Copyright ©
2009 American Society of Addiction Medicine.},
Doi = {10.1097/ADM.0b013e318193c993},
Key = {fds271314}
}
@article{fds271309,
Author = {Harris, JL and Pomeranz, JL and Lobstein, T and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {A crisis in the marketplace: how food marketing contributes
to childhood obesity and what can be done.},
Journal = {Annual review of public health},
Volume = {30},
Pages = {211-225},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0163-7525},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100304},
Abstract = {Reducing food marketing to children has been proposed as one
means for addressing the global crisis of childhood obesity,
but significant social, legal, financial, and public
perception barriers stand in the way. The scientific
literature documents that food marketing to children is (a)
massive; (b) expanding in number of venues (product
placements, video games, the Internet, cell phones, etc.);
(c) composed almost entirely of messages for nutrient-poor,
calorie-dense foods; (d) having harmful effects; and (e)
increasingly global and hence difficult to regulate by
individual countries. The food industry, governmental
bodies, and advocacy groups have proposed a variety of plans
for altering the marketing landscape. This article reviews
existing knowledge of the impact of marketing and addresses
the value of various legal, legislative, regulatory, and
industry-based approaches to change.},
Doi = {10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100304},
Key = {fds271309}
}
@article{fds271308,
Author = {Schwartz, MB and Vartanian, LR and Wharton, CR and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Authors' Response},
Journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association},
Volume = {108},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1619-1620},
Year = {2008},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0002-8223},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.08.032},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jada.2008.08.032},
Key = {fds271308}
}
@article{fds271306,
Author = {Pomeranz, JL and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Legal and public health considerations affecting the
success, reach, and impact of menu-labeling
laws.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {98},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1578-1583},
Year = {2008},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0090-0036},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.128488},
Abstract = {Because the rate of consumption of away-from-home meals has
increased dramatically, the distinction between requiring
nutrition information for packaged but not restaurant
products is no longer reasonable. Public health necessitates
that nutrition labels must be included with restaurant menus
as a strategy to educate consumers and address the
escalation of obesity. Menu-labeling laws are being
considered at the local, state, and federal levels, but the
restaurant industry opposes such action. We discuss the
public health rationale and set forth the government's legal
authority for the enactment of menu-labeling laws. We
further aim to educate the public health community of the
potential legal challenges to such laws, and we set forth
methods for governments to survive these challenges by
drafting laws according to current legal
standards.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.2007.128488},
Key = {fds271306}
}
@article{fds271307,
Author = {Swinburn, B and Sacks, G and Lobstein, T and Rigby, N and Baur, LA and Brownell, KD and Gill, T and Seidell, J and Kumanyika, S and International Obesity Taskforce Working Group on Marketing
to Children},
Title = {The 'Sydney Principles' for reducing the commercial
promotion of foods and beverages to children.},
Journal = {Public health nutrition},
Volume = {11},
Number = {9},
Pages = {881-886},
Year = {2008},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1368-9800},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898000800284x},
Abstract = {A set of seven principles (the 'Sydney Principles') was
developed by an International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF)
Working Group to guide action on changing food and beverage
marketing practices that target children. The aim of the
present communication is to present the Sydney Principles
and report on feedback received from a global consultation
(November 2006 to April 2007) on the Principles. The
Principles state that actions to reduce marketing to
children should: (i) support the rights of children; (ii)
afford substantial protection to children; (iii) be
statutory in nature; (iv) take a wide definition of
commercial promotions; (v) guarantee commercial-free
childhood settings; (vi) include cross-border media; and
(vii) be evaluated, monitored and enforced. The draft
principles were widely disseminated and 220 responses were
received from professional and scientific associations,
consumer bodies, industry bodies, health professionals and
others. There was virtually universal agreement on the need
to have a set of principles to guide action in this
contentious area of marketing to children. Apart from
industry opposition to the third principle calling for a
statutory approach and several comments about the
implementation challenges, there was strong support for each
of the Sydney Principles. Feedback on two specific issues of
contention related to the age range to which restrictions
should apply (most nominating age 16 or 18 years) and the
types of products to be included (31% nominating all
products, 24% all food and beverages, and 45% energy-dense,
nutrient-poor foods and beverages). The Sydney Principles,
which took a children's rights-based approach, should be
used to benchmark action to reduce marketing to children.
The age definition for a child and the types of products
which should have marketing restrictions may better suit a
risk-based approach at this stage. The Sydney Principles
should guide the formation of an International Code on Food
and Beverage Marketing to Children.},
Doi = {10.1017/s136898000800284x},
Key = {fds271307}
}
@article{fds271310,
Author = {Andreyeva, T and Blumenthal, DM and Schwartz, MB and Long, MW and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Availability and prices of foods across stores and
neighborhoods: the case of New Haven, Connecticut.},
Journal = {Health affairs (Project Hope)},
Volume = {27},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1381-1388},
Year = {2008},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0278-2715},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.27.5.1381},
Abstract = {Two studies compared food availability and prices in large
and small stores across neighborhoods of varying income
levels in New Haven, Connecticut. The findings suggest that
supermarket access in lower-income neighborhoods has
improved since 1971, and average food prices are comparable
across income areas. Despite this progress, stores in
lower-income neighborhoods (compared to those in
higher-income neighborhoods) stock fewer healthier varieties
of foods and have fresh produce of much lower quality.
Policies are needed not only to improve access to
supermarkets, but also to ensure that stores in lower-income
neighborhoods provide high-quality produce and healthier
versions of popular foods.},
Doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.27.5.1381},
Key = {fds271310}
}
@article{fds271305,
Author = {Puhl, RM and Andreyeva, T and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and
comparison to race and gender discrimination in
America.},
Journal = {International journal of obesity (2005)},
Volume = {32},
Number = {6},
Pages = {992-1000},
Year = {2008},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0307-0565},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.22},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Limited data are available on the
prevalence and patterns of body weight discrimination from
representative samples. This study examined experiences of
weight/height discrimination in a nationally representative
sample of US adults and compared their prevalence and
patterns with discrimination experiences based on race and
gender.<h4>Method and procedures</h4>Data were from the
National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States,
a 1995-1996 community-based survey of English-speaking
adults aged 25-74 (N=2290). Reported experiences of
weight/height discrimination included a variety of
institutional settings and interpersonal relationships.
Multivariate regression analyses were used to predict
weight/height discrimination controlling for
sociodemographic characteristics and body weight
status.<h4>Results</h4>The prevalence of weight/height
discrimination ranged from 5% among men to 10% among women,
but these average percentages obscure the much higher risk
of weight discrimination among heavier individuals (40% for
adults with body mass index (BMI) of 35 and above). Younger
individuals with a higher BMI had a particularly high risk
of weight/height discrimination regardless of their race,
education and weight status. Women were at greater risk for
weight/height discrimination than men, especially women with
a BMI of 30-35 who were three times more likely to report
weight/height discrimination compared to male peers of a
similar weight.<h4>Discussion</h4>Weight/height
discrimination is prevalent in American society and is
relatively close to reported rates of racial discrimination,
particularly among women. Both institutional forms of
weight/height discrimination (for example, in employment
settings) and interpersonal mistreatment due to
weight/height (for example, being called names) were common,
and in some cases were even more prevalent than
discrimination due to gender and race.},
Doi = {10.1038/ijo.2008.22},
Key = {fds271305}
}
@article{fds271303,
Author = {Wang, SS and Treat, TA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Cognitive Processing About Classroom-Relevant Contexts:
Teachers' Attention to and Utilization of Girls' Body Size,
Ethnicity, Attractiveness, and Facial Affect},
Journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology},
Volume = {100},
Number = {2},
Pages = {473-489},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2008},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0022-0663},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.2.473},
Abstract = {This study examines 2 aspects of cognitive processing in
person perception-attention and decision making-in
classroom-relevant contexts. Teachers completed 2 implicit,
performance-based tasks that characterized attention to and
utilization of 4 student characteristics of interest:
ethnicity, facial affect, body size, and attractiveness.
Stimuli were 24 full-body photos of girls that varied along
the dimensions of interest. Teachers completed a
similarity-ratings task and 4 preference-ratings tasks.
Results showed that teachers attended to ethnicity and body
size but did not utilize this information when selecting
students across contexts. In contrast, teachers relied
heavily on affect and attractiveness when making decisions.
These results suggest that further investigating cognitive
processing in person perception is important in
understanding how teachers attend to and use multiple
salient student attributes in real-world contexts. This
study also illustrates the potential utility of adopting a
method that places a premium on internal validity to
investigate questions relevant to educational researchers.
Future work should investigate how other student
information, such as student background or personality,
affects teachers' cognitive processing in different
classroom-relevant contexts. © 2008 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-0663.100.2.473},
Key = {fds271303}
}
@article{fds271304,
Author = {Andreyeva, T and Puhl, RM and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Changes in perceived weight discrimination among Americans,
1995-1996 through 2004-2006.},
Journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)},
Volume = {16},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1129-1134},
Year = {2008},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {1930-7381},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.35},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Little is known about the prevalence and
patterns of weight discrimination in the United States. This
study examined the trends in perceived weight/height
discrimination among a nationally representative sample of
adults aged 35-74 years, comparing experiences of
discrimination based on race, age, and gender.<h4>Methods
and procedures</h4>Data were from the two waves of the
National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States
(MIDUS), a survey of community-based English-speaking adults
initially in 1995-1996 and a follow-up in 2004- 2006.
Reported experiences of weight/height discrimination
included a variety of settings in major lifetime events and
interpersonal relationships.<h4>Results</h4>The prevalence
of weight/height discrimination increased from 7% in
1995-1996 to 12% in 2004-2006, affecting all population
groups but the elderly. This growth is unlikely to be
explained by changes in obesity rates.<h4>Discussion</h4>Weight/height
discrimination is highly prevalent in American society and
increasing at disturbing rates. Its prevalence is relatively
close to reported rates of race and age discrimination, but
virtually no legal or social sanctions against weight
discrimination exist.},
Doi = {10.1038/oby.2008.35},
Key = {fds271304}
}
@article{fds271300,
Author = {Puhl, RM and Moss-Racusin, CA and Schwartz, MB and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Weight stigmatization and bias reduction: perspectives of
overweight and obese adults.},
Journal = {Health education research},
Volume = {23},
Number = {2},
Pages = {347-358},
Year = {2008},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0268-1153},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cym052},
Abstract = {This study employed qualitative methods with a sample of
overweight and obese adults to identify and describe their
subjective experiences of weight bias. Participants (274
females and 44 males) completed an online battery of
self-report questionnaires, including several open-ended
questions about weight stigmatization. These questions asked
them to describe their worst experiences of weight
stigmatization, their perceptions of common weight-based
stereotypes, their feelings about being overweight and their
suggestions for strategies to reduce weight stigma in our
culture. Participants reported experiencing weight stigma
across a range of contexts and involving a variety of
interpersonal sources. Close relationship partners (such as
friends, parents and spouses) were the most common source of
their worst stigmatizing encounters. Participants challenged
common weight-based stereotypes (notably, that obese
individuals are 'lazy') and reported that they would like
the public to gain a better understanding of the
difficulties of weight loss, the causes of obesity and the
emotional consequences of being stigmatized. Education was
reported as the most promising avenue for future
stigma-reduction efforts. The experiences and opinions
expressed were not significantly different for men versus
women or overweight versus obese individuals. A minority of
participants expressed beliefs suggestive of self-blame and
internalization of weight-based stereotypes. These results
indicate that while obese individuals experience weight bias
across many domains, more stigma-reduction efforts should
target stigmatizing encounters in close relationships,
including parents, spouses and friends of obese
persons.},
Doi = {10.1093/her/cym052},
Key = {fds271300}
}
@article{fds271301,
Author = {Schwartz, MB and Vartanian, LR and Wharton, CM and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Examining the nutritional quality of breakfast cereals
marketed to children.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association},
Volume = {108},
Number = {4},
Pages = {702-705},
Year = {2008},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0002-8223},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.01.003},
Abstract = {There are both public health and food industry initiatives
aimed at increasing breakfast consumption among children,
particularly the consumption of ready-to-eat cereals. The
purpose of this study was to determine whether there were
identifiable differences in nutritional quality between
cereals that are primarily marketed to children and cereals
that are not marketed to children. Of the 161 cereals
identified between January and February 2006, 46% were
classified as being marketed to children (eg, packaging
contained a licensed character or contained an activity
directed at children). Multivariate analyses of variance
were used to compare children's cereals and nonchildren's
cereals with respect to their nutritional content, focusing
on nutrients required to be reported on the Nutrition Facts
panel (including energy). Compared to nonchildren's cereals,
children's cereals were denser in energy, sugar, and sodium,
but were less dense in fiber and protein. The proportion of
children's and nonchildren's cereals that did and did not
meet national nutritional guidelines for foods served in
schools were compared using chi2analysis. The majority of
children's cereals (66%) failed to meet national nutrition
standards, particularly with respect to sugar content. t
tests were used to compare the nutritional quality of
children's cereals with nutrient-content claims and health
claims to those without such claims. Although the specific
claims were generally justified by the nutritional content
of the product, there were few differences with respect to
the overall nutrition profile. Overall, there were important
differences in nutritional quality between children's
cereals and nonchildren's cereals. Dietary advice for
children to increase consumption of ready-to-eat breakfast
cereals should identify and recommend those cereals with the
best nutrient profiles.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jada.2008.01.003},
Key = {fds271301}
}
@article{fds271302,
Author = {Brownell, K},
Title = {Toward optimal health: Dr. Kelly Brownell discusses
[corrected] the influence of the environment on obesity.
Interview by Jodi R. Godfrey.},
Journal = {Journal of women's health (2002)},
Volume = {17},
Number = {3},
Pages = {325-330},
Year = {2008},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {1540-9996},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2007.0776},
Doi = {10.1089/jwh.2007.0776},
Key = {fds271302}
}
@article{fds271299,
Author = {Brescoll, VL and Kersh, R and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Assessing the feasibility and impact of federal childhood
obesity policies},
Journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science},
Volume = {615},
Number = {1},
Pages = {178-194},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0002-7162},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716207309189},
Abstract = {Research on childhood obesity has primarily been conducted
by experts in nutrition, psychology, and medicine. Only
recently have public policy scholars devoted serious work to
this burgeoning public health crisis. Here the authors
advance that research by surveying national experts in
health/nutrition and health policy on the public health
impact and the political feasibility of fifty-one federal
policy options for addressing childhood obesity. Policies
that were viewed as politically infeasible but having a
great impact on childhood obesity emphasized outright bans
on certain activities. In contrast, education and
information dissemination policies were viewed as having the
potential to receive a favorable hearing from national
policy makers but little potential public health impact.
Both nutrition and policy experts believed that increasing
funding for research would be beneficial and politically
feasible. A central need for the field is to develop the
means to make high-impact policies more politically
feasible.},
Doi = {10.1177/0002716207309189},
Key = {fds271299}
}
@article{fds218282,
Author = {Andreyeva, T and Blumenthal, DM and Schwartz, MB and Long, MW and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Availability and prices of foods across stores and
neighborhoods: The case of New Haven, Connecticut},
Journal = {Health Affairs},
Volume = {27},
Pages = {1387-1388},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds218282}
}
@article{fds271297,
Author = {Jean-Baptiste, M and Tek, C and Liskov, E and Chakunta, UR and Nicholls,
S and Hassan, AQ and Brownell, KD and Wexler, BE},
Title = {A pilot study of a weight management program with food
provision in schizophrenia.},
Journal = {Schizophrenia research},
Volume = {96},
Number = {1-3},
Pages = {198-205},
Year = {2007},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0920-9964},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.05.022},
Abstract = {Obesity is a serious medical problem that disproportionately
affects people with severe mental illness. Behavioral
strategies aimed at lifestyle modification have proven
effective for weight loss in general population but have not
been studied adequately among persons with schizophrenia. We
have conducted a randomized controlled pilot trial of an
established weight loss program, modified for this specific
population, and supplemented with a novel food replacement
program, as well as practical, community based teaching of
shopping and preparing healthy food. The program not only
arrested weight gain, and produced meaningful weight loss,
but also weight loss continued 6 months after the
intervention is completed. Cognitive impairment had no
bearing to the extent a participant benefited from the
program. As a conclusion, well designed simple behavioral
programs can produce lasting weight loss for patients with
schizophrenia and comorbid obesity, improve metabolic
indices, and possibly decrease significant medical risks
associated with obesity.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2007.05.022},
Key = {fds271297}
}
@article{fds271294,
Author = {McDermott, AY and Shah, A and Brownell, K and Berkowitz, R and Inge, TH and Klein, S and Apovian, C and Goran, MI and Butte, NF and Messier, SP and Kirschenbaum, D and Rosenbaum, M and Hill, JO},
Title = {Conference coverage: Selected presentations from the Annual
Scientific Meeeting of NAASO-The Obesity Society; October
20-24, 2006: Boston, Massachusetts},
Journal = {MedGenMed Medscape General Medicine},
Volume = {9},
Number = {3},
Year = {2007},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {1531-0132},
Key = {fds271294}
}
@article{fds271298,
Author = {Vartanian, LR and Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a
systematic review and meta-analysis.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {97},
Number = {4},
Pages = {667-675},
Year = {2007},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0090-0036},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2005.083782},
Abstract = {In a meta-analysis of 88 studies, we examined the
association between soft drink consumption and nutrition and
health outcomes. We found clear associations of soft drink
intake with increased energy intake and body weight. Soft
drink intake also was associated with lower intakes of milk,
calcium, and other nutrients and with an increased risk of
several medical problems (e.g., diabetes). Study design
significantly influenced results: larger effect sizes were
observed in studies with stronger methods (longitudinal and
experimental vs cross-sectional studies). Several other
factors also moderated effect sizes (e.g., gender, age,
beverage type). Finally, studies funded by the food industry
reported significantly smaller effects than did
non-industry-funded studies. Recommendations to reduce
population soft drink consumption are strongly supported by
the available science.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.2005.083782},
Key = {fds271298}
}
@article{fds271296,
Author = {Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Actions necessary to prevent childhood obesity: creating the
climate for change.},
Journal = {The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the
American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics},
Volume = {35},
Number = {1},
Pages = {78-89},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1073-1105},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00114.x},
Abstract = {Childhood obesity has become a public health epidemic, and
currently a battle exists over how to frame and address this
problem. This paper explores how public policy approaches
can be employed to address obesity. We present the argument
that obesity should be viewed as the consequence of a "toxic
environment" rather than the result of the population
failing to take enough "personal responsibility." In order
to make progress in decreasing the prevalence of obesity, we
must shift our view of obesity away from the medical model
(which focuses on the individual) to a public health model
(which focuses on the population). At the same time, we must
be sensitive to the problem of weight bias. Potential
obstacles to taking a public policy approach are identified,
as well as suggestions on how to overcome
them.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00114.x},
Key = {fds271296}
}
@article{fds271295,
Author = {Puhl, RM and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Confronting and coping with weight stigma: an investigation
of overweight and obese adults.},
Journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)},
Volume = {14},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1802-1815},
Year = {2006},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {1930-7381},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.208},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>This study examined experiences of weight
stigmatization, sources of stigma, coping strategies,
psychological functioning, and eating behaviors in a sample
of 2671 overweight and obese adults.<h4>Research methods and
procedures</h4>The total sample was partitioned into two
subsamples for investigation. Sample I was comprised of 2449
adult women, and Sample II was a matched sample of adult men
and women (N = 222) that was disaggregated to investigate
gender differences. Both samples completed an online battery
of self-report questionnaires measuring frequency of weight
stigmatization and coping responses to deal with bias, the
most common sources of the bias, symptoms of depression,
self-esteem, attitudes about weight and obesity, and binge
eating behaviors.<h4>Results</h4>Experiences of weight
stigmatization, in many forms and across multiple occasions,
was common in both samples. A variety of coping strategies
were used in response. More frequent exposure to stigma was
related to more attempts to cope and higher BMI. Physicians
and family members were the most frequent sources of weight
bias reported. No gender differences were observed in types
or frequency of stigmatization. Frequency of stigmatization
was not related to current psychological functioning,
although coping responses were associated with emotional
well-being.<h4>Discussion</h4>These findings raise questions
about the relationship between stigma and psychological
functioning and have important implications for obesity
treatment and stigma reduction intervention efforts, both of
which are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1038/oby.2006.208},
Key = {fds271295}
}
@article{fds271293,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Yach, D},
Title = {Lessons from a small country about the global obesity
crisis},
Journal = {Globalization and Health},
Volume = {2},
Pages = {1-2},
Year = {2006},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1744-8603},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-2-11},
Abstract = {Developed countries had high obesity rates before the
problem was taken seriously and hence the genesis must be
seen in retrospect. Developing countries offer a clear view
of causal factors but also opportunities for prevention,
which must focus on both food and physical activity
environments. © 2006 Brownell and Yach; licensee BioMed
Central Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1186/1744-8603-2-11},
Key = {fds271293}
}
@article{fds271292,
Author = {Thomas, JJ and Judge, AM and Brownell, KD and Vartanian,
LR},
Title = {Evaluating the effects of eating disorder memoirs on
readers' eating attitudes and behaviors.},
Journal = {The International journal of eating disorders},
Volume = {39},
Number = {5},
Pages = {418-425},
Year = {2006},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.20239},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>More than 50 individuals have published
eating disorder (ED) memoirs. The current study was the
first to test whether memoirs affect readers' eating
attitudes and behaviors, and whether they normalize and/or
glamorize EDs.<h4>Method</h4>Fifty female undergraduates
read an ED or control memoir. Before and afterward,
participants completed the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test
(EAT-26), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) Drive for
Thinness subscale, a measure of perceived ED symptom
prevalence, and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) measuring
associations between anorexia and glamour/danger.<h4>Results</h4>Participants
in the ED condition did not demonstrate significant changes
in the EAT-26, the EDI Drive for Thinness subscale,
perceived symptom prevalence, or IAT associations compared
with controls. Before reading, the EAT-26 and EDI Drive for
Thinness subscale correlated positively with perceived
symptom prevalence and strength of the IAT association
between anorexia and glamour.<h4>Conclusion</h4>ED memoirs
appear to have little effect on undergraduates' eating
attitudes and behaviors. Future research should investigate
whether memoirs affect individuals with preexisting eating
pathology, who may normalize and glamorize ED
symptoms.},
Doi = {10.1002/eat.20239},
Key = {fds271292}
}
@article{fds342748,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Puhl, RM},
Title = {Stigmatized patients’ right to equal treatment},
Journal = {Virtual Mentor},
Volume = {8},
Number = {5},
Pages = {298-302},
Year = {2006},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.5.ccas1-0605},
Doi = {10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.5.ccas1-0605},
Key = {fds342748}
}
@article{fds271290,
Author = {Schwartz, MB and Vartanian, LR and Nosek, BA and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {The influence of one's own body weight on implicit and
explicit anti-fat bias.},
Journal = {Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)},
Volume = {14},
Number = {3},
Pages = {440-447},
Year = {2006},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1930-7381},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.58},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>This study examined the influence of one's
own body weight on the strength of implicit and explicit
anti-fat bias.<h4>Research methods and procedure</h4>Implicit
and explicit anti-fat attitudes and obesity stereotypes were
assessed among a large online sample (N = 4283) that
included representation from across the weight spectrum
(from underweight to extremely obese). Respondents also
indicated their willingness to make a range of personal
sacrifices in exchange for not being obese.<h4>Results</h4>All
weight groups exhibited significant anti-fat bias, but there
was an inverse relation between one's own weight and the
level of observed bias. Thinner people were more likely to
automatically associate negative attributes (bad, lazy) with
fat people, to prefer thin people to fat people, and to
explicitly rate fat people as lazier and less motivated than
thin people. However, when the lazy stereotype was
contrasted with another negative attribute (anxious), obese
and non-obese people exhibited equally strong implicit
stereotyping. Finally, a substantial proportion of
respondents indicated a willingness to endure aversive life
events to avoid being obese. For example, 46% of the total
sample indicated that they would rather give up 1 year of
life than be obese, and 30% reported that they would rather
be divorced than be obese. In each case, thinner people were
more willing to sacrifice aspects of their health or life
circumstances than were heavier people.<h4>Discussion</h4>Although
the strength of weight bias decreased as respondents' body
weight increased, a significant degree of anti-fat bias was
still evident among even the most obese group of
respondents, highlighting the pervasiveness of this
bias.},
Doi = {10.1038/oby.2006.58},
Key = {fds271290}
}
@article{fds271291,
Author = {Yach, D and Stuckler, D and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Erratum: Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the
global epidemics of obesity and diabetes (Nature Medicine
(2006) 12, (62-66))},
Journal = {Nature Medicine},
Volume = {12},
Number = {3},
Pages = {367},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2006},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1078-8956},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0306-367a},
Doi = {10.1038/nm0306-367a},
Key = {fds271291}
}
@article{fds271287,
Author = {Yach, D and Stuckler, D and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global
epidemics of obesity and diabetes.},
Journal = {Nature medicine},
Volume = {12},
Number = {1},
Pages = {62-66},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1078-8956},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0106-62},
Doi = {10.1038/nm0106-62},
Key = {fds271287}
}
@article{fds271289,
Author = {Gapinski, KD and Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Can television change anti-fat attitudes and
behavior?},
Journal = {Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research},
Volume = {11},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-28},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1071-2089},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2006.tb00017.x},
Abstract = {This work investigated negative attitudes toward overweight
people and whether anti-fat attitudes and behavior could be
reduced by media-based empathy and classical conditioning
interventions. Participants were first primed by an
empathy-evoking video of obese persons or a
non-weight-related control video. Next, they viewed either a
video portraying obese persons positively (e.g., as
competent) or negatively (e.g., as clumsy). Participants
completed outcome measures of implicit and explicit
weight-related attitudes and participated in a covert
behavioral task (competence ratings of thin and overweight
job applicants). Results confirm strong implicit and
explicit anti-fat bias across conditions, yet participants
rated overweight job applicants more highly in most domains
while disfavoring overweight candidates on a personal level.
