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| Publications of Stuart L. Pimm :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
%% Papers Published
@article{fds369657,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Diamond, J and Bishop, KD},
Title = {Species coexistence by wide constant size
spacing.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {120},
Number = {9},
Pages = {e2217904120},
Year = {2023},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2217904120},
Abstract = {We consider the distribution of fruit pigeons of the genera
<i>Ptilinopus</i> and <i>Ducula</i> on the island of New
Guinea. Of the 21 species, between six and eight coexist
inside humid lowland forests. We conducted or analyzed 31
surveys at 16 different sites, resurveying some sites in
different years. The species coexisting at any single site
in a single year are a highly nonrandom selection of the
species to which that site is geographically accessible.
Their sizes are both much more widely spread and more
uniformly spaced than in random sets of species drawn from
the locally available species pool. We also present a
detailed case study of a highly mobile species that has been
recorded on every ornithologically explored island in the
West Papuan island group west of New Guinea. That species'
rareness on just three well-surveyed islands within the
group cannot be due to an inability to reach them. Instead,
its local status decreases from abundant resident to rare
vagrant in parallel with increasing weight proximity of the
other resident species.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.2217904120},
Key = {fds369657}
}
@article{fds363919,
Author = {Warudkar, A and Goyal, N and Kher, V and Vinay, KL and Chanda, R and Bandi,
RS and Jenkins, CN and Robin, VV and Pimm, S},
Title = {Using the area of habitat to assess the extent of protection
of India's birds},
Journal = {Biotropica},
Volume = {54},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1466-1479},
Year = {2022},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.13132},
Abstract = {India hosts multiple global biodiversity hotspots while
being one of the most populous countries in the world. Here,
we examine how well India has protected its avifauna, based
on the fraction of their ranges falling within “protected
areas.” India has protected 5% of its land this way. The
issue is whether India has done better than expected in
protecting its threatened species. To this end, we assessed
99 Near Threatened, Threatened, and small-ranged species by
estimating their Area of Habitat (AOH). We refined published
species ranges using secondary information on elevation
limits and habitat preferences. More than half (52) of the
species assessed have their AOH <30% of their published
ranges, while 31 have <10%. India has protected 87
threatened species' AOH more than expected (>5%), and for 33
species, the proportion protected exceeds the Aichi target
(>17%). When we consider the top 10% richest regions as
hotspots, only 9.2% of their total area falls under India's
protected area network, inadequately covering areas with
most threatened birds. We also discuss the conservation
concerns for grassland and open habitat species across
India, since we find that substantial proportions of their
AOHs fall outside protected areas. This result highlights
the significance of alternative conservation models,
including other effective area-based conservation measures.
We show that species' AOH provides a more realistic
well-informed range that can aid in assessing their
protection status.},
Doi = {10.1111/btp.13132},
Key = {fds363919}
}
@article{fds363010,
Author = {Tinsley-Marshall, P and Downey, H and Adum, G and Al-Fulaij, N and Bourn, NAD and Brotherton, PNM and Frick, WF and Hancock, MH and Hellon,
J and Hudson, MA and Kortland, K and Mastro, K and McNicol, CM and McPherson, T and Mickleburgh, S and Moss, JF and Nichols, CP and O'Brien, D and Ockendon, N and Paterson, S and Parks, D and Pimm, SL and Schofield, H and Simkins, AT and Watuwa, J and Wormald, K and Wilkinson,
J and Wilson, JD and Sutherland, WJ},
Title = {Funding and delivering the routine testing of management
interventions to improve conservation effectiveness},
Journal = {Journal for Nature Conservation},
Volume = {67},
Year = {2022},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126184},
Abstract = {Evidence-based approaches are key for underpinning effective
conservation practice, but major gaps in the evidence of the
effectiveness of interventions limit their use. Conservation
practitioners could make major contributions to filling
these gaps but often lack the time, funding, or capacity to
do so properly. Many funders target the delivery of
conservation and can be reluctant to fund primary research.
We analysed the literature testing the effectiveness of
interventions. Of a sample of 1,265 publications published
in 2019 that tested conservation interventions, 96% included
academics. Only 21% included conservation practitioners, of
which just under half were first or last author. A community
of conservation funders and practitioners undertook a series
of workshops to explore means of improving the quality and
quantity of intervention testing. A survey of the suggested
proportion of conservation grants that should be allocated
to testing intervention effectiveness showed practitioners
tended to prefer larger percentages (median 3–6%) than
funders (median 1–3%), but the overlap was considerable.
Funders can facilitate the testing of interventions through
a range of measures, including welcoming applications that
incorporate testing, allocating funds to testing, and
providing training and support to deliver testing. The
funders represented by the authors of this paper have
committed to these actions. Practitioners can contribute by
committing to routine testing, benefiting from funding
allocated specifically to testing, and establishing
processes for testing interventions. The organisations of
the practitioner authors have committed to test at least one
intervention per year and share findings, regardless of
outcome. Currently, practitioners rarely lead the testing of
conservation actions. We suggest processes by which both
funders and practitioners can make this routine. This will
not only improve the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of
practice, but also make conservation more attractive to
funders.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126184},
Key = {fds363010}
}
@article{fds363339,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {We can have biodiversity and eat too.},
Journal = {Nature Food},
Volume = {3},
Number = {5},
Pages = {310-311},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {2022},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00503-0},
Doi = {10.1038/s43016-022-00503-0},
Key = {fds363339}
}
@article{fds364093,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Thomas Lovejoy (1941-2021).},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {32},
Number = {10},
Pages = {R446},
Year = {2022},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.072},
Abstract = {Stuart Pimm remembers ecologist and conservationist Tom
Lovejoy, who coined the term biodiversity.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.072},
Key = {fds364093}
}
@article{fds362122,
Author = {Bernstein, AS and Ando, AW and Loch-Temzelides, T and Vale, MM and Li,
BV and Li, H and Busch, J and Chapman, CA and Kinnaird, M and Nowak, K and Castro, MC and Zambrana-Torrelio, C and Ahumada, JA and Xiao, L and Roehrdanz, P and Kaufman, L and Hannah, L and Daszak, P and Pimm, SL and Dobson, AP},
Title = {The costs and benefits of primary prevention of zoonotic
pandemics.},
Journal = {Science Advances},
Volume = {8},
Number = {5},
Pages = {eabl4183},
Year = {2022},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl4183},
Abstract = {The lives lost and economic costs of viral zoonotic
pandemics have steadily increased over the past century.
Prominent policymakers have promoted plans that argue the
best ways to address future pandemic catastrophes should
entail, "detecting and containing emerging zoonotic
threats." In other words, we should take actions only after
humans get sick. We sharply disagree. Humans have extensive
contact with wildlife known to harbor vast numbers of
viruses, many of which have not yet spilled into humans. We
compute the annualized damages from emerging viral zoonoses.
We explore three practical actions to minimize the impact of
future pandemics: better surveillance of pathogen spillover
and development of global databases of virus genomics and
serology, better management of wildlife trade, and
substantial reduction of deforestation. We find that these
primary pandemic prevention actions cost less than 1/20th
the value of lives lost each year to emerging viral zoonoses
and have substantial cobenefits.},
Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.abl4183},
Key = {fds362122}
}
@article{fds362123,
Author = {Dobson, A and Hopcraft, G and Mduma, S and Ogutu, JO and Fryxell, J and Anderson, TM and Archibald, S and Lehmann, C and Poole, J and Caro, T and Mulder, MB and Holt, RD and Berger, J and Rubenstein, DI and Kahumbu, P and Chidumayo, EN and Milner-Gulland, EJ and Schluter, D and Otto, S and Balmford, A and Wilcove, D and Pimm, S and Veldman, JW and Olff, H and Noss, R and Holdo, R and Beale, C and Hempson, G and Kiwango, Y and Lindenmayer, D and Bond, W and Ritchie, M and Sinclair,
ARE},
Title = {Savannas are vital but overlooked carbon
sinks.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {375},
Number = {6579},
Pages = {392},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn4482},
Doi = {10.1126/science.abn4482},
Key = {fds362123}
}
@article{fds362834,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Edward O. Wilson (1929-2021).},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {375},
Number = {6579},
Pages = {385},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn9848},
Abstract = {[Figure: see text].},
Doi = {10.1126/science.abn9848},
Key = {fds362834}
}
@article{fds367449,
Author = {Huang, RM and van Aarde, RJ and Pimm, SL and Chase, MJ and Leggett,
K},
Title = {Mapping potential connections between Southern Africa's
elephant populations.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {17},
Number = {10},
Pages = {e0275791},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275791},
Abstract = {Southern Africa spans nearly 7 million km2 and contains
approximately 80% of the world's savannah elephants
(Loxodonta africana) mostly living in isolated protected
areas. Here we ask what are the prospects for improving the
connections between these populations? We combine 1.2
million telemetry observations from 254 elephants with
spatial data on environmental factors and human land use
across eight southern African countries. Telemetry data show
what natural features limit elephant movement and what human
factors, including fencing, further prevent or restrict
dispersal. The resulting intersection of geospatial data and
elephant presences provides a map of suitable landscapes
that are environmentally appropriate for elephants and where
humans allow elephants to occupy. We explore the
environmental and anthropogenic constraints in detail using
five case studies. Lastly, we review all the major potential
connections that may remain to connect a fragmented elephant
metapopulation and document connections that are no longer
feasible.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0275791},
Key = {fds367449}
}
@article{fds359932,
Author = {Halley, JM and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The Dynamic Hypercube as a Niche Community
Model},
Journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {9},
Year = {2021},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.686403},
Abstract = {Different models of community dynamics, such as the
MacArthur–Wilson theory of island biogeography and
Hubbell’s neutral theory, have given us useful insights
into the workings of ecological communities. Here, we
develop the niche-hypervolume concept of the community into
a powerful model of community dynamics. We describe the
community’s size through the volume of the hypercube and
the dynamics of the populations in it through the
fluctuations of the axes of the niche hypercube on different
timescales. While the community’s size remains constant,
the relative volumes of the niches within it change
continuously, thus allowing the populations of different
species to rise and fall in a zero-sum fashion. This dynamic
hypercube model reproduces several key patterns in
communities: lognormal species abundance distributions,
1/f-noise population abundance, multiscale patterns of
extinction debt and logarithmic species-time curves. It also
provides a powerful framework to explore significant ideas
in ecology, such as the drift of ecological communities into
evolutionary time.},
Doi = {10.3389/fevo.2021.686403},
Key = {fds359932}
}
@article{fds359852,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Willigan, E and Kolarova, A and Huang,
R},
Title = {Reconnecting nature.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {31},
Number = {19},
Pages = {R1159-R1164},
Year = {2021},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.040},
Abstract = {The U.N. has declared 2021-2030 the 'decade of restoration'
(https://www.decadeonrestoration.org). This initiative
aspires to many actions, but its agenda must include
'reconnecting nature'. Even when natural habitats remain,
they often come in fragments too small or isolated to
sustain viable populations. Human activities surround
habitats with unsuitable areas or constrict animals'
movements with artificial barriers, such as roads or fences.
The harm this fragmentation causes is evident. Here, we
discuss various actions to mitigate its problems, seeking
explicit evidence of their efficacy. These actions range
from small-scale, controlled experiments to continent-wide
programmes to allow species the freedom to roam. Even simple
connections, such as highway overpasses or tunnels, usually
allow movement such that the genetic and demographic
problems that beset small, isolated populations may be
diminished. Showing that species move when we give them the
chance to do so may be a sufficient measure of success, even
if we do not always understand the consequences in
detail.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.040},
Key = {fds359852}
}
@article{fds358240,
Author = {Kong, L and Xu, W and Xiao, Y and Pimm, SL and Shi, H and Ouyang,
Z},
Title = {Spatial models of giant pandas under current and future
conditions reveal extinction risks.},
Journal = {Nature Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {5},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1309-1316},
Year = {2021},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01520-1},
Abstract = {In addition to habitat loss and fragmentation, demographic
processes-the vagaries of births, deaths and sex ratio
fluctuations-pose substantial threats to wild giant panda
populations. Additionally, climate change and plans for the
Giant Panda National Park may influence (in opposing
directions) the extinction risk for wild giant pandas. The
Fourth National Giant Panda Census showed pandas living in
33 isolated populations. An estimated 259 animals live in 25
of these groups, ~14% of the total population. We used
individual-based models to simulate time series of these
small populations for 100 years. We analysed the spatial
pattern of their risk of extinction under current conditions
and multiple climate change models. Furthermore, we consider
the impact of the proposed Giant Panda National Park.
Results showed that 15 populations face a risk >90%, and for
3 other populations the risk is >50%. Of the 15 most at-risk
populations, national parks can protect only 3. Under the
Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 climate change
scenario, the 33 populations will probably further divide
into 56 populations. Some 41 of them will face a risk >50%
and 35 face a risk >90%. Although national parks will
probably connect some fragmented habitats, 26 populations
will be outside national park planning. Our study gives
practical advice for conservation policies and management
and has implications for the conservation of other species
in the world that live in isolated, fragmented
habitats.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41559-021-01520-1},
Key = {fds358240}
}
@article{fds358793,
Author = {Mi, X and Feng, G and Hu, Y and Zhang, J and Chen, L and Corlett, RT and Hughes, AC and Pimm, S and Schmid, B and Shi, S and Svenning, J-C and Ma,
K},
Title = {The global significance of biodiversity science in China: an
overview.},
Journal = {National Science Review},
Volume = {8},
Number = {7},
Pages = {nwab032},
Year = {2021},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwab032},
Abstract = {Biodiversity science in China has seen rapid growth over
recent decades, ranging from baseline biodiversity studies
to understanding the processes behind evolution across
dynamic regions such as the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We
review research, including species catalogues; biodiversity
monitoring; the origins, distributions, maintenance and
threats to biodiversity; biodiversity-related ecosystem
function and services; and species and ecosystems' responses
to global change. Next, we identify priority topics and
offer suggestions and priorities for future biodiversity
research in China. These priorities include (i) the ecology
and biogeography of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and
surrounding mountains, and that of subtropical and tropical
forests across China; (ii) marine and inland aquatic
biodiversity; and (iii) effective conservation and
management to identify and maintain synergies between
biodiversity and socio-economic development to fulfil
China's vision for becoming an ecological civilization. In
addition, we propose three future strategies: (i) translate
advanced biodiversity science into practice for biodiversity
conservation; (ii) strengthen capacity building and
application of advanced technologies, including
high-throughput sequencing, genomics and remote sensing; and
(iii) strengthen and expand international collaborations.
Based on the recent rapid progress of biodiversity research,
China is well positioned to become a global leader in
biodiversity research in the near future.},
Doi = {10.1093/nsr/nwab032},
Key = {fds358793}
}
@article{fds355507,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {What is biodiversity conservation? : This article belongs to
Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Biodiversity
Conservation.},
Journal = {Ambio},
Volume = {50},
Number = {5},
Pages = {976-980},
Year = {2021},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01399-5},
Abstract = {Conservation science is a new and evolving discipline, so it
seems prudent to explore different approaches. That said, we
should examine what we know and, vitally, what works to
conserve biodiversity and what does not. Ecosystem processes
determine the fate of many species, but many attempts to
theorise about ecosystems have led to ever more fanciful
descriptions of nature. All conservation is local. It will
only succeed if we find ways to accommodate people and
nature. That does not mean indigenous knowledge acquired
over millennia will be sufficient to our ever more
overcrowded planet. Observational and experimental studies
of small populations of wild species, however, do provide
practical insights into how to manage biodiversity across
much larger geographical extents.},
Doi = {10.1007/s13280-020-01399-5},
Key = {fds355507}
}
@article{fds360056,
Author = {Huang, RM and Medina, W and Brooks, TM and Butchart, SHM and Fitzpatrick, JW and Hermes, C and Jenkins, CN and Johnston, A and Lebbin, DJ and Li, BV and Ocampo-Peñuela, N and Parr, M and Wheatley,
H and Wiedenfeld, DA and Wood, C and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Batch-produced, GIS-informed range maps for birds based on
provenanced, crowd-sourced data inform conservation
assessments.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {16},
Number = {11},
Pages = {e0259299},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259299},
Abstract = {Accurate maps of species ranges are essential to inform
conservation, but time-consuming to produce and update.
Given the pace of change of knowledge about species
distributions and shifts in ranges under climate change and
land use, a need exists for timely mapping approaches that
enable batch processing employing widely available data. We
develop a systematic approach of batch-processing range maps
and derived Area of Habitat maps for terrestrial bird
species with published ranges below 125,000 km2 in Central
and South America. (Area of Habitat is the habitat available
to a species within its range.) We combine existing range
maps with the rapidly expanding crowd-sourced eBird data of
presences and absences from frequently surveyed locations,
plus readily accessible, high resolution satellite data on
forest cover and elevation to map the Area of Habitat
available to each species. Users can interrogate the maps
produced to see details of the observations that contributed
to the ranges. Previous estimates of Areas of Habitat were
constrained within the published ranges and thus were, by
definition, smaller-typically about 30%. This reflects how
little habitat within suitable elevation ranges exists
within the published ranges. Our results show that on
average, Areas of Habitat are 12% larger than published
ranges, reflecting the often-considerable extent that eBird
records expand the known distributions of species.
Interestingly, there are substantial differences between
threatened and non-threatened species. Some 40% of
Critically Endangered, 43% of Endangered, and 55% of
Vulnerable species have Areas of Habitat larger than their
published ranges, compared with 31% for Near Threatened and
Least Concern species. The important finding for
conservation is that threatened species are generally more
widespread than previously estimated.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0259299},
Key = {fds360056}
}
@article{fds355009,
Author = {van Aarde, RJ and Pimm, SL and Guldemond, R and Huang, R and Maré,
C},
Title = {The 2020 elephant die-off in Botswana.},
Journal = {Peerj},
Volume = {9},
Pages = {e10686},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10686},
Abstract = {The cause of deaths of 350 elephants in 2020 in a relatively
small unprotected area of northern Botswana is unknown, and
may never be known. Media speculations about it ignore
ecological realities. Worse, they make conjectures that can
be detrimental to wildlife and sometimes discredit
conservation incentives. A broader understanding of the
ecological and conservation issues speaks to elephant
management across the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier
Conservation Area that extends across Botswana, Namibia,
Angola, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Our communication addresses
these. Malicious poisoning and poaching are unlikely to have
played a role. Other species were unaffected, and elephant
carcases had their tusks intact. Restriction of freshwater
supplies that force elephants to use pans as a water source
possibly polluted by blue-green algae blooms is a possible
cause, but as yet not supported by evidence. No other
species were involved. A contagious disease is the more
probable one. Fences and a deep channel of water confine
these elephants' dispersal. These factors explain the
elephants' relatively high population growth rate despite a
spell of increased poaching during 2014-2018. While the
deaths represent only ~2% of the area's elephants, the
additive effects of poaching and stress induced by people
protecting their crops cause alarm. Confinement and
relatively high densities probably explain why the die-off
occurred only here. It suggests a re-alignment or removal of
fences that restrict elephant movements and limits
year-round access to freshwater.},
Doi = {10.7717/peerj.10686},
Key = {fds355009}
}
@article{fds357028,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {What we need to know to prevent a mass extinction of plant
species},
Journal = {Plants People Planet},
Volume = {3},
Number = {1},
Pages = {7-15},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10160},
Abstract = {Human actions are driving plant species to extinction at
rates a hundred to a thousand times faster than normal. To
prevent extinctions, it would be helpful to have a more
comprehensive taxonomic catalogue and much greater knowledge
of where plant species live. Addressing these questions must
be a scientific priority. However, what we know at present
is enough to effect practical conservation actions, such as
protecting more land in biodiverse places, reconnecting
fragmented habitats, and eliminating species introduced
outside their native ranges. For the benefit of people and
the planet, we can, and must act on what we know already, to
prevent catastrophic plant extinctions. Summary: Continuing
destruction of habitats—and especially tropical
forests—the introduction of plant and herbivorous animal
species outside their native ranges, and global climate
disruption all contribute to the extinction of plant
species. What can we do to prevent this? Do we have enough
basic information to make effective conservation decisions?
First, how many plant species are there? This question has
an easy element—how many species we know now—and a much
more difficult one—how many do we not know. Second, where
are the concentrations of plant species? Third, where are
the species we do not yet know? Fourth, what plant species
have gone extinct, and where did they live? A related
question is which species are threatened with extinction and
where do they live? Fifth, how well can we map threats to
species? For habitat loss, remote sensing provides satellite
images globally and very frequently. It does so at a
resolution that often displays individual trees and bushes.
Sixth, supposing we had detailed answers to the previous
questions, what are we doing to protect species? How well
does the existing network of protected areas encompass
species, especially those with the smallest ranges? Does
that network allow for species moving upslope as the climate
heats up? How well are managers doing in removing introduced
species? Although answering these questions must be a
scientific priority, we cannot wait until we have all the
answers. We can, and indeed must, act on what we know
already.},
Doi = {10.1002/ppp3.10160},
Key = {fds357028}
}
@article{fds353296,
Author = {Li, BV and Pimm, SL},
Title = {How China expanded its protected areas to conserve
biodiversity.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {30},
Number = {22},
Pages = {R1334-R1340},
Year = {2020},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.025},
Abstract = {How has the global network of protected areas developed -
and which decisions have guided this development? Answering
these questions may give insight into what might be possible
in the next decade. In 2021, China will host the Convention
of Biological Diversity's Conference, which will influence
the coming decade's agenda. We consider how China expanded
its protected areas in the last half-century. Did concerns
about biodiversity protection drive those decisions, or were
other factors responsible? Like other countries, China has
protected remote places with few people that are unusually
cold or dry or both. Despite that, species with small
geographical ranges that have the highest risk of extinction
are better protected than expected. Importantly, while the
growth of total area and number of protected areas has
slowed for the last decade, increases in protection of
forested ecosystems and the species they contain have
steadily increased. China's future reserve expansion must
consider where to protect biodiversity, not just how much
area to protect.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.025},
Key = {fds353296}
}
@article{fds350183,
Author = {Zhang, J and Pimm, SL and Xu, W and Shi, X and Xiao, Y and Kong, L and Fan, X and Ouyang, Z},
Title = {Relationship between giant panda populations and selected
ecosystem services},
Journal = {Ecosystem Services},
Volume = {44},
Year = {2020},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101130},
Abstract = {The Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Targets
address both biodiversity and ecosystem services. We explore
the relationship between giant panda populations and three
ecosystem services: carbon sequestration, water retention,
and soil retention. Do pandas prefer areas with higher than
average values of these services? Areas may be good for
pandas but not for these ecosystem services, and vice versa.
Answering these questions can focus panda conservation. We
map their spatial distribution and temporal changes from
2000 to 2015, by watershed, to target future protected areas
for both pandas and these ecosystem services. Pandas occupy
watersheds with above-average carbon sequestration and water
retention. There is no tendency for pandas to be increasing
in watersheds that have higher than average values of these
ecosystem services or in watersheds where they are
improving. Protected areas represented watersheds with
higher than average values of these ecosystem services but
without pandas only poorly. Watersheds with pandas do
provide higher than average ecosystem services, but
watersheds above average for these ecosystem services often
lack pandas. Those areas might be potentially important for
pandas, but obstacles block their way. We identified
conservation areas combining habitats, population, activity
range, and higher than average values of these ecosystem
services and then proposed new protected
areas.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101130},
Key = {fds350183}
}
@article{fds351225,
Author = {Dobson, AP and Pimm, SL and Hannah, L and Kaufman, L and Ahumada, JA and Ando, AW and Bernstein, A and Busch, J and Daszak, P and Engelmann, J and Kinnaird, MF and Li, BV and Loch-Temzelides, T and Lovejoy, T and Nowak,
K and Roehrdanz, PR and Vale, MM},
Title = {Ecology and economics for pandemic prevention.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {369},
Number = {6502},
Pages = {379-381},
Year = {2020},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc3189},
Doi = {10.1126/science.abc3189},
Key = {fds351225}
}
@article{fds347679,
Author = {Palacio, RD and Kattan, GH and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Bird extirpations and community dynamics in an Andean cloud
forest over 100 years of land-use change.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {34},
Number = {3},
Pages = {677-687},
Year = {2020},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13423},
Abstract = {Long-term studies to understand biodiversity changes remain
scarce-especially so for tropical mountains. We examined
changes from 1911 to 2016 in the bird community of the cloud
forest of San Antonio, a mountain ridge in the Colombian
Andes. We evaluated the effects of past land-use change and
assessed species vulnerability to climate disruption. Forest
cover decreased from 95% to 50% by 1959, and 33 forest
species were extirpated. From 1959 to 1990, forest cover
remained stable, and an additional 15 species were lost-a
total of 29% of the forest bird community. Thereafter,
forest cover increased by 26% and 17 species recolonized the
area. The main cause of extirpations was the loss of
connections to adjacent forests. Of the 31 (19%) extirpated
birds, 25 have ranges peripheral to San Antonio, mostly in
the lowlands. Most still occurred regionally, but broken
forest connections limited their recolonization. Other
causes of extirpation were hunting, wildlife trade, and
water diversion. Bird community changes included a shift
from predominantly common species to rare species; forest
generalists replaced forest specialists that require old
growth, and functional groups, such as large-body frugivores
and nectarivores, declined disproportionally. All
water-dependent birds were extirpated. Of the remaining 122
forest species, 19 are vulnerable to climate disruption, 10
have declined in abundance, and 4 are threatened. Our
results show unequivocal species losses and changes in
community structure and abundance at the local scale. We
found species were extirpated after habitat loss and
fragmentation, but forest recovery stopped extirpations and
helped species repopulate. Land-use changes increased
species vulnerability to climate change, and we suggest
reversing landscape transformation may restore biodiversity
and improve resistance to future threats.},
Doi = {10.1111/cobi.13423},
Key = {fds347679}
}
@article{fds345474,
Author = {Huang, R and Pimm, SL and Giri, C},
Title = {Using metapopulation theory for practical conservation of
mangrove endemic birds.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {34},
Number = {1},
Pages = {266-275},
Year = {2020},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13364},
Abstract = {As a landscape becomes increasingly fragmented through
habitat loss, the individual patches become smaller and more
isolated and thus less likely to sustain a local population.
Metapopulation theory is appropriate for analyzing
fragmented landscapes because it combines empirical
landscape features with species-specific information to
produce direct information on population extinction risks.