Overall, bias persisted despite video interventions,
although surprisingly the negative (stereotypic) video was
associated with somewhat reduced bias. Relationships among
implicit bias, explicit bias, individual-difference
variables, and awareness of obesity as a social problem are
explored and discussed. Copyright © 2006 by Bellwether
Publishing, Ltd. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1751-9861.2006.tb00017.x},
Key = {fds271289}
}
@article{fds271288,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Yach, D},
Title = {The battle of the bulge},
Journal = {Foreign Policy},
Volume = {November/December},
Number = {151},
Pages = {26-27},
Year = {2005},
Month = {November},
Abstract = {Think America is overweight? Take a look at the rest of the
world. Obesity has become a global pandemic that afflicts
young and old, rich and poor alike.},
Key = {fds271288}
}
@article{fds271285,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {The chronicling of obesity: growing awareness of its social,
economic, and political contexts.},
Journal = {Journal of health politics, policy and law},
Volume = {30},
Number = {5},
Pages = {955-964},
Year = {2005},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0361-6878},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-30-5-955},
Doi = {10.1215/03616878-30-5-955},
Key = {fds271285}
}
@article{fds271286,
Author = {Puhl, RM and Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Impact of perceived consensus on stereotypes about obese
people: a new approach for reducing bias.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {24},
Number = {5},
Pages = {517-525},
Year = {2005},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.5.517},
Abstract = {In 3 experiments, the authors tested the effect of perceived
social consensus on attitudes toward obese people.
Participants completed self-report measures of attitudes
toward obese people prior to and after manipulated consensus
feedback depicting attitudes of others. In Study 1 (N=60),
participants decreased negative and increased positive
stereotypes after learning that others held more favorable
attitudes toward obese people. In Study 2 (N=55),
participants improved attitudes when they learned about
favorable attitudes of obese people from an in-group versus
an out-group source. In Study 3 (N=200), a consensus
approach was compared with other stigma reduction methods.
Social consensus feedback influenced participants' attitudes
and beliefs about causes of obesity. Providing information
about the uncontrollable causes of obesity and supposed
scientific prevalence of traits also improved
attitudes.},
Doi = {10.1037/0278-6133.24.5.517},
Key = {fds271286}
}
@article{fds326799,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Does a “Toxic” Environment Make Obesity
Inevitable?},
Journal = {Obesity Management},
Volume = {1},
Number = {2},
Pages = {52-55},
Publisher = {MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC},
Year = {2005},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/obe.2005.1.52},
Doi = {10.1089/obe.2005.1.52},
Key = {fds326799}
}
@article{fds271283,
Author = {Wang, SS and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Public policy and obesity: the need to marry science with
advocacy.},
Journal = {The Psychiatric clinics of North America},
Volume = {28},
Number = {1},
Pages = {235-x},
Year = {2005},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2004.09.001},
Abstract = {Obesity is an epidemic that likely will worsen if strong,
broad-reaching changes are not made to the current
environment. Although treatment of the individual
traditionally has been the focus of the obesity field,
prevention using a public health model will be essential for
making progress. There are encouraging signs that nations
are taking the obesity problem seriously, that there is
growing recognition that prevention must be the priority,
and that a full-scale effort must be made to protect
children. One important area of research is to understand
what makes local victories possible, say a school system
banning soft drinks and snack foods, or a neighborhood
creating ways for citizens to be more physically active, and
then to help make such changes spread to other communities.
Public policy changes long have been used to combat
infectious and chronic diseases and will be vital in the
attempt to reduce the toll of poor diet, physical
inactivity, and obesity.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.psc.2004.09.001},
Key = {fds271283}
}
@article{fds271284,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Childhood obesity},
Journal = {Issues in Science and Technology},
Volume = {21},
Number = {4},
Pages = {13-14},
Year = {2005},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0748-5492},
Abstract = {The issues related to prevent childhood obesity are
discussed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Obesity is one
of the problems brought on by poor diet and lack of physical
activity. Mandatory immunization required safety restraints
in cars and restrictions on tobacco and alcohol promotion
begin the list. Each citizen must decide whether the toll
taken by poor diet and inactivity warrants a similar
protective philosophy, but in so doing must consider the
high cost that will be visited on America's children by
failing to act.},
Key = {fds271284}
}
@article{fds218293,
Author = {K.D. Brownell},
Title = {Puhl, RB, Schwartz, MB, & Brownell, KD},
Journal = {Health Psychology},
Volume = {25},
Pages = {517-525},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds218293}
}
@article{fds271280,
Author = {Epel, E and Jimenez, S and Brownell, K and Stroud, L and Stoney, C and Niaura, R},
Title = {Are stress eaters at risk for the metabolic
syndrome?},
Journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
Volume = {1032},
Pages = {208-210},
Year = {2004},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0077-8923},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1314.022},
Abstract = {Stress eating is a health behavior that has been overlooked
in much of health psychology research. It is largely unknown
why some tend to eat during or after stressful periods,
whereas others tend to lose their appetite and lose weight.
Furthermore, it is unknown if such transient changes in food
intake or macronutrient composition during stress have
clinically significant consequences in terms of weight and
metabolic health. The Brown University Medical Student Study
examined students during a baseline control period as well
as during two examination periods. This design enabled an
examination of weight changes in self-proclaimed stress
eaters vs stress-less eaters over time. Stress eaters tended
to gain more weight and demonstrated increases in nocturnal
levels of insulin, cortisol, and blood levels of total/HDL
cholesterol ratio, during exam periods, controlling for the
baseline control period. These data show prospectively that
stress eating may indeed have short-term consequences on
metabolic health. Future research will need to determine
whether this confers a greater risk of disease over
time.},
Doi = {10.1196/annals.1314.022},
Key = {fds271280}
}
@article{fds271281,
Author = {Wang, SS and Brownell, KD and Wadden, TA},
Title = {The influence of the stigma of obesity on overweight
individuals.},
Journal = {International journal of obesity and related metabolic
disorders : journal of the International Association for the
Study of Obesity},
Volume = {28},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1333-1337},
Year = {2004},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802730},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>To investigate the internalization of
anti-fat bias among overweight individuals across a variety
of attitudes and stereotypes.<h4>Design</h4>Two studies were
conducted using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), a
performance-based measure of bias, to examine beliefs among
overweight individuals about 'fat people' vs 'thin people'.
Study two also contained explicit measures of attitudes
about obese people.<h4>Subjects</h4>Study 1 participants
were 68 overweight patients at a treatment research clinic
(60 women, 8 men; mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 37.1+/-3.9
kg/m(2)). Study 2 involved 48 overweight participants (33
women, 15 men) with a BMI of 34.5+/-4.0 kg/m(2).<h4>Results</h4>Participants
exhibited significant anti-fat bias on the IAT across
several attributes and stereotypes. They also endorsed the
explicit belief that fat people are lazier than thin
people.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Unlike other minority group
members, overweight individuals do not appear to hold more
favorable attitudes toward ingroup members. This ingroup
devaluation has implications for changing the stigma of
obesity and for understanding the psychosocial and even
medical impact of obesity on those affected.},
Doi = {10.1038/sj.ijo.0802730},
Key = {fds271281}
}
@article{fds271282,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Obesity and managed care: a role for activism and
advocacy?},
Journal = {The American journal of managed care},
Volume = {10},
Number = {6},
Pages = {353-354},
Year = {2004},
Month = {June},
Abstract = {The Director of the Yale Center for Eating and Weight
Disorders discusses the papers by Porter et al and Jeffrey
and colleagues, arguing that managed care plans can-and
should-take a greater role in preventing
obesity.},
Key = {fds271282}
}
@article{fds271278,
Author = {Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Obesity and body image},
Journal = {Body Image},
Volume = {1},
Number = {1},
Pages = {43-56},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2004},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1740-1445},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00007-X},
Abstract = {Modern western culture emphasizes thinness, denigrates
excess weight, and stigmatizes obese individuals, making it
likely that obese people internalize these messages and feel
badly about the physical presence that brands them. There is
clear evidence that obesity is linked with poor body image,
but not all obese persons suffer from this problem or are
equally vulnerable. Risk factors identified thus far are
degree of overweight, being female, and binge eating, with
some evidence of risk increasing with early age of onset of
obesity, race, and several additional factors. Treatments do
exist for improving body image in overweight individuals.
Key questions are how to identify those in need of body
image intervention, how such programs can be integrated with
weight loss treatments, and ultimately, how body image
distress can be prevented. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00007-X},
Key = {fds271278}
}
@article{fds271279,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Fast food and obesity in children.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {113},
Number = {1 Pt 1},
Pages = {132},
Year = {2004},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.1.132},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.113.1.132},
Key = {fds271279}
}
@article{fds271277,
Author = {Geier, AB and Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {"Before and after" diet advertisements escalate weight
stigma.},
Journal = {Eating and weight disorders : EWD},
Volume = {8},
Number = {4},
Pages = {282-288},
Year = {2003},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1124-4909},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03325027},
Abstract = {The stigma-producing effects of "before and after" diet
advertisements on a healthy weight sample were examined.
Subjects (n = 59) were exposed to a presentation containing
either a "before and after" diet ad, or solely the "before"
or "after" picture embedded in a different ad. Subjects were
then given measures to assess negative attitudes and
endorsement of stereotypes about overweight people. Across
all subjects, strong implicit anti-fat bias was present.
Subjects in the Before and After condition indicated that
weight is more easily controllable than did subjects in
either the Before Picture Only or the After Picture Only
conditions. There were two moderating variables for this
effect. Subjects who reported greater life satisfaction
endorsed fewer anti-fat stereotypes, and those who enjoyed
an emotionally close relationship with an overweight person
were less biased. These results suggest that "before and
after" diet ads enhance weight stigma and perpetuate
damaging stereotypes.},
Doi = {10.1007/bf03325027},
Key = {fds271277}
}
@article{fds271275,
Author = {Puhl, RM and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Psychosocial origins of obesity stigma: toward changing a
powerful and pervasive bias.},
Journal = {Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International
Association for the Study of Obesity},
Volume = {4},
Number = {4},
Pages = {213-227},
Year = {2003},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789x.2003.00122.x},
Abstract = {Widespread bias and discrimination based on weight have been
documented in key areas of living, including education,
employment, and health care. This paper examines the social
and psychological origins of this bias through a review and
critique of theoretical and empirical literatures, and
proposes how the field might best advance in the area of
reducing stigma. Explanations for the development and
reduction of weight stigma are examined with different
theoretical approaches, including attribution theory and a
social consensus model. Individual and sociocultural
contributors to bias suggested by these approaches are
highlighted. New directions are discussed in both the
understanding and prevention of weight bias.},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1467-789x.2003.00122.x},
Key = {fds271275}
}
@article{fds271268,
Author = {Schwartz, MB and Chambliss, HO and Brownell, KD and Blair, SN and Billington, C},
Title = {Weight bias among health professionals specializing in
obesity.},
Journal = {Obesity research},
Volume = {11},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1033-1039},
Year = {2003},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.142},
Abstract = {<h4>Purpose</h4>To determine the level of anti-fat bias in
health professionals specializing in obesity and identify
personal characteristics that correlate with both implicit
and explicit bias.<h4>Research methods and
procedures</h4>The Implicit Associations Test (IAT) and a
self-report questionnaire assessing explicit attitudes,
personal experiences with obesity, and demographic
characteristics was administered to clinicians and
researchers attending the opening session of an
international obesity conference (N = 389). The IAT was used
to assess overall implicit weight bias (associating "obese
people" and "thin people" with "good" vs. "bad") and three
ranges of stereotypes: lazy-motivated, smart-stupid, and
valuable-worthless. The questionnaire assessed explicit bias
on the same dimensions, along with personal and professional
experiences with obesity.<h4>Results</h4>Health
professionals exhibited a significant pro-thin, anti-fat
implicit bias on the IAT. In addition, the subjects
significantly endorsed the implicit stereotypes of lazy,
stupid, and worthless using the IAT. Level of bias was
associated with several personal characteristics.
Characteristics significantly predictive of lower levels of
implicit anti-fat bias include being male, older, having a
positive emotional outlook on life, weighing more, having
friends who are obese, and indicating an understanding of
the experience of obesity.<h4>Discussion</h4>Even
professionals whose careers emphasize research or the
clinical management of obesity show very strong weight bias,
indicating pervasive and powerful stigma. Understanding the
extent of anti-fat bias and the personal characteristics
associated with it will aid in developing intervention
strategies to ameliorate these damaging attitudes.},
Doi = {10.1038/oby.2003.142},
Key = {fds271268}
}
@article{fds271276,
Author = {Greenberg, BS and Eastin, M and Hofschire, L and Lachlan, K and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Portrayals of overweight and obese individuals on commercial
television.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {93},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1342-1348},
Year = {2003},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.8.1342},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>This study examined the distribution and
individual characteristics of body types on prime-time
television.<h4>Methods</h4>Five episodes of each of the 10
top-rated prime-time fictional programs on 6 broadcast
networks during the 1999-2000 season were quantitatively
analyzed.<h4>Results</h4>Of 1018 major television
characters, 14% of females and 24% of males were overweight
or obese, less than half their percentages in the general
population. Overweight and obese females were less likely to
be considered attractive, to interact with romantic
partners, or to display physical affection. Overweight and
obese males were less likely to interact with romantic
partners and friends or to talk about dating and were more
likely to be shown eating.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Overweight and
obese television characters are associated with specific
negative characteristics.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.93.8.1342},
Key = {fds271276}
}
@article{fds271273,
Author = {Hayaki, J and Friedman, MA and Whisman, MA and Delinsky, SS and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Sociotropy and bulimic symptoms in clinical and nonclinical
samples.},
Journal = {The International journal of eating disorders},
Volume = {34},
Number = {1},
Pages = {172-176},
Year = {2003},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.10172},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>The purpose of this study is to examine
the relation between sociotropy and bulimic symptoms.
Studies of interpersonal functioning among individuals with
bulimia nervosa consistently reveal issues of social
dependency, need for approval, and fear of rejection. These
themes are conceptually related to sociotropy, a
cognitive-personality factor that has been implicated in the
development and maintenance of depression. Individuals high
in sociotropy are keenly invested in attaining others'
approval and avoiding social rejection.<h4>Methods</h4>The
relationship between sociotropy and bulimic symptoms was
examined in two samples of women: undergraduate women and
community women seeking treatment at a private eating
disorder facility.<h4>Results</h4>In both samples,
sociotropy was significantly associated with bulimic
symptoms beyond the shared relation with depressed
mood.<h4>Discussion</h4>Findings are discussed in terms of
the maintenance and treatment of bulimia
nervosa.},
Doi = {10.1002/eat.10172},
Key = {fds271273}
}
@article{fds271274,
Author = {Schwartz, MB and Chen, EY and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Trick, treat, or toy: children are just as likely to choose
toys as candy on halloween.},
Journal = {Journal of nutrition education and behavior},
Volume = {35},
Number = {4},
Pages = {207-209},
Year = {2003},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60335-7},
Abstract = {This study investigated whether children would choose toys
over candy when offered both on Halloween. Seven households
gave trick-or-treaters a choice between comparably sized
toys and candies. The subjects (N = 284) were between 3 and
14 years of age. Children were just as likely to choose toys
as candy. There were no gender differences. The implication
of this study is that children will not be disappointed by
toy treats on Halloween. In practice, nutrition
professionals should encourage adults to create holiday
traditions that do not rely on unhealthful
foods.},
Doi = {10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60335-7},
Key = {fds271274}
}
@article{fds271272,
Author = {Gapinski, KD and Brownell, KD and LaFrance, M},
Title = {Body objectification and "fat talk": Effects on emotion,
motivation, and cognitive performance},
Journal = {Sex Roles},
Volume = {48},
Number = {9-10},
Pages = {377-388},
Year = {2003},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0360-0025},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023516209973},
Abstract = {To evaluate the effects of self-objectification on mood,
motivation, and cognitive performance, 80 women either tried
on a swimsuit (high objectification) or a sweater (low
objectification). In addition, in order to investigate
whether "fat talk" exacerbates the negative effects of
self-objectification, half of each group overheard a
confederate make self-disparaging body comments or neutral
comments. Self-objectification, either as an individual
difference disposition (trait) or as a situationally induced
state, was associated with increased negative feelings,
decreased intrinsic motivation, lower self-efficacy, and
diminished cognitive functioning. The "fat talk" prime had
mixed effects; potential reasons are discussed in detail.
Exposure to fat talk was associated with an increase in
negative emotion for women in sweaters, but a decrease in
negative emotion for women in swimsuits. Fat talk was also
associated with improved motivation and cognitive
functioning for women low in trait self-objectification but
diminished motivation and performance for women high in
trait self-objectification.},
Doi = {10.1023/A:1023516209973},
Key = {fds271272}
}
@article{fds271270,
Author = {Baker, CW and Little, TD and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Predicting adolescent eating and activity behaviors: the
role of social norms and personal agency.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {22},
Number = {2},
Pages = {189-198},
Year = {2003},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.22.2.189},
Abstract = {Guided by the theory of planned behavior, this 2-week
longitudinal study examined health behaviors in a sample of
279 adolescents. Social norms and perceived behavioral
control (PBC) were tested as predictors of self-reported
intentions and behaviors in 2 domains, eating and physical
activity. Differentiating, as opposed to aggregating, parent
and peer norms provided unique information. For PBC, the
authors distinguished global causality beliefs from
self-related agency beliefs and intraself (effort, ability)
from extraself (parents, teachers) means. Intraself agency
beliefs strongly predicted healthy intentions, whereas
intraself causality beliefs had a negative influence.
Patterns differed somewhat across behaviors and gender.
Results highlight theoretical issues and provide potential
targets for research on health promotion programs for
youth.},
Doi = {10.1037/0278-6133.22.2.189},
Key = {fds271270}
}
@article{fds271269,
Author = {Teachman, BA and Gapinski, KD and Brownell, KD and Rawlins, M and Jeyaram, S},
Title = {Demonstrations of implicit anti-fat bias: the impact of
providing causal information and evoking
empathy.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {22},
Number = {1},
Pages = {68-78},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.22.1.68},
Abstract = {Three studies investigated implicit biases, and their
modifiability, against overweight persons. In Study 1 (N =
144), the authors demonstrated strong implicit anti-fat
attitudes and stereotypes using the Implicit Association
Test, despite no explicit anti-fat bias. When participants
were informed that obesity is caused predominantly by
overeating and lack of exercise, higher implicit bias
relative to controls was produced; informing participants
that obesity is mainly due to genetic factors did not result
in lower bias. In Studies 2A (N = 90) and 2B (N = 63),
participants read stories of discrimination against obese
persons to evoke empathy. This did not lead to lower bias
compared with controls but did produce diminished implicit
bias among overweight participants, suggesting an in-group
bias.},
Doi = {10.1037//0278-6133.22.1.68},
Key = {fds271269}
}
@article{fds271271,
Author = {Puhl, R and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Ways of coping with obesity stigma: Review and conceptual
analysis},
Journal = {Eating Behaviors},
Volume = {4},
Number = {1},
Pages = {53-78},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471-0153(02)00096-X},
Abstract = {There is clear documentation of bias and discrimination
aimed at overweight persons, but less is known about methods
individuals use to cope with weight stigma. This paper
provides an analysis of such methods, integrating work on
weight stigma with what is known from other relevant areas
(e.g., race and gender bias). Multiple means of coping have
been studied, ranging from attempts to change the
stigmatizing condition (losing weight) to taking pride in
the condition and mobilizing social action to prevent
discrimination. The most promising areas for future
research, methodological challenges, and the importance of
individual difference and situational factors as moderating
variables are discussed. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All
rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S1471-0153(02)00096-X},
Key = {fds271271}
}
@article{fds271267,
Author = {Banzhaf, JF and Brownell, KD and Burita, M},
Title = {The scales of justice: Should food manufacturers bear any
responsibility for causing obesity?},
Journal = {Medical Crossfire},
Volume = {4},
Number = {10},
Pages = {21-24},
Year = {2002},
Month = {October},
Key = {fds271267}
}
@article{fds271265,
Author = {Horgen, KB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Comparison of price change and health message interventions
in promoting healthy food choices.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {21},
Number = {5},
Pages = {505-512},
Year = {2002},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.21.5.505},
Abstract = {This study examines the feasibility and effectiveness of an
environmental intervention for improving diet by comparing
the impact of health messages, lowered prices, and their
combination on the purchase of healthy food items in a
restaurant. Price decreases alone, rather than a combination
of price decreases and health messages, were associated with
a higher level of increased purchases of some healthy food
items as compared with control items over a 4-month period.
Price decreases may be a more powerful means than health
messages of increasing consumption of healthy foods. Health
messages may have paradoxical effects if foods labeled as
healthy are assumed to taste bad.},
Doi = {10.1037//0278-6133.21.5.505},
Key = {fds271265}
}
@article{fds271262,
Author = {Hayaki, J and Friedman, MA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Shame and severity of bulimic symptoms},
Journal = {Eating Behaviors},
Volume = {3},
Number = {1},
Pages = {73-83},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2002},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {1471-0153},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471-0153(01)00046-0},
Abstract = {Initial research suggests that self-conscious affect such as
shame may perpetuate bulimic symptoms among individuals
suffering from bulimia nervosa (BN). This investigation
reports findings from two studies that examine the relation
of shame to bulimic symptoms. In the first study, the
relation of shame to bulimic symptoms was examined among 137
female college undergraduates. Shame accounted for a
significant portion of variance in bulimic symptoms after
controlling for age, weight status, guilt, and depressed
mood. A second study examined the severity of shame in 30
bulimic patients compared to 28 eating-disordered patients
with subclinical symptoms. Although patients with more
severe bulimic symptoms exhibited higher levels of shame,
this relation was not independent of the shared relation
with depression and guilt. Findings are discussed in terms
of the role of shame in bulimic symptoms. © 2001 Elsevier
Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S1471-0153(01)00046-0},
Key = {fds271262}
}
@article{fds271266,
Author = {Wadden, TA and Brownell, KD and Foster, GD},
Title = {Obesity: responding to the global epidemic.},
Journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
Volume = {70},
Number = {3},
Pages = {510-525},
Year = {2002},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.70.3.510},
Abstract = {Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United
States and other developed nations. In the United States,
27% of adults are obese and an additional 34% are
overweight. Research in the past decade has shown that
genetic influences clearly predispose some individuals to
obesity. The marked increase in prevalence, however, appears
to be attributable to a toxic environment that implicitly
discourages physical activity while explicitly encouraging
the consumption of supersized portions of high-fat,
high-sugar foods. Management of the obesity epidemic will
require a two-pronged approach. First, better treatments,
including behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical
interventions, are needed for individuals who are already
obese. The second and potentially more promising approach is
to prevent the development of obesity by tackling the toxic
environment. This will require bold public policy
initiatives such as regulating food advertising directed at
children. The authors call not for the adoption of a
specific policy initiative, but instead propose that policy
research, based on viewing obesity as a public health
problem, become a central focus of research.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.70.3.510},
Key = {fds271266}
}
@article{fds271264,
Author = {Hayaki, J and Friedman, MA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Emotional expression and body dissatisfaction.},
Journal = {The International journal of eating disorders},
Volume = {31},
Number = {1},
Pages = {57-62},
Year = {2002},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.1111},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>The purpose of this study was to examine
the relation between emotional expression and body
dissatisfaction in a sample of young women.<h4>Method</h4>Participants
were 141 female undergraduates. They were assessed for
emotional expression, body dissatisfaction,
nonassertiveness, and depressive symptoms. The unique
relation between emotional expression and body
dissatisfaction was analyzed using hierarchical multiple
regression.<h4>Results</h4>Emotional expression was related
inversely to body dissatisfaction. This association was
significant after controlling for body mass index,
nonassertiveness, and depressive symptoms.<h4>Discussion</h4>This
is the first study to examine the link between emotional
expression and body dissatisfaction. Findings are discussed
in terms of possible strategies for modifying shape- and
weight-related concerns in women.},
Doi = {10.1002/eat.1111},
Key = {fds271264}
}
@article{fds271263,
Author = {Puhl, R and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Bias, discrimination, and obesity.},
Journal = {Obesity research},
Volume = {9},
Number = {12},
Pages = {788-805},
Year = {2001},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2001.108},
Abstract = {This article reviews information on discriminatory attitudes
and behaviors against obese individuals, integrates this to
show whether systematic discrimination occurs and why, and
discusses needed work in the field. Clear and consistent
stigmatization, and in some cases discrimination, can be
documented in three important areas of living: employment,
education, and health care. Among the findings are that 28%
of teachers in one study said that becoming obese is the
worst thing that can happen to a person; 24% of nurses said
that they are "repulsed" by obese persons; and, controlling
for income and grades, parents provide less college support
for their overweight than for their thin children. There are
also suggestions but not yet documentation of discrimination
occurring in adoption proceedings, jury selection, housing,
and other areas. Given the vast numbers of people
potentially affected, it is important to consider the
research-related, educational, and social policy
implications of these findings.},
Doi = {10.1038/oby.2001.108},
Key = {fds271263}
}
@article{fds271259,
Author = {Teachman, BA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Implicit anti-fat bias among health professionals: is anyone
immune?},
Journal = {International journal of obesity and related metabolic
disorders : journal of the International Association for the
Study of Obesity},
Volume = {25},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1525-1531},
Year = {2001},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801745},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>To investigate whether negative implicit
attitudes and beliefs toward overweight persons exist among
health professionals who specialize in obesity treatment,
and to compare these findings to the implicit anti-fat bias
evident in the general population.<h4>Design</h4>Health care
professionals completed a series of implicit and explicit
attitude and belief measures. Results were compared to
measures obtained from a general population
sample.<h4>Subjects</h4>A total of 84 health professionals
who treat obesity (71% male, mean age 48 y, mean body mass
index (BMI) 25.39).<h4>Measurements</h4>Participants
completed an attitude- and a belief-based lmplicit
Association Test. This reaction time measure of automatic
memory-based associations asked participants to classify
words into the following target category pair. 'fat people'
vs 'thin people'. Simultaneously, the tasks required
categorization of words into one of the following descriptor
category pairs: good vs bad (attitude measure) or motivated
vs lazy (stereotype measure). Participants also reported
explicit attitudes and beliefs about fat and thin
persons.<h4>Results</h4>Clear evidence for implicit anti-fat
bias was found for both the attitude and stereotype
measures. As expected, this bias was strong but was lower
than bias in the general population. Also as predicted, only
minimal evidence for an explicit anti-fat bias was found.
Implicit and explicit measures of the lazy stereotype were
positively related although the attitude measures were
not.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Even health care specialists have
strong negative associations toward obese persons,
indicating the pervasiveness of the stigma toward obesity.
Notwithstanding, there appears to be a buffering factor,
perhaps related to their experience in caring for obese
patients, which reduces the bias.},
Doi = {10.1038/sj.ijo.0801745},
Key = {fds271259}
}
@article{fds271261,
Author = {Epel, E and Lapidus, R and McEwen, B and Brownell,
K},
Title = {Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study
of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior.},
Journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology},
Volume = {26},
Number = {1},
Pages = {37-49},
Year = {2001},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0306-4530},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00035-4},
Abstract = {To date, there are few known predictors of stress-induced
eating. The purpose of this study was to identify whether
physiological and psychological variables are related to
eating after stress. Specifically, we hypothesized that high
cortisol reactivity in response to stress may lead to eating
after stress, given the relations between cortisol with both
psychological stress and mechanisms affecting hunger. To
test this, we exposed fifty-nine healthy pre-menopausal
women to both a stress session and a control session on
different days. High cortisol reactors consumed more
calories on the stress day compared to low reactors, but ate
similar amounts on the control day. In terms of taste
preferences, high reactors ate significantly more sweet food
across days. Increases in negative mood in response to the
stressors were also significantly related to greater food
consumption. These results suggest that psychophysiological
response to stress may influence subsequent eating behavior.
Over time, these alterations could impact both weight and
health.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00035-4},
Key = {fds271261}
}
@article{fds271258,
Author = {Epel, ES and McEwen, B and Seeman, T and Matthews, K and Castellazzo, G and Brownell, KD and Bell, J and Ickovics, JR},
Title = {Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is
consistently greater among women with central
fat.},
Journal = {Psychosomatic medicine},
Volume = {62},
Number = {5},
Pages = {623-632},
Year = {2000},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0033-3174},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200009000-00005},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Excessive central fat puts one at greater
risk of disease. In animal studies, stress-induced cortisol
secretion has been shown to increase central fat. The
objective of this study was to assess whether women with
central fat distribution (as indicated by a high
waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]), across a range of body mass
indexes, display consistently heightened cortisol reactivity
to repeated laboratory stressors.<h4>Methods</h4>Fifty-nine
healthy premenopausal women, 30 with a high WHR and 29 with
a low WHR, were exposed to consecutive laboratory sessions
over 4 days (three stress sessions and one rest session).
During these sessions, cortisol and psychological responses
were assessed.<h4>Results</h4>Women with a high WHR
evaluated the laboratory challenges as more threatening,
performed more poorly on them, and reported more chronic
stress. These women secreted significantly more cortisol
during the first stress session than women with a low WHR.
Furthermore, lean women with a high WHR lacked habituation
to stress in that they continued to secrete significantly
more cortisol in response to now familiar challenges (days 2
and 3) than lean women with a low WHR.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Central
fat distribution is related to greater psychological
vulnerability to stress and cortisol reactivity. This may be
especially true among lean women, who did not habituate to
repeated stress. The current cross-sectional findings
support the hypothesis that stress-induced cortisol
secretion may contribute to central fat and demonstrate a
link between psychological stress and risk for
disease.},
Doi = {10.1097/00006842-200009000-00005},
Key = {fds271258}
}
@article{fds271256,
Author = {Baker, CW and Whisman, MA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Studying intergenerational transmission of eating attitudes
and behaviors: methodological and conceptual
questions.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {19},
Number = {4},
Pages = {376-381},
Year = {2000},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.19.4.376},
Abstract = {Associations between parent and child attitudes and
behaviors related to eating and weight were examined among
college-age men and women and their mothers and fathers (ns
= 44, 47, 87, and 66, respectively). Parent attitudes and
behaviors were assessed from the perspective of the parent
and the student, and 2 pathways of influence were examined:
modeling and direct criticism. In general, students'
attitudes and behaviors were more strongly related to
perceptions of their parents rather than to parents' own
self-reports. There was more support for perceived direct
criticism as a pathway of influence, particularly for
daughters. Perceived criticism about eating and appearance
had large associations with student attitudes and behaviors.
Weight loss behavior was related to perceived criticism
among daughters and to perceived paternal eating attitudes
among sons. Results highlight important methodological and
conceptual questions for intergenerational
research.},
Doi = {10.1037//0278-6133.19.4.376},
Key = {fds271256}
}
@article{fds271260,
Author = {Jacobson, MF and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Small taxes on soft drinks and snack foods to promote
health.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {90},
Number = {6},
Pages = {854-857},
Year = {2000},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.90.6.854},
Abstract = {Health officials often wish to sponsor nutrition and other
health promotion programs but are hampered by lack of
funding. One source of funding is suggested by the fact that
18 states and 1 major city levy special taxes on soft
drinks, candy, chewing gum, or snack foods. The tax rates
may be too small to affect sales, but in some jurisdictions,
the revenues generated are substantial. Nationally, about $1
billion is raised annually from these taxes. The authors
propose that state and local governments levy taxes on foods
of low nutritional value and use the revenues to fund health
promotion programs.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.90.6.854},
Key = {fds271260}
}
@article{fds271257,
Author = {Carter, AS and Baker, CW and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Body mass index, eating attitudes, and symptoms of
depression and anxiety in pregnancy and the postpartum
period.},
Journal = {Psychosomatic medicine},
Volume = {62},
Number = {2},
Pages = {264-270},
Year = {2000},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200003000-00019},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>This report describes associations between
body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), eating attitudes, and
affective symptoms across pregnancy and the postpartum
period in a sample of 64 women.<h4>Methods</h4>As part of a
larger study, women were recruited during pregnancy and
followed prospectively to 14 months postpartum. Measures
included self-reported prepregnancy and 4-month postpartum
BMI as well as pregnancy, 4-month, and 14-month postpartum
eating attitudes (EAT), depressive symptoms (CES-D), and
anxiety symptoms (STAI).<h4>Results</h4>During pregnancy,
symptoms of depression or anxiety were not significantly
correlated with concurrent eating attitudes or measures of
BMI. However, at 14 months postpartum, measures of eating
attitudes and both depression and anxiety symptoms were
associated. Measures of BMI were associated with depressive
and anxiety symptoms at both 4 and 14 months postpartum.
Four-month eating attitudes and BMI predicted 14-month
postpartum depressive symptoms, beyond pregnancy, and
4-month postpartum measures of affective symptoms. Results
suggested that overweight women were at risk for elevated
anxiety at 4 months and depressive symptoms at both 4 and 14
months postpartum.<h4>Conclusions</h4>These results provide
evidence for a significant, albeit moderate, relationship
between BMI, eating attitudes, and symptoms of depression
and anxiety in the postpartum period that are not present
during pregnancy.},
Doi = {10.1097/00006842-200003000-00019},
Key = {fds271257}
}
@article{fds327349,
Author = {Teachman, B and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Fearful cognitions associated with eating pathology:
Psychometric properties of a new scale},
Journal = {Eating Disorders},
Volume = {8},
Number = {4},
Pages = {283-297},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2000},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10640260008251237},
Abstract = {The psychometric properties of a new scale that measures
fearful cognitions associated with eating problems were
explored, using two independent samples of undergraduate
females. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis was
conducted to revise and shorten the scale. Study 2
reproduced the factor structure and positive relationship
between fearful cognitions and eating pathology.
Additionally, regression analyses demonstrated discriminant
and incremental validity, since the scale explained 27% of
the variance in eating pathology, and was independent of the
effects of anxiety and depression. Implications for
treatment, and a cognitive model of fears associated with
eating disorders are discussed. © 2000 Brunner/Mazel,
Inc.},
Doi = {10.1080/10640260008251237},
Key = {fds327349}
}
@article{fds271253,
Author = {Baker, CW and Carter, AS and Cohen, LR and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Eating attitudes and behaviors in pregnancy and postpartum:
global stability versus specific transitions.},
Journal = {Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society
of Behavioral Medicine},
Volume = {21},
Number = {2},
Pages = {143-148},
Year = {1999},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0883-6612},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02908295},
Abstract = {Global changes in eating attitudes were examined
prospectively across pregnancy and 4 months postpartum in a
sample of 90 women. In addition, specific changes in dieting
behavior and weight/shape satisfaction were assessed at 4
months postpartum for concurrent and retrospective time
points. Measures included the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)
and weight/shape satisfaction in pregnancy and at 4 months
postpartum, as well as prepregnancy, pregnancy, and
postpartum weight loss efforts. While global EAT scores were
stable across time, dieting scores (Factor I) increased
between pregnancy and postpartum. Weight/shape satisfaction
was higher in pregnancy, and satisfaction was related to EAT
scores at 4 months postpartum but not during pregnancy.
Prepregnancy dieters and nondieters were best discriminated
by higher weights, elevated pregnancy dieting scores, and
lower postpartum weight/shape satisfaction. Results
emphasize the importance of looking beyond changes in global
eating attitudes and behaviors to more specific eating
concerns or behaviors. Lastly, the results have implications
for identifying women at risk for eating- and weight-related
concerns during this period of rapid physical
change.},
Doi = {10.1007/bf02908295},
Key = {fds271253}
}
@article{fds271254,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {The central role of lifestyle change in long-term weight
management.},
Journal = {Clinical cornerstone},
Volume = {2},
Number = {3},
Pages = {43-51},
Year = {1999},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1098-3597},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3597(99)90004-2},
Abstract = {Lifestyle change--most notably, modification of eating
behavior, physical activity, and psychologic factors like
attitudes, goals, and emotions--is the central determinant
of whether people will lose weight and maintain the loss.
Even when medical intervention appears to be the primary
treatment, as with pharmacotherapy, behavior plays the
determining role in successful weight loss. For example, the
likelihood that a patient will take his or her prescribed
medication is influenced by thoughts, attitudes, behaviors,
and social environment. The patient who is dissatisfied with
the moderate weight loss produced by most treatments, and
hence is prone to relapse, is affected by the same factors.
Methods are available to help people develop the
self-management skills necessary to produce long-term
lifestyle change (1-3). As individuals internalize a new set
of attitudes and behaviors, resisting old habits and
acquiring new ones become easier. Only then will there be
any reasonable chance of long-term weight-loss
success.},
Doi = {10.1016/s1098-3597(99)90004-2},
Key = {fds271254}
}
@article{fds271252,
Author = {Ludwig, MR and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Lesbians, bisexual women, and body image: An investigation
of gender roles and social group affiliation},
Journal = {International Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {25},
Number = {1},
Pages = {89-97},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1999},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199901)25:1<89::AID-EAT11>3.0.CO;2-T},
Abstract = {Objective: This study examined the effects of considering
oneself to be masculine, feminine, or androgynous in
appearance, of having friends who share one's gender and
sexual orientation, and of affiliating with three
subcommunities within the lesbian society on various aspects
of body image. Method: Self-report measures were obtained
from 188 lesbian and bisexual females. Results: Feminine
women reported lower body satisfaction than did androgynous
or masculine identified subjects. Those whose friends shared
their sexual orientation and gender had more positive body
images than those whose friends shared only gender. In
contrast, community affiliation was unrelated to body
satisfaction. Discussion: Within-group differences among
lesbians may be central to understanding body image in this
group.},
Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199901)25:1<89::AID-EAT11>3.0.CO;2-T},
Key = {fds271252}
}
@article{fds271255,
Author = {Friedman, MA and Dixon, AE and Brownell, KD and Whisman, MA and Wilfley,
DE},
Title = {Marital status, marital satisfaction, and body image
dissatisfaction},
Journal = {International Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {26},
Number = {1},
Pages = {81-85},
Year = {1999},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199907)26:1<81::AID-EAT10>3.0.CO;2-V},
Abstract = {Objective: This study examined whether married individuals
have comparable body image disturbance to nonmarried
individuals and whether the quality of a marital
relationship is significantly related to body image
disturbance in a sample of dieters. Method: Measures of
marital status, marital satisfaction, and body
dissatisfaction were administered to a sample of 16,377
subjects who had tried to lose weight at least once within
the previous 3 years. Results: Marital status was not
associated with increased body dissatisfaction. Marital
satisfaction was significantly related to body
dissatisfaction when controlling for age, body mass index,
self-esteem, and gender. Discussion: Body dissatisfaction
occurs at comparable levels among married and single
individuals and the study of marital functioning among
eating-disordered individuals represents a large gap in the
literature.},
Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199907)26:1<81::AID-EAT10>3.0.CO;2-V},
Key = {fds271255}
}
@article{fds271251,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Diet, exercise and behavioural intervention: the
nonpharmacological approach.},
Journal = {European journal of clinical investigation},
Volume = {28 Suppl 2},
Number = {2},
Pages = {19-22},
Year = {1998},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0960-135X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.0280s2019.x},
Abstract = {Behaviour is an important factor in both the aetiology and
treatment of obesity. Successful long-term weight management
ultimately depends on the ability of patients to change
their behaviour patterns, particularly with regard to diet
and exercise. Many patients find such changes extremely
difficult to initiate and maintain. The failure to properly
address behavioural modification is part of the reason why
so many weight loss programmes cannot produce long-term
weight loss, even though initial weight loss is often
achieved with relative ease. Four examples of lifestyle
changes are discussed in this paper: exercise; relapse
prevention; the concept of a reasonable weight; and
attribution theory. Behavioural therapy should be an
integral part of a multifaceted approach for managing
obesity and associated conditions, such as type II
(non-insulin-dependent) diabetes.},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.0280s2019.x},
Key = {fds271251}
}
@article{fds271250,
Author = {Friedman, MA and Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Differential relation of psychological functioning with the
history and experience of weight cycling.},
Journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
Volume = {66},
Number = {4},
Pages = {646-650},
Year = {1998},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.66.4.646},
Abstract = {Two measures of weight cycling and indexes of psychological
functioning were examined in a large sample of dieters.
History of weight cycling was assessed to include number of
dieting attempts, total lifetime weight lost and regained,
and number of weight cycles over 20 lb (9.1 kg). Experience
of weight cycling measured perception of being a yo-yo
dieter and perceived success at maintaining past weight
losses. Experience was more strongly related than history to
all psychological measures. Further, when controlling for
the effects of age, body mass index, and experience, the
relation between history and the psychological variables was
nonsignificant. This finding suggests that an individual's
perception of being a weight cycler may be more related to
psychological problems than the actual number of pounds lost
and regained over time.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.66.4.646},
Key = {fds271250}
}
@article{fds271245,
Author = {Katz, DL and Brunner, RL and St Jeor and ST and Scott, B and Jekel, JF and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Dietary fat consumption in a cohort of American adults,
1985-1991: covariates, secular trends, and compliance with
guidelines.},
Journal = {American journal of health promotion : AJHP},
Volume = {12},
Number = {6},
Pages = {382-390},
Year = {1998},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0890-1171},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.6.382},
Abstract = {<h4>Purpose</h4>To examine compliance with the guideline for
dietary fat (i.e., 30% of total daily colonies) and
covariates of fat intake in a cohort of adults using both
24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire
(FFQ).<h4>Design</h4>Prospective, observational cohort study
over 5 years.<h4>Setting</h4>Community-based sample in Reno,
Nevada.<h4>Subjects</h4>Equal numbers of male and female,
lean and overweight adults (n = 508), recruited from 1985 to
1986, of whom 348 completed all relevant
surveys.<h4>Measures</h4>Subjects underwent repeated
anthropometric measures and completed extensive surveys on
diet, weight cycling, lifestyle, and physical
activity.<h4>Results</h4>Mean fat intake by 24-hour recall
declined from 36.9% to 33.6% of calories between years 1 and
5 (p < .001), while calorie intake increased (p = .2). As
measured by FFQ at year 2, mean fat intake was 39.1% of
calories, and only 11.8% of subjects were in compliance with
the guideline for dietary fat intake. Fat intake by FFQ at
year 2 was statistically higher than by 24-hour recall in
year 1 for lean women (p = .02) and lean men (p = .02), but
not for the overweight of either gender, and was
significantly higher than the year 5 24-hour recall for all
categories of gender and weight (p < .001). Calorie intake,
gender, and body mass index were significant in regression
models that explained less than 10% of total variability in
fat intake (r2 = .08; p < .01).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Compliance
with the nationally recommended level of dietary fat intake
was poor in this cohort, especially as measured by FFQ.
Variability in fat intake was largely unexplained by host
characteristics, including education. Further study is
required to corroborate secular trends in population fat
intake, elucidate the determinants of such intake, and
identify cost-effective strategies for reducing the
consumption of dietary fat.},
Doi = {10.4278/0890-1171-12.6.382},
Key = {fds271245}
}
@article{fds271248,
Author = {Cachelin, FM and Striegel-Moore, RH and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Beliefs about weight gain and attitudes toward relapse in a
sample of women and men with obesity.},
Journal = {Obesity research},
Volume = {6},
Number = {3},
Pages = {231-237},
Year = {1998},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00342.x},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>The purpose of this study was to examine
beliefs regarding reasons for weight gain, likely responses
to weight loss relapse, notions of reasonable weight loss,
and correlations between beliefs and attitudes in a large
nonclinical sample of men and women with
obesity.<h4>Research methods and procedures</h4>Participants
were 3,394 white women (n=1,674) and men (n=1,720) with
obesity who had responded to a survey about body image and
eating behaviors conducted by Consumer Reports
magazine.<h4>Results</h4>Women and men indicated that the
most important reasons for their weight gain were lack of
exercise and enjoying eating; the least important reason was
a need to avoid social or sexual situations. Both groups
reported that their most likely response to relapse is to
start watching food intake, whereas their least likely
response is to ask a friend, spouse, or family member for
help. Women rated depression, stress, low self-esteem, and
need to avoid situations as more important reasons for their
weight gain than did men, and women were more likely to feel
terrible and regain as a response to relapse. There was no
relationship between an individual's beliefs about weight
gain, responses to relapse, or notions of reasonable weight
loss.<h4>Discussion</h4>Implications of these findings for
the treatment of obesity are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00342.x},
Key = {fds271248}
}
@article{fds271246,
Author = {Slay, HA and Hayaki, J and Napolitano, MA and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Motivations for running and eating attitudes in obligatory
versus nonobligatory runners.},
Journal = {The International journal of eating disorders},
Volume = {23},
Number = {3},
Pages = {267-275},
Year = {1998},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199804)23:3<267::aid-eat4>3.0.co;2-h},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>This study examined the association
between motivations to run and eating disturbances in a
sample of obligatory and nonobligatory runners.<h4>Method</h4>240
males and 84 females were evaluated for running habits,
motivations for running, and eating and weight concerns.