This approach contrasts with descriptions of habitat
fragments, which provide only indirect information on risk.
Combining a spatially explicit metapopulation model with
empirical data on endemic species' ranges and maps of
habitat cover, we calculated the metapopulation capacity-a
measure of a landscape's ability to sustain a
metapopulation. Mangroves provide an ideal model landscape
because they are of conservation concern and their patch
boundaries are easily delineated. For 2000-20015, we
calculated global metapopulation capacity for 99
metapopulations of 32 different bird species endemic to
mangroves. Northern Australia and Southeast Asia had the
highest richness of mangrove endemic birds. The Caribbean,
Pacific coast of Central America, Madagascar, Borneo, and
isolated patches in Southeast Asia in Myanmar and Malaysia
had the highest metapopulation losses. Regions with the
highest loss of habitat area were not necessarily those with
the highest loss of metapopulation capacity. Often, it was
not a matter of how much, but how the habitat was lost. Our
method can be used by managers to evaluate and prioritize a
landscape for metapopulation persistence.},
Doi = {10.1111/cobi.13364},
Key = {fds345474}
}
@article{fds366340,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Raven, PH},
Title = {Norman Myers (1934-2019).},
Journal = {Nature Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {4},
Number = {2},
Pages = {177-178},
Year = {2020},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1095-8},
Doi = {10.1038/s41559-020-1095-8},
Key = {fds366340}
}
@article{fds344889,
Author = {Brooks, TM and Pimm, SL and Akçakaya, HR and Buchanan, GM and Butchart,
SHM and Foden, W and Hilton-Taylor, C and Hoffmann, M and Jenkins, CN and Joppa, L and Li, BV and Menon, V and Ocampo-Peñuela, N and Rondinini,
C},
Title = {Measuring Terrestrial Area of Habitat (AOH) and Its Utility
for the IUCN Red List.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {34},
Number = {11},
Pages = {977-986},
Year = {2019},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.009},
Abstract = {The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Red List of Threatened Species includes assessment of
extinction risk for 98 512 species, plus documentation of
their range, habitat, elevation, and other factors. These
range, habitat and elevation data can be matched with
terrestrial land cover and elevation datasets to map the
species' area of habitat (AOH; also known as extent of
suitable habitat; ESH). This differs from the two spatial
metrics used for assessing extinction risk in the IUCN Red
List criteria: extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of
occupancy (AOO). AOH can guide conservation, for example,
through targeting areas for field surveys, assessing
proportions of species' habitat within protected areas, and
monitoring habitat loss and fragmentation. We recommend that
IUCN Red List assessments document AOH wherever
practical.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.009},
Key = {fds344889}
}
@article{fds348938,
Author = {Hu, Y and Luo, Z and Chapman, CA and Pimm, SL and Turvey, ST and Lawes, MJ and Peres, CA and Lee, TM and Fan, P},
Title = {Regional scientific research benefits threatened-species
conservation.},
Journal = {National Science Review},
Volume = {6},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1076-1079},
Year = {2019},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz090},
Doi = {10.1093/nsr/nwz090},
Key = {fds348938}
}
@article{fds346757,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Donohue, I and Montoya, JM and Loreau,
M},
Title = {Measuring resilience is essential if we are to understand
it.},
Journal = {Nature Sustainability},
Volume = {2},
Number = {10},
Pages = {895-897},
Year = {2019},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0399-7},
Abstract = {"Sustainability", "resilience", and other terms group under
the heading of "stability." Their ubiquity speaks to a vital
need to characterise changes in complex social and
environmental systems. In a bewildering array of terms,
practical measurements are essential to permit comparisons
and so untangle underlying relationships.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0399-7},
Key = {fds346757}
}
@article{fds344647,
Author = {Ghosh-Harihar, M and An, R and Athreya, R and Borthakur, U and Chanchani, P and Chetry, D and Datta, A and Harihar, A and Karanth, KK and Mariyam, D and Mohan, D and Onial, M and Ramakrishnan, U and Robin, VV and Saxena, A and Shahabuddin, G and Thatte, P and Vijay, V and Wacker, K and Mathur, VB and Pimm, SL and Price, TD},
Title = {Protected areas and biodiversity conservation in
India},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {237},
Pages = {114-124},
Year = {2019},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.06.024},
Abstract = {Three well-supported generalizations in conservation biology
are that developing tropical countries will experience the
greatest biodiversity declines in the near future, they are
some of the least studied areas in the world, and in these
regions especially, protection requires local community
support. We assess these generalizations in an evaluation of
protected areas in India. The 5% of India officially
protected covers most ecoregions and protected areas have
been an important reason why India has suffered no
documented species extinctions in the past 70 years. India
has strong legislation favouring conservation, government
investment focused on 50 Tiger Reserves, and government
compensation schemes that facilitate local support, all of
which brighten future prospects. However, many protected
areas are too small to maintain a full complement of
species, making connectivity and species use of buffer zones
a crucial issue. Conservation success and challenges vary
across regions according to their development status. In
less developed areas, notably the biodiverse northeast
Himalaya, protected areas maintaining the highest
biodiversity result from locally-focused efforts by
dedicated individuals. Across India, we demonstrate
considerable opportunities to increase local income through
ecotourism. Our evaluation confirms a lack of data,
increasing threats, and the importance of local support.
Research on biodiversity in buffer zones, development of
long-term monitoring schemes, and assessment of cash and
conservation benefits from tourism are in particular need.
For policy makers, two main goals should be the development
of monitoring plans for ‘eco-sensitive zones’ around
protected areas, and a strong emphasis on preserving
established protected areas.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2019.06.024},
Key = {fds344647}
}
@article{fds345473,
Author = {Xu, W and Pimm, SL and Du, A and Su, Y and Fan, X and An, L and Liu, J and Ouyang, Z},
Title = {Transforming Protected Area Management in
China.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {34},
Number = {9},
Pages = {762-766},
Year = {2019},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.009},
Abstract = {We discuss institutional reforms to China's protected area
management. Currently (as elsewhere), protected areas suffer
fragmented management, lack of a comprehensive
classification, inadequate coverage of biodiversity and
ecosystem services, and divided, inconsistent legislation.
We recommend establishing a new system of protected area
management that can address past difficulties by using
ongoing institutional reforms as unprecedented
opportunities.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.009},
Key = {fds345473}
}
@article{fds346447,
Author = {Xu, W and Fan, X and Ma, J and Pimm, SL and Kong, L and Zeng, Y and Li, X and Xiao, Y and Zheng, H and Liu, J and Wu, B and An, L and Zhang, L and Wang, X and Ouyang, Z},
Title = {Hidden Loss of Wetlands in China.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {29},
Number = {18},
Pages = {3065-3071.e2},
Year = {2019},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.053},
Abstract = {To counter their widespread loss, global aspirations are for
no net loss of remaining wetlands [1]. We examine whether
this goal alone is sufficient for managing China's wetlands,
for they constitute 10% of the world's total. Analyzing
wetland changes between 2000 and 2015 using 30-m-resolution
satellite images, we show that China's wetlands expanded by
27,614 km<sup>2</sup> but lost 26,066 km<sup>2</sup>-a net
increase of 1,548 km<sup>2</sup> (or 0.4%). This net change
hides considerable complexities in the types of wetlands
created and destroyed. The area of open water surface
increased by 9,110 km<sup>2</sup>, but natural
wetlands-henceforth "marshes"-decreased by
7,562 km<sup>2</sup>. Of the expanded wetlands, restoration
policies contributed 24.5% and dam construction contributed
20.8%. Climate change accounted for 23.6% but is likely to
involve a transient increase due to melting glaciers. Of
the lost wetlands, agricultural and urban expansion
contributed 47.7% and 13.8%, respectively. The increase in
wetlands from conservation efforts (6,765 km<sup>2</sup>)
did not offset human-caused wetland losses
(16,032 km<sup>2</sup>). The wetland changes may harm
wildlife. The wetland loss in east China threatens bird
migration across eastern Asia [2]. Open water from dam
construction flooded the original habitats of threatened
terrestrial species and affected aquatic species by
fragmenting wetland habitats [3]. Thus, the "no net loss"
target measures total changes without considering changes
in composition and the corresponding ecological
functions. It may result in "paper offsets" and
should be used carefully as a target for wetland
conservation.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.053},
Key = {fds346447}
}
@article{fds342393,
Author = {Tian, Z and Liu, X and Fan, Z and Liu, J and Pimm, SL and Liu, L and Garcia,
C and Songer, M and Shao, X and Skidmore, A and Wang, T and Zhang, Y and Chang, Y and Jin, X and Gong, M and Zhou, L and He, X and Dang, G and Zhu, Y and Cai, Q},
Title = {The next widespread bamboo flowering poses a massive risk to
the giant panda},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {234},
Pages = {180-187},
Year = {2019},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.030},
Abstract = {The IUCN Red List has downgraded several species from
“endangered” to “vulnerable” that still have largely
unknown extinction risks. We consider one of those
downgraded species, the giant panda, a bamboo specialist.
Massive bamboo flowering could be a natural disaster for
giant pandas. Using scenario analysis, we explored possible
impacts of the next bamboo flowering in the Qinling and
Minshan Mountains that are home to most giant pandas. Our
results showed that the Qinling Mountains could experience
large-scale bamboo flowering leading to a high risk of
widespread food shortages for the giant pandas by 2020. The
Minshan Mountains could similarly experience a large-scale
bamboo flowering with a high risk for giant pandas between
2020 and 2030 without suitable alternative habitat in the
surrounding areas. These scenarios highlight thus-far
unforeseen dangers of conserving giant pandas in a
fragmented habitat. We recommend advance measures to protect
giant panda from severe population crashes when flowering
happens. This study also suggests the need to anticipate and
manage long-term risks to other downgraded
species.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.030},
Key = {fds342393}
}
@article{fds345475,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Jenkins, CN},
Title = {Connecting Habitats to Prevent Species Extinctions
Conservation biologists are creating links between forest
fragments where the most animals with small ranges
live.},
Journal = {American Scientist},
Volume = {107},
Number = {3},
Pages = {162-169},
Publisher = {SIGMA XI-SCI RES SOC},
Year = {2019},
Month = {May},
Key = {fds345475}
}
@article{fds339864,
Author = {Vijay, V and Reid, CD and Finer, M and Jenkins, CN and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Deforestation risks posed by oil palm expansion in the
Peruvian Amazon},
Journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
Volume = {13},
Number = {11},
Pages = {114010-114010},
Publisher = {IOP Publishing},
Year = {2018},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae540},
Abstract = {Further expansion of agriculture in the tropics is likely to
accelerate the loss of biodiversity. One crop of concern to
conservation is African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). We
examined recent deforestation associated with oil palm in
the Peruvian Amazon within the context of the region's other
crops. We found more area under oil palm cultivation (845
km2) than did previous studies. While this comprises less
than 4% of the cropland in the region, it accounted for 11%
of the deforestation from agricultural expansion from
2007-2013. Patches of oil palm agriculture were larger and
more spatially clustered than for other crops, potentially
increasing their impact on local habitat fragmentation.
Modeling deforestation risk for oil palm expansion using
climatic and edaphic factors showed that sites at lower
elevations, with higher precipitation, and lower slopes than
those typically used for intensive agriculture are at
long-term risk of deforestation from oil palm agriculture.
Within areas at long-term risks, based on CART models, areas
near urban centers, roads, and previously deforested areas
are at greatest short-term risk of deforestation. Existing
protected areas and officially recognized indigenous
territories cover large areas at long-term risk of
deforestation for oil palm (>40%). Less than 7% of these
areas are under strict (IUCN I-IV) protection. Based on
these findings, we suggest targeted monitoring for oil palm
deforestation as well as strengthening and expanding
protected areas to conserve specific habitats.},
Doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aae540},
Key = {fds339864}
}
@article{fds336962,
Author = {Carter, NH and Bouley, P and Moore, S and Poulos, M and Bouyer, J and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Climate change, disease range shifts, and the future of the
Africa lion.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {32},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1207-1210},
Year = {2018},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13102},
Doi = {10.1111/cobi.13102},
Key = {fds336962}
}
@article{fds338072,
Author = {Gagné, TO and Hyrenbach, KD and Hagemann, ME and Bass, OL and Pimm, SL and MacDonald, M and Peck, B and Van Houtan and KS},
Title = {Seabird trophic position across three ocean regions tracks
ecosystem differences},
Journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
Volume = {5},
Number = {SEP},
Publisher = {FRONTIERS MEDIA SA},
Year = {2018},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00317},
Abstract = {We analyze recently collected feather tissues from two
species of seabirds, the sooty tern (Onychoprion fuscatus)
and brown noddy (Anous stolidus), in three ocean regions
(North Atlantic, North Pacific, and South Pacific) with
different human impacts. The species are similar
morphologically and in the trophic levels from which they
feed within each location. In contrast, we detect reliable
differences in trophic position amongst the regions. Trophic
position appears to decline as the intensity of commercial
fishing increases, and is at its lowest in the Caribbean.
The spatial gradient in trophic position we document in
these regions exceeds those detected over specimens from the
last 130 years in the Hawaiian Islands. Modeling suggests
that climate velocity and human impacts on fish populations
strongly align with these differences.},
Doi = {10.3389/fmars.2018.00317},
Key = {fds338072}
}
@article{fds337744,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Jenkins, CN and Li, BV},
Title = {How to protect half of Earth to ensure it protects
sufficient biodiversity.},
Journal = {Science Advances},
Volume = {4},
Number = {8},
Pages = {eaat2616},
Year = {2018},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2616},
Abstract = {It is theoretically possible to protect large fractions of
species in relatively small regions. For plants, 85% of
species occur entirely within just over a third of the
Earth's land surface, carefully optimized to maximize the
species captured. Well-known vertebrate taxa show similar
patterns. Protecting half of Earth might not be necessary,
but would it be sufficient given the current trends of
protection? The predilection of national governments is to
protect areas that are "wild," that is, typically remote,
cold, or arid. Unfortunately, those areas often hold
relatively few species. Wild places likely afford the easier
opportunities for the future expansion of protected areas,
with the expansion into human-dominated landscapes the
greater challenge. We identify regions that are not
currently protected, but that are wild, and consider which
of them hold substantial numbers of especially small-ranged
vertebrate species. We assess how successful the strategy of
protecting the wilder half of Earth might be in conserving
biodiversity. It is far from sufficient. (Protecting large
wild places for reasons other than biodiversity protection,
such as carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services,
might still have importance.) Unexpectedly, we also show
that, despite the bias in establishing large protected areas
in wild places to date, numerous small protected areas are
in biodiverse places. They at least partially protect
significant fractions of especially small-ranged species.
So, while a preoccupation with protecting large areas for
the sake of getting half of Earth might achieve little for
biodiversity, there is more progress in protecting
high-biodiversity areas than currently appreciated.
Continuing to prioritize the right parts of Earth, not just
the total area protected, is what matters for
biodiversity.},
Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aat2616},
Key = {fds337744}
}
@article{fds333252,
Author = {Montoya, JM and Donohue, I and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Why a Planetary Boundary, If It Is Not Planetary, and the
Boundary Is Undefined? A Reply to Rockström et
al.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {33},
Number = {4},
Pages = {234},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.01.008},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.01.008},
Key = {fds333252}
}
@article{fds329828,
Author = {Montoya, JM and Donohue, I and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Planetary Boundaries for Biodiversity: Implausible Science,
Pernicious Policies.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {33},
Number = {2},
Pages = {71-73},
Year = {2018},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.10.004},
Abstract = {The notion of a 'safe operating space for biodiversity' is
vague and encourages harmful policies. Attempts to fix it
strip it of all meaningful content. Ecology is rapidly
gaining insights into the connections between biodiversity
and ecosystem stability. We have no option but to understand
ecological complexity and act accordingly.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.10.004},
Key = {fds329828}
}
@article{fds329383,
Author = {Raven, PH and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Reply to Nic Lughadha et al.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {32},
Number = {12},
Pages = {889},
Year = {2017},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.09.002},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.09.002},
Key = {fds329383}
}
@article{fds329827,
Author = {Li, BV and Pimm, SL and Li, S and Zhao, L and Luo, C},
Title = {Free-ranging livestock threaten the long-term survival of
giant pandas},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {216},
Pages = {18-25},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2017},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.09.019},
Abstract = {China has implemented forest policies and expanded protected
areas to halt deforestation and protect giant panda
habitats. These policies simultaneously encouraged local
communities to raise livestock that then freely range in
forests. This grazing had unintended consequences. As an
alternative livelihood, it has become the most prevalent
human disturbance across the panda's range. How do
free-ranging livestock impact giant panda habitats and what
are the implications for future conservation and policy on a
larger scale? We use Wanglang National Nature Reserve as a
case study. It has seen a nine-fold livestock increase
during past 15 years. We combined bamboo survey plots, GPS
collar tracking, long-term monitoring, and species
distribution modelling incorporating species interaction to
understand the impacts across spatial and temporal scales.
Our results showed that livestock, especially horses, lead
to a significant reduction of bamboo biomass and
regeneration. The most intensively used areas by livestock
are in the valleys, which are also the areas that pandas
prefer. Adding livestock presence to predictive models of
the giant panda's distribution yielded a higher accuracy and
suggested livestock reduce panda habitat by 34%. Pandas were
driven out of the areas intensively used by livestock. We
recommend the nature reserve carefully implement a livestock
ban and prioritise removing horses because they cause the
greater harm. To give up livestock, local communities prefer
long-term subsidies or jobs to a one-time payment. Thus, we
recommend the government provide payments for ecosystem
services that create jobs in forest stewardship or tourism
while reducing the number of domestic animals.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2017.09.019},
Key = {fds329827}
}
@article{fds329407,
Author = {Xu, W and Viña, A and Kong, L and Pimm, SL and Zhang, J and Yang, W and Xiao,
Y and Zhang, L and Chen, X and Liu, J and Ouyang, Z},
Title = {Reassessing the conservation status of the giant panda using
remote sensing.},
Journal = {Nature Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {1},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1635-1638},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
Year = {2017},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0317-1},
Abstract = {The conservation status of the iconic giant panda is a
barometer of global conservation efforts. The IUCN Red List
has downgraded the panda's extinction risk from "endangered"
to "vulnerable". Newly obtained, detailed GIS and remotely
sensed data applied consistently over the last four decades
show that panda habitat covered less area and was more
fragmented in 2013 than in 1988 when the species was listed
as endangered.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0317-1},
Key = {fds329407}
}
@article{fds329150,
Author = {Newmark, WD and Jenkins, CN and Pimm, SL and McNeally, PB and Halley,
JM},
Title = {Targeted habitat restoration can reduce extinction rates in
fragmented forests.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {114},
Number = {36},
Pages = {9635-9640},
Year = {2017},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705834114},
Abstract = {The Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and the Atlantic
Forest of Brazil are two of the most fragmented biodiversity
hotspots. Species-area relationships predict that their
habitat fragments will experience a substantial loss of
species. Most of these extinctions will occur over an
extended time, and therefore, reconnecting fragments could
prevent species losses and allow locally extinct species to
recolonize former habitats. An empirical relaxation
half-life vs. area relationship for tropical bird
communities estimates the time that it takes to lose
one-half of all species that will be eventually lost. We use
it to estimate the increase in species persistence by
regenerating a forest connection 1 km in width among the
largest and closest fragments at 11 locations. In the
Eastern Arc Mountains, regenerating 8,134 ha of forest would
create >316,000 ha in total of restored contiguous forest.
More importantly, it would increase the persistence time for
species by a factor of 6.8 per location or ∼2,272 years,
on average, relative to individual fragments. In the
Atlantic Forest, regenerating 6,452 ha of forest would
create >251,000 ha in total of restored contiguous forest
and enhance species persistence by a factor of 13.0 per
location or ∼5,102 years, on average, relative to
individual fragments. Rapidly regenerating forest among
fragments is important, because mean time to the first
determined extinction across all fragments is 7 years. We
estimate the cost of forest regeneration at $21-$49 million
dollars. It could provide one of the highest returns on
investment for biodiversity conservation
worldwide.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1705834114},
Key = {fds329150}
}
@article{fds326865,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Harris, G and Jenkins, CN and Ocampo-Peñuela, N and Li,
BV},
Title = {Unfulfilled promise of data-driven approaches: response to
Peterson et al.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {31},
Number = {4},
Pages = {944-947},
Year = {2017},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12928},
Doi = {10.1111/cobi.12928},
Key = {fds326865}
}
@article{fds325357,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Raven, PH},
Title = {The Fate of the World's Plants.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {32},
Number = {5},
Pages = {317-320},
Year = {2017},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.014},
Abstract = {A recent report assessing the world's plant species finds
continuing progress in completing the taxonomic catalog.
However, many undescribed species remain. The report
concludes that, presently, 21% of known species risk
extinction. We show this statement applies to the short-term
and ignores the as-yet undescribed species, which are also
likely at risk of extinction. Human actions will extirpate
many more by the end of this century.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.014},
Key = {fds325357}
}
@article{fds327248,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Environment: Hero of local conservation},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {544},
Number = {7649},
Pages = {158-159},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/544158a},
Doi = {10.1038/544158a},
Key = {fds327248}
}
@article{fds329151,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Biological extinction at the Vatican.},
Journal = {Nature Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {1},
Number = {5},
Pages = {136},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0136},
Doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0136},
Key = {fds329151}
}
@article{fds331442,
Author = {Weise, FJ and Vijay, V and Jacobson, AP and Schoonover, RF and Groom,
RJ and Horgan, J and Keeping, D and Klein, R and Marnewick, K and Maude, G and Melzheimer, J and Mills, G and van der Merwe, V and van der Meer, E and van Vuuren, RJ and Wachter, B and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The distribution and numbers of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)
in southern Africa.},
Journal = {Peerj},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {e4096},
Year = {2017},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4096},
Abstract = {Assessing the numbers and distribution of threatened species
is a central challenge in conservation, often made difficult
because the species of concern are rare and elusive. For
some predators, this may be compounded by their being
sparsely distributed over large areas. Such is the case with
the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus. The IUCN Red List process
solicits comments, is democratic, transparent, widely-used,
and has recently assessed the species. Here, we present
additional methods to that process and provide quantitative
approaches that may afford greater detail and a benchmark
against which to compare future assessments. The cheetah
poses challenges, but also affords unique opportunities. It
is photogenic, allowing the compilation of thousands of
crowd-sourced data. It is also persecuted for killing
livestock, enabling estimation of local population densities
from the numbers persecuted. Documented instances of
persecution in areas with known human and livestock density
mean that these data can provide an estimate of where the
species may or may not occur in areas without observational
data. Compilations of extensive telemetry data coupled with
nearly 20,000 additional observations from 39 sources show
that free-ranging cheetahs were present across approximately
789,700 km2 of Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe
(56%, 22%, 12% and 10% respectively) from 2010 to 2016, with
an estimated adult population of 3,577 animals. We
identified a further 742,800 km2 of potential cheetah
habitat within the study region with low human and livestock
densities, where another ∼3,250 cheetahs may occur. Unlike
many previous estimates, we make the data available and
provide explicit information on exactly where cheetahs
occur, or are unlikely to occur. We stress the value of
gathering data from public sources though these data were
mostly from well-visited protected areas. There is a
contiguous, transboundary population of cheetah in southern
Africa, known to be the largest in the world. We suggest
that this population is more threatened than believed due to
the concentration of about 55% of free-ranging individuals
in two ecoregions. This area overlaps with commercial
farmland with high persecution risk; adult cheetahs were
removed at the rate of 0.3 individuals per 100 km2 per year.
Our population estimate for confirmed cheetah presence areas
is 11% lower than the IUCN's current assessment for the same
region, lending additional support to the recent call for
the up-listing of this species from vulnerable to endangered
status.},
Doi = {10.7717/peerj.4096},
Key = {fds331442}
}
@article{fds328730,
Author = {Sutton, AE and Downey, MG and Kamande, E and Munyao, F and Rinaldi, M and Taylor, AK and Pimm, S},
Title = {Boma fortification is cost-effective at reducing predation
of livestock in a high-predation zone in the Western Mara
Region, Kenya},
Journal = {Conservation Evidence},
Volume = {14},
Pages = {32-38},
Year = {2017},
Month = {January},
Abstract = {Lions Panthera leo kill livestock in the pastoral steppe of
East Africa. The subsequent lethal retaliation by livestock
owners has helped reduce lion numbers by more than 80% and
driven the species from most of its historic range. This
conflict is especially intense along the western edge of the
Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya, where some of the
densest lion and livestock populations in Africa overlap. We
evaluated the effectiveness of implementation for one
proposed solution – the Anne K. Taylor Fund’s subsidized
construction of fortified, chain-link livestock fences
(‘bomas’) – in reducing livestock loss to depredation.
Between 2013 and 2015 we collected 343 predation reports,
based on semi-structured interviews and predation records.
We used these data to study the impact of subsidised boma
fortification on the depredation of cattle, sheep and goats.
Of 179 fortified bomas, 67% suffered no losses over one year
whereas only 15% of 60 unfortified bomas had no losses over
one year. Furthermore, losses of greater than five animals
per year occurred at only 17% of fortified bomas, compared
to 57% of unfortified bomas. The overall reduction in losses
to predation at fortified bomas equated to savings of more
than &1,200 USD per household per year.},
Key = {fds328730}
}
@article{fds326646,
Author = {Huang, RM and Bass, OL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Sooty tern (Onychoprion fuscatus) survival, oil
spills, shrimp fisheries, and hurricanes.},
Journal = {Peerj},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {e3287},
Year = {2017},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3287},
Abstract = {Migratory seabirds face threats from climate change and a
variety of anthropogenic disturbances. Although most seabird
research has focused on the ecology of individuals at the
colony, technological advances now allow researchers to
track seabird movements at sea and during migration. We
combined telemetry data on <i>Onychoprion fuscatus</i>
(sooty terns) with a long-term capture-mark-recapture
dataset from the Dry Tortugas National Park to map the
movements at sea for this species, calculate estimates of
mortality, and investigate the impact of hurricanes on a
migratory seabird. Included in the latter analysis is
information on the locations of recovered bands from
deceased individuals wrecked by tropical storms. We present
the first known map of sooty tern migration in the Atlantic
Ocean. Our results indicate that the birds had minor
overlaps with areas affected by the major 2010 oil spill and
a major shrimp fishery. Indices of hurricane strength and
occurrence are positively correlated with annual mortality
and indices of numbers of wrecked birds. As climate change
may lead to an increase in severity and frequency of major
hurricanes, this may pose a long-term problem for this
colony.},
Doi = {10.7717/peerj.3287},
Key = {fds326646}
}
@article{fds327249,
Author = {Robson, AS and Trimble, MJ and Purdon, A and Young-Overton, KD and Pimm,
SL and van Aarde, RJ},
Title = {Savanna elephant numbers are only a quarter of their
expected values.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {12},
Number = {4},
Pages = {e0175942},
Year = {2017},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175942},
Abstract = {Savannas once constituted the range of many species that
human encroachment has now reduced to a fraction of their
former distribution. Many survive only in protected areas.