26.2% of the men and 25% of the women were classified as
obligatory runners.<h4>Results</h4>Obligatory runners were
more motivated to run by negative factors such as guilt for
stopping, scored significantly higher on the Eating
Attitudes Test (EAT), and had lower weights. These effects
were strongest in women.<h4>Discussion</h4>The results
suggest that female obligatory runners may be at increased
risk for eating disorders.},
Doi = {10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199804)23:3<267::aid-eat4>3.0.co;2-h},
Key = {fds271246}
}
@article{fds271249,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Obesity management: A comprehensive plan},
Journal = {American Journal of Managed Care},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3 SUPPL.},
Pages = {S126-S132},
Year = {1998},
Month = {March},
Abstract = {The emerging concept of obesity is one of chronic disease
requiring chronic care. Many healthcare professionals are
not trained with this new concept and are faced with
learning new weight management techniques that are likely to
be more effective in the long term. Successful treatment
must include an understanding of the biological, social, and
psychological factors that may affect an individual's
ability to manage his or her weight. It can be helpful for
professionals and patients to eliminate the age-old concept
of an ideal weight. Research now shows that even small
amounts of weight loss, if maintained, can significantly
improve health. With this in mind, the 10% or 15% weight
loss commonly associated with pharmacotherapy or lifestyle
modification programs can be viewed as a success. Lifestyle
changes are essential to weight loss and maintenance, but
programs vary widely in quality. The best lifestyle
modification programs will be comprehensive and based in
science. They will place more emphasis on the benefits of
physical activity and will be able to deal with the myriad
of psychological stresses commonly responsible for relapse.
In addition, good programs should have specific techniques
in place to deal with special situations such as binge
eating. Since it is likely that reimbursement for the
medical management of obesity will continue to grow,
physicians must decide what level of service they are able
to offer. For some, it will not be practical to provide
comprehensive care. For whatever level is chosen, resources
must exist to assure that each patient receives quality
weight management assistance.},
Key = {fds271249}
}
@article{fds271243,
Author = {Kushner, RF and Brownell, KD and Wolf, AM and Burton,
WN},
Title = {The clinical and economic aspects of obesity management: A
managed care perspective},
Journal = {American Journal of Managed Care},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3 SUPPL.},
Pages = {S151-S154},
Year = {1998},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds271243}
}
@article{fds271247,
Author = {Bar-Or, O and Foreyt, J and Bouchard, C and Brownell, KD and Dietz, WH and Ravussin, E and Salbe, AD and Schwenger, S and St Jeor and S and Torun,
B},
Title = {Physical activity, genetic, and nutritional considerations
in childhood weight management.},
Journal = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise},
Volume = {30},
Number = {1},
Pages = {2-10},
Year = {1998},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0195-9131},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199801000-00002},
Abstract = {Almost one-quarter of U.S. children are now obese, a
dramatic increase of over 20% in the past decade. It is
intriguing that the increase in prevalence has been
occurring while overall fat consumption has been declining.
Body mass and composition are influenced by genetic factors,
but the actual heritability of juvenile obesity is not
known. A low physical activity (PA) is characteristic of
obese children and adolescents, and it may be one cause of
juvenile obesity. There is little evidence, however, that
overall energy expenditure is low among the obese. There is
a strong association between the prevalence of obesity and
the extent of TV viewing. Enhanced PA can reduce body fat
and blood pressure and improve lipoprotein profile in obese
individuals. Its effect on body composition, however, is
slower than with low-calorie diets. The three main dietary
approaches are: protein sparing modified fast, balanced
hypocaloric diets, and comprehensive behavioral lifestyle
programs. To achieve long-standing control of overweight,
one should combine changes in eating and activity patterns,
using behavior modification techniques. However, the onus is
also on society to reduce incentives for a sedentary
lifestyle and over-consumption of food. To address the key
issues related to childhood weight management, the American
College of Sports Medicine convened a Scientific Roundtable
in Indianapolis.},
Doi = {10.1097/00005768-199801000-00002},
Key = {fds271247}
}
@article{fds327350,
Author = {Andersen, RE and Brownell, KD and Morgan, GD and Bartlett,
SJ},
Title = {Weight loss, psychological, and nutritional patterns in
competitive female bodybuilders},
Journal = {Eating Disorders},
Volume = {6},
Number = {2},
Pages = {159-167},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {1998},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10640269808251251},
Doi = {10.1080/10640269808251251},
Key = {fds327350}
}
@article{fds271244,
Author = {Grange, DL and Stone, AA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Eating disturbances in white and minority female
dieters},
Journal = {International Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {24},
Number = {4},
Pages = {395-403},
Year = {1998},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199812)24:4<395::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-A},
Abstract = {Objective: This study examined disordered eating, attitudes
about weight and appearance, self-esteem, weight loss, and
reasons for weight regain in a sample of white, black,
Asian, and Hispanic female dieters. Method: In this
cross-sectional descriptive study, we scrutinized survey
responses of a large number of households subscribing to
Consumer Reports magazine. Females (N = 9,971) between 21
and 65 years old (M = 42.9, SD=10.4) with a mean body mass
index (BMI) of 27.2 (SD = 6.2) were selected for
comparisons. Results: Ethnic groups were different in terms
of age, BMI, household income, and marital status.
Therefore, these variables were used as covariates in the
analyses. More black women were overweight and purged
compared to the other groups. Asian women valued the
beneficial role of exercise in weight control more, while
black women were more inclined to attribute weight gain to
cravings and slow metabolism. The groups did not differ in
terms of binge eating, attitudes about weight and
appearance, self-esteem, the number of attempts to lose
weight, and the reasons for their failures. Conclusions:
This study suggests that unhealthy eating attitudes and
practices may be similar for women who diet, irrespective of
ethnic background. However, the generalizability of these
findings is limited by the inherent sampling
bias.},
Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199812)24:4<395::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-A},
Key = {fds271244}
}
@article{fds271242,
Author = {St Jeor and ST and Brunner, RL and Harrington, ME and Scott, BJ and Daugherty, SA and Cutter, GR and Brownell, KD and Dyer, AR and Foreyt,
JP},
Title = {A classification system to evaluate weight maintainers,
gainers, and losers.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association},
Volume = {97},
Number = {5},
Pages = {481-488},
Year = {1997},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0002-8223},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00126-0},
Abstract = {<h4>Objectives</h4>To study natural weight changes and to
develop a weight classification system that can identify
weight maintainers, gainers, and losers. DESIGN/OUTCOME: A
prospective, observational study in which weight changes
over five annual measurements were evaluated. In the weight
classification system used, changes greater than 5 lb
defined weight maintenance, gain, or loss.<h4>Subjects/settings</h4>Subjects
were healthy, normal-weight and over weight, men and women
(mean age = 44.1 +/- 14.1 years) in the Relationships of
Energy, Nutrition, and Obesity to Cardiovascular Disease
Risk Study. Prospective data for 385 of the original 508
subjects for whom actual weights were available for each of
the 5 years (1985 to 1990) were used to classify and
characterize subjects by weight-change categories.<h4>Statistical
analyses</h4>Cross-tabulations (with chi 2 tests) and
hterarchical log-linear analyses (with partial chi 2 tests)
to examine the relationships of categorical variables;
analyses of variance (with F tests) for continuous
measures.<h4>Results</h4>Over the 4-year interval, 46% of
subjects were classified as maintainers, 34% as gainers, and
20% as losers. Over shorter 1-year epochs, more subjects
were maintainers (62%) and fewer subjects were gainers (22%)
or losers (16%). Maintainers had fewer and smaller
magnitudes of weight fluctuations and showed fewer
deleterious changes in health risk factors than
gainers.<h4>Applications</h4>Weight changes of greater than
+/-5 lb can classify a person as a weight maintainer, or
loser. Although annual weight changes were used in this
study, a weight change of more than 5 lb between any two
points in time may suggest nonmaintenance of weight or
weight instability that needs further evaluation.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00126-0},
Key = {fds271242}
}
@article{fds271236,
Author = {Johnson, B and Brownell, KD and Jeor, STS and Brunner, RL and Worby,
M},
Title = {Adult obesity and functioning in the family of
origin},
Journal = {International Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {22},
Number = {2},
Pages = {213-218},
Year = {1997},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199709)22:2<213::AID-EAT14>3.0.CO;2-},
Abstract = {Objective: This study investigated the relationship between
eating and weight behaviors and functioning in individuals'
families of origin. Method: Subjects were 237 women and 242
men enrolled in the RENO (Relationship of Energy, Nutrition,
and Obesity) Diet-Heart Study, a prospective 5-year study of
the effects of weight fluctuation on cardiovascular disease
risk factors in normal weight and obese adults. Variables of
primary interest included subjects' body mass index (BMI),
age of onset of obesity, eating attitudes, lack of control
while eating, and family functioning. Results: In men,
higher family cohesion was related to healthier eating
attitudes and better control over eating, controlling for
age, BMI, and adaptability, whereas higher adaptability
(changing rules and poor leadership) was related to earlier
onset of obesity and more disturbed eating attitudes.
Cohesion and adaptability were not related to body weight or
eating variables in women. Discussion: The lower societal
pressure on men to be thin may increase the importance of
family factors in influencing their shape and
weight.},
Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199709)22:2<213::AID-EAT14>3.0.CO;2-},
Key = {fds271236}
}
@article{fds271237,
Author = {Caldwell, MB and Brownell, KD and Wilfley, DE},
Title = {Relationship of weight, body dissatisfaction, and
self-esteem in african american and white female
dieters},
Journal = {International Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {22},
Number = {2},
Pages = {127-130},
Year = {1997},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199709)22:2<127::AID-EAT2>3.0.CO;2-H},
Abstract = {Objective: The present study examined the relationship among
weight, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem in a large
group of African American and white female dieters who were
generally overweight and of middle to high socioeconomic
status. Method: Subjects were participants in a survey of
dieting practices undertaken by Consumer Reports magazine.
Major outcome measures included the Rosenberg Self-Esteem
Scale and an assessment of shape and weight attitudes.
Results: No significant differences between African American
and white women were found for body dissatisfaction,
self-esteem, discrepancies between actual and ideal weight
and shape, or the relationship between self-esteem and body
dissatisfaction. Body mass index contributed less to body
satisfaction scores in African American than in white women.
Discussion: This study provides a comparison of African
American and white women in the upper social classes, and
raises the possibility that previous findings of less body
concern in African American women reflect class rather than
race effects.},
Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199709)22:2<127::AID-EAT2>3.0.CO;2-H},
Key = {fds271237}
}
@article{fds271238,
Author = {Hoffman, JM and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Sex differences in the relationship of body fat distribution
with psychosocial variables},
Journal = {International Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {22},
Number = {2},
Pages = {139-145},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1997},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199709)22:2<139::AID-EAT4>3.0.CO;2-G},
Abstract = {Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that the
relationship of psychosocial variables to body fat
distribution would differ in men and women and would vary
according to gender differences in natural patterns of fat
distribution. Method: Body fat distribution and
psychological functioning were examined in 5,930 male and
7,598 female dieters. Results: Upper body size and shape
were more strongly related to psychological functioning in
men and lower body size and shape were more important in
women. Discussion: To better understand the association of
weight with psychosocial status, patterns of body fat
distribution should be considered.},
Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199709)22:2<139::AID-EAT4>3.0.CO;2-G},
Key = {fds271238}
}
@article{fds271239,
Author = {Spurrell, EB and Wilfley, DE and Tanofsky, MB and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Age of onset for binge eating: Are there different pathways
to binge eating?},
Journal = {International Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {21},
Number = {1},
Pages = {55-65},
Year = {1997},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199701)21:1<55::AID-EAT7>3.0.CO;2-2},
Abstract = {Objective: In examining individuals with binge eating
disorder (BED), we aimed to determine whether their binge
eating preceded their first diet or their first diet
preceded their binge eating, the age of their first diet,
the age of their first binge, and the age when they met
DSM-IV criteria for BED. Additionally, we aimed to identify
psychological factors that may distinguish the two groups.
Method: Eighty-seven individuals with BED (19 men and 68
women) were administered the Eating Disorders Examination,
the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, and several
other measures of psychological functioning and psychiatric
disturbance. Results: Forty-five percent of the subjects
reported that dieting preceded their first binge episode
(dietfirst) and 55% reported that binge eating preceded
their first diet (bingefirst). There were no significant
differences in current eating disturbance, body mass index
(BMI), or age for these two groups, but they differed on the
age of the first episode of binge eating and the age when
hinging met BED criteria. The group reporting having hinged
first had a younger age of onset of binge eating and a
younger age at which binge eating met diagnostic: criteria
than the dietfirst group. The bingefirst group also had a
history of more psychiatric problems and were more likely to
have an Axis II personality disorder. Discussion: Age of
onset of the first binge and BED is markedly different
depending on whether an individual began dieting or binging
first. These findings suggest that there may be important
etiological differences between individuals who binge first
and those who diet first. Moreover, individuals who binge
first may be at greater risk for psychiatric
disturbance.},
Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199701)21:1<55::AID-EAT7>3.0.CO;2-2},
Key = {fds271239}
}
@article{fds271240,
Author = {Tanofsky, MB and Wilfley, DE and Spurrell, EB and Welch, R and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Comparison of men and women with binge eating
disorder},
Journal = {International Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {21},
Number = {1},
Pages = {49-54},
Year = {1997},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199701)21:1<49::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-3},
Abstract = {Objective: This study examined gender differences in
individuals with binge eating disorder (BED) on
eating-related psychopathology and general psychological
functioning. Method: Subjects were age-matched men (n = 21)
and women (n = 21) with BED who were administered the Eating
Disorders Examination (EDE), the Structured Clinical
Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) and SCID II, and who
completed the Emotional Eating Scale (EES) and other
questionnaires regarding psychological functioning. Results:
Men and women did not differ on measures of eating
disturbance, shape and weight concerns, interpersonal
problems, or self-esteem, but more men than women met
criteria for at least one Axis I diagnosis and had a
lifetime diagnosis of substance dependence. Women were more
likely to report eating in response to negative emotions,
particularly anxiety, anger and frustration, and depression.
Discussion: Results from our study suggest that while men
and women presenting for treatment for BED are very similar,
males may have more Axis I psychiatric disturbance and less
emotional eating than their female counterparts. These
findings are discussed in terms of the role of gender in BED
and possible treatment implications are explored.},
Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199701)21:1<49::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-3},
Key = {fds271240}
}
@article{fds271241,
Author = {Striegel-Moore, RH and Wilson, GT and Wilfley, DE and Elder, KA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Binge eating in an obese community sample},
Journal = {International Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {23},
Number = {1},
Pages = {27-37},
Year = {1997},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199801)23:1<27::AID-EAT4>3.0.CO;2-3},
Abstract = {Objective: The present study sought to examine the validity
and utility of diagnostic criteria for binge-eating disorder
(BED) by replicating and extending a study reported by de
Zwaan and colleagues (International Journal of Eating
Disorders 15, 43-52, 1994). Method: Four groups of obese
individuals were selected from a large community-based
sample of men and women: 33 women and 20 men with BED, 79
women and 40 men with subthreshold BED, 21 women and 39 men
who reported recurrent overeating, and 80 female and 80 male
normal controls. The groups were compared on measures of
body image concern, dieting behavior, and associated
psychological distress. Results: Individuals with BED were
distinguishable from overeaters and normal controls on a
number of psychological and behavioral variables. Few
differences were found between subthreshold and
full-syndrome BED, raising questions about the diagnostic
validity of the frequency threshold Men with BED did not
differ from women with BED above and beyond the
gender-related differences observed across all four groups.
Discussion: Our findings support the view of BED as a
distinct syndrome.},
Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199801)23:1<27::AID-EAT4>3.0.CO;2-3},
Key = {fds271241}
}
@article{fds271235,
Author = {Battle, EK and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Confronting a rising tide of eating disorders and obesity:
treatment vs. prevention and policy.},
Journal = {Addictive behaviors},
Volume = {21},
Number = {6},
Pages = {755-765},
Year = {1996},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0306-4603},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(96)00034-2},
Abstract = {Eating disorders and obesity are rising in prevalence and
are problems of considerable public health significance.
Prevailing treatments have a limited impact on public health
because the disorders do not yield easily to intervention
and because the treatments are costly and available to few.
Shifting from a medical to a public health model argues for
increased focus on both prevention and public policy.
Research on prevention is in its early stages but must be
aggressively pursued. Even less is known about policy, but
recommendations are made to alter policy so that consumption
of healthful foods increases, consumption of unhealthful
foods decreases, and levels of physical activity are
enhanced.},
Doi = {10.1016/0306-4603(96)00034-2},
Key = {fds271235}
}
@article{fds271233,
Author = {Hayaki, J and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Behaviour change in practice: group approaches.},
Journal = {International journal of obesity and related metabolic
disorders : journal of the International Association for the
Study of Obesity},
Volume = {20 Suppl 1},
Number = {SUPPL. 1},
Pages = {S27-S30},
Year = {1996},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0307-0565},
Abstract = {Preliminary research in the treatment of obesity suggests
that group interventions may be at least as effective as
individual interventions, presumably due to the social
support created among individuals in the group. Given that a
cost-effectiveness analysis may favor groups, further
research is necessary on how the benefits of group process
can be maximized.},
Key = {fds271233}
}
@article{fds271234,
Author = {Cutter, G and Jeor, SS and Brunner, R and Wolfe, P and Foreyt, J and Dyer,
A and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Methodological issues in weight cycling},
Journal = {Annals of Behavioral Medicine},
Volume = {18},
Number = {4},
Pages = {280-289},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
Year = {1996},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0883-6612},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02895290},
Abstract = {Recent studies have suggested that weight changes may be
related to disease risk independent of weight status. A
critical step in testing this assertion is the measurement
of weight change and so-called 'weight cycling.' However
intuitive the concept of weight cycling may appear, research
in this area is hampered by complex methodological issues.
This article discusses various measures of nominal weight
cycling, including the standard deviation, coefficient of
variation, regression techniques, and cycles. A cycle is a
sequence of a gain followed by a loss or vice versa. The
various measures are compared in seven hypothetical cases
created to illustrate their strengths and weaknesses.
Superior performance of the cycles measure over the
coefficient of variation, number of fluctuations, and simple
regression methods is argued. The linkage of the cycles
measure with the statistical theory of runs also provides a
basis for testing the significance of weight fluctuations or
other variables that may cycle, such as blood lipids, etc.
The cycles measure and runs test provide a viable definition
for identifying weight cycling and a tool for evaluating the
critical amount of weight gained and/or lost in relationship
to risk.},
Doi = {10.1007/BF02895290},
Key = {fds271234}
}
@article{fds271232,
Author = {Epel, ES and Spanakos, A and Kasl-Godley, J and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Body shape ideals across gender, sexual orientation,
socioeconomic status, race, and age in personal
advertisements},
Journal = {International Journal of Eating Disorders},
Volume = {19},
Number = {3},
Pages = {265-273},
Year = {1996},
ISSN = {0276-3478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199604)19:3<265::AID-EAT5>3.0.CO;2-K},
Abstract = {Objective: To assess body shape ideals across gender, sexual
orientation, race, socioeconomic status, and age. Method: An
analysis of personal advertisements was conducted across
seven different publications which targeted the groups of
interest. Results: Women advertised body weight much less
often than men, and lesbians reported body shape descriptors
significantly less often than heterosexual women. Gay men
and African- American men described their body shape
significantly more often than did other groups. However,
their reported body mass indices (BMI) were significantly
different-African-American men reported a higher BMI, and
gay men a lower BMI, than Euro-American heterosexual men.
Discussion: Race and sexual orientation may influence the
importance of size of body shape ideals for men. For women,
however, their advertised weights conformed to the thin
ideal across all groups surveyed. Gender roles affecting
body shape ideals and mate attraction are
discussed.},
Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199604)19:3<265::AID-EAT5>3.0.CO;2-K},
Key = {fds271232}
}
@article{fds271221,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Napolitano, MA},
Title = {Distorting reality for children: body size proportions of
Barbie and Ken dolls.},
Journal = {The International journal of eating disorders},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {295-298},
Year = {1995},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(199511)18:3<295::aid-eat2260180313>3.0.co;},
Abstract = {Using hip measurements as a constant, calculations were made
to determine the changes necessary for a young, healthy
adult woman and man to attain the same body proportions as
Barbie and Ken dolls, respectively. Among the changes
necessary were for the female to increase 24 in. in height,
5 in. in the chest, and 3.2 in. in neck length, while
decreasing 6 in. in the waist, and for the male to increase
20 in. in height, 11 in. in the chest, and 7.9 in. in neck
circumference. Like adults, children are exposed to highly
unrealistic ideals for shape and weight.},
Doi = {10.1002/1098-108x(199511)18:3<295::aid-eat2260180313>3.0.co;},
Key = {fds271221}
}
@article{fds271224,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Exercise and obesity treatment: psychological
aspects.},
Journal = {International journal of obesity and related metabolic
disorders : journal of the International Association for the
Study of Obesity},
Volume = {19 Suppl 4},
Number = {SUPPL. 4},
Pages = {S122-S125},
Year = {1995},
Month = {October},
Abstract = {Exercise is clearly beneficial as a means for losing weight
and keeping it off. Given recent studies showing its
association with maintenance, it would be difficult to argue
that any factor is more important than exercise. For an
exercise program to be helpful for obese persons, the
challenges of exercise adherence must be considered, as must
the mechanisms linking exercise to weight control. Both
argue for whatever activity an individual will undertake
that will produce the psychological effects that promote
weight control.},
Key = {fds271224}
}
@article{fds271230,
Author = {Steen, SN and Mayer, K and Brownell, KD and Wadden,
TA},
Title = {Dietary intake of female collegiate heavyweight
rowers.},
Journal = {International journal of sport nutrition},
Volume = {5},
Number = {3},
Pages = {225-231},
Year = {1995},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.5.3.225},
Abstract = {The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of
dietary intake in 16 female heavyweight rowers during the
sprint racing phase of the season. Caloric intake for the
rowers was 2,633 kcal/day, lower than expected given the
training regimen of these athletes. On average, rowers
consumed below-optimal levels of carbohydrate. Protein
intake was satisfactory but fat intake was higher than
recommended. For the majority of rowers, micronutrient
intake met the RDA. However, calcium, zinc, B6, and B12 fell
short of meeting two-thirds of the RDA for a significant
percentage of rowers. The preevent meal consumed both 15 hr
and 2 hr before the event provided less carbohydrate and
fluid but more fat than desirable. Female heavyweight rowers
would benefit from nutritional counseling that provides
strategies for increasing complex carbohydrates, calcium,
zinc, B6, and B12 while reducing dietary fat. Adequate fluid
intake is also essential.},
Doi = {10.1123/ijsn.5.3.225},
Key = {fds271230}
}
@article{fds271231,
Author = {St Jeor and ST and Brunner, RL and Harrington, ME and Scott, BJ and Cutter,
GR and Brownell, KD and Dyer, AR and Foreyt, JP},
Title = {Who are the weight maintainers?},
Journal = {Obesity research},
Volume = {3 Suppl 2},
Pages = {249s-259s},
Year = {1995},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1071-7323},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00471.x},
Abstract = {To characterize people who maintain weight over long periods
of time, normal weight and obese adults (n = 385) were
studied over five annual visits. Subjects were classified
using a +/- 5 lb change between the first and the fifth year
visits to determine overall maintenance (M), with gain (G)
or loss (L) being any change outside this range. This MGL
status was cross-tabulated with a Fluctuation Index which
counted the number of successive year-to-year weight changes
of more than +/- 5 lbs (F0 through F4). True maintainers
were defined as those having all weight changes within +/- 5
lbs during the 5-year period (M and F0). Nineteen percent (n
= 73) of the subjects were classified as True Maintainers
and included three times as many normal weight as obese
subjects. Obese subjects comprised only 25% of the True
Maintainer group but 60% of the Non-Maintainer group. Age
had no association with Maintainer status. Standard measures
of weight variability were lowest among True Maintainers and
highest in Non-Maintainers. In addition, True Maintainers
had lower BMI, Percent Body Fat, and Waist-Hip Ratios than
Non-Maintainers. Subjects classified as Non-Maintainers were
more likely to engage in dieting, by a variety of measures,
than True Maintainers--this was particularly true among
obese subjects. Finally, changes in total cholesterol, LDL
and HDL cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood
pressure were not reliably associated with Maintainer
status, although the ordering of the group means suggested
that True Maintainers had slightly healthier levels of
"risk" variables. Overall, the results suggest that True
Maintainers comprise a potentially important and interesting
group of individuals who need further study.},
Doi = {10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00471.x},
Key = {fds271231}
}
@article{fds271225,
Author = {Andersen, RE and Barlett, SJ and Morgan, GD and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Weight loss, psychological, and nutritional patterns in
competitive male body builders.},
Journal = {The International journal of eating disorders},
Volume = {18},
Number = {1},
Pages = {49-57},
Year = {1995},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(199507)18:1<49::aid-eat2260180106>3.0.co;2},
Abstract = {There has been increasing interest in the effects of chronic
dieting and of repeated cycles of weight loss and regain in
athletes. The purpose of this investigation was to examine
the eating and weight loss practices, nutrition, and
psychological factors in 45 male body builders competing in
a drug-free competition. Subjects completed a questionnaire
on the morning of a body building competition to assess the
weight loss and dietary history, psychological distress,
reports of binge eating, and vitamin and mineral supplement
usage. The subjects reported high levels of dieting, weight
loss, and weight regain. The mean weight loss reported in
the competitive season was 6.8 kg; the mean weight gain
reported was 6.2 kg. Eighty-five percent reported gaining
weight while 46% reported episodes of binge eating after
competitions. Most (81.5%) reported being preoccupied with
food sometimes, often, or always. Between 30 and 50%
reported psychological distress when preparing for
competition (anxiety, short temper, anger). A similar number
(30-50%) reported using amino acid, protein, and vitamin
supplements. It appears that severe dieting practices are
common in the sport of competitive body building. The
potential physiological, psychological, and health
implications of these practices, combined with the growing
popularity of body building, are of sufficient importance to
warrant further attention by investigators and the body
building community.},
Doi = {10.1002/1098-108x(199507)18:1<49::aid-eat2260180106>3.0.co;2},
Key = {fds271225}
}
@article{fds271226,
Author = {Foreyt, JP and Brunner, RL and Goodrick, GK and Cutter, G and Brownell,
KD and St Jeor and ST},
Title = {Psychological correlates of weight fluctuation.},
Journal = {The International journal of eating disorders},
Volume = {17},
Number = {3},
Pages = {263-275},
Year = {1995},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(199504)17:3<263::aid-eat2260170307>3.0.co;},
Abstract = {This investigation attempted to determine psychological
correlates of weight fluctuation in a sample of 497 normal
weight and obese adults who were enrolled in a prospective,
natural history study. Subjects were stratified by gender,
obesity, and age and classified as weight maintainers,
gainers, or losers based on their changes in weight over a
1-year period. Subjects were further classified as either
weight fluctuators or nonfluctuators based on historical
self-report. Nonfluctuators reported significantly higher
general well-being, greater eating self-efficacy, and lower
stress than weight fluctuators, regardless of body weight.