Poaching reduces the savanna elephant, even where protected,
likely to the detriment of savanna ecosystems. While
resources go into estimating elephant populations, an
ecological benchmark by which to assess counts is lacking.
Knowing how many elephants there are and how many poachers
kill is important, but on their own, such data lack context.
We collated savanna elephant count data from 73 protected
areas across the continent estimated to hold ~50% of
Africa's elephants and extracted densities from 18 broadly
stable population time series. We modeled these densities
using primary productivity, water availability, and an index
of poaching as predictors. We then used the model to predict
stable densities given current conditions and poaching for
all 73 populations. Next, to generate ecological benchmarks,
we predicted such densities for a scenario of zero poaching.
Where historical data are available, they corroborate or
exceed benchmarks. According to recent counts, collectively,
the 73 savanna elephant populations are at 75% of the size
predicted based on current conditions and poaching levels.
However, populations are at <25% of ecological benchmarks
given a scenario of zero poaching (~967,000)-a total deficit
of ~730,000 elephants. Populations in 30% of the 73
protected areas were <5% of their benchmarks, and the median
current density as a percentage of ecological benchmark
across protected areas was just 13%. The ecological context
provided by these benchmark values, in conjunction with
ongoing census projects, allow efficient targeting of
conservation efforts.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0175942},
Key = {fds327249}
}
@article{fds322797,
Author = {Xu, W and Li, X and Pimm, SL and Hull, V and Zhang, J and Zhang, L and Xiao,
Y and Zheng, H and Ouyang, Z},
Title = {The effectiveness of the zoning of China's protected
areas},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {204},
Pages = {231-236},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2016},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.028},
Abstract = {Increasing human numbers and aspirations threaten protected
areas worldwide. China faces especially strong pressure
since many people live inside protected areas. It has sought
to balance human needs and conservation goals within them by
creating mixed zoning schemes loosely based on UNESCO's Man
and the Biosphere Programme. These include
strictly-protected core zones, buffer zones allowing limited
human use, and experimental zones that examine different
land-use options. To test the efficacy of this zoning, we
employed field surveys and remote sensing to assess the
penetration of agricultural and urban land into 109 national
nature reserves in China for 2000 and 2010. Human
disturbance was lowest in core zones and highest in
experimental zones in both 2000 and 2010. Over this period,
82% of the reserves were unchanged or had decreased human
disturbance. Nonetheless, overall human disturbance
increased by 7%, 4%, and 5% in the core, buffer and
experimental zones respectively. Almost all the increase in
the core zone was in four wetland reserves, where human
actions converted large areas to agriculture. Some 58% of
reserves experienced some human disturbance in core zones in
2010, demonstrating a need for more effective zoning. The
findings have broader implications for protected area
management globally because they highlight the strengths and
weaknesses of zoning for balancing human needs and species
conservation.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.028},
Key = {fds322797}
}
@article{fds333253,
Author = {Ocampo-Peñuela, N and Jenkins, CN and Vijay, V and Li, BV and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Incorporating explicit geospatial data shows more species at
risk of extinction than the current Red List.},
Journal = {Science Advances},
Volume = {2},
Number = {11},
Pages = {e1601367},
Year = {2016},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601367},
Abstract = {The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
Red List classifies species according to their risk of
extinction, informing global to local conservation
decisions. Unfortunately, important geospatial data do not
explicitly or efficiently enter this process. Rapid growth
in the availability of remotely sensed observations provides
fine-scale data on elevation and increasingly sophisticated
characterizations of land cover and its changes. These data
readily show that species are likely not present within many
areas within the overall envelopes of their distributions.
Additionally, global databases on protected areas inform how
extensively ranges are protected. We selected 586 endemic
and threatened forest bird species from six of the world's
most biodiverse and threatened places (Atlantic Forest of
Brazil, Central America, Western Andes of Colombia,
Madagascar, Sumatra, and Southeast Asia). The Red List deems
18% of these species to be threatened (15 critically
endangered, 29 endangered, and 64 vulnerable). Inevitably,
after refining ranges by elevation and forest cover, ranges
shrink. Do they do so consistently? For example, refined
ranges of critically endangered species might reduce by
(say) 50% but so might the ranges of endangered, vulnerable,
and nonthreatened species. Critically, this is not the case.
We find that 43% of species fall below the range threshold
where comparable species are deemed threatened. Some 210
bird species belong in a higher-threat category than the
current Red List placement, including 189 species that are
currently deemed nonthreatened. Incorporating readily
available spatial data substantially increases the numbers
of species that should be considered at risk and alters
priority areas for conservation.},
Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1601367},
Key = {fds333253}
}
@article{fds322798,
Author = {Donohue, I and Hillebrand, H and Montoya, JM and Petchey, OL and Pimm,
SL and Fowler, MS and Healy, K and Jackson, AL and Lurgi, M and McClean, D and O'Connor, NE and O'Gorman, EJ and Yang, Q},
Title = {Navigating the complexity of ecological stability.},
Journal = {Ecology Letters},
Volume = {19},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1172-1185},
Year = {2016},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12648},
Abstract = {Human actions challenge nature in many ways. Ecological
responses are ineluctably complex, demanding measures that
describe them succinctly. Collectively, these measures
encapsulate the overall 'stability' of the system. Many
international bodies, including the Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services, broadly aspire to maintain or enhance ecological
stability. Such bodies frequently use terms pertaining to
stability that lack clear definition. Consequently, we
cannot measure them and so they disconnect from a large body
of theoretical and empirical understanding. We assess the
scientific and policy literature and show that this
disconnect is one consequence of an inconsistent and
one-dimensional approach that ecologists have taken to both
disturbances and stability. This has led to confused
communication of the nature of stability and the level of
our insight into it. Disturbances and stability are
multidimensional. Our understanding of them is not. We have
a remarkably poor understanding of the impacts on stability
of the characteristics that define many, perhaps all, of the
most important elements of global change. We provide
recommendations for theoreticians, empiricists and
policymakers on how to better integrate the multidimensional
nature of ecological stability into their research, policies
and actions.},
Doi = {10.1111/ele.12648},
Key = {fds322798}
}
@article{fds322800,
Author = {Li, BV and Pimm, SL},
Title = {China's endemic vertebrates sheltering under the protective
umbrella of the giant panda.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {30},
Number = {2},
Pages = {329-339},
Year = {2016},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12618},
Abstract = {The giant panda attracts disproportionate conservation
resources. How well does this emphasis protect other endemic
species? Detailed data on geographical ranges are not
available for plants or invertebrates, so we restrict our
analyses to 3 vertebrate taxa: birds, mammals, and
amphibians. There are gaps in their protection, and we
recommend practical actions to fill them. We identified
patterns of species richness, then identified which species
are endemic to China, and then which, like the panda, live
in forests. After refining each species' range by its known
elevational range and remaining forest habitats as
determined from remote sensing, we identified the top 5%
richest areas as the centers of endemism. Southern
mountains, especially the eastern Hengduan Mountains, were
centers for all 3 taxa. Over 96% of the panda habitat
overlapped the endemic centers. Thus, investing in almost
any panda habitat will benefit many other endemics. Existing
panda national nature reserves cover all but one of the
endemic species that overlap with the panda's distribution.
Of particular interest are 14 mammal, 20 bird, and 82
amphibian species that are inadequately protected. Most of
these species the International Union for Conservation of
Nature currently deems threatened. But 7 mammal, 3 bird, and
20 amphibian species are currently nonthreatened, yet their
geographical ranges are <20,000 km(2) after accounting for
elevational restriction and remaining habitats. These
species concentrate mainly in Sichuan, Yunnan, Nan
Mountains, and Hainan. There is a high concentration in the
east Daxiang and Xiaoxiang Mountains of Sichuan, where
pandas are absent and where there are no national nature
reserves. The others concentrate in Yunnan, Nan Mountains,
and Hainan. Here, 10 prefectures might establish new
protected areas or upgrade local nature reserves to national
status.},
Doi = {10.1111/cobi.12618},
Key = {fds322800}
}
@article{fds322801,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Conservation: Glass half full},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {531},
Number = {7593},
Pages = {170-171},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/531170a},
Doi = {10.1038/531170a},
Key = {fds322801}
}
@article{fds322799,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {[Not Available].},
Journal = {Kyobu Geka. the Japanese Journal of Thoracic
Surgery},
Volume = {69},
Number = {3},
Pages = {176-177},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/533176a},
Doi = {10.1038/533176a},
Key = {fds322799}
}
@article{fds322802,
Author = {Wilson, MC and Chen, XY and Corlett, RT and Didham, RK and Ding, P and Holt, RD and Holyoak, M and Hu, G and Hughes, AC and Jiang, L and Laurance,
WF and Liu, J and Pimm, SL and Robinson, SK and Russo, SE and Si, X and Wilcove, DS and Wu, J and Yu, M},
Title = {Erratum to: Habitat fragmentation and biodiversity
conservation: key findings and future challenges [Landscape
Ecol, DOI: 10.1007/s10980-015-0312-3]},
Journal = {Landscape Ecology},
Volume = {31},
Number = {2},
Pages = {229-230},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2016},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0322-1},
Doi = {10.1007/s10980-015-0322-1},
Key = {fds322802}
}
@article{fds322803,
Author = {Wilson, MC and Chen, XY and Corlett, RT and Didham, RK and Ding, P and Holt, RD and Holyoak, M and Hu, G and Hughes, AC and Jiang, L and Laurance,
WF and Liu, J and Pimm, SL and Robinson, SK and Russo, SE and Si, X and Wilcove, DS and Wu, J and Yu, M},
Title = {Habitat fragmentation and biodiversity conservation: key
findings and future challenges},
Journal = {Landscape Ecology},
Volume = {31},
Number = {2},
Pages = {219-227},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2016},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0312-3},
Doi = {10.1007/s10980-015-0312-3},
Key = {fds322803}
}
@article{fds322808,
Author = {Sexton, JO and Noojipady, P and Song, XP and Feng, M and Song, DX and Kim,
DH and Anand, A and Huang, C and Channan, S and Pimm, SL and Townshend,
JR},
Title = {Conservation policy and the measurement of
forests},
Journal = {Nature Climate Change},
Volume = {6},
Number = {2},
Pages = {192-196},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2816},
Abstract = {Deforestation is a major driver of climate change and the
major driver of biodiversity loss. Yet the essential
baseline for monitoring forest cover - the global area of
forests - remains uncertain despite rapid technological
advances and international consensus on conserving target
extents of ecosystems. Previous satellite-based estimates of
global forest area range from 32.1×10 6 km 2 to 41.4×10 6
km 2. Here, we show that the major reason underlying this
discrepancy is ambiguity in the term "forest". Each of the
>800 official definitions that are capable of satellite
measurement relies on a criterion of percentage tree cover.
This criterion may range from >10% to >30% cover under the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Applying the range to the first global, high-resolution map
of percentage tree cover reveals a discrepancy of 19.3×10 6
km 2, some 13% of Earth's land area. The discrepancy within
the tropics alone involves a difference of 45.2 Gt C of
biomass, valued at US$1 trillion. To more effectively link
science and policy to ecosystems, we must now refine forest
monitoring, reporting and verification to focus on
ecological measurements that are more directly relevant to
ecosystem function, to biomass and carbon, and to climate
and biodiversity.},
Doi = {10.1038/nclimate2816},
Key = {fds322808}
}
@article{fds328091,
Author = {Vijay, V and Pimm, SL and Jenkins, CN and Smith, SJ},
Title = {The Impacts of Oil Palm on Recent Deforestation and
Biodiversity Loss.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {11},
Number = {7},
Pages = {e0159668},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159668},
Abstract = {Palm oil is the most widely traded vegetable oil globally,
with demand projected to increase substantially in the
future. Almost all oil palm grows in areas that were once
tropical moist forests, some of them quite recently. The
conversion to date, and future expansion, threatens
biodiversity and increases greenhouse gas emissions. Today,
consumer pressure is pushing companies toward
deforestation-free sources of palm oil. To guide
interventions aimed at reducing tropical deforestation due
to oil palm, we analysed recent expansions and modelled
likely future ones. We assessed sample areas to find where
oil palm plantations have recently replaced forests in 20
countries, using a combination of high-resolution imagery
from Google Earth and Landsat. We then compared these trends
to countrywide trends in FAO data for oil palm planted area.
Finally, we assessed which forests have high agricultural
suitability for future oil palm development, which we refer
to as vulnerable forests, and identified critical areas for
biodiversity that oil palm expansion threatens. Our analysis
reveals regional trends in deforestation associated with oil
palm agriculture. In Southeast Asia, 45% of sampled oil palm
plantations came from areas that were forests in 1989. For
South America, the percentage was 31%. By contrast, in
Mesoamerica and Africa, we observed only 2% and 7% of oil
palm plantations coming from areas that were forest in 1989.
The largest areas of vulnerable forest are in Africa and
South America. Vulnerable forests in all four regions of
production contain globally high concentrations of mammal
and bird species at risk of extinction. However, priority
areas for biodiversity conservation differ based on taxa and
criteria used. Government regulation and voluntary market
interventions can help incentivize the expansion of oil palm
plantations in ways that protect biodiversity-rich
ecosystems.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0159668},
Key = {fds328091}
}
@article{fds322804,
Author = {Riggio, J and Caro, T and Dollar, L and Durant, SM and Jacobson, AP and Kiffner, C and Pimm, SL and van Aarde, RJ},
Title = {Lion populations may be declining in Africa but not as Bauer
et al. suggest.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {113},
Number = {2},
Pages = {E107-E108},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521506113},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1521506113},
Key = {fds322804}
}
@article{fds322805,
Author = {Li, BV and Hughes, AC and Jenkins, CN and Ocampo-Peñuela, N and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Remotely Sensed Data Informs Red List Evaluations and
Conservation Priorities in Southeast Asia.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {11},
Number = {8},
Pages = {e0160566},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160566},
Abstract = {The IUCN Red List has assessed the global distributions of
the majority of the world's amphibians, birds and mammals.
Yet these assessments lack explicit reference to widely
available, remotely-sensed data that can sensibly inform a
species' risk of extinction. Our first goal is to add
additional quantitative data to the existing standardised
process that IUCN employs. Secondly, we ask: do our results
suggest species of concern-those at considerably greater
risk than hitherto appreciated? Thirdly, these assessments
are not only important on a species-by-species basis. By
combining distributions of species of concern, we map
conservation priorities. We ask to what degree these areas
are currently protected and how might knowledge from remote
sensing modify the priorities? Finally, we develop a quick
and simple method to identify and modify the priority
setting in a landscape where natural habitats are
disappearing rapidly and so where conventional species'
assessments might be too slow to respond. Tropical, mainland
Southeast Asia is under exceptional threat, yet relatively
poorly known. Here, additional quantitative measures may be
particularly helpful. This region contains over 122, 183,
and 214 endemic mammals, birds, and amphibians,
respectively, of which the IUCN considers 37, 21, and 37
threatened. When corrected for the amount of remaining
natural habitats within the known elevation preferences of
species, the average sizes of species ranges shrink to <40%
of their published ranges. Some 79 mammal, 49 bird, and 184
amphibian ranges are <20,000km2-an area at which IUCN
considers most other species to be threatened. Moreover,
these species are not better protected by the existing
network of protected areas than are species that IUCN
accepts as threatened. Simply, there appear to be
considerably more species at risk than hitherto appreciated.
Furthermore, incorporating remote sensing data showing where
habitat loss is prevalent changes the locations of
conservation priorities.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0160566},
Key = {fds322805}
}
@article{fds326647,
Author = {Pimm, S and Jewell, Z and Alibhai, S},
Title = {Protecting global diversity},
Journal = {Issues in Science and Technology},
Volume = {32},
Number = {2},
Pages = {9-12},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds326647}
}
@article{fds322806,
Author = {Diamond, J and Pimm, SL and Sanderson, JG},
Title = {The checkered history of checkerboard distributions:
comment.},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {96},
Number = {12},
Pages = {3386-3388},
Year = {2015},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-1848.1},
Doi = {10.1890/14-1848.1},
Key = {fds322806}
}
@article{fds322807,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Alibhai, S and Bergl, R and Dehgan, A and Giri, C and Jewell,
Z and Joppa, L and Kays, R and Loarie, S},
Title = {Emerging Technologies to Conserve Biodiversity.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {30},
Number = {11},
Pages = {685-696},
Year = {2015},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.008},
Abstract = {Technologies to identify individual animals, follow their
movements, identify and locate animal and plant species, and
assess the status of their habitats remotely have become
better, faster, and cheaper as threats to the survival of
species are increasing. New technologies alone do not save
species, and new data create new problems. For example,
improving technologies alone cannot prevent poaching:
solutions require providing appropriate tools to the right
people. Habitat loss is another driver: the challenge here
is to connect existing sophisticated remote sensing with
species occurrence data to predict where species remain.
Other challenges include assembling a wider public to
crowdsource data, managing the massive quantities of data
generated, and developing solutions to rapidly emerging
threats.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.008},
Key = {fds322807}
}
@article{fds279089,
Author = {Shen, G and Pimm, SL and Feng, C and Ren, G and Liu, Y and Xu, W and Li, J and Si, X and Xie, Z},
Title = {Climate change challenges the current conservation strategy
for the giant panda},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {190},
Pages = {43-50},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2015},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0006-3207},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.05.004},
Abstract = {The global total of protected areas to conserve biodiversity
is increasing steadily, while numerous studies show that
they are broadly effective. That said, how will current
conservation strategies work, given the current and expected
changes to the global climate? The giant panda is a
conservation icon and exceptional efforts protect its
remaining habitats. It provides a unique case study to
address this question. There are many studies on the
projected loss of habitats as climate warms, but few
consider the geographical arrangement of future habitats,
current protected area, and species' dispersal abilities.
Most alarmingly, we expect much greater habitat
fragmentation after climate change. Here, we combine
long-term data on giant pandas with climate-change scenarios
to predict future habitat loss and distribution in the Min
Shan of Sichuan and Gansu, China. We employ metapopulation
capacity as a mechanistic measure of a species' response to
habitat fragmentation. The results show that climate changes
will lead to 16.3. ±. 1.4 (%) losses of giant panda
habitats. Alarmingly, 11.4% of the remaining habitat
fragments would be smaller than the extinction threshold
area as the extent of fragmentation increases nearly
fourfold. The projected fragmentation of giant panda
habitats predicts 9% lower effectiveness inside the
protected area network compared with that outside of
reserves. A 35% reduction will occur in future effectiveness
of reserve networks. The results challenge the long-term
effectiveness of protected areas in protecting the species'
persistence. They indicate a need for integrating both
natural processes and dynamic threats over a simple reliance
on individual static natural reserves.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2015.05.004},
Key = {fds279089}
}
@article{fds279088,
Author = {Jenkins, CN and Van Houtan and KS and Pimm, SL and Sexton,
JO},
Title = {Reply to Brown et al.: Species and places are the priorities
for conservation, not economic efficiency.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {112},
Number = {32},
Pages = {E4343},
Year = {2015},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511375112},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1511375112},
Key = {fds279088}
}
@article{fds279090,
Author = {Jenkins, CN and Van Houtan and KS and Pimm, SL and Sexton,
JO},
Title = {US protected lands mismatch biodiversity
priorities.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {112},
Number = {16},
Pages = {5081-5086},
Year = {2015},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418034112},
Abstract = {Because habitat loss is the main cause of extinction, where
and how much society chooses to protect is vital for saving
species. The United States is well positioned economically
and politically to pursue habitat conservation should it be
a societal goal. We assessed the US protected area portfolio
with respect to biodiversity in the country. New synthesis
maps for terrestrial vertebrates, freshwater fish, and trees
permit comparison with protected areas to identify
priorities for future conservation investment. Although the
total area protected is substantial, its geographic
configuration is nearly the opposite of patterns of endemism
within the country. Most protected lands are in the West,
whereas the vulnerable species are largely in the Southeast.
Private land protections are significant, but they are not
concentrated where the priorities are. To adequately protect
the nation's unique biodiversity, we recommend specific
areas deserving additional protection, some of them
including public lands, but many others requiring private
investment.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1418034112},
Key = {fds279090}
}
@article{fds279097,
Author = {De Vos and JM and Joppa, LN and Gittleman, JL and Stephens, PR and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Estimating the normal background rate of species
extinction.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {29},
Number = {2},
Pages = {452-462},
Year = {2015},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12380},
Abstract = {A key measure of humanity's global impact is by how much it
has increased species extinction rates. Familiar statements
are that these are 100-1000 times pre-human or background
extinction levels. Estimating recent rates is
straightforward, but establishing a background rate for
comparison is not. Previous researchers chose an approximate
benchmark of 1 extinction per million species per year
(E/MSY). We explored disparate lines of evidence that
suggest a substantially lower estimate. Fossil data yield
direct estimates of extinction rates, but they are
temporally coarse, mostly limited to marine hard-bodied
taxa, and generally involve genera not species. Based on
these data, typical background loss is 0.01 genera per
million genera per year. Molecular phylogenies are available
for more taxa and ecosystems, but it is debated whether they
can be used to estimate separately speciation and extinction
rates. We selected data to address known concerns and used
them to determine median extinction estimates from
statistical distributions of probable values for terrestrial
plants and animals. We then created simulations to explore
effects of violating model assumptions. Finally, we compiled
estimates of diversification-the difference between
speciation and extinction rates for different taxa. Median
estimates of extinction rates ranged from 0.023 to 0.135
E/MSY. Simulation results suggested over- and
under-estimation of extinction from individual phylogenies
partially canceled each other out when large sets of
phylogenies were analyzed. There was no evidence for recent
and widespread pre-human overall declines in diversity. This
implies that average extinction rates are less than average
diversification rates. Median diversification rates were
0.05-0.2 new species per million species per year. On the
basis of these results, we concluded that typical rates of
background extinction may be closer to 0.1 E/MSY. Thus,
current extinction rates are 1,000 times higher than natural
background rates of extinction and future rates are likely
to be 10,000 times higher.},
Doi = {10.1111/cobi.12380},
Key = {fds279097}
}
@article{fds279092,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Joppa, LN},
Title = {How many plant species are there, where are they, and at
what rate are they going extinct?},
Journal = {Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden},
Volume = {100},
Number = {3},
Pages = {170-176},
Publisher = {Missouri Botanical Garden Press},
Year = {2015},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0026-6493},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2012018},
Abstract = {How many flowering plant species are there? Where are they?
How many are going extinct, and how fast are they doing so?
Interesting in themselves, these are questions at the heart
of modern conservation biology. Determining the answers will
dictate where and how successfully conservation efforts will
be allocated. Plants form a large taxonomic sample of
biodiversity. They are important in themselves and directly
determine the diversity of many other taxonomic groups.
Inspired by conversations with Peter Raven, we set out to
provide quantitative answers to these questions. We argue
that there are 450,000 species, two thirds of which live in
the tropics, a third of all species are at risk of
extinction, and they are going extinct 1000 to 10,000 times
the background rate. In obtaining these results, we point to
the critical role of dedicated taxonomic effort and
biodiversity monitoring. We will only get a good answer to
the age-old question of "how many species are there?" when
we understand the population biology and social behavior of
taxonomists. That most missing species will be found in
biodiversity hotspots reaffirms their place as the foci of
extinction for decades to come. Important, but not yet
addressed, are future studies of how long plant species take
to become extinct in habitat fragments. These will deliver
not only better estimates of extinction rates, but also the
critical timeframe of how quickly one needs to act to
prevent extinctions.},
Doi = {10.3417/2012018},
Key = {fds279092}
}
@article{fds279086,
Author = {Wells, J and Schindler, D and Pimm, S and Courtois, V and Smith, K and Schaefer, J and Jacobs, J and Raven, P},
Title = {Domestic Policy Focus Highly Important For Protecting
Primary Forests},
Journal = {Conservation Letters},
Volume = {8},
Number = {2},
Pages = {148-149},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2015},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1755-263X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12165},
Doi = {10.1111/conl.12165},
Key = {fds279086}
}
@article{fds279094,
Author = {Lees, AC and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Species, extinct before we know them?},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {25},
Number = {5},
Pages = {R177-R180},
Year = {2015},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.017},
Abstract = {Species are going extinct rapidly, while taxonomic
catalogues are still incomplete for even the best-known
taxa. Intensive fieldwork is finding species so rare and
threatened that some become extinct within years of
discovery. Recent bird extinctions in Brazil's coastal
forests suggest that some species may have gone extinct
before we knew of their existence.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.017},
Key = {fds279094}
}
@article{fds279085,
Author = {Lees, AC and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Erratum: Species, extinct before we know them? (Current
Boilogy (2015) 25 (R177-R180))},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {25},
Number = {7},
Pages = {969},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.001},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.001},
Key = {fds279085}
}
@article{fds279093,
Author = {Vale, CG and Pimm, SL and Brito, JC},
Title = {Overlooked mountain rock pools in deserts are critical local
hotspots of biodiversity.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {10},
Number = {2},
Pages = {e0118367},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118367},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>The world is undergoing exceptional
biodiversity loss. Most conservation efforts target
biodiversity hotspots at large scales. Such approach
overlooks small-sized local hotspots, which may be rich in
endemic and highly threatened species. We explore the
importance of mountain rock pools (gueltas) as local
biodiversity hotspots in the Sahara-Sahel. Specifically, we
considered how many vertebrates (total and endemics) use
gueltas, what factors predict species richness, and which
gueltas are of most priority for conservation. We expected
to provide management recommendations, improve local
biodiversity conservation, and simultaneously contribute
with a framework for future enhancement of local
communities' economy. The identification of local hotspots
of biodiversity is important for revaluating global
conservation priorities.<h4>Methodology/principal
findings</h4>We quantified the number of vertebrate species
from each taxonomic group and endemics present in 69 gueltas
in Mauritania, then compared these with species present in a
surrounding area and recorded in the country. We evaluated
the predictors of species number's present in each guelta
through a multiple regression model. We ranked gueltas by
their priority for conservation taking into account the
percentage of endemics and threats to each guelta. Within a
mere aggregate extent of 43 ha, gueltas hold about 32% and
78% of the total taxa analysed and endemics of Mauritania,
respectively. The number of species present in each guelta
increased with the primary productivity and area of gueltas
and occurrence of permanent water. Droughts and human
activities threaten gueltas, while 64% of them are currently
unprotected.<h4>Conclusion/significance</h4>Gueltas are
crucial for local biodiversity conservation and human
activities. They require urgent management plans in
Mauritania's mountains. They could provide refugia under
climate change being important for long-term conservation of
Sahara-Sahel biodiversity. Given their disproportional
importance in relation to their size, they are local
hotspots of biodiversity deserving global
attention.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0118367},
Key = {fds279093}
}
@article{fds279095,
Author = {Ocampo-Peñuela, N and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Bird conservation would complement landslide prevention in
the Central Andes of Colombia.},
Journal = {Peerj},
Volume = {3},
Pages = {e779},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.779},
Abstract = {Conservation and restoration priorities often focus on
separate ecosystem problems. Inspired by the November 11th
(2011) landslide event near Manizales, and the current poor
results of Colombia's Article 111 of Law 99 of 1993 as a
conservation measure in this country, we set out to
prioritize conservation and restoration areas where
landslide prevention would complement bird conservation in
the Central Andes. This area is one of the most biodiverse
places on Earth, but also one of the most threatened. Using
the case of the Rio Blanco Reserve, near Manizales, we
identified areas for conservation where endemic and
small-range bird diversity was high, and where landslide
risk was also high. We further prioritized restoration areas
by overlapping these conservation priorities with a forest
cover map. Restoring forests in bare areas of high landslide
risk and important bird diversity yields benefits for both
biodiversity and people. We developed a simple landslide
susceptibility model using slope, forest cover, aspect, and
stream proximity. Using publicly available bird range maps,
refined by elevation, we mapped concentrations of endemic
and small-range bird species. We identified 1.54 km(2) of
potential restoration areas in the Rio Blanco Reserve, and
886 km(2) in the Central Andes region. By prioritizing these
areas, we facilitate the application of Article 111 which
requires local and regional governments to invest in land
purchases for the conservation of watersheds.},
Doi = {10.7717/peerj.779},
Key = {fds279095}
}
@article{fds322809,
Author = {Ocampo-Peñuela, N and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Elevational Ranges of Montane Birds and Deforestation in the
Western Andes of Colombia.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {10},
Number = {12},
Pages = {e0143311},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143311},
Abstract = {Deforestation causes habitat loss, fragmentation,
degradation, and can ultimately cause extinction of the
remnant species. Tropical montane birds face these threats
with the added natural vulnerability of narrower elevational
ranges and higher specialization than lowland species.