Weight maintainers had more favorable eating self-efficacy
related to negative affect than weight gainers. Results
suggest that weight fluctuation is strongly associated with
negative psychological attributes in both normal weight and
obese individuals. Future research should focus on the
assessment and treatment of weight fluctuation and on weight
maintenance, irrespective of weight status.},
Doi = {10.1002/1098-108x(199504)17:3<263::aid-eat2260170307>3.0.co;},
Key = {fds271226}
}
@article{fds271223,
Author = {Schwartz, MB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Matching individuals to weight loss treatments: a survey of
obesity experts.},
Journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
Volume = {63},
Number = {1},
Pages = {149-153},
Year = {1995},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.63.1.149},
Abstract = {For identification of factors for matching individuals to
treatments, experts in the field of obesity were surveyed
about the indications and contraindications for 11 common
approaches to weight loss. The experts provided 170 client
characteristics as possible matching factors, yet only 5
factors were matched to specific programs by 50% or more of
the respondents. The results are discussed with regard to
potential variables for studies on matching individuals to
treatments, working hypotheses to be tested, and the value
of matching information for clinical decision
making},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.63.1.149},
Key = {fds271223}
}
@article{fds271227,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Cohen, LR},
Title = {Adherence to dietary regimens. 2: Components of effective
interventions.},
Journal = {Behavioral medicine (Washington, D.C.)},
Volume = {20},
Number = {4},
Pages = {155-164},
Year = {1995},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08964289.1995.9933732},
Abstract = {Diet has an important impact not only on health but also on
daily functioning, cognitive performance, and, perhaps,
psychological well-being. Much is known about the specific
dietary changes necessary to improve these factors, yet it
becomes ever more clear that information about proper diet
is rarely sufficient to change dietary behavior.
Interventions aimed at changing diet must consider the
typical dietary practices of the population in question and,
as a corollary, must deal with the cultural obstacles to
eating the "proper" foods. Psychological factors are
paramount in setting the stage for dietary change. These
include the individual's perception of being at risk,
perceived benefits of a change in diet, confidence that the
necessary change can be made, and the symbolic and real role
food plays in a person's life. Nutrition education has
traditionally focused on what changes should be made, and
behavioral psychology has emphasized how to make the
changes. These two fields must come together, and there must
be recognition that nutrition education can provide
necessary information, and behavioral change strategies can
provide the necessary skills. There is now a considerable
amount of information on strategies for nutrition education
and on principles and techniques for behavioral change. Many
intervention programs to alter dietary behavior have been
undertaken. These have varied from programs aimed at an
entire country, such as the National Cholesterol Education
Program in the United States, to programs aimed at
individuals. Although these vary considerably in size,
strategy, and effects, collectively they yield valuable
information on effective methods for changing behavior and
for maintaining behavioral change. Programs that integrate
behavioral procedures such as self-monitoring, stimulus
control, coping skills, and relapse prevention appear to
hold the most promise. Policy is an area that has received
little attention as a means of changing dietary behavior.
Government officials have made major efforts to enhance food
safety, improve nutrition labeling on foods, and educate the
public about a balanced diet. Much more may be possible,
however. Financial incentives might be offered to increase
production of healthy foods, thereby lowering cost and
increasing availability. Legislation could govern food
advertising and food availability (eg, vending machines) to
which the entire population or selected groups (eg,
children) are exposed. Existing studies on dietary adherence
span different interventions, populations, disease targets,
methods of evaluation, and other factors, so it is not
surprising that results across studies are mixed. Enough of
the studies have shown positive findings, however, to lead
to the conclusion that meaningful dietary modification is
possible, at least in some individuals making some dietary
changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
Doi = {10.1080/08964289.1995.9933732},
Key = {fds271227}
}
@article{fds271228,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Cohen, LR},
Title = {Adherence to dietary regimens. 1: An overview of
research.},
Journal = {Behavioral medicine (Washington, D.C.)},
Volume = {20},
Number = {4},
Pages = {149-154},
Year = {1995},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08964289.1995.9933731},
Abstract = {In recent government reports, scientists have highlighted
the link between diet and health and have concluded that
dietary changes could reduce risks for some major chronic
illnesses (ie, cancer and cardiovascular disease). As a
result, the feasibility of lasting dietary change has become
a central concern. Despite mixed findings from dietary
adherence studies, there is evidence that meaningful dietary
modification and adherence are possible, although not easily
accomplished. Psychological, cultural, environmental, and
behavioral factors exert an influence on whether individuals
try to change their eating habits. Given the complex
interaction between these factors, it is not surprising that
education alone rarely produces lasting change. To develop
comprehensive approaches to dietary management,
practitioners must integrate theoretical and empirical
information across a number of fields. In addition to
focusing on individual behavior change, the authors suggest,
those concerned with the nation's health should give serious
consideration to the possibility of changes at the policy
level.},
Doi = {10.1080/08964289.1995.9933731},
Key = {fds271228}
}
@article{fds271229,
Author = {Friedman, MA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Psychological correlates of obesity: moving to the next
research generation.},
Journal = {Psychological bulletin},
Volume = {117},
Number = {1},
Pages = {3-20},
Year = {1995},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.3},
Abstract = {Studies comparing obese and nonobese persons have generally
failed to find differences in global aspects of
psychological functioning (e.g., depression, anxiety). The
resulting conclusion, that obesity does not carry risk for
psychological problems, is inimical to clinical impression,
reports from overweight individuals, and a consistent
literature showing strong cultural bias and negative
attitudes toward obese persons. The often-cited notion that
obesity has no psychological consequences may be an
inevitable byproduct of the manner in which the first
generation of studies in the field has been conducted. The
authors propose a second generation of studies that begins
with a risk factor model to identify the individuals who
will suffer from their obesity and the areas of functioning
most affected. Recommendations are also made for a third
generation of studies that will establish causal pathways
linking obesity to specific areas of distress.},
Doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.3},
Key = {fds271229}
}
@article{fds323425,
Author = {Stone, AA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The stress-eating paradox: Multiple daily measurements in
adult males and females},
Journal = {Psychology & Health},
Volume = {9},
Number = {6},
Pages = {425-436},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {1994},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870449408407469},
Abstract = {The stress-eating relationship was examined in a prospective
study of 158 subjects who completed daily records of stress
and eating for 84 days, yielding 16, 188 person days of
observation. Using both within-subjects and between-subjects
analyses, individuals were much more likely to eat less than
usual than to eat more than usual in response to stressful
daily problems. The likelihood of eating more did not change
as severity of stress increased, but the likelihood of
eating less increased substantially. There were also clear
gender differences. Males had a slight tendency to eat less
than to eat more across all levels of stress, except at the
highest level, where eating less occurred much more
frequently. In females, the tendency to eat less as opposed
to eating more emerged at middle levels of stress; at the
highest level of stress, females were more than three times
more likely to eat less than to eat more. Individual
subjects were highly consistent over levels of stress in the
direction of eating; 82% of the subjects were consistent in
eating more or less over the majority of their stressful
periods. These results show a clear effect of stress on
eating, with eating less being the predominant response. ©
1994, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1080/08870449408407469},
Key = {fds323425}
}
@article{fds271220,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Rodin, J},
Title = {The dieting maelstrom. Is it possible and advisable to lose
weight?},
Journal = {The American psychologist},
Volume = {49},
Number = {9},
Pages = {781-791},
Year = {1994},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.49.9.781},
Abstract = {An impassioned debate over the virtues and dangers of
dieting is polarizing the field and diverts attention from
key issues. Dieting clearly has costs and, for some, has the
potential for benefit. The primary challenges are (a) to
identify individuals who will be helped or harmed by
dieting, (b) to reduce the frequency and severity of dieting
in those for whom the costs exceed the benefits, (c) to
better understand the physiological and psychological
reasons why some people can lose and others cannot, and (d)
to develop safe and effective means for weight loss and its
maintenance and to target these methods to individuals who
stand to benefit.},
Doi = {10.1037//0003-066x.49.9.781},
Key = {fds271220}
}
@article{fds271218,
Author = {Grilo, CM and Wilfley, DE and Brownell, KD and Rodin,
J},
Title = {Teasing, body image, and self-esteem in a clinical sample of
obese women.},
Journal = {Addictive behaviors},
Volume = {19},
Number = {4},
Pages = {443-450},
Year = {1994},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0306-4603},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(94)90066-3},
Abstract = {This study examined the relationship of physical-appearance-related
teasing history to body image and self-esteem in a clinical
sample of adult obese females. The frequency of being teased
about weight and size while growing up was negatively
correlated with evaluation of one's appearance and
positively correlated with body dissatisfaction during
adulthood. Self-esteem was unrelated to teasing history but
covaried significantly with body image measures. Subjects
with early-onset obesity reported greater body
dissatisfaction than did subjects with adult-onset obesity.
The findings suggest that being teased about weight/size
while growing up may represent a risk factor for the
development of negative body image and that self-esteem and
body image covary.},
Doi = {10.1016/0306-4603(94)90066-3},
Key = {fds271218}
}
@article{fds271222,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Rodin, J},
Title = {Medical, metabolic, and psychological effects of weight
cycling.},
Journal = {Archives of internal medicine},
Volume = {154},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1325-1330},
Year = {1994},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1994.00420120035004},
Abstract = {This article reviews studies on the effects of weight
cycling and weight variability on metabolism, psychological
status, morbidity, and mortality. Repeated bouts of weight
loss and regain, known as weight cycling or yo-yo dieting,
are highly prevalent, occur in males and females, and are
common in both overweight and nonoverweight individuals.
While there has been no consistent demonstration that, as
was first thought, weight cycling makes subsequent weight
loss more difficult or regain more rapid, it is possible
that this does occur under some conditions or in particular
individuals. There are stronger and more consistent links
between body weight variability and negative health
outcomes, particularly all-cause mortality and mortality
from coronary heart disease. Weight cycling may also have
negative psychological and behavioral consequences; studies
have reported increased risk for psychopathology, life
dissatisfaction, and binge eating. The bulk of epidemiologic
research shows an association of weight variability with
morbidity and mortality, although the mechanisms are not
clear at present. There is a clear need for further research
on the effects of weight cycling on behavior, metabolism,
and health. Understanding and promoting weight maintenance
is an important priority.},
Doi = {10.1001/archinte.1994.00420120035004},
Key = {fds271222}
}
@article{fds271219,
Author = {Grilo, CM and Wilfley, DE and Jones, A and Brownell, KD and Rodin,
J},
Title = {The social self, body dissatisfaction, and binge eating in
obese females.},
Journal = {Obesity research},
Volume = {2},
Number = {1},
Pages = {24-27},
Year = {1994},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1071-7323},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1994.tb00040.x},
Abstract = {We examined the relationship of the social self to body
dissatisfaction and to binge eating in two clinical samples
of obese females. In the first study, with 32 nonbingeing
obese females, social self measures of Public
Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety were positively
correlated with body dissatisfaction. Self-esteem was
negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction. In the
second study, 11 obese binge eaters were compared with 11
matched nonbingeing obese females. Binge eaters were
characterized by significantly higher levels of social
anxiety and body dissatisfaction than the obese nonbingeing
controls. These findings support the hypothesized links of
social self concerns to body dissatisfaction and to binge
eating in obese females.},
Doi = {10.1002/j.1550-8528.1994.tb00040.x},
Key = {fds271219}
}
@article{fds323426,
Author = {Brunner, RL and Jeor, STS and Scott, BJ and Miller, GD and Carmody, TP and Brownell, KD and Foreyt, J},
Title = {Dieting and disordered eating correlates of weight
fluctuation in normal and obese adults},
Journal = {Eating Disorders},
Volume = {2},
Number = {4},
Pages = {341-356},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {1994},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10640269408249132},
Abstract = {Weight dissatisfaction, dieting, and weight change, assessed
by question-naires, were studied in 471 subjects stratified
by gender, age (20-60+ years) and weight (normal/obese),
participating in the RENO Diet Heart Study. Female and obese
subjects had more weight dissatisfaction, dieting, and
binges and were more overweight in adolescence. Females
andmales were similar with regard to reported childhood
obesity, but a trend toward greater obesity for the age
period of 11-13 years, in females, became significant for
the 14-17 year age period. Total lifetime pounds lost was
significantly associated with factors of
dissatisfaction/dieting, pre-adult overweight and binge
eating after adjustment for gender, body mass index, and
age. Typical annual weight loss, which does not represent
the most extreme weight changes, was only associated with
being younger, obese, and the binge-eating factor. Although
typical annual and lifetime weight changes were
significantly correlated, the largest lifetime weight losses
were not the result of an accumulation of many small losses
but occurred almost only in subjects who also had one or
more large single losses. Age comparisons demonstrated less
major weight dissatisfaction and less disordered eating in
the 60+ age group than the 20-year-old age group. Annual and
total lifetime pounds lost were lower in the older age
groups, implying diminished weight fluctuation and dieting.
Also, older subjects reported less overweight in childhood
and adolescence. We suggest that in both men and women,
weight change is affected similarly by obesity, age,
dissatisfaction/dieting, binge eating and pre-adult
overweight although the problem is more severe in women. ©
1994 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.},
Doi = {10.1080/10640269408249132},
Key = {fds323426}
}
@article{fds271217,
Author = {Blair, SN and Shaten, J and Brownell, K and Collins, G and Lissner,
L},
Title = {Body weight change, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific
mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention
Trial.},
Journal = {Annals of internal medicine},
Volume = {119},
Number = {7 Pt 2},
Pages = {749-757},
Year = {1993},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-7_part_2-199310011-00024},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>To evaluate the relation between weight
variability and death in high-risk, middle-aged men
participating in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
(MRFIT).<h4>Design</h4>Cohort study with 3.8 years of
follow-up.<h4>Setting</h4>Multicenter, collaborative,
primary prevention trial conducted at 22 clinical centers in
the United States.<h4>Participants</h4>Men (n = 10,529) who
were 35 to 57 years old at baseline and who were in the
upper 10% to 15% of risk for coronary heart disease because
of smoking, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol
level. Participants were seen at least annually for 6 to 7
years for medical evaluations in study clinical
centers.<h4>Measurements</h4>Death from cardiovascular
disease (228 deaths) and from all causes (380
deaths).<h4>Results</h4>The primary measure of weight
variability was the intrapersonal standard deviation of
weight (ISD), which was calculated from measured weights
obtained at clinic visits during a 6- to 7-year period.
All-cause death rates per 1000 person-years of follow-up
across ISD quartiles were 8.28, 8.25, 10.57, and 11.07 from
the first to fourth quartiles, respectively. After adjusting
for baseline risk factors associated with weight change, the
relative risk for all-cause mortality in the fourth compared
with the first quartile was 1.64 (95% CI, 1.21 to 2.23).
Cardiovascular death and ISD showed a similar pattern. The
association between weight change and death was not observed
in the heaviest men.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Greater weight
variability was associated with a greater risk for
cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in some types
of high-risk men.},
Doi = {10.7326/0003-4819-119-7_part_2-199310011-00024},
Key = {fds271217}
}
@article{fds271214,
Author = {St Jeor and ST and Brownell, KD and Atkinson, RL and Bouchard, C and Dwyer,
J and Foreyt, JP and Heber, D and Kris-Etherton, P and Stern, JS and Willett, W},
Title = {Obesity. Workshop III. AHA Prevention Conference III.
Behavior change and compliance: keys to improving
cardiovascular health.},
Journal = {Circulation},
Volume = {88},
Number = {3},
Pages = {1391-1396},
Year = {1993},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.88.3.1391},
Abstract = {The workshop provided the opportunity to discuss issues and
develop and integrate ideas. The following recommendations
for public policies, education programs, and high-priority
research initiatives were developed: Recommendations for
Public Policies: Focus on prevention by requiring school
programs to emphasize appropriate diet, physical activity,
and general health guidance to promote cardiovascular health
and prevent disease through federal funding. Provide better
access to exercise (city planning, work-site interventions).
Influence food availability and accessibility. Influence
reimbursement policies for effective early intervention and
prevention strategies for obesity. Reevaluate policies for
use of drugs in the treatment of obesity. Recommendations
for Education Programs: Sponsor scientific workshop to:
Define the most appropriate weight standards for prevention
and treatment. Identify who should lose weight and why,
when, and how. Promote the fact that obesity is an important
health risk factor, even at moderate levels, and that excess
visceral fat is particularly hazardous. Target health care
professionals, consumers, and the media for education about:
Nature of obesity as a heterogeneous syndrome.
Recommendations for diet, exercise, behavioral
interventions, drugs, and surgery. Recognition of special
needs of populations of different ethnicity, gender, age,
etc. State-of-the-art treatment and treatment programs.
High-Priority Research Initiatives: Build better bridges
between basic research and treatment/prevention practices.
Acknowledge that obesity is a heterogeneous syndrome that
may best be characterized as different obesities. Research
on defining subtypes. Implications for etiology and
treatment. Better characterization of genotypes and
phenotypes. Study the effects of weight loss, weight
gain,and weight cycling on medical and psychosocial outcomes
and mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
WORDS)},
Doi = {10.1161/01.cir.88.3.1391},
Key = {fds271214}
}
@article{fds271215,
Author = {Sykora, C and Grilo, CM and Wilfley, DE and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Eating, weight, and dieting disturbances in male and female
lightweight and heavyweight rowers.},
Journal = {The International journal of eating disorders},
Volume = {14},
Number = {2},
Pages = {203-211},
Year = {1993},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(199309)14:2<203::aid-eat2260140210>3.0.co;},
Abstract = {Rowers compete in a sport that allows comparison of male and
female athletes and where some (lightweight) but not others
(heavyweights) must meet specific weight criteria. Eating
attitudes, dieting patterns, weight fluctuation, and methods
of weight loss were evaluated in 162 rowers: 82 heavyweights
(56 females, 26 males) and 80 lightweights (17 females, 63
males). Females displayed more disturbed eating practices
and weight control methods than did males. Lightweights did
not have more disturbed eating practices than heavyweights,
but employed more extreme weight loss methods. Male rowers
were more affected by weight restriction than were female
rowers. Lightweight males showed greater weight fluctuation
during the season and gained more weight during the
offseason than did lightweight females and heavyweight males
and females. These results indicate that rowing can join the
growing list of sports where eating and weight disturbances
may be present. Male athletes may be more vulnerable to
these problems than previously recognized.},
Doi = {10.1002/1098-108x(199309)14:2<203::aid-eat2260140210>3.0.co;},
Key = {fds271215}
}
@article{fds271216,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Whether obesity should be treated.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {12},
Number = {5},
Pages = {339-341},
Year = {1993},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.12.5.339},
Abstract = {Antidieting sentiment is strengthened in part by the
assumption that all diets fail, which in turn is based on
data from university-based treatment programs. A small
percentage of overweight people attempt to lose weight in
these programs, and they differ in important ways from
overweight people in general. They are heavier, more likely
to be binge eaters, and have higher levels of
psychopathology--all negative prognostic factors for
treatment. Generalizing from the treatment of this group to
all programs is highly questionable. Hence, little is known
about the effectiveness of approaches used by most people.
There is a pressing need for research on this topic, and a
need for treatments that address the specific needs of those
who seek clinical treatments.},
Doi = {10.1037//0278-6133.12.5.339},
Key = {fds271216}
}
@article{fds271212,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Wadden, TA},
Title = {Etiology and treatment of obesity: understanding a serious,
prevalent, and refractory disorder.},
Journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
Volume = {60},
Number = {4},
Pages = {505-517},
Year = {1992},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.60.4.505},
Abstract = {Obesity remains a leading public health problem because of
its complications, prevalence, and resistance to change,
despite record rates of dieting. Risk factors exist at both
population and individual levels, thus obesity has diverse
etiologies and consequences. Dieting is often grounded in
the notion that the body can be molded at will and that the
rewards justify the effort, creating a drive for unrealistic
goals. This article argues for establishing a "reasonable
weight," which may differ from health and aesthetic ideals.
Intervention is less a matter of finding a "best" treatment
but of finding the approach with "best fit" for the
individual. Advances in treatment are most likely when
research is driven by theory on the etiology of weight gain,
the relapse process, and methods for permanent behavior
change. This article integrates information on etiology,
social beliefs about body weight, theory, and treatment into
a comprehensive and compassionate model for
intervention.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.60.4.505},
Key = {fds271212}
}
@article{fds271213,
Author = {Lissner, L and Steen, SN and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Weight reduction diets and health promotion.},
Journal = {American journal of preventive medicine},
Volume = {8},
Number = {3},
Pages = {154-158},
Year = {1992},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30824-9},
Abstract = {Obesity is an important health problem. Despite record rates
of dieting and the availability of numerous programs, the
problem is not abating. This article discusses the
popularity of fad diets, the safety and effectiveness of
commonly used approaches to weight loss, and the health
effects of weight change. We propose an approach in which
the search for a best treatment is secondary to the
development of criteria to match patients to different
treatments. This approach provides an opportunity for the
health professional to take advantage of the multiple weight
reduction resources in the community.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30824-9},
Key = {fds271213}
}
@article{fds271209,
Author = {Stein, LJ and Stellar, E and West, DB and Greenwood, MR and Foster, GD and Feurer, I and Brown, J and Mullen, JL and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Early-onset repeated dieting reduces food intake and body
weight but not adiposity in dietary-obese female
rats.},
Journal = {Physiology & behavior},
Volume = {51},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-6},
Year = {1992},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0031-9384},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(92)90196-9},
Abstract = {As dieting behavior and attempts at weight loss are becoming
increasingly common in adolescent girls, we wished to
determine whether early-onset repeated dieting influenced
the development of obesity and its metabolic correlates.