Recent studies assess the impact of present and future
global climate change on species' ranges, but only a few of
these evaluate the potentially confounding effect of lowland
deforestation on species elevational distributions. In the
Western Andes of Colombia, an important biodiversity
hotspot, we evaluated the effects of deforestation on the
elevational ranges of montane birds along altitudinal
transects. Using point counts and mist-nets, we surveyed six
altitudinal transects spanning 2200 to 2800 m. Three
transects were forested from 2200 to 2800 m, and three were
partially deforested with forest cover only above 2400 m. We
compared abundance-weighted mean elevation, minimum
elevation, and elevational range width. In addition to
analysing the effect of deforestation on 134 species, we
tested its impact within trophic guilds and habitat
preference groups. Abundance-weighted mean and minimum
elevations were not significantly different between forested
and partially deforested transects. Range width was
marginally different: as expected, ranges were larger in
forested transects. Species in different trophic guilds and
habitat preference categories showed different trends. These
results suggest that deforestation may affect species'
elevational ranges, even within the forest that remains.
Climate change will likely exacerbate harmful impacts of
deforestation on species' elevational distributions. Future
conservation strategies need to account for this by
protecting connected forest tracts across a wide range of
elevations.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0143311},
Key = {fds322809}
}
@article{fds279087,
Author = {Si, X and Pimm, SL and Russell, GJ and Ding, P},
Title = {Turnover of breeding bird communities on islands in an
inundated lake},
Journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
Volume = {41},
Number = {12},
Pages = {2283-2292},
Year = {2014},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0305-0270},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12379},
Abstract = {Aim: MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography
proposes that the rate at which species colonize an island
depends on the island's isolation (distance effect), whereas
the local extinction rate depends on its area (area effect).
Alternative hypotheses recognize that area can affect the
colonization rate (target effect) and that isolation can
affect the extinction rate (rescue effect) and, moreover,
that these relationships may dominate. We quantify these
relationships and associated turnover rates and incidence
using long-term counts of breeding bird communities on
islands in an inundated lake. Location: Thousand Island
Lake, China. Methods: We assessed the occupancy and
behaviour of breeding birds on 37 islands from 2007 to 2012.
We estimated the effects of area, isolation and other
biogeographical parameters on the frequencies of
colonization and extinction events using multivariate
logistic regression. We then extended these results to
derived properties such as species turnover rates and
incidence. Results: Extinction rates decreased and
colonization rates increased on larger islands. Isolation
had no significant effect on colonization or extinction
rates. Islands had high species turnover overall, and
turnover rates followed the same pattern as extinction rates
with different areas and isolations. Pool turnover, which
controls for the number of species in the pool, was higher
on large islands. Species richness also increased with area.
Our study of bird communities supported area and target
effects, but not distance and rescue effects. Main
conclusions: Island area was a better predictor of
colonization and extinction than isolation, probably because
of the relatively small scale (c. 580km2) and homogeneous
vegetation structure of our research system, and the strong
dispersal ability of birds. We conclude that the differences
between our observations and theoretical predictions, or
results from other studies that measured colonization and
extinction directly, are consistent with the particular
biogeography of these islands.},
Doi = {10.1111/jbi.12379},
Key = {fds279087}
}
@article{fds279100,
Author = {Ocampo-Peñuela, N and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Setting practical conservation priorities for birds in the
Western Andes of Colombia.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {28},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1260-1270},
Year = {2014},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12312},
Abstract = {We aspired to set conservation priorities in ways that lead
to direct conservation actions. Very large-scale strategic
mapping leads to familiar conservation priorities
exemplified by biodiversity hotspots. In contrast, tactical
conservation actions unfold on much smaller geographical
extents and they need to reflect the habitat loss and
fragmentation that have sharply restricted where species now
live. Our aspirations for direct, practical actions were
demanding. First, we identified the global, strategic
conservation priorities and then downscaled to practical
local actions within the selected priorities. In doing this,
we recognized the limitations of incomplete information. We
started such a process in Colombia and used the results
presented here to implement reforestation of degraded land
to prevent the isolation of a large area of cloud forest. We
used existing range maps of 171 bird species to identify
priority conservation areas that would conserve the greatest
number of species at risk in Colombia. By at risk species,
we mean those that are endemic and have small ranges. The
Western Andes had the highest concentrations of such
species-100 in total-but the lowest densities of national
parks. We then adjusted the priorities for this region by
refining these species ranges by selecting only areas of
suitable elevation and remaining habitat. The estimated
ranges of these species shrank by 18-100% after accounting
for habitat and suitable elevation. Setting conservation
priorities on the basis of currently available range maps
excluded priority areas in the Western Andes and, by
extension, likely elsewhere and for other taxa. By
incorporating detailed maps of remaining natural habitats,
we made practical recommendations for conservation actions.
One recommendation was to restore forest connections to a
patch of cloud forest about to become isolated from the main
Andes.},
Doi = {10.1111/cobi.12312},
Key = {fds279100}
}
@article{fds279101,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Jenkins, CN and Abell, R and Brooks, TM and Gittleman, JL and Joppa, LN and Raven, PH and Roberts, CM and Sexton,
JO},
Title = {The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction,
distribution, and protection.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {344},
Number = {6187},
Pages = {1246752},
Year = {2014},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1246752},
Abstract = {Recent studies clarify where the most vulnerable species
live, where and how humanity changes the planet, and how
this drives extinctions. We assess key statistics about
species, their distribution, and their status. Most are
undescribed. Those we know best have large geographical
ranges and are often common within them. Most known species
have small ranges. The numbers of small-ranged species are
increasing quickly, even in well-known taxa. They are
geographically concentrated and are disproportionately
likely to be threatened or already extinct. Current rates of
extinction are about 1000 times the likely background rate
of extinction. Future rates depend on many factors and are
poised to increase. Although there has been rapid progress
in developing protected areas, such efforts are not
ecologically representative, nor do they optimally protect
biodiversity.},
Doi = {10.1126/science.1246752},
Key = {fds279101}
}
@article{fds279098,
Author = {Mashintonio, AF and Pimm, SL and Harris, GM and van Aarde, RJ and Russell, GJ},
Title = {Data-driven discovery of the spatial scales of habitat
choice by elephants.},
Journal = {Peerj},
Volume = {2},
Pages = {e504},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.504},
Abstract = {Setting conservation goals and management objectives relies
on understanding animal habitat preferences. Models that
predict preferences combine location data from tracked
animals with environmental information, usually at a spatial
resolution determined by the available data. This resolution
may be biologically irrelevant for the species in question.
Individuals likely integrate environmental characteristics
over varying distances when evaluating their surroundings;
we call this the scale of selection. Even a single
characteristic might be viewed differently at different
scales; for example, a preference for sheltering under trees
does not necessarily imply a fondness for continuous forest.
Multi-scale preference is likely to be particularly evident
for animals that occupy coarsely heterogeneous landscapes
like savannahs. We designed a method to identify scales at
which species respond to resources and used these scales to
build preference models. We represented different scales of
selection by locally averaging, or smoothing, the
environmental data using kernels of increasing radii. First,
we examined each environmental variable separately across a
spectrum of selection scales and found peaks of fit. These
'candidate' scales then determined the environmental data
layers entering a multivariable conditional logistic model.
We used model selection via AIC to determine the important
predictors out of this set. We demonstrate this method using
savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) inhabiting two parks
in southern Africa. The multi-scale models were more
parsimonious than models using environmental data at only
the source resolution. Maps describing habitat preferences
also improved when multiple scales were included, as
elephants were more often in places predicted to have high
neighborhood quality. We conclude that elephants select
habitat based on environmental qualities at multiple scales.
For them, and likely many other species, biologists should
include multiple scales in models of habitat selection.
Species environmental preferences and their geospatial
projections will be more accurately represented, improving
management decisions and conservation planning.},
Doi = {10.7717/peerj.504},
Key = {fds279098}
}
@article{pimm2013conservation,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Brooks, T},
Title = {Conservation: forest fragments, facts, and
fallacies.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {23},
Number = {24},
Pages = {R1098-R1101},
Publisher = {Cell Press},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355786},
Abstract = {Most of the world's remaining habitats are split into small
fragments that lose species quickly. Knowledge of this fact
can guide practical actions to prevent extinctions.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.024},
Key = {pimm2013conservation}
}
@article{pimm2013ornithology,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Ornithology: World wide wings},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {503},
Number = {7475},
Pages = {197},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2013},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/503197a},
Doi = {10.1038/503197a},
Key = {pimm2013ornithology}
}
@article{pimm2013biology,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Biology: The love of pit vipers},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {502},
Number = {7472},
Pages = {442-443},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2013},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/502442a},
Doi = {10.1038/502442a},
Key = {pimm2013biology}
}
@article{creel2013conserving,
Author = {Creel, S and Becker, MS and Durant, SM and M'Soka, J and Matandiko, W and Dickman, AJ and Christianson, D and Dröge, E and Mweetwa, T and Pettorelli, N and Rosenblatt, E and Schuette, P and Woodroffe, R and Bashir, S and Beudels-Jamar, RC and Blake, S and Borner, M and Breitenmoser, C and Broekhuis, F and Cozzi, G and Davenport, TRB and Deutsch, J and Dollar, L and Dolrenry, S and Douglas-Hamilton, I and Fitzherbert, E and Foley, C and Hazzah, L and Henschel, P and Hilborn,
R and Hopcraft, JGC and Ikanda, D and Jacobson, A and Joubert, B and Joubert, D and Kelly, MS and Lichtenfeld, L and Mace, GM and Milanzi, J and Mitchell, N and Msuha, M and Muir, R and Nyahongo, J and Pimm, S and Purchase, G and Schenck, C and Sillero-Zubiri, C and Sinclair, ARE and Songorwa, AN and Stanley-Price, M and Tehou, CA and Trout, C and Wall,
J and Wittemyer, G and Zimmermann, A},
Title = {Conserving large populations of lions - the argument for
fences has holes.},
Journal = {Ecology Letters},
Volume = {16},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1413-e3},
Year = {2013},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {1461-023X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12145},
Abstract = {Packer et al. reported that fenced lion populations attain
densities closer to carrying capacity than unfenced
populations. However, fenced populations are often
maintained above carrying capacity, and most are small. Many
more lions are conserved per dollar invested in unfenced
ecosystems, which avoid the ecological and economic costs of
fencing.},
Doi = {10.1111/ele.12145},
Key = {creel2013conserving}
}
@article{joppa2013achieving,
Author = {Joppa, LN and Visconti, P and Jenkins, CN and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Achieving the convention on biological diversity's goals for
plant conservation.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {341},
Number = {6150},
Pages = {1100-1103},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Scienc},
Year = {2013},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000323933100041&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {Identifying which areas capture how many species is the
first question in conservation planning. The Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) aspires to formal protection of
at least 17% of the terrestrial world and, through the
Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, 60% of plant
species. Are these targets of protecting area and species
compatible? We show that 67% of plant species live entirely
within regions that comprise 17% of the land surface.
Moreover, these regions include most terrestrial vertebrates
with small geographical ranges. However, the connections
between the CBD targets of protecting area and species are
complex. Achieving both targets will be difficult because
regions with the most plant species have only slightly more
land protected than do those with fewer.},
Doi = {10.1126/science.1241706},
Key = {joppa2013achieving}
}
@article{jenkins2013global,
Author = {Jenkins, CN and Pimm, SL and Joppa, LN},
Title = {Global patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and
conservation.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {110},
Number = {28},
Pages = {E2602-E2610},
Year = {2013},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803854},
Abstract = {Identifying priority areas for biodiversity is essential for
directing conservation resources. Fundamentally, we must
know where individual species live, which ones are
vulnerable, where human actions threaten them, and their
levels of protection. As conservation knowledge and threats
change, we must reevaluate priorities. We mapped priority
areas for vertebrates using newly updated data on >21,000
species of mammals, amphibians, and birds. For each taxon,
we identified centers of richness for all species,
small-ranged species, and threatened species listed with the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
Importantly, all analyses were at a spatial grain of 10 ×
10 km, 100 times finer than previous assessments. This fine
scale is a significant methodological improvement, because
it brings mapping to scales comparable with regional
decisions on where to place protected areas. We also mapped
recent species discoveries, because they suggest where
as-yet-unknown species might be living. To assess the
protection of the priority areas, we calculated the
percentage of priority areas within protected areas using
the latest data from the World Database of Protected Areas,
providing a snapshot of how well the planet's protected area
system encompasses vertebrate biodiversity. Although the
priority areas do have more protection than the global
average, the level of protection still is insufficient given
the importance of these areas for preventing vertebrate
extinctions. We also found substantial differences between
our identified vertebrate priorities and the leading map of
global conservation priorities, the biodiversity hotspots.
Our findings suggest a need to reassess the global
allocation of conservation resources to reflect today's
improved knowledge of biodiversity and conservation.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1302251110},
Key = {jenkins2013global}
}
@article{schnell2013estimating,
Author = {Schnell, JK and Harris, GM and Pimm, SL and Russell,
GJ},
Title = {Estimating extinction risk with metapopulation models of
large-scale fragmentation.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {27},
Number = {3},
Pages = {520-530},
Year = {2013},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551595},
Abstract = {Habitat loss is the principal threat to species. How much
habitat remains-and how quickly it is shrinking-are
implicitly included in the way the International Union for
Conservation of Nature determines a species' risk of
extinction. Many endangered species have habitats that are
also fragmented to different extents. Thus, ideally,
fragmentation should be quantified in a standard way in risk
assessments. Although mapping fragmentation from satellite
imagery is easy, efficient techniques for relating maps of
remaining habitat to extinction risk are few. Purely spatial
metrics from landscape ecology are hard to interpret and do
not address extinction directly. Spatially explicit
metapopulation models link fragmentation to extinction risk,
but standard models work only at small scales.
Counterintuitively, these models predict that a species in a
large, contiguous habitat will fare worse than one in 2 tiny
patches. This occurs because although the species in the
large, contiguous habitat has a low probability of
extinction, recolonization cannot occur if there are no
other patches to provide colonists for a rescue effect. For
4 ecologically comparable bird species of the North Central
American highland forests, we devised metapopulation models
with area-weighted self-colonization terms; this reflected
repopulation of a patch from a remnant of individuals that
survived an adverse event. Use of this term gives extra
weight to a patch in its own rescue effect. Species assigned
least risk status were comparable in long-term extinction
risk with those ranked as threatened. This finding suggests
that fragmentation has had a substantial negative effect on
them that is not accounted for in their Red List
category.},
Doi = {10.1111/cobi.12047},
Key = {schnell2013estimating}
}
@article{pimm2013conservation,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Conservation: The commonness of rarity},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {493},
Number = {7432},
Pages = {300-301},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/493300a},
Doi = {10.1038/493300a},
Key = {pimm2013conservation}
}
@article{schnell2013quantitative,
Author = {Schnell, JK and Harris, GM and Pimm, SL and Russell,
GJ},
Title = {Quantitative analysis of forest fragmentation in the
atlantic forest reveals more threatened bird species than
the current red list.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {8},
Number = {5},
Pages = {e65357},
Publisher = {Public Library of Science},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23734248},
Abstract = {Habitat loss and attendant fragmentation threaten the
existence of many species. Conserving these species requires
a straightforward and objective method that quantifies how
these factors affect their survival. Therefore, we compared
a variety of metrics that assess habitat fragmentation in
bird ranges, using the geographical ranges of 127 forest
endemic passerine birds inhabiting the Atlantic Forest of
Brazil. A common, non-biological metric - cumulative area of
size-ranked fragments within a species range - was
misleading, as the least threatened species had the most
habitat fragmentation. Instead, we recommend a modified
version of metapopulation capacity. The metric links
detailed spatial information on fragment sizes and spatial
configuration to the birds' abilities to occupy and disperse
across large areas (100,000+ km(2)). In the Atlantic Forest,
metapopulation capacities were largely bimodal, in that most
species' ranges had either low capacity (high risk of
extinction) or high capacity (very small risk of
extinction). This pattern persisted within taxonomically and
ecologically homogenous groups, indicating that it is driven
by fragmentation patterns and not differences in species
ecology. Worryingly, we found IUCN considers some 28 of 58
species in the low metapopulation capacity cluster to not be
threatened. We propose that assessing the effect of
fragmentation will separate species more clearly into
distinct risk categories than does a simple assessment of
remaining habitat.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0065357},
Key = {schnell2013quantitative}
}
@article{riggio2013size,
Author = {Riggio, J and Jacobson, A and Dollar, L and Bauer, H and Becker, M and Dickman, A and Funston, P and Groom, R and Henschel, P and de Iongh, H and Lichtenfeld, L and Pimm, S},
Title = {The size of savannah Africa: A lion's (Panthera leo)
view},
Journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
Volume = {22},
Number = {1},
Pages = {17-35},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0960-3115},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4},
Abstract = {We define African savannahs as being those areas that
receive between 300 and 1,500 mm of rain annually. This
broad definition encompasses a variety of habitats. Thus
defined, savannahs comprise 13.5 million km2 and encompass
most of the present range of the African lion (Panthera
leo). Dense human populations and extensive conversion of
land to human use preclude use by lions. Using
high-resolution satellite imagery and human population
density data we define lion areas, places that likely have
resident lion populations. In 1960, 11.9 million km2 of
these savannahs had fewer than 25 people per km2. The
comparable area shrank to 9.7 million km2 by 2000. Areas of
savannah Africa with few people have shrunk considerably in
the last 50 years and human population projections suggest
they will likely shrink significantly in the next 40. The
current extent of free-ranging lion populations is 3.4
million km2 or about 25 % of savannah area. Habitats across
this area are fragmented; all available data indicate that
between 32,000 and 35,000 free-ranging lions live in 67 lion
areas. Although these numbers are similar to previous
estimates, they are geographically more comprehensive. There
is abundant evidence of widespread declines and local
extinctions. Under the criteria we outline, ten lion areas
qualify as lion strongholds: four in East Africa and six in
Southern Africa. Approximately 24,000 lions are in
strongholds, with an additional 4,000 in potential ones.
However, over 6,000 lions are in populations of doubtful
long-term viability. Lion populations in West and Central
Africa are acutely threatened with many recent, local
extinctions even in nominally protected areas. © 2012 The
Author(s).},
Doi = {10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4},
Key = {riggio2013size}
}
@article{badiou2013conserving,
Author = {Badiou, Pascal and Baldwin, Robert and Carlson, Matt and Darveau, Marcel and Drapeau, Pierre and Gaston, Kevin and Jacobs, John and Kerr, Jeremy and Levin, Simon and Manseau,
Micheline and others},
Title = {Conserving the World’s Last Great Forest Is Possible:
Here’s How},
Year = {2013},
Key = {badiou2013conserving}
}
@misc{pimm2013tracks,
Author = {Pimm, Stuart},
Title = {Tracks and Shadows: Field Biology as Art},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST,
LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND},
Year = {2013},
Key = {pimm2013tracks}
}
@article{katz2013summer,
Author = {Katz, David and Bell, Jim and Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff and Mody, Cyrus CM and Nicholls, Henry and Harman, Oren and Davis, Mike and Alonzo, Suzanne and Pimm, Stuart and Juma,
Calestous and others},
Title = {Summer books},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {499},
Number = {7457},
Pages = {150--153},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {2013},
Key = {katz2013summer}
}
@article{badiou2013preservation,
Author = {Badiou, Pascal and Baldwin, Robert and Carlson, Matt and Darveau, Marcel and Drapeau, Pierre and Gaston, Kevin and Jacobs, John and Kerr, Jeremy and Levin, Simon and Manseau,
Micheline and others},
Title = {Pr{\'e}servation de la derni{\`e}re grande for{\^e}t de la
Terre: mode d’emploi},
Year = {2013},
Key = {badiou2013preservation}
}
@article{pimm2013careers,
Author = {Pimm, Stuart},
Title = {Careers: A guide to the life scientific},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {496},
Number = {7445},
Pages = {297--297},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {2013},
Key = {pimm2013careers}
}
@article{pimm2013book,
Author = {Pimm, Stuart},
Title = {The Book of Barely Imagined Beings: A 21st Century
Bestiary},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {499},
Number = {7457},
Pages = {152--152},
Publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Ltd., London, England},
Year = {2013},
Key = {pimm2013book}
}
@article{fds279130,
Author = {Scheffers, BR and Joppa, LN and Pimm, SL and Laurance,
WF},
Title = {Erratum to: "What we know and don't know about Earth's
missing biodiversity". [Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27
(2012) 501-510]},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {27},
Number = {12},
Pages = {712-713},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2012},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.09.006},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2012.09.006},
Key = {fds279130}
}
@article{fds279143,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Biodiversity: not just lots of fish in the
sea.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {22},
Number = {23},
Pages = {R996-R997},
Year = {2012},
Month = {December},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218014},
Abstract = {'How many species are there?' is a basic question about
life. From Acoela worms to Zoantharia corals, oceans are
taxonomically more divergent than land. Answering the
question requires many experts.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.028},
Key = {fds279143}
}
@article{fds304944,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Conservation: Backyard jungles},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {491},
Number = {7423},
Pages = {188-189},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2012},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/491188a},
Doi = {10.1038/491188a},
Key = {fds304944}
}
@article{ISI:000310774300016,
Author = {Pimm Stuart},
Title = {Nature Wars: The Incredible Story of How Wildlife Comebacks
Turned Backyards into Battlegrounds},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {491},
Number = {7423},
Pages = {188-189},
Year = {2012},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/491188a},
Doi = {10.1038/491188a},
Key = {ISI:000310774300016}
}
@article{ISI:000308268300007,
Author = {Scheffers, BR and Joppa, LN and Pimm, SL and Laurance,
WF},
Title = {What we know and don't know about Earth's missing
biodiversity.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {27},
Number = {9},
Pages = {501-510},
Year = {2012},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784409},
Abstract = {Estimates of non-microbial diversity on Earth range from 2
million to over 50 million species, with great uncertainties
in numbers of insects, fungi, nematodes, and deep-sea
organisms. We summarize estimates for major taxa, the
methods used to obtain them, and prospects for further
discoveries. Major challenges include frequent synonymy, the
difficulty of discriminating certain species by morphology
alone, and the fact that many undiscovered species are
small, difficult to find, or have small geographic ranges.
Cryptic species could be numerous in some taxa. Novel
techniques, such as DNA barcoding, new databases, and
crowd-sourcing, could greatly accelerate the rate of species
discovery. Such advances are timely. Most missing species
probably live in biodiversity hotspots, where habitat
destruction is rife, and so current estimates of extinction
rates from known species are too low.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2012.05.008},
Key = {ISI:000308268300007}
}
@article{ISI:000306584000013,
Author = {Noah Greenwald and DN and Suckling, KF and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Critical habitat and the role of peer review in government
decisions},
Journal = {Bioscience},
Volume = {62},
Number = {7},
Pages = {686-690},
Year = {2012},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0006-3568},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.7.11},
Abstract = {With few exceptions, the US Endangered Species Act requires
the designation of "critical habitat" for threatened and
endangered species. This provides important protections,
including a prohibition against adverse modification of
designated habitat by federal agencies. Scientists with the
US Fish and Wildlife Service develop critical habitat
designations, which are then peer reviewed before being
finalized by the secretary of the interior. We reviewed 169
peer reviews of 42 designations for 336 species finalized
between 2002 and 2007 and determined whether there were
changes in the area designated and whether those changes
reflected the reviewers' advice. Thirty-four (81 %) of the
42 designations were reduced by an average of 43%.
Eighty-five of the reviews recommended adding areas, and 19
recommended subtracting areas. Areas were added in response
to only four reviews and subtracted in response to only
nine. These results highlight the limitations of peer review
of government decisions, which lack an arbiter to ensure
that reviews are adequately considered. © 2012 2012 by
American Institute of Biological Sciences. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1525/bio.2012.62.7.11},
Key = {ISI:000306584000013}
}
@article{joppa2011taxonomy,
Author = {Joppa, LN and Roberts, DL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Taxonomy that matters: Response to Bacher},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {27},
Number = {2},
Pages = {66},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2012},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.11.015},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.11.015},
Key = {joppa2011taxonomy}
}
@article{fds279141,
Author = {Riggio, and J, and Jacobson, A and Dollar, L and Bauer, H and Becker, M and Dickman, A and Funston, P and Groom, R and Henschel, P and Iongh, HD and Lichtenfeld, L and author, SLPC},
Title = {The size of savannah Africa: a lion’s view},
Journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
Volume = {22},
Pages = {17-35},
Year = {2012},
url = {http://10.0.3.239/s10531-012-0381-4},
Key = {fds279141}
}
@article{fds279128,
Author = {Sanderson, JG and Diamond, J and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Response to Collins et al. (2011)},
Journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
Volume = {38},
Number = {12},
Pages = {2397-2397},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2011},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0305-0270},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02575.x},
Abstract = {We note serious problems in Collins et al. (Journal of
Biogeography, 2011, doi: ): failure to use over 80% of the
available data; failure to use one of the two available
archipelagoes; mistaken inclusion of four species; and
reliance on a grossly inadequate number of null matrices.
Curing the paper of these problems would have strengthened
the evidence for checkerboards and the role of competition.
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02575.x},
Key = {fds279128}
}
@article{jenkins2011conservation,
Author = {Jenkins, CN and Pimm, SL and Alves, MADS},
Title = {How conservation GIS leads to Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil},
Journal = {Natureza & Conservação},
Volume = {9},
Number = {2},
Pages = {152-159},
Year = {2011},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1679-0073},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/natcon.2011.021},
Abstract = {Success in conservation requires that everyone maximize his
or her individual impact, because resources are limited and
the challenge of saving biodiversity is great. Ten years
ago, we asked how best a small, but energetic and passionate
group could act to prevent bird extinctions in the Americas.
We discuss our long-term approach to the problem and the
resulting successful conservation actions and, in doing so
provide a possible guide for others trying to focus their
conservation efforts. Through a progressive series of
intuitive GIS analyses, we showed that the Atlantic Forest
has the highest concentration of threatened birds in the
Americas. Within the Atlantic Forest, the state of Rio de
Janeiro has the highest concentration of those threatened
birds. Within Rio de Janeiro state, an isolated lowland
forest fragment of a few thousand hectares stands out as the
highest priority for preventing bird extinctions. We
identified the creation of a small forest corridor to that
fragment as the most effective action we could take to
prevent bird extinctions, in all of the Americas. Today, we
know that corridor as the Fazenda Dourada and the trees are
growing back. That success was the result of a specific
research and conservation agenda, one that is long-term,
based on quantitative science, and guided by local
conservation actors. © 2011 ABECO.},
Doi = {10.4322/natcon.2011.021},
Key = {jenkins2011conservation}
}
@article{fds358241,
Author = {Grehan, JR and Schwartz, JH},
Title = {Evolution of human-ape relationships remains open for
investigation},
Journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
Volume = {38},
Number = {12},
Pages = {2397-2404},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2011},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02577.x},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02577.x},
Key = {fds358241}
}
@article{joppa2011population,
Author = {Joppa, LN and Roberts, DL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The population ecology and social behaviour of
taxonomists.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {26},
Number = {11},
Pages = {551-553},
Year = {2011},
Month = {November},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862170},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.07.010},
Key = {joppa2011population}
}
@article{joppa2011biodiversity,
Author = {Joppa, LN and Roberts, DL and Myers, N and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Biodiversity hotspots house most undiscovered plant
species.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {108},
Number = {32},
Pages = {13171-13176},
Publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
Year = {2011},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21730155},
Abstract = {For most organisms, the number of described species
considerably underestimates how many exist. This is itself a
problem and causes secondary complications given present
high rates of species extinction. Known numbers of flowering
plants form the basis of biodiversity "hotspots"--places
where high levels of endemism and habitat loss coincide to
produce high extinction rates. How different would
conservation priorities be if the catalog were complete?
Approximately 15% more species of flowering plant are likely
still undiscovered. They are almost certainly rare, and
depending on where they live, suffer high risks of
extinction from habitat loss and global climate disruption.
By using a model that incorporates taxonomic effort over
time, regions predicted to contain large numbers of
undiscovered species are already conservation priorities.
Our results leave global conservation priorities more or
less intact, but suggest considerably higher levels of
species imperilment than previously acknowledged.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1109389108},
Key = {joppa2011biodiversity}
}
@article{forero2011thermal,
Author = {Forero-Medina, G and Joppa, L and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Thermal Tolerance, Range Expansion, and Status of Tropical
Amphibians: Reply to Catenazzi},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {25},
Number = {3},
Pages = {426-427},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2011},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01666.x},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01666.x},
Key = {forero2011thermal}
}
@article{karanth2011counting,
Author = {Karanth, KU and Gopalaswamy, AM and Kumar, NS and Delampady, M and Nichols, JD and Seidensticker, J and Noon, BR and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Counting India's wild tigers reliably.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {332},
Number = {6031},
Pages = {791},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Science},
Year = {2011},
Month = {May},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566176},
Doi = {10.1126/science.332.6031.791-a},
Key = {karanth2011counting}
}
@article{fds279239,
Author = {Forero-Medina, G and Joppa, L and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Constraints to species' elevational range shifts as climate
changes.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {25},
Number = {1},
Pages = {163-171},
Year = {2011},
Month = {February},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21198846},
Abstract = {Predicting whether the ranges of tropical species will shift
to higher elevations in response to climate change requires
models that incorporate data on topography and land use. We
incorporated temperature gradients and land-cover data from
the current ranges of species in a model of range shifts in
response to climate change. We tested four possible
scenarios of amphibian movement on a tropical mountain:
movement upslope through and to land cover suitable for the
species; movement upslope to land-cover types that will not
sustain survival and reproduction; movement upslope to areas
that previously were outside the species' range; and
movement upslope to cooler areas within the current range.
Areas in the final scenario will become isolated as climate
continues to change. In our scenarios more than 30% of the
range of 21 of 46 amphibian species in the tropical Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta is likely to become isolated as
climate changes. More than 30% of the range of 13 amphibian
species would shift to areas that currently are unlikely to
sustain survival and reproduction. Combined, over 70% of the
current range of seven species would become thermally
isolated or shift to areas that currently are unlikely to
support survival and reproduction. The constraints on
species' movements to higher elevations in response to
climate change can increase considerably the number of
species threatened by climate change in tropical
mountains.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01572.x},
Key = {fds279239}
}
@article{fds279248,
Author = {Joppa, LN and Roberts, DL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {How many species of flowering plants are
there?},
Journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences},
Volume = {278},
Number = {1705},
Pages = {554-559},
Year = {2011},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {1471-2954},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20610425},
Abstract = {We estimate the probable number of flowering plants. First,
we apply a model that explicitly incorporates taxonomic
effort over time to estimate the number of as-yet-unknown
species. Second, we ask taxonomic experts their opinions on
how many species are likely to be missing, on a
family-by-family basis. The results are broadly comparable.
We show that the current number of species should grow by
between 10 and 20 per cent. There are, however, interesting
discrepancies between expert and model estimates for some
families, suggesting that our model does not always
completely capture patterns of taxonomic activity. The
as-yet-unknown species are probably similar to those
taxonomists have described recently-overwhelmingly rare and
local, and disproportionately in biodiversity hotspots,
where there are high levels of habitat destruction.},
Language = {ENG},
Doi = {10.1098/rspb.2010.1004},
Key = {fds279248}
}
@article{forero2011elevational,
Author = {Forero-Medina, G and Terborgh, J and Socolar, SJ and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Elevational ranges of birds on a tropical montane gradient
lag behind warming temperatures.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {6},
Number = {12},
Pages = {e28535},
Publisher = {Public Library of Science},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22163309},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Species may respond to a warming climate
by moving to higher latitudes or elevations. Shifts in
geographic ranges are common responses in temperate regions.
For the tropics, latitudinal temperature gradients are
shallow; the only escape for species may be to move to
higher elevations. There are few data to suggest that they
do. Yet, the greatest loss of species from climate
disruption may be for tropical montane species.<h4>Methodology/principal
findings</h4>We repeat a historical transect in Peru and
find an average upward shift of 49 m for 55 bird species
over a 41 year interval. This shift is significantly upward,
but also significantly smaller than the 152 m one expects
from warming in the region. To estimate the expected shift
in elevation we first determined the magnitude of warming in
the locality from historical data. Then we used the
temperature lapse rate to infer the required shift in
altitude to compensate for warming. The range shifts in
elevation were similar across different trophic
guilds.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Endothermy may provide birds with
some flexibility to temperature changes and allow them to
move less than expected. Instead of being directly dependent
on temperature, birds may be responding to gradual changes
in the nature of the habitat or availability of food
resources, and presence of competitors. If so, this has
important implications for estimates of mountaintop
extinctions from climate change.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0028535},
Key = {forero2011elevational}
}
@article{hickey2011world,
Author = {Hickey, V and Pimm, SL},
Title = {How the World Bank funds protected areas},
Journal = {Conservation Letters},
Volume = {4},
Number = {4},
Pages = {269-277},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1755-263X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00172.x},
Abstract = {The World Bank is the largest international funder of
biodiversity conservation. It invests in protected areas to
conserve species and spaces, protect ecosystems, and provide
food, shelter, and other ecosystem services to local
communities. It spends on average, $275 million annually
supporting parks in developing countries. We examined their
protected areas investment portfolio from 1988 to 2008 to
understand how they allocate these funds. We found that more
money is allocated to countries with progressively larger
GDPs. Many, but not all, of these investments correlate with
consensus opinions of high biodiversity priorities. But the
World Bank's investments are not proportional; poorer
countries receive relatively more funds than richer ones,
regardless of biodiversity importance. We suggest that these
investments focus on supporting parks that provide benefits
to local communities, particularly in poorer nations, rather
than on biodiversity priorities in a vacuum. This mirrors
their mission to work for a world without poverty. © 2011
Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00172.x},
Key = {hickey2011world}
}
@article{fds279238,
Author = {Laurance, WF and Camargo, JLC and Luizão, RCC and Laurance, SG and Pimm, SL and Bruna, EM and Stouffer, PC and Bruce Williamson and G and Benítez-Malvido, J and Vasconcelos, HL and Van Houtan and KS and Zartman, CE and Boyle, SA and Didham, RK and Andrade, A and Lovejoy,
TE},
Title = {The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: A 32-year
investigation},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {144},
Number = {1},
Pages = {56-67},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0006-3207},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.021},
Abstract = {We synthesize findings to date from the world's largest and
longest-running experimental study of habitat fragmentation,
located in central Amazonia. Over the past 32. years,
Amazonian forest fragments ranging from 1 to 100. ha have
experienced a wide array of ecological changes. Edge effects
have been a dominant driver of fragment dynamics, strongly
affecting forest microclimate, tree mortality, carbon
storage, fauna, and other aspects of fragment ecology.
However, edge-effect intensity varies markedly in space and
time, and is influenced by factors such as edge age, the
number of nearby edges, and the adjoining matrix of modified
vegetation surrounding fragments. In our study area, the
matrix has changed markedly over the course of the study
(evolving from large cattle pastures to mosaics of abandoned
pasture and regrowth forest) and this in turn has strongly
influenced fragment dynamics and faunal persistence. Rare
weather events, especially windstorms and droughts, have
further altered fragment ecology. In general, populations
and communities of species in fragments are hyperdynamic
relative to nearby intact forest. Some edge and
fragment-isolation effects have declined with a partial
recovery of secondary forests around fragments, but other
changes, such as altered patterns of tree recruitment, are
ongoing. Fragments are highly sensitive to external
vicissitudes, and even small changes in local
land-management practices may drive fragmented ecosystems in
markedly different directions. The effects of fragmentation
are likely to interact synergistically with other
anthropogenic threats such as logging, hunting, and
especially fire, creating an even greater peril for the
Amazonian biota. © 2010.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.021},
Key = {fds279238}
}
@article{forero2011constraints,
Author = {FORERO-MEDINA, G. and Joppa, L. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Constraints to species’ elevational range shifts as
climate changes},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {25},
Number = {1},
Pages = {163--171},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2011},
Key = {forero2011constraints}
}
@article{joppa2011many,
Author = {Joppa, L.N. and Roberts, D.L. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {How many species of flowering plants are
there?},
Journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences},
Volume = {278},
Number = {1705},
Pages = {554},
Publisher = {The Royal Society},
Year = {2011},
Key = {joppa2011many}
}
@article{laurance2011fate,
Author = {Laurance, W.F. and Camargo, J.L.C. and Luiz{\~a}o, R.C.C. and Laurance, S.G. and Pimm, S.L. and Bruna, E.M. and Stouffer, P.C. and Bruce Williamson and G. and Ben{\'\i}tez-Malvido, J. and Vasconcelos, H.L. and others},
Title = {The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: A 32-year
investigation},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {144},
Number = {1},
Pages = {56--67},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2011},
Key = {laurance2011fate}
}
@article{fds202890,
Author = {Brooks, T. M. and B.W. Brook and L. P. Koh and H. M. Perreira and S. L.
Pimm and M.L. Rosenzweig and N.S. Sodhi.},
Title = {Extinctions: consider all the species.},
Journal = {Nature 474:284},
Year = {2011},
Key = {fds202890}
}
@article{ISI:000281649700012,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Jenkins, CN and Joppa, LN and Roberts, DL and Russell,
GJ},
Title = {How many endangered species remain to be discovered in
Brazil?},
Journal = {Natureza & Conservação},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Pages = {71-77},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2010},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1679-0073},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/natcon.00801011},
Abstract = {How many species are likely as-yet unknown to science? Even
in relatively well-known groups, there may be substantial
numbers of such species. It seems likely that these unknown
species will be rare and threatened with extinction. Indeed,
science may not discover them before they go extinct. We
address these issues for a sample of endemic flowering
plants and three vertebrate groups: amphibians, birds, and
mammals, all from Brazil. We predict the likely numbers of
missing species from models of the declining numbers of
species described per five-year interval. The raw numbers
increase over time, so we must scale these by the taxonomic
effort. We show that while the catalogues of birds and
mammals are nearly complete, the numbers of amphibians may
increase by 15% and the numbers of endemic plants by ~10 to
~50% depending on region. These percentages may still seem
encouragingly low, given the complexities of studying a
country as large as Brazil, with its extraordinary
diversity, and with many of its regions large and still
poorly explored. What is more worrying is that these numbers
of as-yet unknown species are broadly the same as the
percentages of species that are presently considered
threatened with extinction. That is, we know only half of
the species in danger of extinction - and our knowledge of
even those species has mostly been acquired in the last
three decades. © 2010 ABECO.},
Doi = {10.4322/natcon.00801011},
Key = {ISI:000281649700012}
}
@article{ISI:000279682600007,
Author = {Shrader, AM and Pimm, SL and van Aarde, RJ},
Title = {Elephant survival, rainfall and the confounding effects of
water provision and fences},
Journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
Volume = {19},
Number = {8},
Pages = {2235-2245},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2010},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0960-3115},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9836-7},
Abstract = {Elephant are increasing across some areas of Africa leading
to concerns that they may reduce woodlands through their
feeding. Droughts may help limit elephant numbers, but they
are generally both episodic and local. To explore more
general impacts of rainfall, we examine how its annual
variation influences elephant survival across ten sites.
These sites span an almost coast-to-coast transect of
southern Africa that holds the majority of the ~500,000
remaining savanna elephants. Elephants born in high rainfall
years survive better than elephants born in low rainfall
years. The relationship is generally weak, except at the two
fenced sites, where rainfall greatly influenced juvenile
survival. In these two sites, there are also extensive
networks of artificial water. Rainfall likely affects
elephant survival through its influence on food. The
provision of artificial water opens new areas for elephants
in the dry season, while fencing restricts their movements
in the wet season. We conclude that the combination of these
factors makes elephant survival more susceptible to
reductions in rainfall. As a result, elephants living in
enclosed reserves may be the first populations to feel the
impacts of global warming which will decrease average
rainfall and increase the frequency of droughts. A way to
prevent these elephants from damaging the vegetation within
these enclosed parks is for managers to reduce artificial
water sources or, whenever practical, to remove fences. ©
2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.},
Doi = {10.1007/s10531-010-9836-7},
Key = {ISI:000279682600007}
}
@article{ISI:000276425400021,
Author = {Jenkins, CN and Alves, MAS and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Avian conservation priorities in a top-ranked biodiversity
hotspot},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {143},
Number = {4},
Pages = {992-998},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2010},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0006-3207},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.01.014},
Abstract = {Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil has one of the most diverse
and most endangered avifaunas in the continental Americas.
Many of these endangered birds are endemic to the Atlantic
Forest biodiversity hotspot, and some even endemic to Rio de
Janeiro itself. As with all other forested hotspots, little
original forest remains. Much of that is outside formal
protected areas and faces the risk of deforestation. These
factors create special circumstances for setting
conservation priorities - ones common to hotspots in general
- but typically not to many conservation priority setting
exercises. We mapped the distribution of the remaining
habitat for the 189 birds in Rio de Janeiro state that are
officially endangered and/or endemic to the Atlantic Forest.
Using those habitat maps, we calculated the amount of
habitat currently within protected areas for each species.
We then prioritized all non-protected parts of the state for
their avian conservation value and their potential
contribution to a comprehensive protected area system. This
analysis identified 10% of the remaining unprotected part of
the state as the highest priority for avian conservation. We
further highlight specific locations where conservation
actions could create a more comprehensive protected area
system for the avifauna of Rio de Janeiro state. © 2010
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2010.01.014},
Key = {ISI:000276425400021}
}
@article{ISI:000275476900005,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Stuart Pimm.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {20},
Number = {5},
Pages = {R224-R226},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1879-0445},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.036},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.036},
Key = {ISI:000275476900005}
}
@article{ISI:000276475900003,
Author = {Joppa, LN and Montoya, JM and Solé, R and Sanderson, J and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {On nestedness in ecological networks},
Journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
Volume = {12},
Number = {1},
Pages = {35-46},
Year = {2010},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1522-0613},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/4631 Duke open
access},
Abstract = {Questions: Are interaction patterns in species interaction
networks different from what one expects by chance alone? In
particular, are these networks nested - a pattern where
resources taken by more specialized consumers form a proper
subset of those taken by more generalized consumers?
Organisms: Fifty-nine and 42 networks of mutualistic and
host-parasitoid interactions, respectively. Analytical
methods: For each network, the observed degree of nestedness
is compared with the distribution of nestedness values
derived from a collection of 1000 random networks. Those
networks with nestedness values lower than 95% of all random
values are considered 'unusually nested'. The analysis
considers two different metrics of nestedness and five
different network randomization algorithms, each of which
differs in the ecological assumptions imposed. Results: Most
ecological networks are unusually nested when compared with
loosely constrained random networks. Comparisons with highly
constrained networks temper these findings, but we still
report a significant preponderance of nested networks
(typically those with the most species). Conclusions:
Bascompte et al. (2003) previously showed most observed
mutualistic networks to be unusually nested. Later work
using more ecologically realistic randomization algorithms
cast doubt on those results. Across the largest set of
species interactions considered to date, we conclude that an
unexpectedly large number of interaction networks are
patterned in a non-random manner. © 2010 Stuart L.
Pimm.},
Key = {ISI:000276475900003}
}
@article{ISI:000280630500007,
Author = {Van Houtan and KS and Bass, OL and Lockwood, J and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Importance of estimating dispersal for endangered bird
management},
Journal = {Conservation Letters},
Volume = {3},
Number = {4},
Pages = {260-266},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2010},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1755-263X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00108.x},
Abstract = {Endangered species recovery plans are frustrated by small,
spatially structured populations where understanding the
influence of birth, death, and dispersal is difficult. Here
we use a spatially explicit, long-term study to describe
dispersal in the Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus
maritimus mirabilis). Since 1990, this species declined >
50%. It occurs as several geographically isolated
subpopulations in the Florida Everglades. We characterize
dispersal, recognizing that our sampling, as well as the
species' distribution, is spatially heterogeneous. The
annual movements of juveniles and adults are statistically
heavy-tailed. That is, while most individuals are recaptured
locally, a significant portion exhibit long-distance
dispersal. Individuals move between subpopulations to
distances >30 km. Not accounting for the spatial
heterogeneity of sampling or the species range itself
underestimates dispersal and can lead to ineffective
management decisions. Recovery focused on translocation will
be less successful than strategies that protect habitat and
increase breeding. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00108.x},
Key = {ISI:000280630500007}
}
@article{pimm2010many,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Jenkins, C.N. and Joppa, L.N. and Roberts,
D.L. and Russell, G.J.},
Title = {How many endangered species remain to be discovered in
Brazil},
Journal = {Natureza \& Conserva{\c{c}}{\~a}o},
Volume = {8},
Pages = {71--77},
Year = {2010},
Key = {pimm2010many}
}
@article{sanderson2010pairwise,
Author = {Sanderson, JG and Diamond, JM and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Pairwise co-existence of Bismarck and Solomon landbird
species},
Journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
Number = {5},
Pages = {771},
Year = {2010},
Key = {sanderson2010pairwise}
}
@article{van2010importance,
Author = {Van Houtan and K.S. and Bass Jr and O.L. and Lockwood, J. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Importance of estimating dispersal for endangered bird
management},
Journal = {Conservation Letters},
Volume = {3},
Number = {4},
Pages = {260--266},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2010},
Key = {van2010importance}
}
@article{joppa2010nestedness,
Author = {Joppa, L.N. and Pimm, S.},
Title = {On nestedness in ecological networks},
Publisher = {EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY LTD},
Year = {2010},
Key = {joppa2010nestedness}
}
@article{shrader2010elephant,
Author = {Shrader, A.M. and Pimm, S.L. and van Aarde,
R.J.},
Title = {Elephant survival, rainfall and the confounding effects of
water provision and fences},
Journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
Volume = {19},
Number = {8},
Pages = {2235--2245},
Publisher = {Springer},
Year = {2010},
Key = {shrader2010elephant}
}
@article{jenkins2010avian,
Author = {Jenkins, C.N. and Alves, M.A.S. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Avian conservation priorities in a top-ranked biodiversity
hotspot},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {143},
Number = {4},
Pages = {992--998},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2010},
Key = {jenkins2010avian}
}
@article{pimm2010extinctions,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Jenkins, CN},
Title = {Extinctions and the practice of preventing
them},
Journal = {Conservation Biology for All},
Volume = {1},
Number = {9},
Pages = {181-199},
Publisher = {Oxford Scholarship Online Monographs},
Year = {2010},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0011},
Abstract = {Stuart L. Pimm and Clinton N. Jenkins explore why
extinctions are the critical issue for conservation science.
Extinctions are irreversible, unlike many other
environmental threats that we can reverse. Current and
recent rates of extinction are 100 times faster than the
background rate, while future rates may be 1000 times
faster. Species most likely to face extinction are rare;
rare either because they have very small geographic ranges
or have a low population density with a larger range.
Small-ranged terrestrial vertebrate species tend to be
concentrated in a few areas that often do not hold the
greatest number of species. Similar patterns apply to plants
and many marine groups. Extinctions occur most often when
human impacts collide with the places having many rare
species. While habitat loss is the leading cause of
extinctions, global warming is expected to cause extinctions
that are additive to those caused by habitat
loss.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0011},
Key = {pimm2010extinctions}
}
@article{ISI:000279223800002,
Author = {Van Houtan and KS and Halley, JM and Van Aarde and R and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Achieving success with small, translocated mammal
populations},
Journal = {Conservation Letters},
Volume = {2},
Number = {6},
Pages = {254-262},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2009},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1755-263X},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000279223800002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {Translocations are increasingly important tools for
endangered species conservation, but their success is often
uncertain. We analyzed 125 time series of grazing mammal
translocations in South African protected areas. Some 94\%
of translocations succeeded (66\% unambiguously) even though
most populations began with <15 individuals and most of the
species involved are of conservation concern. Adding new
individuals to existing small populations increases per
capita growth rates and seems to prevent translocations from
failing. Growth of the translocated populations is both
greater and less variable than wild mammal populations and
appears less affected by the typically important ecological
factors (e. g., initial propagule size, precipitation,
reserve size, or presence within historical range).
One-third of the populations showed robust signs of density
dependence but we detect few examples of Allee effects. Our
results, from empirical time series of small populations,
offer new insights into achieving success for translocation
programs limited to releasing few individuals.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1755-263x.2009.00081.x},
Key = {ISI:000279223800002}
}
@article{ISI:000272100100033,
Author = {Loarie, SR and van Aarde, RJ and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Elephant seasonal vegetation preferences across dry and wet
savannas},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {142},
Number = {12},
Pages = {3099-3107},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2009},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0006-3207},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.021},
Abstract = {As African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) become
increasingly confined to smaller fragmented landscapes,
concern over their potential detrimental impacts on
vegetation and biodiversity has increased. Understanding
elephant vegetation preferences across relevant spatial and
temporal scales is a critical step towards managing
protected areas for the persistence of both elephants and
biodiversity. To better understand elephant vegetation
selection, we fitted 68 elephants with GPS collars across a
strong rainfall gradient spanning seven southern African
countries over a period of 6 years. We compared elephant
locations with remotely-sensed environmental data that
measure bi-monthly vegetation greenness across the study
area. Elephants consistently seek out greener than expected
vegetation throughout the year. Interestingly, they do so by
utilizing vegetation with different phenologies and by
selecting landscapes when they are greener than their
surroundings. We found no differences between dry and wet
savannas. These patterns persist even when elephants are
constrained by seasonally available water. In the wet
season, elephants select seasonally variable landscapes such
as open woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands. These
landscapes have a lower average annual greenness but become
very green for a few months in the wet season. In the dry
season, elephants prefer less variable landscapes that are
more consistently green year-round such as well-wooded areas
and closed woodlands. Because elephants prefer different
vegetation types at different times of the year, small
homogeneous protected areas may be unsuitable for elephants.