Female rats were fed a high-fat diet and subjected to six
cycles of dieting and regain, beginning in the peripubertal
period. Although dieted rats weighted less than nondieted
high-fat fed controls at the completion of the sixth cycle,
body composition analysis revealed that the two groups were
equally obese. Cumulative caloric intake was less in dieted
rats, suggesting that the pattern of consumption promoted by
dieting helped to establish the obesity. Resting metabolic
rate did not differ between the two groups. These data
suggest that although early-onset repeated dieting may
result in reduced body weight, the eventual level of
adiposity may be unknowingly elevated, potentially leading
to long-term health risks.},
Doi = {10.1016/0031-9384(92)90196-9},
Key = {fds271209}
}
@article{fds271211,
Author = {Kiernan, M and Rodin, J and Brownell, KD and Wilmore, JH and Crandall,
C},
Title = {Relation of level of exercise, age, and weight-cycling
history to weight and eating concerns in male and female
runners.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {11},
Number = {6},
Pages = {418-421},
Year = {1992},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.11.6.418},
Abstract = {We examined the association between level of exercise and
degree of weight preoccupation in a large sample of male and
female runners, as well as risk factors posited to influence
weight and eating concerns in the general population.
Subjects were 2,459 males and 1,786 females who had
completed a questionnaire on weight and eating concerns in a
national running magazine. Eight percent of the males and
24% of the females had symptomatic scores on the Eating
Attitudes Test (EAT). Exercise level, defined as weekly
running mileage, was positively associated with excessive
weight and eating concerns in males but not in females. Both
sexes with a history of weight cycling were more likely to
have symptomatic EAT scores than those with no such history.
These results highlight the importance of studying these
concerns in males as well as females and of examining the
role of exercise level and weight-cycling history in the
development of serious weight preoccupations.},
Doi = {10.1037//0278-6133.11.6.418},
Key = {fds271211}
}
@article{fds271208,
Author = {Dellinger, EP and Drexler, LJ and MacDonald, SD and Pierce, WE and Brownell, KD and Lissner, L and D'Agostino, RB},
Title = {Variability of body weight and health outcomes.},
Journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
Volume = {325},
Number = {24},
Pages = {1745-1746},
Year = {1991},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199112123252413},
Doi = {10.1056/nejm199112123252413},
Key = {fds271208}
}
@article{fds271210,
Author = {Lissner, L and Odell, PM and D'Agostino, RB and Stokes, J and Kreger,
BE and Belanger, AJ and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Variability of body weight and health outcomes in the
Framingham population.},
Journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
Volume = {324},
Number = {26},
Pages = {1839-1844},
Year = {1991},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199106273242602},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Fluctuation in body weight is a common
phenomenon, due in part to the high prevalence of dieting.
In this study we examined the associations between
variability in body weight and health end points in subjects
participating in the Framingham Heart Study, which involves
follow-up examinations every two years after
entry.<h4>Methods</h4>The degree of variability of body
weight was expressed as the coefficient of variation of each
subject's measured body-mass-index values at the first eight
biennial examinations during the study and on their recalled
weight at 25 years of age. Using the 32-year follow-up data,
we analyzed total mortality, mortality from coronary heart
disease, and morbidity due to coronary heart disease and
cancer in relation to intraindividual variation in body
weight, including only end points that occurred after the
10th biennial examination. We used age-adjusted
proportional-hazards regression for the data
analysis.<h4>Results</h4>Subjects with highly variable body
weights had increased total mortality (P = 0.005 for men, P
= 0.01 for women), mortality from coronary heart disease (P
= 0.009 for men, P = 0.009 for women), and morbidity due to
coronary heart disease (P = 0.0009 for men, P = 0.006 for
women). Using a multivariate analysis that also controlled
for obesity, trends in weight over time, and five indicators
of cardiovascular risk, we found that the positive
associations between fluctuations in body weight and end
points related to mortality and coronary heart disease could
not be attributed to these potential confounding factors.
The relative risks of these end points in subjects whose
weight varied substantially, as compared with those whose
weight was relatively stable, ranged from 1.27 to
1.93.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Fluctuations in body weight may
have negative health consequences, independent of obesity
and the trend of body weight over time.},
Doi = {10.1056/nejm199106273242602},
Key = {fds271210}
}
@article{fds271203,
Author = {Gerardo-Gettens, T and Miller, GD and Horwitz, BA and McDonald, RB and Brownell, KD and Greenwood, MR and Rodin, J and Stern,
JS},
Title = {Exercise decreases fat selection in female rats during
weight cycling.},
Journal = {The American journal of physiology},
Volume = {260},
Number = {3 Pt 2},
Pages = {R518-R524},
Year = {1991},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.3.r518},
Abstract = {Weight cycling (weight loss and regain) increases fat intake
in rats allowed to self-select a diet from protein,
carbohydrate, and fat sources. This study reports the
effects of exercise on macronutrient self-selection. Female
Sprague-Dawley rats (5 mo old) self-selected their diet.
After 3 wk, rats were assigned to one of the following three
groups: ad libitum fed sedentary (Con), sedentary food
restricted to 40% Con intake (R-Sed), or treadmill exercised
(20 m/min, 1 h/day, 6 day/wk) food restricted to 40% Con
intake (R-Ex). Food restriction was for 3 wk followed by 5
wk of refeeding. This was repeated for a second cycle.
During restriction, body weight decreased by 30% in R-Sed
and by 33% in R-Ex than in R-Sed, fat regain was greater in
R-Sed. By week 3 of refeeding, total caloric consumption did
not differ. However, fat selection increased in R-Sed (56%
kcal) vs. R-Ex (30%) and Con (35%). Fat selection in R-Sed
increased further during cycle 2 (73% kcal). Resting oxygen
consumption decreased during food restriction in R-Sed and
R-Ex. After refeeding, resting metabolic rate in R-Ex was
significantly greater than in R-Sed. In conclusion, weight
cycling increases dietary fat selection and adiposity.
Exercise mitigates this effect.},
Doi = {10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.3.r518},
Key = {fds271203}
}
@article{fds271205,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Personal responsibility and control over our bodies: when
expectation exceeds reality.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {10},
Number = {5},
Pages = {303-310},
Year = {1991},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.10.5.303},
Abstract = {Good health has become more than a means to personal goals
such as greater attractiveness and increased longevity. It
symbolizes self-control, hard work, ambition, and success in
life. Inherent in this symbolism is the concept that the
individual controls behavior, which in turn controls health.
Although control over one's life plays an important role in
both physical and mental health, the concept of personal
control also infers responsibility. Positive attributes are
accorded to people who are healthy, but those who fall ill,
or those with less than the perfect body, are blamed and are
thought to be self-indulgent, lazy, or even irresponsible
and immoral. There is a tendency to overstate the impact of
personal behavior on health. However, biological realities
shape the degree to which health is under the control of the
individual. The positive effects of behavior change must be
balanced with the limits imposed by biology.},
Doi = {10.1037//0278-6133.10.5.303},
Key = {fds271205}
}
@article{fds271206,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Dieting and the search for the perfect body: Where
physiology and culture collide},
Journal = {Behavior Therapy},
Volume = {22},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-12},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1991},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7894},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80239-4},
Abstract = {Modern society breeds a search for the perfect body. Today's
aesthetic ideal is extremely thin, and now, superimposed on
this, is the need to be physically fit. People seek the
ideal, not only because of expected health benefits, but
because of what the ideal symbolizes in our culture
(self-control, success, acceptance). Two assumptions are
widespread with regard to body weight and shape. One is that
the body is infinitely malleable, and that with the right
combination of diet and exercise, every person can reach the
ideal. The second is that vast rewards await the person who
attains the ideal. Research has shown that biological
variables, particularly genetics, are influential in the
regulation of body weight and shape. Hence, there are limits
to how much a person can change. This places culture in
conflict with physiology. In addition, the rewards of being
attractive are less than most would expect. There are
serious consequences of seeking the ideal and falling short,
some psychological and others physiological (e.g., increased
health risk for weight cycling). Clinical and research
efforts are necessary to help individuals establish
reasonable weight and shape goals, and to educate the public
accordingly. © 1991 Association for Advancement of Behavior
Therapy. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80239-4},
Key = {fds271206}
}
@article{fds271207,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Wadden, TA},
Title = {The heterogeneity of obesity: fitting treatments to
individuals},
Journal = {Behavior Therapy},
Volume = {22},
Number = {2},
Pages = {153-177},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1991},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7894},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80174-1},
Abstract = {Body weight is regulated by a complex interaction of
biological, behavioral, and cultural factors. The population
as a whole is at risk for obesity because of increased
intake of dietary fat, the consumption of calories in fewer
meals per day, striking accessibility to palatable foods,
and decreased physical activity. This risk may become a
reality in individuals with certain biological
predispositions (genetic tendency, low metabolic rate,
increased fat cell number), specific eating patterns, and
susceptibility to the extreme cultural pressure to be lean.
These factors must be considered in establishing goals for
treatment, which fall into medical and psychosocial
categories. This includes defining a "reasonable" as opposed
to "ideal" weight. A three-stage process is proposed for
identifying the best treatment for an individual. This
involves a classification decision, a stepped care decision,
and then a matching decision. Criteria are provided for a
comprehensive assessment of the overweight individual, and
treatment options are reviewed for programs of varying
intensity, cost, and risk. © 1991 Association for
Advancement of Behavior Therapy. All right
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80174-1},
Key = {fds271207}
}
@article{fds271204,
Author = {Steen, SN and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Patterns of weight loss and regain in wrestlers: has the
tradition changed?},
Journal = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise},
Volume = {22},
Number = {6},
Pages = {762-768},
Year = {1990},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199012000-00005},
Abstract = {To assess current weight loss practices in wrestlers, 63
college wrestlers and 368 high school wrestlers completed a
questionnaire that examined the frequency and magnitude of
weight loss, weight control methods, emotions associated
with weight loss, dieting patterns, and preoccupation with
food. Clear patterns emerged showing frequent, rapid, and
large weight loss and regain cycles. Of the college
wrestlers, 41% reported weight fluctuations of 5.0-9.1 kg
each week of the season. For the high school wrestlers, 23%
lost 2.7-4.5 kg weekly. In the college cohort, 35% lost
0.5-4.5 kg over 100 times in their life, and 22% had lost
5.0-9.1 kg between 21 and 50 times in their life. Of the
high school wrestlers, 42% had already lost 5.0-9.1 kg 1-5
times in their life. A variety of aggressive methods wer
used to lose weight including dehydration, food restriction,
fasting, and, for a few, vomiting, laxatives, and diuretics.
"Making weight" was associated with fatigue, anger, and
anxiety. Thirty to forty percent of the wrestlers, at both
the high school and college level, reported being
preoccupied with food and eating out of control after a
match. The tradition of "making weight" still appears to be
integral to wrestling. The potential physiological,
psychological, and health consequences of these practices
merit further attention.},
Doi = {10.1249/00005768-199012000-00005},
Key = {fds271204}
}
@article{fds271202,
Author = {Cohen, RY and Brownell, KD and Felix, MR},
Title = {Age and sex differences in health habits and beliefs of
schoolchildren.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {9},
Number = {2},
Pages = {208-224},
Year = {1990},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0278-6133},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.9.2.208},
Abstract = {All children in Grades 3 through 12 of one school system
completed a survey about health habits and beliefs including
smoking and eating habits, perceptions of exercise, weight,
and parental involvement in health. The surveys were
factor-analyzed within grade and sex, and the overall
factors that emerged were Smoking Habits, Family Discussion
of Health, Family Thinking About Health, Nutritional Habits,
and Health Locus of Control. Analysis of variance of each
factor revealed that girls generally reported healthier food
habits than did boys. However, girls reported more smoking
and less exercise. There are also changes in habits and
belief with age; junior high school is a particularly
important time for the development of several habits. The
findings are discussed in relation to theories of child
development and the implications for the content and timing
of future health education intervention programs with
children.},
Doi = {10.1037//0278-6133.9.2.208},
Key = {fds271202}
}
@article{fds271201,
Author = {Blackburn, GL and Wilson, GT and Kanders, BS and Stein, LJ and Lavin,
PT and Adler, J and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Weight cycling: the experience of human dieters.},
Journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},
Volume = {49},
Number = {5 Suppl},
Pages = {1105-1109},
Year = {1989},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/49.5.1105},
Doi = {10.1093/ajcn/49.5.1105},
Key = {fds271201}
}
@article{fds271199,
Author = {Cohen, RY and Felix, MR and Brownell, KD},
Title = {The role of parents and older peers in school-based
cardiovascular prevention programs: implications for program
development.},
Journal = {Health education quarterly},
Volume = {16},
Number = {2},
Pages = {245-253},
Year = {1989},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019818901600208},
Abstract = {This article describes a set of studies which compare the
effectiveness of innovative interventions led by older peers
and which included a parent component with teacher-led
interventions for nutrition, blood pressure, and smoking
prevention. Information about the agreement between parents'
and children's (grades six through eight) perception of the
children's health behavior and family interaction was also
found, by surveying parents and children in 1051 households.
Both teacher-led and older peer-led interventions were
successful in increasing behavioral capabilities for
nutrition and blood pressure, measured one year after the
interventions. Results of the parent-child survey showed
reasonable agreement between parents and children for
reports of the child's exercise, dieting, and fast food
consumption, but poorer agreement for smoking and
perceptions of family interaction. Results are discussed in
relation to the planning of future programs designed to
address the importance of peer and parental role
models.},
Doi = {10.1177/109019818901600208},
Key = {fds271199}
}
@article{fds340370,
Author = {Steen, SN and Oppliger, RA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Metabolic effects of repeated weight loss and regain in
adolescent wrestlers},
Journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},
Volume = {260},
Number = {1},
Pages = {47-50},
Year = {1988},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410010055034},
Abstract = {This study examined resting metabolic rate in adolescent
wrestlers to test the hypothesis that repeated cycles of
weight loss and regain would be associated with reduced
energy requirements. Energy restriction lowers resting
metabolic rate in normal-weight and obese persons. Repeated
cycles of weight loss and regain can increase food
efficiency, defined as the degree of weight change per unit
of food intake, in animals. Many wrestlers lose weight
repeatedly as they 'cut weight' for matches. This cycle of
weight loss and regain may affect their resting metabolism.
Twenty-seven wrestlers were classified as cyclers or
noncyclers based on their weight loss history. Resting
metabolic rate was measured using indirect calorimetry and
body composition was evaluated using six skinfolds. Cyclers
and noncyclers did not differ in age, weight, height,
surface area, lean body mass, or percent body fat. Cyclers
had a significantly lower mean resting metabolic rate than
noncyclers (154.6 vs 177.2 kJ/m2/h) (4.6 vs 5.5 kJ per
kilogram of lean body mass per hour). There was a 14%
difference between the cyclers and the noncyclers in resting
energy expenditure (6631.8 vs 7702.8 kJ/d). Weight cycling
in wrestlers appears to be associated with a lowered resting
metabolic rate.},
Doi = {10.1001/jama.1988.03410010055034},
Key = {fds340370}
}
@article{fds271194,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Steen, SN and Wilmore, JH},
Title = {Weight regulation practices in athletes: analysis of
metabolic and health effects.},
Journal = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise},
Volume = {19},
Number = {6},
Pages = {546-556},
Year = {1987},
Month = {December},
Abstract = {Athletes engage in a number of dietary and weight control
practices which may influence metabolism, health, and
performance. This paper reviews the literature on these
factors with special emphasis on athletes who show large,
frequent, and rapid fluctuations in weight (wrestlers) and
athletes who maintain low weight and low percent body fat
(e.g., distance runners, gymnasts, and figure skaters). A
theory is presented which relates these weight patterns and
the accompanying dietary habits to changes in body
composition, metabolism, metabolic activity of adipose
tissue, and the distribution of body fat. Changes in these
physiological variables may be manifested in enhanced food
efficiency (weight as a function of caloric intake) as the
body seeks to protect and replenish its energy stores. This
may explain the surprisingly low caloric intakes of some
athletes. The health status of the athlete is a concern in
this regard because there may be changes in fat
distribution, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and
hormonal factors associated with reproductive functioning in
both females and males. Amenorrhea in female athletes may be
mediated at least in part by regional fat distribution;
depletion of femoral fat depots (lactational energy
reserves) may be the stimulus for cessation or disruption of
menses.},
Key = {fds271194}
}
@article{fds271193,
Author = {Cohen, RY and Sattler, J and Felix, MR and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Experimentation with smokeless tobacco and cigarettes by
children and adolescents: relationship to beliefs, peer use,
and parental use.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {77},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1454-1456},
Year = {1987},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.77.11.1454},
Abstract = {Experimentation with both cigarettes and smokeless tobacco
by children in grades 3-12 in a school district in
Pennsylvania was related to peer experimentation, parental
use, and personal beliefs about the harm of the product for
both males and females. Experimentation with both products
had begun as early as the third grade and increased with
age, with a major increase in experimentation during junior
high school. Nearly half the males in grades 7-12 did not
believe smokeless tobacco was harmful.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.77.11.1454},
Key = {fds271193}
}
@article{fds271115,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Obesity and weight control: The good and bad of
dieting},
Journal = {Nutrition Today},
Volume = {22},
Number = {3},
Pages = {4-9},
Publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},
Year = {1987},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0029-666X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00017285-198706000-00001},
Abstract = {There may be different “obesities” with different
etiologies, characteristics and indications for treatment.
The dangers of dieting must be balanced against the
potential benefits, and if dieting is undertaken, a
comprehensive program based on new principles offers the
best hope for success. © Williams & Wilkins 1987. All
Rights Reserved.},
Doi = {10.1097/00017285-198706000-00001},
Key = {fds271115}
}
@article{fds271195,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Jeffery, RW},
Title = {Improving long-term weight loss: Pushing the limits of
treatment},
Journal = {Behavior Therapy},
Volume = {18},
Number = {4},
Pages = {353-374},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1987},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7894},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(87)80004-7},
Abstract = {This paper adopts an aggressive stance on short-term and
long-term weight losses produced by treatment of obesity.
For many years the behavior therapy field has settled for
small weight losses. This has resulted in part from a focus
on "maintenance," which implies something worth maintaining.
Complacency has occurred because of the contest mentality
underlying the design of parametric studies which compare
behavior therapy to various alternatives and find behavior
therapy to be the "treatment of choice." It is not
surprising that behavior therapy emerges the victor in these
contests, given that the comparison groups are
pseudotreatments such as nondirective group therapy rather
than the widely used forms of dieting (e.g., Weight
Watchers, Overeaters Anonymous, self-imposed diets). There
is renewed cause for hope, however. The most recent
generation of behavioral programs can produce substantial
weight losses, apparently because programs are both longer
and better. This paper proposes specific methods for testing
the limits of treatment for obesity, in hopes that greater
initial losses will be accompanied by more effective
approaches to maintenance. In addition, we propose that more
attention be focused on matching individuals to treatments,
so that professionals serve a dual role of providing their
treatment to those who are best suited and referring others
elsewhere. © 1987 Association for Advancement of Behavior
Therapy. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0005-7894(87)80004-7},
Key = {fds271195}
}
@article{fds271196,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Felix, MRJ},
Title = {Competitions to facilitate health promotion: Review and
conceptual analysis},
Journal = {American Journal of Health Promotion},
Volume = {2},
Number = {1},
Pages = {28-36},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {1987},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-2.1.28},
Doi = {10.4278/0890-1171-2.1.28},
Key = {fds271196}
}
@article{fds271197,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Nelson Steen and S},
Title = {Modern methods for weight control: The physiology and
psychology of dieting},
Journal = {Physician and Sportsmedicine},
Volume = {15},
Number = {12},
Pages = {122-137},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {1987},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1987.11704823},
Doi = {10.1080/00913847.1987.11704823},
Key = {fds271197}
}
@article{fds271190,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Greenwood, MR and Stellar, E and Shrager,
EE},
Title = {The effects of repeated cycles of weight loss and regain in
rats.},
Journal = {Physiology & behavior},
Volume = {38},
Number = {4},
Pages = {459-464},
Year = {1986},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0031-9384},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(86)90411-7},
Abstract = {This study examined the metabolic effects of weight cycling,
i.e., repeated periods of weight loss followed by regain.
There were three groups of adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats:
(1) Chow Controls (a normal weight control group fed chow
throughout); (2) Obese Controls (animals fed a high-fat diet
throughout); and (3) Obese Cycling (obese animals cycled
through two bouts of caloric restriction and refeeding). The
cycled animals showed significant increases in food
efficiency (weight gain/kcal food intake) in the second
restriction and refeeding periods compared to the first,
i.e., weight loss occurred at half the rate and regain at
three times the rate in the second cycle. Several
physiological changes were associated with this cycling
effect. At the end of the experiment, cycled animals had a
four-fold increase in food efficiency compared to obese
animals of the same weight who had not cycled. These data
suggest that frequent dieting may make subsequent weight
loss more difficult. The possible metabolic and health
consequences of "yo-yo" dieting are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1016/0031-9384(86)90411-7},
Key = {fds271190}
}
@article{fds271192,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Marlatt, GA and Lichtenstein, E and Wilson,
GT},
Title = {Understanding and preventing relapse.},
Journal = {The American psychologist},
Volume = {41},
Number = {7},
Pages = {765-782},
Year = {1986},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0003-066X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.41.7.765},
Abstract = {This article examines relapse by integrating knowledge from
the addictive disorders of alcoholism, smoking, and obesity.