Since elephants prefer woody vegetation during the dry
season when they are constrained by water, human actions
that increase dry season water availability may contribute
to detrimental elephant impacts on vegetation and
biodiversity. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.021},
Key = {ISI:000272100100033}
}
@article{ISI:000272100100032,
Author = {Loarie, SR and Aarde, RJV and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Fences and artificial water affect African savannah elephant
movement patterns},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {142},
Number = {12},
Pages = {3086-3098},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2009},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0006-3207},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008},
Abstract = {The IUCN Redlist considers the African savannah elephant
(Loxodonta africana) to be "vulnerable" despite it numbering
in the 100,000s and having a large geographical range. This
seeming paradox stems from how quickly human persecution can
eliminate elephants across large areas and how quickly
elephant numbers can increase when protected. Much elephant
research concentrates on the extent and consequences of
elephant persecution. Where elephants thrive, two other
human interventions, the provision of artificial water and
the construction of fences may have large, and perhaps
unintended, impacts on elephant behavior. In general,
successful management requires that we understand elephant
movements and land-use choices across large areas and long
periods. Here, we ask specifically how artificial water and
fences might affect these movements. To do this, we first
characterize how elephants move in different seasons and
landscape types, in different years, and how these patterns
change over a region that varies considerably in annual
rainfall. We fitted 73 elephants with GPS collars across a
large rainfall gradient spanning seven southern African
countries over a period of 6 years. We analyzed
remotely-sensed environmental data from four satellite borne
sensors that measure daily rainfall, weekly temperature,
bi-monthly greenness, and summarise human infrastructure.
Elephants move approximately 6 km/day in dry landscapes,
down to approximately 3 km/day in the wettest ones. Strong
seasonal differences modulate geographic differences.
Elephants move less, cover less area, and are more faithful
to landscapes across years in the dry season than the wet.
Water availability drives these seasonal patterns. Seasonal
differences in the area covered are less pronounced in wet
landscapes where permanent water is more dispersed.
Within-day movements reveal that elephants are consistently
crepuscular but more active at night than midday when
temperatures are high. Direction-changes are centered at
midnight when elephants are close to water indicating
regular nighttime treks to water. By design, our analyses
seek to find general patterns of elephant movements -
something that one can achieve only across a large range of
locations and ecological conditions - in order to understand
the impact of human interventions. We show that both
interventions reduce seasonal differences in elephant
ranging patterns and increase local impacts of elephants on
the vegetation. Artificial water sources allow more
extensive dry season ranging, allowing elephants to use -
and potentially overexploit - vegetation in areas that would
have be otherwise inaccessible to them except in the wet
season. Fences cause elephants to "bunch-up" against them
during the wet season, again locally increasing the pressure
elephants put on their resources. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All
rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008},
Key = {ISI:000272100100032}
}
@article{fds183906,
Author = {A Grainger and DH Boucher and PC Frumhoff and WF Laurance and T Lovejoy and J McNeely and M Niekisch and P Raven and NS Sodhi and O Venter and SL
Pimm},
Title = {Biodiversity and REDD at Copenhagen.},
Journal = {Current biology : CB},
Volume = {19},
Number = {21},
Pages = {R974-6},
Year = {2009},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {1879-0445},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.001},
Keywords = {Biodiversity* • Climate Change* • Congresses as
Topic • Conservation of Natural Resources •
Environmental Pollution • Forestry • legislation &
jurisprudence},
Language = {eng},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.001},
Key = {fds183906}
}
@article{ISI:000271899300013,
Author = {Pimm, S and Roulet, N and Weaver, A},
Title = {Boreal forests' carbon stores need better
management.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {462},
Number = {7271},
Pages = {276},
Year = {2009},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/462276a},
Doi = {10.1038/462276a},
Key = {ISI:000271899300013}
}
@article{ISI:000271970200008,
Author = {Grainger, A and Boucher, DH and Frumhoff, PC and Laurance, WF and Lovejoy, T and McNeely, J and Niekisch, M and Raven, P and Sodhi, NS and Venter, O and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Biodiversity and REDD at Copenhagen.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {19},
Number = {21},
Pages = {R974-R976},
Year = {2009},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19922850},
Abstract = {Reducing carbon emissions through slowing deforestation can
benefit biodiversity best if countries implement sensible
policies.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.001},
Key = {ISI:000271970200008}
}
@article{ISI:000268969100010,
Author = {Joppa, LN and Bascompte, J and Montoya, JM and Solé, RV and Sanderson,
J and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Reciprocal specialization in ecological networks.},
Journal = {Ecology Letters},
Volume = {12},
Number = {9},
Pages = {961-969},
Year = {2009},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1461-023X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19566586},
Abstract = {Theories suggest that food webs might consist of groups of
species forming 'blocks', 'compartments' or 'guilds'. We
consider ecological networks - subsets of complete food webs
- involving species at adjacent trophic levels. Reciprocal
specializations occur when (say) a pollinator (or group of
pollinators) specializes on a particular flower species (or
group of such species) and vice versa. Such specializations
tend to group species into guilds. We characterize the level
of reciprocal specialization for both antagonistic
interactions - particularly parasitoids and their hosts -
and mutualistic ones - such as insects and the flowers that
they pollinate. We also examine whether trophic patterns
might be 'palimpsests'- that is, there might be reciprocal
specialization within taxonomically related species within a
network, but these might be obscured when these
relationships are combined. Reciprocal specializations are
rare in all these systems when tested against the most
conservative null model.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01341.x},
Key = {ISI:000268969100010}
}
@article{ISI:000268056000010,
Author = {Stracey, CM and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Testing island biogeography theory with visitation rates of
birds to British islands},
Journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
Volume = {36},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1532-1539},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2009},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0305-0270},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02090.x},
Abstract = {Aim We consider three hypotheses - MacArthur and Wilson's
island biogeography theory (IBT), Lack's habitat diversity
idea and the 'target effect'- that explain the pattern of
decreased species richness on small and distant islands.
Location We evaluate these hypotheses using a detailed
dataset on the occurrence and abundance of terrestrial birds
on nine islands off the coast of Britain and the Republic of
Ireland. Methods Unlike previous studies, we compile data on
species that visit the islands, rather than just those that
breed on them. We divided the species into five mutually
exclusive categories based upon their migratory status and
where they regularly breed: British residents, summer
visitors to Britain, winter visitors to Britain, and
vagrants from Europe or beyond Europe. For each species
group on each island we calculated the average number of
species visiting each year. We then regressed the average
number of species against island area and distance to the
mainland (all variables were log-transformed). We also
compared the average number of species visiting each island
with the average number of species breeding on each island.
Results Average number of visiting British residents
decreased significantly with increasing island distance, but
showed no relationship with island area. There was no
significant relationship between island area or island
distance and average number of summer or winter visitors.
European and non-European vagrants likewise showed no
relationship between numbers of species visiting and island
distance. However, the relationship between island area and
number of visiting species was significant for both these
categories; as island area increases so too does the number
of visiting species. Main conclusions As predicted by IBT,
there were fewer visiting species on more distant islands.
There were substantially more visitors to each island than
breeding species, supporting Lack's argument that lower bird
richness is not a result of varying immigration rates (as
predicted by IBT) but rather a result of some other island
property, e.g. fewer resources. Birds make a decision to
either leave an island or stay and breed. The target effect
was also clearly demonstrated by the increase in European
and non-European breeders with increasing island size. ©
2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02090.x},
Key = {ISI:000268056000010}
}
@article{pimm2009climate,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Climate disruption and biodiversity.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {19},
Number = {14},
Pages = {R595-R601},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2009},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640498},
Abstract = {'Global warming' may be a familiar term, but it is seriously
misleading. Human actions are causing a massive disruption
to the planet's climate that is severe, rapid, very variable
over space and time, and highly complex. The biosphere
itself is complex and its responses to even simple changes
are difficult to predict in detail. One can likely only be
certain that many changes will be unexpected and some
unfortunate. Even the simple, slow warming of the climate
will produce complex consequences to species numbers and
distributions because of how species depend on each other.
An alternative approach to worrying about details is to
concentrate on understanding the most significant ecological
changes, ones that are irreversible--so-called 'tipping
points'. Once such a point has been passed, even if society
managed to restore historical climatic conditions, it might
not restore the historical ecological patterns. Nowhere is
this more obvious than in the loss of species, for we cannot
recreate them. Climate disruptions may cause the loss of a
large fraction of the planet's biodiversity, even if the
only mechanism were to be species ranges moving uphill as
temperatures rise.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.055},
Key = {pimm2009climate}
}
@article{ISI:000269674500005,
Author = {Sanderson, JG and Diamond, JM and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Pairwise co-existence of Bismarck and Solomon landbird
species},
Journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
Volume = {11},
Number = {5},
Pages = {771-786},
Year = {2009},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {1522-0613},
Abstract = {Questions: Can the difference between chance and pattern be
determined by the composition of species across islands in
an archipelago? In particular, will one find 'checkerboards'
- a pattern of mutual exclusivity that is the simplest
pattern that might occur under competitive exclusion?
Organisms: 150 and 141 species of land birds inhabiting 41
and 142 islands of the Bismarck and the Solomon
Archipelagos, respectively. (See http://evolutionary-ecology.com/data/
2447-Supplement.pdf) Analytical methods: For each pair of
species within each archipelago, the observed number of
co-occurrences is compared to the distribution of the number
of co-occurrences derived from a collection of 106
representative unique random, or null, communities. Those
species pairs actually co-occurring less often than they do
in 5% of those nulls are 'unusually negative' pairs; those
co-occurring more often than they do in 95% of those nulls
are 'unusually positive' pairs. Islands are ranked from
those with the smallest number of species to the largest. A
species incidence is the span from the smallest to the
largest number of species on islands on which it is found.
Results: In each archipelago, proportionately more
congeneric species pairs than non-congeneric species pairs
are unusually negative pairs. This holds even for species
pairs that overlap in their incidences. Among congeneric
species pairs found in both archipelagos, a pair that is
unusual in one archipelago generally proves to be unusual in
the other archipelago as well and to belong to a genus
segregating ecologically by means of spatial niche
differences. Conclusions: Diamond (1975) suggested that
island bird communities were structured by assembly rules
that could be deduced by observation of which species did or
did not co-occur on particular islands. Critics countered
with analyses arguing that co-occurrence patterns in several
ecological communities did not differ from random
expectations. We conclude that the difference between chance
and pattern can be unequivocally determined. © 2009 Stuart
L. Pimm.},
Key = {ISI:000269674500005}
}
@article{ISI:000266133900009,
Author = {Boulton, RL and Lockwood, JL and Davis, MJ and Pedziwilk, A and Boadway,
KA and Boadway, JJT and Okines, D and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Endangered cape sable seaside sparrow survival},
Journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
Volume = {73},
Number = {4},
Pages = {530-537},
Year = {2009},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0022-541X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-467},
Abstract = {We investigated survival for male, female, and first-year
Cape Sable seaside sparrows (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis,
hereafter sparrows), a federally endangered bird restricted
to the Florida Everglades, USA. Accurate estimates of
survival are critical to improve management decisions and
population estimates for this and other threatened species.
We used Program MARK to evaluate effects of age, sex,
population membership, temporal variation, and ground-water
levels on annual survival from markrecapture data collected
across 3 sparrow populations from 1997 to 2007. We found
little evidence that annual survival rates differed between
the populations or across ground-water levels, but we found
high variability between years for both adult and juvenile
survival. Our results revealed female sparrows experienced
1419 lower survival than males. Sparrows experienced much
lower survival during their first year of life and were
short-lived (23 yr). Our results highlight sparrows'
susceptibility to population declines and suggest that
management actions aimed at increasing survival may be
effective for this species' management.},
Doi = {10.2193/2007-467},
Key = {ISI:000266133900009}
}
@article{joppa2009population,
Author = {Joppa, LN and Loarie, SR and Pimm, SL},
Title = {On population growth near protected areas.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {4},
Number = {1},
Pages = {e4279},
Publisher = {Public Library of Science},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19169358},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Protected areas are the first, and often
only, line of defense in efforts to conserve biodiversity.
They might be detrimental or beneficial to rural communities
depending on how they alter economic opportunities and
access to natural resources. As such, protected areas may
attract or repel human settlement. Disproportionate
increases in population growth near protected area
boundaries may threaten their ability to conserve
biodiversity.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Using
decadal population datasets, we analyze population growth
across 45 countries and 304 protected areas. We find no
evidence for population growth near protected areas to be
greater than growth of rural areas in the same country.
Furthermore, we argue that what growth does occur near
protected areas likely results from a general expansion of
nearby population centers.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Our
results contradict those from a recent study by Wittemyer et
al., who claim overwhelming evidence for increased human
population growth near protected areas. To understand the
disagreement, we re-analyzed the protected areas in
Wittemyer et al.'s paper. Their results are simply artifacts
of mixing two incompatible datasets. Protected areas may
experience unusual population pressures near their edges;
indeed, individual case studies provide examples. There is
no evidence, however, of a general pattern of
disproportionate population growth near protected
areas.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0004279},
Key = {joppa2009population}
}
@article{adeney2009reserves,
Author = {Adeney, JM and Christensen, NL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Reserves protect against deforestation fires in the
Amazon.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {4},
Number = {4},
Pages = {e5014},
Publisher = {Public Library of Science},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19352423},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Reserves are the principal means to
conserve forests and biodiversity, but the question of
whether reserves work is still debated. In the Amazon, fires
are closely linked to deforestation, and thus can be used as
a proxy for reserve effectiveness in protecting forest
cover. We ask whether reserves in the Brazilian Amazon
provide effective protection against deforestation and
consequently fires, whether that protection is because of
their location or their legal status, and whether some
reserve types are more effective than others.<h4>Methodology/principal
findings</h4>Previous work has shown that most Amazonian
fires occur close to roads and are more frequent in El Niño
years. We quantified these relationships for reserves and
unprotected areas by examining satellite-detected hot pixels
regressed against road distance across the entire Brazilian
Amazon and for a decade with 2 El Niño-related droughts.
Deforestation fires, as measured by hot pixels, declined
exponentially with increasing distance from roads in all
areas. Fewer deforestation fires occurred within protected
areas than outside and the difference between protected and
unprotected areas was greatest near roads. Thus, reserves
were especially effective at preventing these fires where
they are known to be most likely to burn; but they did not
provide absolute protection. Even within reserves, at a
given distance from roads, there were more deforestation
fires in regions with high human impact than in those with
low impact. The effect of El Niño on deforestation fires
was greatest outside of reserves and near roads. Indigenous
reserves, limited-use reserves, and fully protected reserves
all had fewer fires than outside areas and did not appear to
differ in their effectiveness.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Taking
time, regional factors, and climate into account, our
results show that reserves are an effective tool for curbing
destructive burning in the Amazon.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0005014},
Key = {adeney2009reserves}
}
@article{van2009achieving,
Author = {Van Houtan and K.S. and Halley, J.M. and Van Aarde and R. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Achieving success with small, translocated mammal
populations},
Journal = {Conservation Letters},
Volume = {2},
Number = {6},
Pages = {254--262},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2009},
Key = {van2009achieving}
}
@article{pimm2009boreal,
Author = {Pimm, S. and Roulet, N. and Weaver, A.},
Title = {Boreal forests' carbon stores need better
management},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {462},
Number = {7271},
Pages = {276--276},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {2009},
Key = {pimm2009boreal}
}
@article{loarie2009elephant,
Author = {Loarie, S.R. and van Aarde, R.J. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Elephant seasonal vegetation preferences across dry and wet
savannas},
Journal = {Biological Conservation},
Volume = {142},
Number = {12},
Pages = {3099--3107},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2009},
Key = {loarie2009elephant}
}
@article{joppa2009reciprocal,
Author = {Joppa, L.N. and Bascompte, J. and Montoya, J.M. and Sole,
R.V. and Sanderson, J. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Reciprocal specialization in ecological networks},
Journal = {Ecology letters},
Volume = {12},
Number = {9},
Pages = {961--969},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2009},
Key = {joppa2009reciprocal}
}
@article{loarie2009fences,
Author = {Loarie, S.R. and Aarde, R.J.V. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Fences and artificial water affect African savannah elephant
movement patterns},
Journal = {Biological conservation},
Volume = {142},
Number = {12},
Pages = {3086--3098},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2009},
Key = {loarie2009fences}
}
@article{sanderson2009pairwise,
Author = {Sanderson, J.G. and Diamond, J.M. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Pairwise co-existence of Bismarck and Solomon landbird
species},
Journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
Volume = {11},
Number = {5},
Pages = {771--786},
Year = {2009},
Key = {sanderson2009pairwise}
}
@article{stracey2009testing,
Author = {Stracey, C.M. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Testing island biogeography theory with visitation rates of
birds to British islands},
Journal = {Journal of biogeography},
Volume = {36},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1532--1539},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2009},
Key = {stracey2009testing}
}
@article{boulton2009endangered,
Author = {Boulton, R.L. and Lockwood, J.L. and Davis, M.J. and Pedziwilk, A. and Boadway, K.A. and Boadway, J.J.T. and Okines, D. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Endangered Cape Sable seaside sparrow survival},
Journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
Volume = {73},
Number = {4},
Pages = {530--537},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2009},
Key = {boulton2009endangered}
}
@article{pimm2009we,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {How we got to be top dog},
Journal = {Update},
Volume = {24},
Number = {3},
Year = {2009},
Key = {pimm2009we}
}
@article{alves2009birds,
Author = {Alves, MAS and Jenkins, CN and Pimm, SL and Storni, A and Raposo, MA and Brooke, ML and Harris, G and Foster, A},
Title = {Birds, Montane forest, State of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern
Brazil},
Journal = {Check List},
Volume = {5},
Number = {2},
Pages = {289-299},
Year = {2009},
Key = {alves2009birds}
}
@article{ISI:000268530200018,
Author = {Pimm Stuart and L},
Title = {Climate Disruption and Biodiversity},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {19},
Number = {14, Sp. Iss. SI},
Pages = {R595-R601},
Year = {2009},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
Abstract = {`Global warming' may be a familiar term, but it is seriously
misleading. Human actions are causing a massive disruption
to the planet's climate that is severe, rapid, very variable
over space and time, and highly complex. The biosphere
itself is complex and its responses to even simple changes
are difficult to predict in detail. One can likely only be
certain that many changes will be unexpected and some
unfortunate. Even the simple, slow warming of the climate
will produce complex consequences to species numbers and
distributions because of how species depend on each other.
An alternative approach to worrying about details is to
concentrate on understanding the most significant ecological
changes, ones that are irreversible - so-called `tipping
points'. Once such a point has been passed, even if society
managed to restore historical climatic conditions, it might
not restore the historical ecological patterns. Nowhere is
this more obvious than in the loss of species, for we cannot
recreate them. Climate disruptions may cause the loss of a
large fraction of the planet's biodiversity, even if the
only mechanism were to be species ranges moving uphill as
temperatures rise.},
Key = {ISI:000268530200018}
}
@article{ISI:000260810100022,
Author = {Alves, MAS and Pimm, SL and Storni, A and Raposo, MA and Brooke, MDL and Harris, G and Foster, A and Jenkins, CN},
Title = {Mapping and exploring the distribution of the Vulnerable
grey-winged cotinga Tijuca condita},
Journal = {Oryx},
Volume = {42},
Number = {4},
Pages = {562-566},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {2008},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0030-6053},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605308001014},
Abstract = {The grey-winged cotinga Tijuca condita was first described
in 1980 from an old specimen, misidentified as a congener.
Field observations came later, from two remote,
high-elevation forests in the mountains of Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. Both involved only a few pairs of birds at best,
making this species one of the least known in the world.
Accurately defining the locations this species inhabits is
an obvious prerequisite for designing conservation
strategies to protect it. Using remotely sensed data on
elevation and forest cover we mapped this species' habitat
and predicted six more sites where it may occur. Field
surveys confirmed two of them, doubling the known range of
the species. The two easternmost predicted sites did not
contain the species but these areas have less annual
rainfall than other sites, which may explain the absences.
This research serves as an important guide to conservation
actions, for it uncovered biologically important areas for
this species that had been previously overlooked. It has
also measured the remaining habitat of the species so that
any future losses can be detected. © 2008 Fauna & Flora
International.},
Doi = {10.1017/S0030605308001014},
Key = {ISI:000260810100022}
}
@article{ISI:000258216600026,
Author = {Vale, Mariana M. and Cohn-Haft, Mario and Bergen, Scott and Pimm, Stuart L.},
Title = {Effects of future infrastructure development on threat
status and occurrence of Amazonian birds},
Journal = {CONSERVATION BIOLOGY},
Volume = {22},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1006-1015},
Year = {2008},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
Abstract = {Researchers predict that new infrastructure development will
sharply increase the rate and extent of deforestation in the
Brazilian Amazon. There are no predictions, however, of
which species it will affect. We used a spatially explicit
model that predicts the location of deforestation in the
Brazilian Amazon by 2020 on the basis of historical patterns
of deforestation following infrastructure development. We
overlaid the predicted deforested areas onto maps of bird
ranges to estimate the amount of habitat loss within species
ranges. We also estimated the amount of habitat loss within
modified ecoregions, which were used as surrogates for areas
of bird endemism. We then used the extent of occurrence
criterion of the World Conservation Union to predict the
future conservation status of birds in the Brazilian Amazon.
At current rates of development, our results show that at
least 16 species will qualify as threatened or will lose
more than half of their forested habitat. We also identified
several subspecies and isolated populations that would also
qualify as threatened. Most of the taxa we identified are
not currently listed as threatened, and the majority are
associated with riverine habitats, which have been largely
ignored in bird conservation in Amazonia. These habitats and
the species they hold will be increasingly relevant to
conservation as river courses are altered and hydroelectric
dams are constructed in the Brazilian Amazon.},
Key = {ISI:000258216600026}
}
@article{fds279403,
Author = {Finer, M and Jenkins, CN and Pimm, SL and Keane, B and Ross,
C},
Title = {Oil and gas projects in the Western Amazon: threats to
wilderness, biodiversity, and indigenous
peoples.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {3},
Number = {8},
Pages = {e2932},
Year = {2008},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716679},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>The western Amazon is the most
biologically rich part of the Amazon basin and is home to a
great diversity of indigenous ethnic groups, including some
of the world's last uncontacted peoples living in voluntary
isolation. Unlike the eastern Brazilian Amazon, it is still
a largely intact ecosystem. Underlying this landscape are
large reserves of oil and gas, many yet untapped. The
growing global demand is leading to unprecedented
exploration and development in the region.<h4>Methodology/principal
findings</h4>We synthesized information from government
sources to quantify the status of oil development in the
western Amazon. National governments delimit specific
geographic areas or "blocks" that are zoned for hydrocarbon
activities, which they may lease to state and multinational
energy companies for exploration and production. About 180
oil and gas blocks now cover approximately 688,000 km(2) of
the western Amazon. These blocks overlap the most
species-rich part of the Amazon. We also found that many of
the blocks overlap indigenous territories, both titled lands
and areas utilized by peoples in voluntary isolation. In
Ecuador and Peru, oil and gas blocks now cover more than
two-thirds of the Amazon. In Bolivia and western Brazil,
major exploration activities are set to increase
rapidly.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Without improved
policies, the increasing scope and magnitude of planned
extraction means that environmental and social impacts are
likely to intensify. We review the most pressing oil- and
gas-related conservation policy issues confronting the
region. These include the need for regional Strategic
Environmental Impact Assessments and the adoption of
roadless extraction techniques. We also consider the
conflicts where the blocks overlap indigenous peoples'
territories.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0002932},
Key = {fds279403}
}
@article{fds279404,
Author = {Vale, MM and Cohn-Haft, M and Bergen, S and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Effects of future infrastructure development on threat
status and occurrence of Amazonian birds.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {22},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1006-1015},
Year = {2008},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18544091},
Abstract = {Researchers predict that new infrastructure development will
sharply increase the rate and extent of deforestation in the
Brazilian Amazon. There are no predictions, however, of
which species it will affect. We used a spatially explicit
model that predicts the location of deforestation in the
Brazilian Amazon by 2020 on the basis of historical patterns
of deforestation following infrastructure development. We
overlaid the predicted deforested areas onto maps of bird
ranges to estimate the amount of habitat loss within species
ranges. We also estimated the amount of habitat loss within
modified ecoregions, which were used as surrogates for areas
of bird endemism. We then used the extent of occurrence
criterion of the World Conservation Union to predict the
future conservation status of birds in the Brazilian Amazon.
At current rates of development, our results show that at
least 16 species will qualify as threatened or will lose
more than half of their forested habitat. We also identified
several subspecies and isolated populations that would also
qualify as threatened. Most of the taxa we identified are
not currently listed as threatened, and the majority are
associated with riverine habitats, which have been largely
ignored in bird conservation in Amazonia. These habitats and
the species they hold will be increasingly relevant to
conservation as river courses are altered and hydroelectric
dams are constructed in the Brazilian Amazon.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00939.x},
Key = {fds279404}
}
@article{fds279405,
Author = {Joppa, LN and Loarie, SR and Pimm, SL},
Title = {On the protection of "protected areas".},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {105},
Number = {18},
Pages = {6673-6678},
Year = {2008},
Month = {May},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451028},
Abstract = {Tropical moist forests contain the majority of terrestrial
species. Human actions destroy between 1 and 2 million km(2)
of such forests per decade, with concomitant carbon release
into the atmosphere. Within these forests, protected areas
are the principle defense against forest loss and species
extinctions. Four regions-the Amazon, Congo, South American
Atlantic Coast, and West Africa-once constituted about half
the world's tropical moist forest. We measure forest cover
at progressively larger distances inside and outside of
protected areas within these four regions, using datasets on
protected areas and land-cover. We find important
geographical differences. In the Amazon and Congo, protected
areas are generally large and retain high levels of forest
cover, as do their surroundings. These areas are protected
de facto by being inaccessible and will likely remain
protected if they continue to be so. Deciding whether they
are also protected de jure-that is, whether effective laws
also protect them-is statistically difficult, for there are
few controls. In contrast, protected areas in the Atlantic
Coast forest and West Africa show sharp boundaries in forest
cover at their edges. This effective protection of forest
cover is partially offset by their very small size: little
area is deep inside protected area boundaries. Lands outside
protected areas in the Atlantic Coast forest are unusually
fragmented. Finally, we ask whether global databases on
protected areas are biased toward highly protected areas and
ignore "paper parks." Analysis of a Brazilian database does
not support this presumption.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0802471105},
Key = {fds279405}
}
@article{fds279406,
Author = {Vale, MM and Alves, MA and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Biopiracy: conservationists have to rebuild lost
trust.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {453},
Number = {7191},
Pages = {26},
Year = {2008},
Month = {May},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451831},
Doi = {10.1038/453026b},
Key = {fds279406}
}
@article{loarie2008satellites,
Author = {Loarie, SR and Joppa, LN and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Satellites miss environmental priorities. Response to
Loveland et al. and Kark et al.:},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {23},
Number = {4},
Pages = {183-184},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2008},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.004},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.004},
Key = {loarie2008satellites}
}
@article{ISI:000252895700018,
Author = {Harris, G and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Range size and extinction risk in forest
birds.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {22},
Number = {1},
Pages = {163-171},
Year = {2008},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254861},
Abstract = {Small geographical range size is the single best predictor
of threat of extinction in terrestrial species. Knowing how
small a species' range has to be before authorities consider
it threatened with extinction would allow prediction of a
species' risk from continued deforestation and warming
climates and provide a baseline for conservation and
management strategies aspiring to mitigate these threats. To
determine the threshold at which forest-dependent bird
species become threatened with extinction, we compared the
range sizes of threatened and nonthreatened species. In
doing so, we present a simple, repeatable, and practical
protocol to quantify range size. We started with species'
ranges published in field guides or comparable sources. We
then trimmed these ranges, that is, we included only those
parts of the ranges that met the species' requirements of
elevation and types of forest preferred. Finally, we further
trimmed the ranges to the amount of forest cover that
remains. This protocol generated an estimate of the
remaining suitable range for each species. We compared these
range estimates with those from the World Conservation Union
Red List. We used the smaller of the two estimates to
determine the threshold, 11,000 km2, below which birds
should be considered threatened. Species considered
threatened that have larger ranges than this qualified under
other (nonspatial) red list criteria. We identified a suite
of species (18) that have not yet qualified as threatened
but that have perilously small ranges--about 11% of the
nonthreatened birds we analyzed. These birds are likely at
risk of extinction and reevaluation of their status is
urgently needed.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00798.x},
Key = {ISI:000252895700018}
}
@article{fds279410,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Biodiversity: climate change or habitat loss - which will
kill more species?},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {R117-R119},
Year = {2008},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18269905},
Abstract = {Habitat loss and climate change both kill off species. New
studies show that the latter is a potent threat. Worse, its
victims will likely be mostly those not presently threatened
by habitat loss.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.055},
Key = {fds279410}
}
@article{ISI:000255227400002,
Author = {Pimm, Stuart L.},
Title = {Imagine immortal elephants},
Journal = {ORYX},
Volume = {42},
Number = {1},
Pages = {2},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-6053},
Key = {ISI:000255227400002}
}
@article{ISI:000255227400015,
Author = {Harris, Grant M. and Russell, Gareth J. and van Aarde, Rudi
I. and Pimm, Stuart L.},
Title = {Rules of habitat use by elephants Loxodonta africana in
southern Africa: insights for regional management},
Journal = {ORYX},
Volume = {42},
Number = {1},
Pages = {66-75},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-6053},
Abstract = {Managers in southern Africa are concerned that continually
increasing elephant populations will degrade ecosystems.
Culling, translocation and birth control are flawed
solutions. An alternative is providing elephants more space
but this hinges on identifying landscape preferences. We
examined two diverse ecosystems and uncovered similarities
in elephant habitat use, expressing these as `rules'. We
considered and Etosha National Park, (Namibia) and the
tropical woodlands of Tembe Elephant Park (South Africa) and
Maputo Elephant Reserve (Mozambique). Landscape data
consisted of vegetation types, distances from water and
settlements. To surmount issues of scale and availability we
incorporated elephant movements as a function that declined
as distance from an elephant's location increased. This
presumes that elephants optimize trade-offs between
benefiting from high-quality resources and costs to find
them. Under a likelihood-based approach we determined the
important variables and shapes of their relationships to
evaluate and compare models separated by gender, season and
location. After considering elephants' preferences for areas
nearby, habitat use usually increased with proximity to
water in all locations. Elephants sought places with high
proportions of vegetation, especially when neighbouring
areas had low vegetative cover. Lastly, elephants avoided
human settlements (when present), and cows more so than
bulls. In caricature, elephants preferred to move little,
drink easily, eat well, and avoid people. If one makes more
areas available, elephants will probably favour areas near
water with high vegetative cover (of many different types)
and away from people. Managers can oblige elephants'
preferences by supplying them. If so, they should anticipate
higher impacts to neighbouring vegetation.},
Key = {ISI:000255227400015}
}
@article{fds279407,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Imagine immortal elephants},
Journal = {Oryx},
Volume = {42},
Number = {1},
Pages = {2},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-6053},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605308042166},
Doi = {10.1017/S0030605308042166},
Key = {fds279407}
}
@article{fds279408,
Author = {Harris, GM and Russell, GJ and Van Aarde and RI and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Rules of habitat use by elephants Loxodonta africana in
southern Africa: Insights for regional management},
Journal = {Oryx},
Volume = {42},
Number = {1},
Pages = {66-75},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-6053},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605308000483},
Abstract = {Managers in southern Africa are concerned that continually
increasing elephant populations will degrade ecosystems.
Culling, translocation and birth control are flawed
solutions. An alternative is providing elephants more space
but this hinges on identifying landscape preferences. We
examined two diverse ecosystems and uncovered similarities
in elephant habitat use, expressing these as 'rules'. We
considered arid Etosha National Park, (Namibia) and the
tropical woodlands of Tembe Elephant Park (South Africa) and
Maputo Elephant Reserve (Mozambique). Landscape data
consisted of vegetation types, distances from water and
settlements. To surmount issues of scale and availability we
incorporated elephant movements as a function that declined
as distance from an elephant's location increased. This
presumes that elephants optimize trade-offs between
benefiting from high-quality resources and costs to find
them. Under a likelihood-based approach we determined the
important variables and shapes of their relationships to
evaluate and compare models separated by gender, season and
location. After considering elephants' preferences for areas
nearby, habitat use usually increased with proximity to
water in all locations. Elephants sought places with high
proportions of vegetation, especially when neighbouring
areas had low vegetative cover. Lastly, elephants avoided
human settlements (when present), and cows more so than
bulls. In caricature, elephants preferred to move little,
drink easily, eat well, and avoid people. If one makes more
areas available, elephants will probably favour areas near
water with high vegetative cover (of many different types)
and away from people. Managers can oblige elephants'
preferences by supplying them. If so, they should anticipate
higher impacts to neighbouring vegetation. © 2008 Fauna and
Flora International.},
Doi = {10.1017/S0030605308000483},
Key = {fds279408}
}
@article{vale2008effects,
Author = {VALE, M.M. and COHN-HAFT, M. and Bergen, S. and PIMM,
S.L.},
Title = {Effects of future infrastructure development on threat
status and occurrence of Amazonian birds},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {22},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1006--1015},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2008},
Key = {vale2008effects}
}
@article{pimm2008imagine,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Imagine immortal elephants},
Journal = {Oryx},
Volume = {42},
Number = {01},
Pages = {2--2},
Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
Year = {2008},
Key = {pimm2008imagine}
}
@article{alves2008mapping,
Author = {Alves, M.A.S. and Pimm, S.L. and Storni, A. and Raposo, M.A. and Brooke, M.L. and Harris, G. and Foster, A. and Jenkins,
C.N.},
Title = {Mapping and exploring the distribution of the Vulnerable
grey-winged cotinga Tijuca condita},
Journal = {Oryx},
Volume = {42},
Number = {4},
Pages = {562--566},
Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
Year = {2008},
Key = {alves2008mapping}
}
@article{harris2008rules,
Author = {Harris, G.M. and Russell, G.J. and Van Aarde and R.I. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Rules of habitat use by elephants Loxodonta africana in
southern Africa: insights for regional management},
Journal = {Oryx},
Volume = {42},
Number = {01},
Pages = {66--75},
Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
Year = {2008},
Key = {harris2008rules}
}
@article{finer2008oil,
Author = {Finer, M. and Jenkins, C.N. and Pimm, S.L. and Keane, B. and Ross, C.},
Title = {Oil and gas projects in the western Amazon: Threats to
wilderness, biodiversity, and indigenous
peoples},
Journal = {PLoS One},
Volume = {3},
Number = {8},
Pages = {e2932},
Publisher = {Public Library of Science},
Year = {2008},
Key = {finer2008oil}
}
@article{harris2008range,
Author = {Harris, G. and PIMM, S.L.},
Title = {Range size and extinction risk in forest
birds},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {22},
Number = {1},
Pages = {163--171},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2008},
Key = {harris2008range}
}
@article{pimm2008biodiversity,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Biodiversity: Climate Change or Habitat Loss—Which Will
Kill More Species?},
Journal = {Current Biology},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {R117--R119},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2008},
Key = {pimm2008biodiversity}
}
@article{joppa2008protection,
Author = {Joppa, L.N. and Loarie, S.R. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {On the protection of “protected areas”},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
Volume = {105},
Number = {18},
Pages = {6673},
Publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
Year = {2008},
Key = {joppa2008protection}
}
@article{vale2008biopiracy,
Author = {Vale, M.M. and Alves, M.A. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Biopiracy: conservationists have to rebuild lost
trust},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {453},
Number = {7191},
Pages = {26--26},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {2008},
Key = {vale2008biopiracy}
}
@article{pimm2008wild,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Where the Wild Things Were: Life, Death and Ecological
Wreckage of Vanishing Predators by William
Stolzenburg},
Journal = {Nature London},
Volume = {454},
Number = {7202},
Pages = {275},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
Year = {2008},
Key = {pimm2008wild}
}
@article{pimm2008missing,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Missing links in food-chain story},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {454},
Number = {7202},
Pages = {275-276},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
Year = {2008},
Key = {pimm2008missing}
}
@article{ISI:000257665300017,
Author = {Pimm Stuart},
Title = {Where the wild things were: life, death and ecological
wreckage of vanishing predators},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {454},
Number = {7202},
Pages = {275-276},
Year = {2008},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
Key = {ISI:000257665300017}
}
@article{fds279401,
Author = {Harris, G and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Range size and extinction risk in forest
birds.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {21},
Pages = {567-569},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds279401}
}
@article{fds279402,
Author = {Alves, and S, MA and Pimm, SL and Storni, A and Raposo, MA and Brooke,
MDL and Harris, G and Foster, A and Jenkins, CN},
Title = {Mapping and exploring the distribution of a threatened bird,
Grey-winged Cotinga},
Journal = {Oryx},
Volume = {42},
Pages = {562-566},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds279402}
}
@article{ISI:000255841600030,
Author = {Joppa, Lucas N. and Loarie, Scott R. and Pimm, Stuart
L.},
Title = {On the protection of ``protected areas{''}},
Journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
Volume = {105},
Number = {18},
Pages = {6673-6678},
Year = {2008},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
Abstract = {Tropical moist forests contain the majority of terrestrial
species. Human actions destroy between 1 and 2 million km(2)
of such forests per decade, with concomitant carbon release
into the atmosphere. Within these forests, protected areas
are the principle defense against forest loss and species
extinctions. Four regions-the Amazon, Congo, South American
Atlantic Coast, and West Africa-once constituted about half
the world's tropical moist forest. We measure forest cover
at progressively larger distances inside and outside of
protected areas within these four regions, using data-sets
on protected areas and land-cover. We find important
geographical differences. In the Amazon and Congo, protected
areas are generally large and retain high levels of forest
cover, as do their surroundings. These areas are protected
de facto by being inaccessible and will likely remain
protected if they continue to be so. Deciding whether they
are also protected de jure - that is, whether effective laws
also protect them-is statistically difficult, for there are
few controls. In contrast, protected areas in the Atlantic
Coast forest and West Africa show sharp boundaries in forest
cover at their edges. This effective protection of forest
cover is partially offset by their very small size: little
area is deep inside protected area boundaries. Lands outside
protected areas in the Atlantic Coast forest are unusually
fragmented. Finally, we ask whether global databases on
protected areas are biased toward highly protected areas and
ignore ``paper parks.{''} Analysis of a Brazilian database
does not support this presumption.},
Key = {ISI:000255841600030}
}
@article{ISI:000255398800017,
Author = {Vale, Mariana M. and Alves, Maria Alice and Pimm, Stuart
L.},
Title = {Biopiracy: conservationists have to rebuild lost
trust},
Journal = {NATURE},
Volume = {453},
Number = {7191},
Pages = {26},
Year = {2008},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
Key = {ISI:000255398800017}
}
@article{ISI:000253233800014,
Author = {Pimm, Stuart L.},
Title = {Biodiversity: Climate change or habitat loss - Which will
kill more species?},
Journal = {CURRENT BIOLOGY},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {R117-R119},
Year = {2008},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
Abstract = {Habitat loss and climate change both kill off species. New
studies show that the latter is a potent threat. Worse, its
victims will likely be mostly those not presently threatened
by habitat loss.},
Key = {ISI:000253233800014}
}
@article{ISI:000251922500004,
Author = {Loarie, Scott R. and Joppa, Lucas N. and Pimm, Stuart
L.},
Title = {Satellites miss environmental priorities},
Journal = {TRENDS IN ECOLOGY \& EVOLUTION},
Volume = {22},
Number = {12},
Pages = {630-632},
Year = {2007},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
Key = {ISI:000251922500004}
}
@article{fds279409,
Author = {Loarie, SR and Joppa, LN and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Satellites miss environmental priorities.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {22},
Number = {12},
Pages = {630-632},
Year = {2007},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17996978},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.08.018},
Key = {fds279409}
}
@article{ISI:000250430300006,
Author = {Vale, MM and Bell, JB and Alves, MAS and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Abundance, distribution and conservation of Rio Branco
Antbird Cercomacra carbonaria and Hoary-throated Spinetail
Synallaxis kollari},
Journal = {Bird Conservation International},
Volume = {17},
Number = {3},
Pages = {245-257},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {2007},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0959-2709},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0959270907000743},
Abstract = {Cercomacra carbonaria and Synallaxis kollari are passerine
birds endemic to the gallery forests of Roraima state in
northernmost Brazil and adjacent Guyana. The IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species lists both as Vulnerable but they have
been removed from Brazil's list of threatened species
because of data deficiency. They are poorly known,
reflecting both Roraima state's distance from Brazil's main
population centres and the inaccessibility of their habitat.
In 2004 and 2005, we conducted bird surveys along the major
rivers that provided previous sightings, and expanded
records from only a handful to several dozens. We found C.
carbonaria at 29% of the points surveyed, and estimated its
local population density at approximately 80 individuals
km-2 and total population size to exceed 15,000 individuals.
The species has 723 km2 of available habitat, 8% of which is
inside conservation units. We found S. kollari at 44% of the
points surveyed, and estimated its local population density
as approximately 60 individuals km2, with an estimated total
population size exceeding 5,000 individuals. It has 206 km2
of available habitat, none of which is inside conservation
units. We recommend that C. carbonaria be down-listed on the
IUCN Red List to the Near Threatened category, and that S.
kollari be listed as Endangered. Both species live in areas
vulnerable to habitat loss. We also recommend that both
species re-enter the Brazilian list of threatened species
and highlight the importance of indigenous reserves to their
conservation. © 2007 Birdlife International.},
Doi = {10.1017/S0959270907000743},
Key = {ISI:000250430300006}
}
@article{ISI:000247934500022,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Imagine a better world},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {448},
Number = {7150},
Pages = {135-136},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {2007},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000247934500022&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1038/448135a},
Key = {ISI:000247934500022}
}
@article{ISI:000246843200001,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Africa: still the "dark continent".},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {21},
Number = {3},
Pages = {567-569},
Year = {2007},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17531033},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00697.x},
Key = {ISI:000246843200001}
}
@article{ISI:000244227800007,
Author = {Van Houtan and KS and Pimm, SL and Halley, JM and Bierregaard, RO and Lovejoy, TE},
Title = {Dispersal of Amazonian birds in continuous and fragmented
forest.},
Journal = {Ecology Letters},
Volume = {10},
Number = {3},
Pages = {219-229},
Year = {2007},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1461-023X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17305805},
Abstract = {Many ecologists believe birds disappear from tropical forest
fragments because they are poor dispersers. We test this
idea using a spatially explicit capture data base from the
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project near Manaus,
Brazil. We measure bird movements directly, over relatively
large scales of space and time, both before and after
landscape fragmentation. We found that species which
disappear from fragments move extensively between plots
before isolation, but not after, and often disperse to
longer distances in continuous forest than in fragmented
forest. Such species also preferentially emigrate from
smaller to larger fragments, showing no preference in
continuous forest. In contrast, species that persist in
fragments are generally less mobile, do not cross gaps as
often, yet disperse further after fragmentation than before.
'Heavy tailed' probability models usually explain dispersal
kernels better than exponential or Gaussian models,
suggesting tropical forest birds may be better dispersers
than assumed with some individuals moving very long
distances.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01004.x},
Key = {ISI:000244227800007}
}
@article{ISI:000243660100007,
Author = {Kinahan, AA and Pimm, SL and van Aarde, RJ},
Title = {Ambient temperature as a determinant of landscape use in the
savanna elephant, Loxodonta africana},
Journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology},
Volume = {32},
Number = {1},
Pages = {47-58},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0306-4565},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.09.002},
Abstract = {Elephants occur in landscapes where temperatures can reach
50 °C. Due to their large size they may face physiological
problems of dissipating heat during such high temperatures.
In spite of this, no one seems to have considered ambient
temperature as limiting landscape choices in elephants. We
recorded hourly landscape use in free-ranging elephants
using GPS collars. We also placed temperature data loggers
in each of the landscapes, to obtain corresponding ambient
temperatures for each hour. Our results suggest that
elephants may select landscapes based on the rate at which
temperatures changed and also for shade. We suggest that
these selected variables provide a thermal benefit to
individuals. As such, we propose that landscape use in
elephants may be constrained by their thermal physiological
requirements as well as other resources such as food and
water. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.09.002},
Key = {ISI:000243660100007}
}
@article{van2007dispersal,
Author = {Van Houtan and K.S. and Pimm, S.L. and Halley, J.M. and Bierregaard Jr and R.O. and Lovejoy, T.E.},
Title = {Dispersal of Amazonian birds in continuous and fragmented
forest},
Journal = {Ecology Letters},
Volume = {10},
Number = {3},
Pages = {219--229},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2007},
Key = {van2007dispersal}
}
@article{kinahan2007ambient,
Author = {Kinahan, AA and Pimm, S.L. and Van Aarde,
R.J.},
Title = {Ambient temperature as a determinant of landscape use in the
savanna elephant, Loxodonta africana},
Journal = {Journal of Thermal Biology},
Volume = {32},
Number = {1},
Pages = {47--58},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2007},
Key = {kinahan2007ambient}
}
@article{vale2007abundance,
Author = {Vale, M.M. and Bell, J.B. and Alves, M.A.S. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Abundance, distribution and conservation of Rio Branco
Antbird Cercomacra carbonaria and Hoary-throated Spinetail
Synallaxis kollari},
Journal = {Bird Conservation International},
Volume = {17},
Number = {3},
Pages = {245--257},
Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
Year = {2007},
Key = {vale2007abundance}
}
@article{pimm2007africa,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Africa: still the “Dark Continent”},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {21},
Number = {3},
Pages = {567--569},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2007},
Key = {pimm2007africa}
}
@article{loarie2007satellites,
Author = {Loarie, S.R. and Joppa, L.N. and Pimm, S.L. and others},
Title = {Satellites miss environmental priorities},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {22},
Number = {12},
Pages = {630--632},
Publisher = {Elsevier Science, The Boulevard Langford Lane Kidlington
Oxford OX 5 1 GB UK,},
Year = {2007},
Key = {loarie2007satellites}
}
@article{pimm2007imagine,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Imagine a better world},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {448},
Number = {7150},
Pages = {135-136},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
Year = {2007},
Key = {pimm2007imagine}
}
@article{ISI:000239327200023,
Author = {Pimm, S and Raven, P and Peterson, A and Sekercioglu, CH and Ehrlich,
PR},
Title = {Human impacts on the rates of recent, present, and future
bird extinctions.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {103},
Number = {29},
Pages = {10941-10946},
Year = {2006},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0604181103},
Abstract = {Unqualified, the statement that approximately 1.3% of the
approximately 10,000 presently known bird species have
become extinct since A.D. 1500 yields an estimate of
approximately 26 extinctions per million species per year
(or 26 E/MSY). This is higher than the benchmark rate of
approximately 1 E/MSY before human impacts, but is a serious
underestimate. First, Polynesian expansion across the
Pacific also exterminated many species well before European
explorations. Second, three factors increase the rate: (i)
The number of known extinctions before 1800 is increasing as
taxonomists describe new species from skeletal remains. (ii)
One should calculate extinction rates over the years since
taxonomists described the species. Most bird species were
described only after 1850. (iii) Some species are probably
extinct; there is reluctance to declare them so prematurely.
Thus corrected, recent extinction rates are approximately
100 E/MSY. In the last decades, the rate is <50 E/MSY, but
would be 150 E/MSY were it not for conservation efforts.
Increasing numbers of extinctions are on continents, whereas
previously most were on islands. We predict a 21st century
rate of approximately 1,000 E/MSY. Extinction threatens 12%
of bird species; another 12% have small geographical ranges
and live where human actions rapidly destroy their habitats.
If present forest losses continue, extinction rates will
reach 1,500 E/MSY by the century's end. Invasive species,
expanding human technologies, and global change will harm
additional species. Birds are poor models for predicting
extinction rates for other taxa. Human actions threaten
higher fractions of other well known taxa than they do
birds. Moreover, people take special efforts to protect
birds.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0604181103},
Key = {ISI:000239327200023}
}
@article{fds279411,
Author = {Montoya, JM and Pimm, SL and Solé, RV},
Title = {Ecological networks and their fragility.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {442},
Number = {7100},
Pages = {259-264},
Year = {2006},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16855581},
Abstract = {Darwin used the metaphor of a 'tangled bank' to describe the
complex interactions between species. Those interactions are
varied: they can be antagonistic ones involving predation,
herbivory and parasitism, or mutualistic ones, such as those
involving the pollination of flowers by insects. Moreover,
the metaphor hints that the interactions may be complex to
the point of being impossible to understand. All
interactions can be visualized as ecological networks, in
which species are linked together, either directly or
indirectly through intermediate species. Ecological
networks, although complex, have well defined patterns that
both illuminate the ecological mechanisms underlying them
and promise a better understanding of the relationship
between complexity and ecological stability.},
Doi = {10.1038/nature04927},
Key = {fds279411}
}
@article{pimm2006ockham,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Bass, OL and Dollar, L},
Title = {Ockham and Garp. Reply to Maehr et al.'s (2006) response to
Pimm et al. (2006)},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {9},
Number = {2},
Pages = {133-134},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2006},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00026.x},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00026.x},
Key = {pimm2006ockham}
}
@article{ISI:000236766400002,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Dollar, L and Bass, OL},
Title = {The genetic rescue of the Florida panther},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {9},
Number = {2},
Pages = {115-122},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2006},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2005.00010.x},
Abstract = {We examine the consequences of panthers introduced from
Texas into south Florida, an area housing a small, isolated,
inbred and distinct subspecies (Puma concolor coryi). Once
part of a continuous, widespread population, panthers became
isolated in south Florida more than a century ago. Numbers
declined and the occurrence of genetic defects increased.
Hoping to reverse the genetic damage, managers introduced
eight female panthers from Texas into south Florida in the
mid-1990s. This action was highly controversial and we
explain the arguments for and against the intervention. We
synthesized data systematically collected on the Florida
panthers from before, during and after this management
intervention. These data include information on movements,
breeding, mortality, survivorship and range. There is no
evidence that purebred Florida females produce fewer kittens
at a later age or less often than do hybrid cats (i.e. those
with a Texas ancestor). Hybrid kittens have about a three
times higher chance of becoming adults as do purebred ones.
Hybrid adult females survive better than purebred females;
there is no obvious difference between the males. Males die
younger than females, are more often killed by other males
and are more likely to disperse longer distances into
habitats that are dangerous to them. Hybrids are expanding
the known range of habitats panthers occupy and use. © 2006
The Zoological Society of London.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1469-1795.2005.00010.x},
Key = {ISI:000236766400002}
}
@article{ISI:000236384700002,
Author = {Russell, GJ and Diamond, JM and Reed, TM and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Breeding birds on small islands: island biogeography or
optimal foraging?},
Journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology},
Volume = {75},
Number = {2},
Pages = {324-339},
Year = {2006},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0021-8790},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16637986},
Abstract = {1. We test MacArthur and Wilson's theory about the
biogeography of communities on isolated habitat patches
using bird breeding records from 16 small islands off the
coasts of Britain and Ireland. 2. A traditional examination
of patterns of species richness on these islands suggests
that area and habitat diversity are important predictors,
but that isolation and latitude have a negligible impact in
this system. 3. Unlike traditional studies, we directly
examine the fundamental processes of colonization and local
extinction (cessation of breeding), rather than higher-order
phenomena such as species richness. 4. We find that many of
MacArthur and Wilson's predictions hold: colonization
probability is lower on more isolated islands, and
extinction probability is lower on larger islands and those
with a greater diversity of habitats. 5. We also find an
unexpected pattern: extinction probability is much lower on
more isolated islands. This is the strongest relationship in
these data, and isolation is the best single predictor of
colonization and extinction. 6. Our results show that
examination of species richness alone is misleading.