Commonalities across these areas suggest at least three
basic stages of behavior change: motivation and commitment,
initial change, and maintenance. A distinction is made
between lapse and relapse, with lapse referring to the
process (slips or mistakes) that may or may not lead to an
outcome (relapse). The natural history of relapse is
discussed, as are the consequences of relapse for patients
and the professionals who treat them. Information on
determinants and predictors of relapse is evaluated, with
the emphasis on the interaction of individual,
environmental, and physiological factors. Methods of
preventing relapse are proposed and are targeted to the
three stages of change. Specific research needs in these
areas are discussed. © 1986 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037//0003-066x.41.7.765},
Key = {fds271192}
}
@article{fds271188,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Public health approaches to obesity and its
management.},
Journal = {Annual review of public health},
Volume = {7},
Pages = {521-533},
Year = {1986},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.07.050186.002513},
Doi = {10.1146/annurev.pu.07.050186.002513},
Key = {fds271188}
}
@article{fds271191,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Glynn, TJ and Glasgow, R and Lando, H and Rand, C and Gottlieb, A and Pinney, JM},
Title = {Interventions to prevent relapse.},
Journal = {Health psychology : official journal of the Division of
Health Psychology, American Psychological
Association},
Volume = {5 Suppl},
Pages = {53-68},
Year = {1986},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds271191}
}
@article{fds271189,
Author = {Foster, GD and Wadden, TA and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Peer-led program for the treatment and prevention of obesity
in the schools.},
Journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
Volume = {53},
Number = {4},
Pages = {538-540},
Year = {1985},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.53.4.538},
Abstract = {A total of 89 overweight children in Grades 2-5 in one
experimental and one control school participated in a
12-week weight reduction program conducted primarily by
older children trained as peer counselors. Children in the
experimental school lost 0.15 kg and reduced their
percentage overweight by 5.3%, whereas those in the control
school gained 1.3 kg and increased their percentage
overweight by 0.3%. Program children also showed positive
changes in self-concept as compared with a control group and
displayed improvements in food selection. Changes in weight,
self-concept, and food selection were only partially
maintained at 18-week follow-up, however, pointing to the
need for an ongoing program of weight loss maintenance. ©
1985 American Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.53.4.538},
Key = {fds271189}
}
@article{fds271187,
Author = {Wadden, TA and Stunkard, AJ and Brownell, KD and Day,
SC},
Title = {A comparison of two very-low-calorie diets:
protein-sparing-modified fast versus protein-formula-liquid
diet.},
Journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},
Volume = {41},
Number = {3},
Pages = {533-539},
Year = {1985},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/41.3.533},
Abstract = {This study investigated the acceptability of two
very-low-calorie diets in 16 moderately overweight persons
participating in a weight reduction program. Subjects were
prescribed a 1000-1200 kcal balanced diet the first month
and asked to complete appetite and mood scales on a weekly
basis. They were then randomly assigned to either a
protein-sparing-modified fast (PSMF) or a
protein-formula-liquid diet, each of which provided about
400 kcal daily. Analysis of the appetite data showed that
PSMF subjects reported significantly less hunger and
preoccupation with eating than did liquid diet subjects
during 2 of the 4 weeks on a very-low-calorie diet. Subjects
in both conditions reported significant reductions in
anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of possible
advantages of PSMF.},
Doi = {10.1093/ajcn/41.3.533},
Key = {fds271187}
}
@article{fds271186,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Stunkard, AJ and McKeon, PE},
Title = {Weight reduction at the work site: a promise partially
fulfilled.},
Journal = {The American journal of psychiatry},
Volume = {142},
Number = {1},
Pages = {47-52},
Year = {1985},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.142.1.47},
Abstract = {Three consecutive studies of weight reduction at the work
site were conducted with 172 female union members, who
participated in 16-week behavioral group programs. There was
no significant difference in weight loss over the three
studies, but attrition decreased from 57.5% to 33.8% and
weight loss maintenance improved. Groups that met three to
four times weekly had less attrition than those which met
once a week, but had no more weight loss. These behavioral
weight reduction programs were as effective as self-help and
commercial groups, and lay leaders produced results
equivalent to those produced by professional therapists at
one-third the cost.},
Doi = {10.1176/ajp.142.1.47},
Key = {fds271186}
}
@article{fds218329,
Author = {Wadden, TA and Stunkard, AJ and Brownell, KD and Dey,
SC},
Title = {Advances in the treatment of moderate obesity: Combined
treatment by behavior modification and very-low-calorie
diet},
Journal = {Recent Advances in Obesity Research},
Volume = {4},
Year = {1985},
Key = {fds218329}
}
@article{fds271179,
Author = {Wadden, TA and Foster, GD and Brownell, KD and Finley,
E},
Title = {Self-concept in obese and normal-weight children.},
Journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
Volume = {52},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1104-1105},
Year = {1984},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.52.6.1104},
Abstract = {Compared self-concept (as measured by the Piers-Harris
Children's Self-Concept Scale) for 716 White children in
Grades 3-8, who were classified as obese or normal-weight
after their ideal weight was calculated accounting for age,
sex, and height. Ss 20% or more over ideal weight were
characterized as obese. No significant differences were
found in self-concept in the 2 groups. (5 ref) (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1984
American Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.52.6.1104},
Key = {fds271179}
}
@article{fds271181,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Cohen, RY and Stunkard, AJ and Felix, MR and Cooley,
NB},
Title = {Weight loss competitions at the work site: impact on weight,
morale and cost-effectiveness.},
Journal = {American journal of public health},
Volume = {74},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1283-1285},
Year = {1984},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0090-0036},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.74.11.1283},
Abstract = {Three weight loss competitions were held in
business/industrial settings. One competition was between
three banks; the other two were within industries, either
between employee teams selected at random or between
divisions of the industry. Attrition in the competitions was
less than 1 per cent and weight loss averaged 5.5 kg. Both
employees and management reported positive changes in morale
and employee/management relations, and both considered the
competition important to the success of the program. The
cost-effectiveness ratio ($ 2.93 per 1 per cent reduction in
percentage overweight) is the best yet reported.},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.74.11.1283},
Key = {fds271181}
}
@article{fds291314,
Author = {Wadden, TA and Stunkard, AJ and Brownell, KD and Van Itallie,
TB},
Title = {In Reply},
Journal = {JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical
Association},
Volume = {252},
Number = {7},
Pages = {897-898},
Publisher = {American Medical Association (AMA)},
Year = {1984},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0098-7484},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1984.03350070015005},
Doi = {10.1001/jama.1984.03350070015005},
Key = {fds291314}
}
@article{fds271180,
Author = {Wadden, TA and Stunkard, AJ and Brownell, KD and Day,
SC},
Title = {Treatment of obesity by behavior therapy and very low
calorie diet: a pilot investigation.},
Journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
Volume = {52},
Number = {4},
Pages = {692-694},
Year = {1984},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.52.4.692},
Abstract = {Treated 17 obese females (mean age 37.5 yrs) who averaged
87% overweight for 6 mo on a program of diet and behavior
modification designed for weight loss maintenance. Ss, who
were paid to participate, received a balanced diet of
1,000-2,200 kilocalories/day for Month 1, a low calorie
protein liquid (400-500 kilocalories/day) for Month 2, low
calorie protein (fish, fowl) for Month 3, and a balanced
diet for Months 4-6. Results show that Ss lost an average
20.5 kg during treatment and showed significant reductions
in anxiety and depression even while consuming the low
calorie diet. At 1-yr follow-up, Ss had regained an average
of 2.1 kg. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA,
all rights reserved). © 1984 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.52.4.692},
Key = {fds271180}
}
@article{fds271185,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Wadden, TA},
Title = {Confronting obesity in children: behavioral and
psychological factors.},
Journal = {Pediatric annals},
Volume = {13},
Number = {6},
Pages = {473-480},
Year = {1984},
Month = {June},
Abstract = {The problem of obesity in children must be taken seriously
and treated aggressively. The long-term psychological,
social, and medical consequences of childhood obesity can be
quite serious. Behavior modification has shown new promise
compared to the discouraging results of traditional
approaches such as inpatient starvation, the use of appetite
suppressants, and dietary counseling. The behavioral program
involves a systematic approach to nutrition, exercise,
eating patterns, attitudes, and family support.},
Key = {fds271185}
}
@article{fds271178,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {The psychology and physiology of obesity: implications for
screening and treatment.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Dietetic Association},
Volume = {84},
Number = {4},
Pages = {406-414},
Year = {1984},
Month = {April},
Abstract = {This article examines the psychological and physiological
concomitants of obesity and presents practical methods for
working with obese patients. Three areas of physiology are
covered: fat cell theory, set point theory, and dietary
obesity. The social and emotional consequences of obesity
are discussed, as are the psychological stages experienced
by both patients and professionals during a typical course
of weight reduction. Screening is a most important aspect of
a program. There are several methods for determining which
patients will profit from treatment. Recent advances in
treatment include a focus on physical activity, improvements
in behavior modification, and the development of aggressive
methods for promoting weight loss in moderately and morbidly
overweight persons. Finally, social support is discussed,
because the social context in which a program is
administered may be more important than the nature of the
program itself.},
Key = {fds271178}
}
@article{fds271177,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {New developments in the treatment of obese children and
adolescents.},
Journal = {Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous
and Mental Disease},
Volume = {62},
Pages = {175-183},
Year = {1984},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds271177}
}
@article{fds271183,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Behavioral and psychological aspects of motivation to
exercise},
Journal = {International Journal of Sports Medicine},
Volume = {5},
Number = {SUPPL.},
Pages = {69-70},
Year = {1984},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025955},
Abstract = {Obesity is a major public health problem because of its
prevalence, its serious medical and psychosocial effects,
and its striking resistance to treatment. Popular thought is
that overeating is the prime contributor to positive energy
balance (hence a 'diet' for weight loss), and that physical
activity is fruitless because little energy is expended and
because increased appetite offsets the energy cost of the
exercise. In reality, a relative lack of physical activity
may play a major role in the genesis and maintenance of
obesity, and increased activity is important for weight
reduction. Some principles from behavioral psychology which
are useful in facilitating exercise in obese persons are
briefly discussed. The degree to which a person lives in a
supportive social environment has been implicated as a major
factor in whether that person develops and recovers from
serious illness. A number of studies have shown that social
support can be influential in facilitating adherence to
weight loss programs. The same potential exists for
adherence to exercise programs. Many obese patients prefer
activities that can include others. Examples are walking
with a friend, playing tennis, joining an exercise group,
and doing some regular activity with family members. This
can be a powerful incentive for adhering to a program over
the long-term. Whether patients maintain new exercise habits
may depend as much on social variables as on the nature of
the exercise itself.},
Doi = {10.1055/s-2008-1025955},
Key = {fds271183}
}
@article{fds271184,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Behavioral, psychological, and environmental predictors of
obesity and success at weight reduction.},
Journal = {International journal of obesity},
Volume = {8},
Number = {5},
Pages = {543-550},
Year = {1984},
Month = {January},
Abstract = {Several behavioral, psychological, and environmental factors
are related to the likelihood that an individual will be
obese and to that person's chances of success at weight
reduction. This paper identifies ten such factors and
proposes that this combination of factors will explain as
much of the nonphysiological variance in weight change as
current knowledge will permit.},
Key = {fds271184}
}
@article{fds271176,
Author = {Wadden, TA and Stunkard, AJ and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Very low calorie diets: their efficacy, safety, and
future.},
Journal = {Annals of internal medicine},
Volume = {99},
Number = {5},
Pages = {675-684},
Year = {1983},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-99-5-675},
Abstract = {Very low calorie diets used to treat moderate and severe
obesity produce average weight losses of 20 kg in 12 weeks.
This paper reviews the development of very low calorie diets
from research on fasting in the late 1950s and examines data
on the amount of dietary protein needed to achieve positive
nitrogen balance. The desirability of including carbohydrate
in the diet, the choice of protein sources (formula versus
animal protein), and the anorectic value of ketosis are
discussed, as are patient selection and the clinical course
of the diet. As contrasted to the earlier "liquid protein"
diets that were associated with at least 60 deaths, very low
calorie diets of high-quality protein appear safe when
limited to 3 months or less under careful medical
supervision. Evidence of this safety is provided by the
results of 24-hour Holter monitoring and the fact that no
diet-related fatalities have been reported in over 10 000
cases. The major problem to be resolved is the maintenance
of the large weight losses achieved with these
diets.},
Doi = {10.7326/0003-4819-99-5-675},
Key = {fds271176}
}
@article{fds271174,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Kelman, JH and Stunkard, AJ},
Title = {Treatment of obese children with and without their mothers:
changes in weight and blood pressure.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {71},
Number = {4},
Pages = {515-523},
Year = {1983},
Month = {April},
Abstract = {Weight and blood pressure changes were evaluated in a
16-month controlled trial comparing three methods of
involving mothers in the treatment of their obese
adolescents (aged 12 to 16 years). The treatments were: (1)
Mother-Child Separately--children and mothers attended
separate groups; (2) Mother-Child Together--the children and
mothers met together in the same group; and (3) Child
Alone--the children met in groups and mothers were not
involved. The program consisted of behavior modification,
social support, nutrition, and exercise. The Mother-Child
Separately group lost more weight (8.4 kg) during treatment
than did the other two groups (5.3 and 3.3 kg). Differences
between the groups increased at the 1-year follow-up:
compared to pretreatment weight, the Mother-Child Separately
group lost 7.7 kg compared with gains of approximately 3 kg
in the other two groups. Blood pressures of children with
the highest initial pressures decreased by 16/9 mm Hg at the
end of treatment and by 16/5 mm Hg at the 1-year follow-up.
These results suggest that a program of behavior
modification and parent involvement can lead to significant
weight losses in obese children, and that the nature of
parent involvement may be important.},
Key = {fds271174}
}
@article{fds271173,
Author = {Hayes, SC and Brownell, KD and Barlow, DH},
Title = {Heterosocial-skills training and covert sensitization.
Effects on social skills and sexual arousal in sexual
deviants.},
Journal = {Behaviour research and therapy},
Volume = {21},
Number = {4},
Pages = {383-392},
Year = {1983},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7967},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(83)90007-4},
Abstract = {There are few experimental investigations of the effects of
social-skills training (SST) on sexual deviation. This study
used a multiple baseline across 4 subjects with undesired
sexual arousal to investigate the effects of
heterosocial-skills training and covert sensitization on
heterosocial skills and sexual-arousal patterns. SST
produced large increases in heterosocial skills but it had
unclear effects on sexual arousal. Subsequently, covert
sensitization tended to reduce remaining deviant arousal but
did not increase appropriate arousal significantly. These
data generally support the view that individual components
of sexual arousal require separate assessment and
intervention. © 1983.},
Doi = {10.1016/0005-7967(83)90007-4},
Key = {fds271173}
}
@article{fds271182,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Wadden, TA and Foster, GD},
Title = {A comprehensive treatment plan for obese children and
adolescents: principles and practice.},
Journal = {Pediatrician},
Volume = {12},
Number = {2-3},
Pages = {89-96},
Year = {1983},
Month = {January},
Abstract = {The problem of obesity in children must be identified early
and treated seriously. The long-term psychological, social,
and medical consequences of childhood obesity can be quite
serious. Behavior modification has shown new promise
compared to the discouraging results of traditional
approaches such as inpatient starvation, the use of appetite
suppressants, and dietary counseling.},
Key = {fds271182}
}
@article{fds340279,
Author = {Wadden, TA and Stunkard, AJ and Brownell, KD and Itallie,
TBV},
Title = {The Cambridge diet. More mayhem?},
Journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},
Volume = {250},
Number = {20},
Pages = {2833-2834},
Year = {1983},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.250.20.2833},
Doi = {10.1001/jama.250.20.2833},
Key = {fds340279}
}
@article{fds271170,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Obesity: understanding and treating a serious, prevalent,
and refractory disorder.},
Journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
Volume = {50},
Number = {6},
Pages = {820-840},
Year = {1982},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.50.6.820},
Abstract = {Examines the psychology and physiology of obesity, its
assessment and treatment, the role of exercise in weight
reduction, and new directions for the field. The health
risks of obesity are discussed, particularly the controversy
about weight reduction for persons less than 30% overweight.
Several physiological factors are presented, including the
set point theory of body weight regulation, the role of fat
cell size and number, and dietary influences on body weight.
Assessment issues are noted along with results from
treatment programs for obese children and adults. The role
of exercise is emphasized, not only because of increased
energy expenditure, but also because exercise may suppress
appetite, offset the decline in basal metabolic rate caused
by dieting, minimize loss of lean body mass, and counteract
the ill effects of obesity. Two problems in the field are
raised: the misinterpretation of the strengths of behavior
therapy and the trap of focusing on long-term results. New
directions are urged, including aggressive approaches to
dieting, treatment combinations, and the use of social
support. (5 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA,
all rights reserved). © 1982 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.50.6.820},
Key = {fds271170}
}
@article{fds271167,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Stunkard, AJ},
Title = {The double-blind in danger: untoward consequences of
informed consent.},
Journal = {The American journal of psychiatry},
Volume = {139},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1487-1489},
Year = {1982},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.11.1487},
Abstract = {Patients and physicians correctly identified medication
assignments in 70% of the cases in a double-blind trial of
an appetite suppressant. The breach of the double-blind
design may have had therapeutic consequences; correct
identification was associated with favorable outcome. These
findings suggest that requirements for describing the side
effects of medications to patients before they give informed
consent may help them guess which medication they receive
and thus may influence the integrity of double-blind studies
and the results of controLled trials.},
Doi = {10.1176/ajp.139.11.1487},
Key = {fds271167}
}
@article{fds271172,
Author = {Lansky, D and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Comparison of school-based treatments for adolescent
obesity.},
Journal = {The Journal of school health},
Volume = {52},
Number = {8},
Pages = {384-387},
Year = {1982},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1982.tb07140.x},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1746-1561.1982.tb07140.x},
Key = {fds271172}
}
@article{fds271169,
Author = {Lansky, D and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Estimates of food quantity and calories: errors in
self-report among obese patients.},
Journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},
Volume = {35},
Number = {4},
Pages = {727-732},
Year = {1982},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/35.4.727},
Abstract = {We report three studies that examine the accuracy and
usefulness of food records among dieting obese patients. In
study 1 errors in quantity and calorie estimates for 10
common foods averaged 63.9% (quantity) and 53.4% (calories).
The results of study 2 indicate that only 53% of entries in
daily food records were specified enough to permit objective
estimates of the calories consumed. In study 3, blind raters
could not predict weight loss based on subjects'
self-recorded behavior changes. Collectively, these results
question the utility of food records for estimating energy
intake or predicting weight loss.},
Doi = {10.1093/ajcn/35.4.727},
Key = {fds271169}
}
@article{fds271166,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Bachorik, PS and Ayerle, RS},
Title = {Changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in men and
women after a program of moderate exercise.},
Journal = {Circulation},
Volume = {65},
Number = {3},
Pages = {477-484},
Year = {1982},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.65.3.477},
Abstract = {Levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and
other lipids and lipoproteins of 24 men and 37 women were
measured before and after a 10-week exercise program. The
program involved three sessions of aerobic exercise each
week, with 15-20 minutes of activity at 70% of maximal heart
rate. Men and women had significantly different lipid
patterns in response to exercise, despite equivalent
increases in maximal oxygen uptake. Men showed a 5.1%
increase in HDL cholesterol, a 6% decrease in low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and a 12.4% increase in the
HDL/LDL ratio. In contrast, women showed a 1% decrease in
HDL cholesterol, a 4.3% decrease in LDL cholesterol, and no
significant change in HDL/LDL ratio. The number of sessions
attended correlated positively with HDL/LDL changes in men
and correlated negatively with HDL/LDL changes in women.
These findings suggest that moderate exercise may have
different effects on men and women.},
Doi = {10.1161/01.cir.65.3.477},
Key = {fds271166}
}
@article{fds271168,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Kaye, FS},
Title = {A school-based behavior modification, nutrition education,
and physical activity program for obese children.},
Journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},
Volume = {35},
Number = {2},
Pages = {277-283},
Year = {1982},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/35.2.277},
Abstract = {Sixty-three obese children, ages 5 to 12 yr, participated in
a school-based program of behavior modification, nutrition
education, and physical activity. The 10-wk program involved
educating the children and those in the children's social
network (parents, teachers, physical education instructor,
food service personnel, school administrators, and the
nurse's aide). Two methods were used to evaluate weight
loss: the children were compared to a control group of obese
children who did not receive the program, and the children
in the program were used as their own controls by analyzing
weight records for the 3 yr before the program. Sixty (95%)
of the 63 children in the program lost weight, compared to
only three (21%) of the 14 control children. The program
children showed a mean decrease of 15.4% in their percentage
overweight, and lost an average of 4.4 kg. These children
also reversed the steady weight gain that had occurred
before the program. These results suggest that a
comprehensive program in the schools can produce significant
weight losses, and that children left untreated tend to
increase their degree of obesity.},
Doi = {10.1093/ajcn/35.2.277},
Key = {fds271168}
}
@article{fds271171,
Author = {Pietrusko, R and Stunkard, A and Brownell, K and Campbell,
DB},
Title = {Plasma fenfluramine levels, weight loss and side effects: a
failure to find a relationship.},
Journal = {International journal of obesity},
Volume = {6},
Number = {6},
Pages = {567-571},
Year = {1982},
Month = {January},
Abstract = {Thirty-six women were treated for 16 weeks with fenfluramine
and behavior therapy. There was a strong correlation between
drug dosage and plasma levels of fenfluramine. In contrast
to two previous reports, however, there was no correlation
between plasma levels of fenfluramine and its metabolite
norfenfluramine and weight loss, nor was there any
correlation between these levels and side effects. If weight
loss is not related to drug levels, as suggested by this
report, there is no merit in increasing drug levels to
tolerance as is the current practice; modest dosage to
produce modest drug levels is indicated.},
Key = {fds271171}
}
@article{fds218344,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Bachorik, PS and Ayerle, RS},
Title = {Changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in men and
women during a program of moderate exercise},
Journal = {American Journal of Clinical Nutrition},
Volume = {65},
Pages = {477-484},
Year = {1982},
Key = {fds218344}
}
@article{fds271165,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Stunkard, AJ},
Title = {Couples training, pharmacotherapy, and behavior therapy in
the treatment of obesity.},
Journal = {Archives of general psychiatry},
Volume = {38},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1224-1229},
Year = {1981},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780360040003},
Abstract = {The effects of behavior therapy with and without either
pharmacotherapy or couples training were studied in 124
obese adults. In a 16-week behavioral weight-reduction
program, patients were assigned to medication (fenfluramine
hydrochloride) and no-medication conditions and to three
spouse conditions in a 2 x 3 design. Two conditions
consisted of patients with "cooperative" spouses; in one,
patients were treated with their spouses, and in the other
they were treated alone. In the third, patients with
"uncooperative" spouses were treated alone. Fenfluramine
produced significantly greater weight losses than no
medication, but patients in the medication group regained
weight much more rapidly during a 12-month maintenance
period. The spouse conditions did not differ in weight
change during treatment or follow-up. Obese spouses lost as
much weight as the patients and were slightly more
successful than the patients at maintaining their losses.
Patients with obese spouses lost more weight than patients
with nonobese spouses. Depression decreased in proportion to
decrease in weight.},
Doi = {10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780360040003},
Key = {fds271165}
}
@article{fds271162,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Stunkard, AJ},
Title = {Differential changes in plasma high-density
lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in obese men and women during
weight reduction},
Journal = {Archives of Internal Medicine},
Volume = {141},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1142-1146},
Publisher = {American Medical Association (AMA)},
Year = {1981},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.141.9.1142},
Abstract = {Levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
(HDL-cholesterol) and other lipoproteins of 73 obese men and
women were measured before and after a 16-week weight
reduction program. There were significant differences
between men and women. In men, a 10.7-kg weight loss was
associated with a 5% increased in the HDL-cholesterol level,
a 15.8% decrease in the low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
(LDL-cholesterol) level, and a 30.1% increase in the HDL-LDL
ratio. Women, in contrast, showed an 8.9-kg weight loss, a
3.3% decrease in the HDL-cholesterol level, a 4.7% decrease
in the LDL-cholesterol level, and no significant change in
the HDL-LDL ratio. These differences suggest that weight
reduction may be an important means of important plasma
lipoprotein patterns in men but may be of more limited value
in women.},
Doi = {10.1001/archinte.141.9.1142},
Key = {fds271162}
}
@article{fds271164,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Stunkard, AJ and Albaum, JM},
Title = {Evaluation and modification of exercise patterns in the
natural environment.},
Journal = {The American journal of psychiatry},
Volume = {137},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1540-1545},
Year = {1980},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.137.12.1540},
Abstract = {Using a new experimental paradigm to evaluate physical
activity in the natural environment, the authors made of
45,694 observations of persons using stairs or an adjacent
escalator at a shopping mall, train station, and bus
terminal. In study 1, stair use more than doubled for both
obese and nonobese persons during two-week periods when a
colorful sign encouraging use of the stairs was positioned
at the stairs/escalator choice point. In study 2, stair use
remained elevated for 15 consecutive days while the sign was
present, decreased during a 1-month follow-up period, and
returned to baseline by 3 months. These results not only
demonstrate the usefulness of this paradigm, but also
suggest the strength of simple, inexpensive public health
interventions to increase physical activity.},
Doi = {10.1176/ajp.137.12.1540},
Key = {fds271164}
}
@article{fds271163,
Author = {Bachorik, PS and Walker, R and Brownell, KD and Stunkard, AJ and Kwiterovich, PO},
Title = {Determination of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in
stored human plasma.},
Journal = {Journal of lipid research},
Volume = {21},
Number = {5},
Pages = {608-616},
Year = {1980},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0022-2275},
Abstract = {This study was performed to determine the effect of frozen
and unfrozen storage on plasma high density lipoprotein
(HDL) cholesterol analysis. HDL-cholesterol was determined,
following removal of the other lipoproteins by precipitation
with heparin and MnCl(2), in fresh plasma samples and in
aliquots of the samples that had been stored 1) unfrozen (4
degrees C), up to 14 days, 2) frozen (-20 degrees C), up to
14 days, and 3) frozen (-20 degrees C), 5-6 years. There
were progressive changes in measured HDL-cholesterol values
under all conditions of storage. The changes were
significantly and most highly correlated with
HDL-cholesterol level and they reached about 4 mg/dl for
each 10 mg/dl initial HDL-cholesterol concentration. Samples
with low HDL-cholesterol concentrations tended to increase
with storage, and those with high HDL-cholesterol levels
tended to decrease. Since the changes were in opposite
directions, the group means tended to be preserved. The mean
differences between fresh and stored samples were
(stored-fresh): 1-14 days, 4 degrees C, -0.10 to +4.60
mg/dl; 1 hour-14 days, -20 degrees C, +0.80 to +1.92 mg/dl;
5-6 years -20 degrees C, -1.92 mg/dl. Values changed most
rapidly during storage at 4 degrees C and were accompanied
by changes in the precipitability of the lipoproteins; low
density lipoproteins became progressively difficult to
precipitate completely, and HDL became progressively easier
to precipitate. The measured HDL-cholesterol level depends
on which process predominates and can lead to grossly
inaccurate measurements, particularly at the extremes of
HDL-cholesterol concentration.-Bachorik, P. S., R. Walker,
K. D. Brownell, A. J. Stunkard, and P. O. Kwiterovich.
Determination of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in
stored human plasma.},
Key = {fds271163}
}
@article{fds271161,
Author = {Stunkard, AJ and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Work-site treatment for obesity.},
Journal = {The American journal of psychiatry},
Volume = {137},
Number = {2},
Pages = {252-253},
Year = {1980},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.137.2.252},
Abstract = {The authors report here the first controlled clinical trial
of treatment for obesity at the work site. The study was
designed to assess the feasibility of work-site treatment
for obesity, and compare the effectiveness of various
treatment conditions: work site versus medical site, lay
therapist versus professional therapist, and frequent versus
conventional (once weekly) treatment. They found that
work-site treatment for obesity is feasible and that lay
therapists are at least as effective as professional
therapists.},
Doi = {10.1176/ajp.137.2.252},
Key = {fds271161}
}
@article{fds271160,
Author = {Terence Wilson and G and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Behavior therapy for obesity: An evaluation of treatment
outcome},
Journal = {Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy},
Volume = {3},
Number = {2},
Pages = {49-86},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1980},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0146-6402},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(80)90001-6},
Abstract = {The long-term evidence on the behavioral treatment of
obesity, including both experimentally controlled outcome
studies and uncontrolled clinical trials, is critically
reviewed. Results of the controlled studies show that weight
loss at post-treatment (a mean of 10-11 lbs) is generally
maintained at a one year follow-up. However, there is little
evidence of continued weight loss during follow-up. The few
studies with follow-ups of more than one year show less
satisfactory maintenance of treatment effects. Other
findings include marked variability in weight loss, the
failure to find prognostic indicators, the absence of
negative side-effects, and greatly reduced attrition. Ten of
the 17 controlled studies included specific maintenance
strategies, booster sessions being the preferred strategy
despite the lack of supporting data. Findings from the
controlled clinical trials are largely consistent with those
of the controlled studies. Suggestions for improving the
efficiency of behavioral treatment programs are made, with
specific emphasis on changing treatment format, emphasizing
physical activity, and incorporating improved maintenance
strategies. The outcome evidence is summarized in an
extended discussion of the question, what treatment
method(s), administered by whom, for which populations, has
what effects, on what measures, and at what cost. ©
1981.},
Doi = {10.1016/0146-6402(80)90001-6},
Key = {fds271160}
}
@article{fds271159,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Heckerman, CL and Westlake, RJ},
Title = {The behavioral control of obesity: a descriptive analysis of
a large-scale program.},
Journal = {Journal of clinical psychology},
Volume = {35},
Number = {4},
Pages = {864-869},
Year = {1979},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197910)35:4<864::aid-jclp2270350436>3.0.co},
Abstract = {Evaluated a behavoiral treatment program for 147 obese
patients in a Weight Control Clinic. Weight losses during
treatment averaged 11.01 pounds with large inter-S
variability. Unlike past studies, patients continued to lose
weight during a 6-month follow-up period. Weight loss was
associated with age and initial degree of obesity, but other
demographic and psychological variables failed to predict
success in treatment. A critical examination of the
attrition problem was carried out to determine the
relationship between patient variables and the propensity to
terminate treatment prematurely. Results demonstrate the
utility of bahvioral treatment procedures for obesity, yet
further research is needed to reduce attrition and to
facilitate long-term maintenance of weight
loss.},
Doi = {10.1002/1097-4679(197910)35:4<864::aid-jclp2270350436>3.0.co},
Key = {fds271159}
}
@article{fds271157,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {Obesity and adherence to behavioral programs.},
Journal = {NIDA research monograph},
Volume = {No. 25},
Number = {25},
Pages = {224-237},
Year = {1979},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e497382006-017},
Doi = {10.1037/e497382006-017},
Key = {fds271157}
}
@article{fds271156,
Author = {Krassner, HA and Brownell, KD and Stunkard, AJ},
Title = {Cleaning the plate: food left by overweight and normal
weight persons.},
Journal = {Behaviour research and therapy},
Volume = {17},
Number = {2},
Pages = {155-156},
Year = {1979},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7967},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(79)90024-x},
Abstract = {The amount of food left on trays after a clinner meal in a
university cafeteria was measured for 146 persons. Half of
the subjects were overweight and half were normal weight.
Overweight women left significantly less food on their trays
than did women of normal weight. Among men, the overweight
also left less food but the difference did not reach
significance. These findings suggest that food left over
must be measured in estimating food intake from food choice,
that behavior therapy injunctions to leave food on the plate
are justified, and that obesity may be, at least in part, a
result of learned patterns of behavior. ©
1979.},
Doi = {10.1016/0005-7967(79)90024-x},
Key = {fds271156}
}
@article{fds271158,
Author = {Wilson, GT and Brownell, K},
Title = {Behavior therapy for obesity: Including family members in
the treatment process},
Journal = {Behavior Therapy},
Volume = {9},
Number = {5},
Pages = {943-945},
Year = {1979},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds271158}
}
@article{fds271154,
Author = {Heckerman, CL and Brownell, KD and Westlake, RJ},
Title = {Self and external monitoring of weight.},
Journal = {Psychological reports},
Volume = {43},
Number = {2},
Pages = {375-378},
Year = {1978},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1978.43.2.375},
Doi = {10.2466/pr0.1978.43.2.375},
Key = {fds271154}
}
@article{fds271153,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Heckerman, CL and Westlake, RJ},
Title = {Therapist and group contact as variables in the behavioral
treatment of obesity.},
Journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
Volume = {46},
Number = {3},
Pages = {593-594},
Year = {1978},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.46.3.593},
Abstract = {Randomly assigned 29 obese females (average age 48.7 yrs),
to 1 of 3 experimental conditions: (a) a "standard"
behavioral treatment (SBT) group emphasizing self-management
techniques (Ss attended group therapy meetings weekly for 10
wks, then monthly for 6 mo and were given a weight control
manual); (b) a group receiving the weight control manual via
mail with little professional contact (MMC); and (c) a
waiting list control condition. Results reveal a superiority
of both treatment conditions over the control condition at
posttreatment. SBT Ss did significantly better than MMC Ss
at posttreatment but not at the 6-mo follow-up. Weight loss
for MMC Ss was minimal. The use of "do-it-yourself"
treatment manuals is challenged. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1978 American
Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.46.3.593},
Key = {fds271153}
}
@article{fds271152,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Stunkard, AJ},
Title = {Behavioral treatment of obesity in children.},
Journal = {American journal of diseases of children
(1960)},
Volume = {132},
Number = {4},
Pages = {403-412},
Year = {1978},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1978.02120290075015},
Abstract = {The development of behavioral techniques for the control of
obesity in children is reviewed. Techniques developed for
the treatment of obese adults have recently been modified
for use with children, and to date, six studies exist that
have evaluated their use. The results are encouraging and it
appears that behavior therapy offers new promise in the
treatment of this difficult problem. The review ends with a
survey of behavioral techniques and suggestions for further
reading.},
Doi = {10.1001/archpedi.1978.02120290075015},
Key = {fds271152}
}
@article{fds271149,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Stunkard, AJ},
Title = {Behavior therapy and behavior change: uncertainties in
programs for weight control.},
Journal = {Behaviour research and therapy},
Volume = {16},
Number = {4},
Pages = {301},
Year = {1978},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7967},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(78)90033-5},
Doi = {10.1016/0005-7967(78)90033-5},
Key = {fds271149}
}
@article{fds271150,
Author = {Hayes, SC and Brownell, KD and Barlow, DH},
Title = {The use of self-administered covert sensitization in the
treatment of exhibitionism and sadism},
Journal = {Behavior Therapy},
Volume = {9},
Number = {2},
Pages = {283-289},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1978},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7894},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(78)80114-2},
Abstract = {This case study examines the response-response relationships
between three distinct patterns of sexual
arousal-exhibitionism, sadism, and heterosexual arousal-in
the treatment of a 25-year-old male arrested for
exhibitionism and attempted rape. Physiological and
self-report measures of appropriate and deviant arousal were
obtained in a baseline phase. Subsequently, a modification
of covert sensitization involving the use of realistic
aversive scenes and self-administration was successively
employed with the two deviant arousal patterns in
multiple-baseline fashion. Implementation of the treatment
program led to rapid and stable reductions in both
physiological and self-report measures of the specific
arousal patterns being treated, while the other patterns of
sexual arousal remained unchanged. At the end of treatment
the client displayed low levels of arousal to
exhibitionistic and sadistic stimuli, while maintaining
appropriate heterosexual arousal. These treatment gains were
sustained during a 2-month follow-up period. The data
support the view that patterns of sexual arousal are
independent entities which require individual assessment and
treatment. The theoretical advantages of self-administered
covert sensitization are discussed. © 1978 Association for
Advancement of Behavior Therapy.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0005-7894(78)80114-2},
Key = {fds271150}
}
@article{fds271151,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Heckerman, CL and Westlake, RJ and Hayes, SC and Monti,
PM},
Title = {The effect of couples training and partner co-operativeness
in the behavioral treatment of obesity.},
Journal = {Behaviour research and therapy},
Volume = {16},
Number = {5},
Pages = {323-333},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1978},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7967},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(78)90002-5},
Abstract = {To evaluate the influence of spouse co-operativeness and
couples training in the treatment of obesity, 29 obese men
and women were assigned to three experimental conditions:
(1) Co-operative spouse-couples training: subjects attended
all meetings with spouses. Spouses were trained in modeling,
monitoring, and reinforcement techniques; (2) Co-operative
spouse-subject alone: subjects attended meetings alone even
though their partners had agreed to become involved in
treatment; (3) Non-cooperative spouse: subjects had spouses
refusing to participate in the program, and attended
sessions alone. At the 3-month and 6-month maintenance
assessments. subjects in the spouse training condition lost
significantly more weight than subjects in the other two
conditions. Weight losses compared favorably to those of any
controlled study with subjects in the couples training group
averaging nearly 30 lbs lost after 8 1 2 months of
treatment. In the absence of spouse training, subjects with
co-operative spouses did no better than subjects with
non-co-operative spouses. The findings suggest that spouse
training may have a potent facilitative effect in weight
reduction, and that this effect may promote long-term
maintenance of weight loss. © 1978.},
Doi = {10.1016/0005-7967(78)90002-5},
Key = {fds271151}
}
@article{fds271155,
Author = {Terence Wilson and G and Brownell, K},
Title = {Behavior therapy for obesity: Including family members in
the treatment process},
Journal = {Behavior Therapy},
Volume = {9},
Number = {5},
Pages = {943-945},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1978},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7894},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(78)80026-4},
Doi = {10.1016/S0005-7894(78)80026-4},
Key = {fds271155}
}
@article{fds271148,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Hayes, SC and Barlow, DH},
Title = {Patterns of appropriate and deviant sexual arousal: the
behavioral treatment of multiple sexual deviations.},
Journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology},
Volume = {45},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1144-1155},
Year = {1977},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.45.6.1144},
Abstract = {Single-S experimental methodology was used to evaluate the
relationship between distinct patterns of deviant sexual
arousal and heterosexual arousal. Five male 22-46 yr old Ss,
each exhibiting 2 patterns of deviant arousal, were
successfully treated with covert sensitization.
Physiological and self-report measures of arousal revealed
that heterosexual arousal did not increase as deviant
arousal declined, and deviant arousal did not decline as
heterosexual arousal increased. Each pattern of deviant
arousal did not decline until sequentially treated with
covert sensitization. In addition, covert sensitization was
effective in treating a wide variety of deviant arousal
patterns. The theoretical and clinical implications of a
functional independence among various patterns of sexual
arousal are discussed. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1977 American
Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.45.6.1144},
Key = {fds271148}
}
@article{fds271147,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Colletti, G and Ersner-Hershfield, R and Hershfield,
SM and Terence Wilson and G},
Title = {Self-control in school children: Stringency and leniency in
self-determined and externally imposed performance
standards},
Journal = {Behavior Therapy},
Volume = {8},
Number = {3},
Pages = {442-455},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1977},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7894},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(77)80080-4},
Abstract = {This experiment was designed to investigate the capacity of
stringent and lenient performance standards to elicit and
maintain academic performance when self-determined or
externally imposed. The ability of stringency instructions
and social reinforcement to prompt the enduring
self-selection of stringent standards was also examined
Children in two contingent reinforcement conditions were
allowed to self-determine performance standards with one
group given stringency instructions and social
reinforcement, while the same requirements were externally
imposed upon yoked children in two other contingent
reinforcement conditions. Control subjects performed in the
absence of reinforcement. Subjects allowed to self-determine
performance standards performed significantly better during
reinforcement on one dependent measure than did subjects
whose standards were externally imposed, while on the other
dependent measure the groups performed equally well.
Stringency instructions and social reinforcement were
effective in eliciting and maintaining the self-selection of
stringent standards. On both dependent measures, stringent
standards (whether self-determined or externally imposed)
were more effective than lenient standards in eliciting
performance during reinforcement. © 1977 Association for
Advancement of Behavior Therapy. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0005-7894(77)80080-4},
Key = {fds271147}
}
@article{fds271146,
Author = {Brownell, KD and Barlow, DH},
Title = {Measurement and treatment of two sexual deviations in one
person},
Journal = {Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental
Psychiatry},
Volume = {7},
Number = {4},
Pages = {349-354},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1976},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0005-7916},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(76)90105-1},
Abstract = {Measurement and modification is described of the sexual
deviations of a 34-yr-old male with a history of
exhibitionism and sexual contact with his stepdaughter. A
multiple baseline design was employed to assess the effects
of covert sensitization not only on different patterns of
deviant arousal, but also on appropriate social and sexual
aspects of the subject's life. The analysis of
response-response relationships revealed a consistently
positive pattern responding, and enabled covert
sensitization to be applied to each specific pattern of
sexual arousal. © 1976.},
Doi = {10.1016/0005-7916(76)90105-1},
Key = {fds271146}
}
%% Book Chapter
@misc{fds343316,
Author = {Lott, M and Schwartz, M and Story, M and Brownell,
KD},
Title = {Why we need local, state, and national policy-based
approaches to improve children's nutrition in the united
states},
Pages = {731-755},
Booktitle = {Contemporary Endocrinology},
Year = {2018},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68192-4_42},
Abstract = {Government agencies have the authority to improve public
health through laws and policies. Childhood obesity is one
of the most pressing health issues today, and government
policies are a critical strategy to improve children's
nutrition and health. This chapter reviews evidence-based
policies that can be implemented at local, state, and
federal levels to improve children's nutrition and weight.
We discuss (a) why policy change may be more cost-effective
and impactful than programs aimed at individuals; (b) how to
strengthen federal child-feeding programs; and (c) which
policies have potential to improve and change food industry
practices.},
Doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-68192-4_42},
Key = {fds343316}
}
@misc{fds340743,
Author = {Lobel, O and Steinzor, R and Wansley, M and Sunstein, CR and Thaler, RH and Marks, AB and Sharma, LL and Teret, SP and Brownell, KD and Beckett,
K},
Title = {Direct regulation for the public’s health and
safety},
Pages = {233-273},
Booktitle = {Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader, Third
Edition},
Year = {2018},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780520294660},
Key = {fds340743}
}
@misc{fds317718,
Author = {Brownell, KD},
Title = {The power of industry (money) in influencing
science},
Pages = {197-199},
Booktitle = {Ethical Challenges in the Behavioral and Brain
Sciences},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781107039735},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/9781139626491.063},
Abstract = {An issue generating considerable controversy is whether
scientists can remain objective and unbiased when accepting
money from industry. Large amounts of money change hands
between industry and scientists, and this practice has been
challenged in prominent articles both in the profession and
the press. Many thought leaders, infields where industry has
a financial stake, have been approached and offered
financial benefits. This takes a number of forms including
research support, speaking fees, funds to serve on advisory
boards, or trips to participate in meetings with other
professionals. The money is consequential, sometimes
amounting to more than an individual makes in his or her
university salary. This leaves scientists in the difi cult
position of accepting the enticements industry offers and
feeling as if they can help change business practices from
within, versus addressing questions of conflicts of interest
and fearing the appearance and perhaps the reality of being
tainted. The most extreme example in my own experience was
an offer of $50,000 from a major food company for less than
one day of consulting. One must guess at the motives of
industry. There may be a genuine interest in input from
scientists or there may be motives beyond the specific
input. In the case where I was offered the payment of
$50,000, I agreed to advise the company under three
conditions: that I not receive payment, that I cover my own
travel costs, and that my name not be listed in any
publicity generated by the company. The offer to advise the
company was withdrawn.},
Doi = {10.1007/9781139626491.063},
Key = {fds317718}
}
@misc{fds323424,
Author = {Thomas, JJ and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Obesity},
Pages = {797-800},
Booktitle = {Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine,
Second Edition},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780511543579},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543579.207},
Abstract = {Introduction A critical turning point in the history of
human food consumption has become evident. With famine and
undernutrition the central food issues for much of human
history, we now face the opposite: overnutrition and
obesity. The number of individuals who are overnourished now
equals or exceeds the number undernourished (WHO, 1998), and
the prevalence of obesity is increasing in every corner of
the world. The percentage of individuals in the USA who are
either overweight or obese rose from 55.9% in 1994 to 65.7%
in 2002 (Flegal et al., 2002; Hedley et al., 2004) leading
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to apply the
word ‘epidemic’ (CDC, 2004). The most widely used index
of obesity is the body mass index (BMI), which is calculated
as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
(i.e. kg/m2). The World Health Organization defined obesity
as a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, given epidemiological data showing
that mortality at this weight is increased by 30% (Manson et
al., 1995). Premature deaths associated with obesity are
primarily attributable to cardiovascular disease, Type II
diabetes and several cancers (Pi-Sunyer, 1993) (see chapters
on ‘Coronary heart disease’ and ‘Diabetes
mellitus’). Obesity also carries many additional
complications including hypertension, sleep apnoea, gall
bladder disease and osteoarthritis (see ‘Hypertension’,
‘Sleep apnoea’ and ‘Osteoarthritis’). Some, but not
all, data suggest that obesity is associated with increased
risk for psychological distress, including binge eating and
depression.},
Doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511543579.207},
Key = {fds323424}
}
@misc{fds339273,
Author = {Puhl, RM and Brownell, KD and DePierre, JA},
Title = {Bias, Discrimination, and Obesity},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {461-470},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Obesity: Epidemiology, Etiology, and
Physiopathology: Volume 1, Third Edition},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781842145579},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16473-47},
Abstract = {Obese individuals are highly stigmatized in our society,
with bias and discrimination being common outcomes.1-3 The
prevalence of weight discrimination has increased by 66% in
the past decade4 and is now comparable to and in some cases
exceeds racial discrimination.5 Given the prevalence of
overweight and obesity in the American population, the
number of children and adults potentially faced with
stigmatization is immense. The consequences of being denied
jobs, disadvantaged in education, marginalized by
health-care professionals, or victimized by peers because of
one’s weight can have a profound impact on quality of
life. Obese individuals can suffer terribly from both direct
discrimination and less overt behaviors (e.g., teasing and
social exclusion) that arise from weight-related
stigma.},
Doi = {10.1201/b16473-47},
Key = {fds339273}
}
@misc{fds342115,
Author = {Puhl, R and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Bias, discrimination and obesity},
Pages = {607-617},
Booktitle = {Health and Human Rights in a Changing World},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780415503983},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203576298},
Abstract = {It has been said that obese persons are the last acceptable
targets of discrimination.1-4 Anecdotes abound about
overweight individuals being ridiculed by teachers,
physicians, and complete strangers in public settings, such
as supermarkets, restaurants, and shopping areas. Fat jokes
and derogatory portrayals of obese people in popular media
are common. Overweight people tell stories of receiving poor
grades in school, being denied jobs and promotions, losing
the opportunity to adopt children, and more. Some who have
written on the topic insist that there is a strong and
consistent pattern of discrimination, 5 but no systematic
review of the scientific evidence has been
done.},
Doi = {10.4324/9780203576298},
Key = {fds342115}
}
@misc{fds340095,
Author = {Puhl, RM and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Bias, discrimination, and obesity},
Pages = {81-90},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Obesity: Clinical Applications, Third
Edition},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781420051445},
Abstract = {Obese individuals are highly stigmatized in our society,
with bias and discrimination as common outcomes (1,2). Given
the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the American
population, the number of children and adults potentially
faced with stigmatization is immense. The consequences of
being denied jobs, disadvantaged in education, marginalized
by health care professionals, or victimized by peers because
of one’s weight can have a profound impact on quality of
life. Obese individuals can suffer terribly from this, both
from direct discrimination and from less overt behaviors
(e.g., teasing and social exclusion) that arise from
weight-related stigma.},
Key = {fds340095}
}
@misc{fds340096,
Author = {Geier, AB and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Acknowledging and reversing the toxic environment},
Pages = {429-446},
Booktitle = {Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781574448634},
Abstract = {With the prevalence of obesity being at record levels and
showing every indication of increasing descriptors such as
“epidemic” and “crisis” seem justified (1). To
prevent even more unnecessary death, disability, and damage
to the nation’s collective well being, an honest analysis
of cause is necessary; the factors contributing to the
causes must be identified and confronted, and bold action
must be taken to change the conditions causing the
problems.},
Key = {fds340096}
}
@misc{fds342446,
Author = {Puhl, RM and Brownell, KD},
Title = {Bias, prejudice, discrimination, and obesity},
Pages = {69-74},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Obesity: Clinical Applications},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780824747732},
Abstract = {Research is clear in showing that obese individuals are
highly stigmatized, and that bias and discrimination are
often a consequence (1). Given that half the American
population is overweight, the number of people potentially
faced with discrimination and stigmatization is immense. The
consequences of being denied jobs, disadvantaged in
education, or marginalized by health care professionals
because of one’s weight can have a profound impact on
family life, social status, and quality of life. Obese
individuals can suffer terribly from this, both from direct
discrimination and from other behaviors (e.g., teasing and
social exclusion) that arise from weight-related
stigma.},
Key = {fds342446}
}