Isolation has a strong effect on both of the dynamic
processes that underlie richness, and in this system, the
reductions in both colonization and extinction probability
seen on more distant islands have opposing influences on
species richness, and largely cancel each other out. 7. We
suggest that an appropriate model for this system might be
optimal foraging theory, which predicts that organisms will
stay longer in a resource patch if the distance to a
neighbouring patch is large. If nest sites and food are the
resources in this system, then optimal foraging theory
predicts the pattern we observe. 8. We advance the
hypothesis that there is a class of spatial systems, defined
by their scale and by the taxon under consideration, at
which decision-making processes are a key driver of the
spatiotemporal dynamics. The appropriate theory for such
systems will be a hybrid of concepts from
biogeography/metapopulation theory and behavioural
ecology.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01052.x},
Key = {ISI:000236384700002}
}
@article{ISI:000235123100010,
Author = {Van Houtan and KS and Pimm, SL and Bierregaard, RO and Lovejoy, TE and Stouffer, PC},
Title = {Local extinctions in flocking birds in Amazonian forest
fragments},
Journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Pages = {129-148},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1522-0613},
Abstract = {Questions: Does the tendency to join flocks predispose a
bird species to local or global extinction? Does the ability
to revise particular social preferences in fragmented
landscapes confer greater persistence? Do solitary species
of birds persist longer in small forest patches? Background:
Social carnivores range more widely than solitary carnivores
and are more prone to local extinction in fragmented
landscapes. Flocking bird species typically range over
larger areas than solitary ones, thus potentially
encountering threats in and beyond the edges of their
habitat more often than solitary species. Data: A 14-year
bird-capture database from the Biological Dynamics of Forest
Fragments Project (BDFFP) near Manaus, Brazil. Methods: From
the literature, from independent field observations and
mist-net captures we identified 30 species that join mixed
flocks or follow ant swarms. We quantify the tendency for
these species to flock both before and after habitat
fragmentation. We test the effect of flocking on understory
species' persistence in forest fragments of 1, 10 and 100
ha. Results: Species that typically forage in flocks before
plot isolation persist for shorter times than those that
infrequently join flocks. Species that drop out of flocks
after fragmentation persist longer than those that remain in
flocks. Our model outperformed a nested analysis of variance
that treated each species as a variable, inherently testing
for life-history idiosyncrasies and phylogeny. Recapture
rates, calculated using MARK, did not explain the residual
variation from our model. Flocking behaviour, and its
plasticity, influence species persistence and so are
important criteria in understanding local extinction. ©
2006 Stuart L. Pimm.},
Key = {ISI:000235123100010}
}
@article{pimm2006ecological,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Sol, R.V. and others},
Title = {Ecological networks and their fragility.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {442},
Number = {7100},
Pages = {259--264},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {2006},
Key = {pimm2006ecological}
}
@article{russell2006breeding,
Author = {Russell, G.J. and Diamond, J.M. and Reed, T.M. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Breeding birds on small islands: island biogeography or
optimal foraging?},
Journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
Volume = {75},
Number = {2},
Pages = {324--339},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2006},
Key = {russell2006breeding}
}
@article{pimm2006human,
Author = {Pimm, S. and Raven, P. and Peterson, A. and {\c{S}}ekercio{\u{g}}lu, {\c{C}}.H. and Ehrlich,
P.R.},
Title = {Human impacts on the rates of recent, present, and future
bird extinctions},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
Volume = {103},
Number = {29},
Pages = {10941},
Publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
Year = {2006},
Key = {pimm2006human}
}
@article{pimm2006genetic,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Dollar, L. and Bass Jr and O.L.},
Title = {The genetic rescue of the Florida panther},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {9},
Number = {2},
Pages = {115--122},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2006},
Key = {pimm2006genetic}
}
@article{montoya2006ecological,
Author = {Montoya, J.M. and Pimm, S.L. and Sol{\'e},
R.V.},
Title = {Ecological networks and their fragility},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {442},
Number = {7100},
Pages = {259--264},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {2006},
Key = {montoya2006ecological}
}
@article{pimm2006dr,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Dr AH Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences
2006},
Year = {2006},
Key = {pimm2006dr}
}
@article{pimm2006perfect,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {The Perfect Gift to Inspire Your Students and Make Your
Mother Love You Even More},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {20},
Number = {3},
Pages = {923-923},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2006},
Key = {pimm2006perfect}
}
@article{pimm2006comment,
Author = {Pimm, S and Jenkins, C},
Title = {Comment pr{\'e}server la biodiversit{\'e}},
Journal = {Pour La Science},
Number = {342},
Pages = {54-61},
Publisher = {Pour la science},
Year = {2006},
Key = {pimm2006comment}
}
@article{van2006various,
Author = {Van Houtan and KS and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The various Christian ethics of species conservation},
Journal = {Religion and the New Ecology: Environmental Prudence in a
World in Flux. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame,
Indiana},
Pages = {116-147},
Year = {2006},
Key = {van2006various}
}
@article{ISI:000239122100029,
Author = {Montoya, Jose M. and Pimm, Stuart L. and Sole, Ricard
V.},
Title = {Ecological networks and their fragility},
Journal = {NATURE},
Volume = {442},
Number = {7100},
Pages = {259-264},
Year = {2006},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
Abstract = {Darwin used the metaphor of a `tangled bank' to describe the
complex interactions between species. Those interactions are
varied: they can be antagonistic ones involving predation,
herbivory and parasitism, or mutualistic ones, such as those
involving the pollination of flowers by insects. Moreover,
the metaphor hints that the interactions may be complex to
the point of being impossible to understand. All
interactions can be visualized as ecological networks, in
which species are linked together, either directly or
indirectly through intermediate species. Ecological
networks, although complex, have well defined patterns that
both illuminate the ecological mechanisms underlying them
and promise a better understanding of the relationship
between complexity and ecological stability.},
Key = {ISI:000239122100029}
}
@article{ISI:000233938100035,
Author = {Harris, GM and Jenkins, CN and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Refining biodiversity conservation priorities},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {19},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1957-1968},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2005},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00307.x},
Abstract = {Although there is widespread agreement about conservation
priorities at large scales (i.e., biodiversity hotspots),
their boundaries remain too coarse for setting practical
conservation goals. Refining hotspot conservation means
identifying specific locations (individual habitat patches)
of realistic size and scale for managers to protect and
politicians to support. Because hotspots have lost most of
their original habitat, species endemic to them rely on what
remains. The issue now becomes identifying where this
habitat is and these species are. We accomplished this by
using straightforward remote sensing and GIS techniques,
identifying specific locations in Brazil's Atlantic Forest
hotspot important for bird conservation. Our method requires
a regional map of current forest cover, so we explored six
popular products for mapping and quantifying forest: MODIS
continuous fields and a MODIS land cover (preclassified
products), AVHRR, SPOT VGT, MODIS (satellite images), and a
GeoCover Landsat thematic mapper mosaic (jpg). We compared
subsets of these forest covers against a forest map based on
a Landsat enhanced thematic mapper. The SPOT VGT forest
cover predicted forest area and location well, so we
combined it with elevation data to refine coarse
distribution maps for forest endemic birds. Stacking these
species distribution maps enabled identification of the
subregion richest in threatened birds-the lowland forests of
Rio de Janeiro State. We highlighted eight priority
fragments, focusing on one with finer resolved imagery for
detailed study. This method allows prioritization of areas
for conservation from a region >1 million km2 to forest
fragments of tens of square kilometers. To set priorities
for biodiversity conservation, coarse biological information
is sufficient. Hence, our method is attractive for tropical
and biologically rich locations, where species location
information is sparse. ©2005 Society for Conservation
Biology.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00307.x},
Key = {ISI:000233938100035}
}
@article{ISI:000231099900030,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Jenkins, C},
Title = {Sustaining the variety of life},
Journal = {SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN},
Volume = {293},
Number = {3},
Pages = {66-73},
Year = {2005},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0036-8733},
Abstract = {The four laws of biogeography describe species abundance and
species location,i.e. biodiversity, worldwide. To sustain
biodiversity hot spots around the world these special places
must be preserved. This can be achieved by utilizing the
laws to identify these hot spots.},
Key = {ISI:000231099900030}
}
@article{fds279412,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Jenkins, C},
Title = {Sustaining the variety of life.},
Journal = {Scientific American},
Volume = {293},
Number = {3},
Pages = {66-73},
Year = {2005},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0036-8733},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16121856},
Doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0905-66},
Key = {fds279412}
}
@article{ISI:000227659700015,
Author = {Wassenaar, TD and Van Aarde and RJ and Pimm, SL and Ferreira,
SM},
Title = {Community convergence in disturbed subtropical dune
forests},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {86},
Number = {3},
Pages = {655-666},
Year = {2005},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0012-9658},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-0836},
Abstract = {Do communities return to their former state when we disturb
them? The answer is "surely not always," since some
disturbances may be so devastating that recovery will be
impossible. If communities do recover, then how fast is that
recovery? Do different subsets of species return at the same
rate? Is that rate a simple exponential recovery - meaning
that the change toward the original state is fastest when
the community is furthest away and it slows as the community
converges? Or is recovery a more dynamically complex
process? These questions are theoretically interesting and
practically important. The theoretical questions are if
there is a particular state - some exact composition - to
which a community is likely to return, if there might be
several (or many) possible such states, or if community
composition is essentially haphazard. The practical
implication is that if disturbed ecological communities do
not tend to return to a previous state, it may be impossible
to undo human impacts on natural ecosystems. We follow the
fate of species assemblages following the removal of
vegetation for mining. We show that these assemblages in
restored subtropical coastal dune forests in South Africa do
converge with a regional equilibrium state and that
convergence is possible within a reasonable period. However,
changes in assemblages from different trophic levels were
idiosyncratic: convergence in the dung beetle assemblage did
not mimic convergence for trees and birds, for example. Few
of the assemblages converged exponentially, the simplest
shape for the decay function. Furthermore, trends were
sometimes different for different indices of community
dissimilarity, suggesting that whether one accepts
convergence depends, in part, on exactly what one measures.
© 2005 by the Ecological Society of America.},
Doi = {10.1890/03-0836},
Key = {ISI:000227659700015}
}
@article{harris2005refining,
Author = {Harris, G.M. and Jenkins, C.N. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Refining biodiversity conservation priorities},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {19},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1957--1968},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2005},
Key = {harris2005refining}
}
@article{wassenaar2005community,
Author = {Wassenaar, TD and Van Aarde and RJ and Pimm, SL and Ferreira,
SM},
Title = {Community convergence in disturbed subtropical dune
forests},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {86},
Number = {3},
Pages = {655--666},
Publisher = {Eco Soc America},
Year = {2005},
Key = {wassenaar2005community}
}
@article{pimm2005sustaining,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Jenkins, C.},
Title = {Sustaining the variety of life},
Journal = {Scientific American},
Volume = {293},
Number = {3},
Pages = {66--73},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {2005},
Key = {pimm2005sustaining}
}
@article{pimm2005ecology,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {ECOLOGY IN THE LARGE: GAIA AND GENGHIS KHAN'},
Journal = {Narrow Roads of Gene Land: the Collected Papers of Wd
Hamilton Volume 3: Last Words},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press, USA},
Year = {2005},
Key = {pimm2005ecology}
}
@article{pimm2005categories,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Lawton, JH and Cohen, JE},
Title = {CATEGORIES OF PLANKTON},
Journal = {Water Encyclopedia: Oceanography; Meteorology; Physics and
Chemistry; Water Law; and Water History, Art, and
Culture},
Volume = {4},
Pages = {154},
Publisher = {Wiley-Interscience},
Year = {2005},
Key = {pimm2005categories}
}
@article{pimm2005biodiversidad,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Jenkins, C},
Title = {BIODIVERSIDAD-Conservaci{\'o}n de la biodiversidad-De la
investigaci{\'o}n sobre la distribuci{\'o}n geogr{\'a}fica
de la biodiversidad y sobre el riesgo de extinci{\'o}n de
especies pueden extraerse planes de conservaci{\'o}n
eficaces y econ{\'o}micamente viables.},
Journal = {Investigaci{\'O}N Y Ciencia: Edici{\'O}N Espa{\~N}Ola De
Scientific American},
Number = {350},
Pages = {34-41},
Year = {2005},
Key = {pimm2005biodiversidad}
}
@article{pimm2005sustaining,
Author = {PIMM, SL and JENKINS, C},
Title = {SUSTAINING THE},
Journal = {Scientific American},
Year = {2005},
Key = {pimm2005sustaining}
}
@article{ISI:000225737300024,
Author = {Harris, GM and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Bird species' tolerance of secondary forest habitats and its
effects on extinction},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {18},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1607-1616},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2004},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00157.x},
Abstract = {Intense deforestation causes massive species losses. These
losses occur because the habitats supplanting primary forest
are inadequate to sustain viable populations of
forest-dependent species. Despite this, certain species do
seem to persist within the secondary habitats that replace
original forest. This implies that there is a special class
of species that might survive the loss of primary forest.
Such a result would significantly influence conservation
plans and extinction predictions. We tested whether species
that tolerate secondary habitats survive extensive habitat
loss and whether the same degree of loss threatens species
that are forest obligates. To identify purported
"survivors," we compared the remaining range sizes of
endemic birds, their abundances, and their degree of
extinction threat. We did this within the remaining Atlantic
Forest of Brazil, a region extremely rich in endemics but
with only approximately 10% of its forest remaining. We
found no survivors. Habitat loss threatens forest-obligate
birds and those using secondary habitats
equally.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00157.x},
Key = {ISI:000225737300024}
}
@article{saterson2004disconnects,
Author = {Saterson, KA and Christensen, NL and Jackson, RB and Kramer, RA and Pimm, SL and Smith, MD and Wiener, JB},
Title = {Disconnects in Evaluating the Relative Effectiveness of
Conservation Strategies},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {1-3},
Publisher = {BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC},
Year = {2004},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.01831.x},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.01831.x},
Key = {saterson2004disconnects}
}
@article{fds279416,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Brown, JH},
Title = {Ecology. Domains of diversity.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {304},
Number = {5672},
Pages = {831-833},
Year = {2004},
Month = {May},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131295},
Doi = {10.1126/science.1095332},
Key = {fds279416}
}
@article{pimm2004domains,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Brown, J.H.},
Title = {Domains of diversity},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {304},
Number = {5672},
Pages = {831},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Science},
Year = {2004},
Key = {pimm2004domains}
}
@article{harris2004bird,
Author = {Harris, G.M. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Bird species' tolerance of secondary forest habitats and its
effects on extinction},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {18},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1607--1616},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2004},
Key = {harris2004bird}
}
@article{pimm2004growing,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Growing biodiversity},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {430},
Number = {7003},
Pages = {967-968},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
Year = {2004},
Key = {pimm2004growing}
}
@article{ISI:000223514900019,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Farmers' bounty: Locating crop diversity in the contemporary
world},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {430},
Number = {7003},
Pages = {967-968},
Year = {2004},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
Key = {ISI:000223514900019}
}
@article{ISI:000221353300001,
Author = {Saterson, K and Christensen, NL and Jackson, RB and Kramer, RA and Pimm,
SL and Smith, MD and Wiener, JB},
Title = {Disconnects in Evaluating the Relative Effectiveness of
Conservation Strategies},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {597-599},
Year = {2004},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/7005 Duke open
access},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.01831.x},
Key = {ISI:000221353300001}
}
@article{ISI:000221243000029,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Brown, JH},
Title = {Domains of diversity},
Journal = {SCIENCE},
Volume = {304},
Number = {5672},
Pages = {831-833},
Year = {2004},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
Key = {ISI:000221243000029}
}
@article{ISI:000186660800023,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Expiry dates.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {426},
Number = {6964},
Pages = {235-236},
Year = {2003},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/426235a},
Abstract = {The dodo is most certainly dead. But when did the species
finally disappear? A statistical approach allows estimation
of the date, and could be applied to other extinctions, both
past and present.},
Doi = {10.1038/426235a},
Key = {ISI:000186660800023}
}
@article{fds279424,
Author = {Ferraz, G and Russell, GJ and Stouffer, PC and Bierregaard, RO and Pimm,
SL and Lovejoy, TE},
Title = {Rates of species loss from Amazonian forest
fragments.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {100},
Number = {24},
Pages = {14069-14073},
Year = {2003},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14614134},
Abstract = {In the face of worldwide habitat fragmentation, managers
need to devise a time frame for action. We ask how fast do
understory bird species disappear from experimentally
isolated plots in the Biological Dynamics of Forest
Fragments Project, central Amazon, Brazil. Our data consist
of mist-net records obtained over a period of 13 years in 11
sites of 1, 10, and 100 hectares. The numbers of captures
per species per unit time, analyzed under different
simplifying assumptions, reveal a set of species-loss
curves. From those declining numbers, we derive a scaling
rule for the time it takes to lose half the species in a
fragment as a function of its area. A 10-fold decrease in
the rate of species loss requires a 1,000-fold increase in
area. Fragments of 100 hectares lose one half of their
species in <15 years, too short a time for implementing
conservation measures.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.2336195100},
Key = {fds279424}
}
@article{fds279426,
Author = {Sugihara, G and Bersier, L-F and Southwood, TRE and Pimm, SL and May,
RM},
Title = {Predicted correspondence between species abundances and
dendrograms of niche similarities.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {100},
Number = {9},
Pages = {5246-5251},
Year = {2003},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702773},
Abstract = {We examine a hypothesized relationship between two
descriptions of community structure: the niche-overlap
dendrogram that describes the ecological similarities of
species and the pattern of relative abundances.
Specifically, we examine the way in which this relationship
follows from the niche hierarchy model, whose fundamental
assumption is a direct connection between abundances and
underlying hierarchical community organization. We test
three important, although correlated, predictions of the
niche hierarchy model and show that they are upheld in a set
of 11 communities (encompassing fishes, amphibians, lizards,
and birds) where both abundances and dendrograms were
reported. First, species that are highly nested in the
dendrogram are on average less abundant than species from
branches less subdivided. Second, and more significantly,
more equitable community abundances are associated with more
evenly branched dendrogram structures, whereas less
equitable abundances are associated with less even
dendrograms. This relationship shows that abundance patterns
can give insight into less visible aspects of community
organization. Third, one can recover the distribution of
proportional abundances seen in assemblages containing two
species by treating each branch point in the dendrogram as a
two-species case. This reconstruction cannot be achieved if
abundances and the dendrogram are unrelated and suggests a
method for hierarchically decomposing systems. To our
knowledge, this is the first test of a species abundance
model based on nontrivial predictions as to the origins and
causes of abundance patterns, and not simply on the
goodness-of-fit of distributions.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0831096100},
Key = {fds279426}
}
@article{ISI:000182170100005,
Author = {Jenkins, CN and Powell, RD and Bass, OL and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Demonstrating the destruction of the habitat of the Cape
Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus
mirabilis)},
Journal = {ANIMAL CONSERVATION},
Volume = {6},
Number = {Part 1},
Pages = {29-38},
Year = {2003},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
Abstract = {The Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus
mirabilis) is Federally protected under the Endangered
Species Act of the United States of America. This
legislation prohibits direct or indirect take - the killing
or harming - of the protected species. In 1993 and 1995, the
opening of floodgates into Everglades National Park during
the normal dry season resulted in a direct take of the
sparrow. The argument was also made that there was indirect
take through destruction of the habitat upon which the
sparrow depends. Using a combination of fieldwork and
satellite image analysis, we show that the floods did damage
to the habitat of the sparrow. Moreover, they did so for a
period longer than the actual flooding, further increasing
the sparrow's extinction risk. Recovery of the sparrow
population to pre-flood levels will require an adequate and
stable amount of habitat. We now have a technique for
monitoring that habitat and ensuring that poor water
management does not threaten it. More broadly, this
technique has the potential for monitoring the habitat of
many other species and avoiding another situation such as
the sparrow faces.},
Key = {ISI:000182170100005}
}
@article{ISI:000182170100006,
Author = {Jenkins, CN and Powell, RD and Bass, OL and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Why sparrow distributions do not match model
predictions},
Journal = {ANIMAL CONSERVATION},
Volume = {6},
Number = {Part 1},
Pages = {39-46},
Year = {2003},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
Abstract = {A companion paper in this issue describes the mapping of
Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis)
habitat using satellite imagery. In general, those maps are
correct. However, testing against an independent survey of
the sparrow population does identify errors. Those errors
fall into two categories, model errors and bird errors. The
model errors result from genuine problems with the model.
More interesting for conservation are the bird errors, which
are more numerous. They are of two types. (1) Commission
errors: some suitable habitat does not contain birds. These
are areas where prior events have depleted sparrow numbers,
but because the sparrows do not disperse long distances,
they cannot occupy it quickly. (2) Omission errors: some
birds remain in unsuitable habitat that was formerly
suitable. This results from the sparrow's very high site
fidelity. Often, they will not leave an area even when it is
no longer suitable. The consequences of these bird errors
are that some habitat and some birds are not contributing to
the species' survival. Thus, an estimate of only the amount
of habitat or only the sparrow population may present an
overly optimistic view of the sparrow's plight.},
Key = {ISI:000182170100006}
}
@article{fds279414,
Author = {Jenkins, CN and Powell, RD and Bass, OL and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Demonstrating the destruction of the habitat of the Cape
Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus
mirabilis)},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {6},
Number = {1},
Pages = {29-38},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2003},
Month = {February},
url = {http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/pimm/publications/pimmreprints/177_Jenkins_et_al_2003a.pdf},
Abstract = {The Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus
mirabilis) is Federally protected under the Endangered
Species Act of the United States of America. This
legislation prohibits direct or indirect take - the killing
or harming - of the protected species. In 1993 and 1995, the
opening of floodgates into Everglades National Park during
the normal dry season resulted in a direct take of the
sparrow. The argument was also made that there was indirect
take through destruction of the habitat upon which the
sparrow depends. Using a combination of fieldwork and
satellite image analysis, we show that the floods did damage
to the habitat of the sparrow. Moreover, they did so for a
period longer than the actual flooding, further increasing
the sparrow's extinction risk. Recovery of the sparrow
population to pre-flood levels will require an adequate and
stable amount of habitat. We now have a technique for
monitoring that habitat and ensuring that poor water
management does not threaten it. More broadly, this
technique has the potential for monitoring the habitat of
many other species and avoiding another situation such as
the sparrow faces. © 2003 The Zoological Society of
London.},
Doi = {10.1017/S1367943003003056},
Key = {fds279414}
}
@article{fds279423,
Author = {Jenkins, CN and Powell, RD and Bass, OL and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Why sparrow distributions do not match model
predictions},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {6},
Number = {1},
Pages = {39-46},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2003},
Month = {February},
url = {http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/pimm/publications/pimmreprints/178_Jenkins_et_al_2003b.pdf},
Abstract = {A companion paper in this issue describes the mapping of
Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis)
habitat using satellite imagery. In general, those maps are
correct. However, testing against an independent survey of
the sparrow population does identify errors. Those errors
fall into two categories, model errors and bird errors. The
model errors result from genuine problems with the model.
More interesting for conservation are the bird errors, which
are more numerous. They are of two types. (1) Commission
errors: Some suitable habitat does not contain birds. These
are areas where prior events have depleted sparrow numbers,
but because the sparrows do not disperse long distances,
they cannot occupy it quickly. (2) Omission errors: Some
birds rema in in unsuitable habitat that was formerly
suitable. This results from the sparrow's very high site
fidelity. Often, they will not leave an area even when it is
no longer suitable. The consequences of these bird errors
are that some habitat and some birds are not contributing to
the species' survival. Thus, an estimate of only the amount
of habitat or only the sparrow population may present an
overly optimistic view of the sparrow's plight. © 2003 The
Zoological Society of London.},
Doi = {10.1017/S1367943003003068},
Key = {fds279423}
}
@article{ISI:000183643300003,
Author = {Jenkins, CN and Pimm, SL},
Title = {How big is the global weed patch?},
Journal = {Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden},
Volume = {90},
Number = {2},
Pages = {172-178},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0026-6493},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3298581},
Abstract = {Invasive species are a major global threat to both
biodiversity and agriculture and thus are a high priority
for conservation science. Governments recognize this and are
devoting increasing resources toward solving the problem.
Even so, there is inadequate information on where invasives
occur and thus where society can best use these resources.
Disturbed areas tend to be very favorable to invasives,
especially the weedy species. We map the world's disturbed
areas, the global weed patch, using maps of original and
current landcover. At least 29.4 million km2 (ca. 23%) of
the world's ice-free land area is disturbed and thus
favorable for invasive species. This weed patch map
corresponds well to known locations of some of the world's
worst weeds, lending support to our approach. Our results
should help in setting geographic priorities for actions
against invasive species.},
Doi = {10.2307/3298581},
Key = {ISI:000183643300003}
}
@article{fds279415,
Author = {Myers, N and Pimm, S},
Title = {The last extinction?},
Journal = {Foreign Policy},
Number = {135},
Pages = {28-29},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/pimm/publications/pimmreprints/179_Myers_and_Pimm_FP_2003.pdf},
Doi = {10.2307/3183586},
Key = {fds279415}
}
@article{ferraz2003rates,
Author = {Ferraz, G. and Russell, G.J. and Stouffer, P.C. and Bierregaard, R.O. and Pimm, S.L. and Lovejoy,
T.E.},
Title = {Rates of species loss from Amazonian forest
fragments},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {100},
Number = {24},
Pages = {14069},
Publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
Year = {2003},
Key = {ferraz2003rates}
}
@article{jenkins2003demonstrating,
Author = {Jenkins, C.N. and Powell, R.D. and Bass Jr and O.L. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Demonstrating the destruction of the habitat of the Cape
Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus
mirabilis)},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {6},
Number = {01},
Pages = {29--38},
Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
Year = {2003},
Key = {jenkins2003demonstrating}
}
@article{jenkins2003big,
Author = {Jenkins, C.N. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {How big is the global weed patch?},
Journal = {Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden},
Pages = {172--178},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {2003},
Key = {jenkins2003big}
}
@article{myers2003last,
Author = {Myers, N. and Pimm, S.},
Title = {The Last Extinction?},
Journal = {Foreign Policy},
Pages = {28--29},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {2003},
Key = {myers2003last}
}
@article{liu2003protecting,
Author = {Liu, J. and Ouyang, Z. and Pimm, S.L. and Raven, P.H. and Wang, X. and Miao, H. and Han, N.},
Title = {Protecting China's biodiversity},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {300},
Number = {5623},
Pages = {1240},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Science},
Year = {2003},
Key = {liu2003protecting}
}
@article{jenkins2003sparrow,
Author = {Jenkins, C.N. and Powell, R.D. and Bass Jr and O.L. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Why sparrow distributions do not match model
predictions},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {6},
Number = {1},
Pages = {39--46},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2003},
Key = {jenkins2003sparrow}
}
@article{sugihara2003predicted,
Author = {Sugihara, G. and Bersier, L.F. and Southwood, T.R.E. and Pimm, S.L. and May, R.M.},
Title = {Predicted correspondence between species abundances and
dendrograms of niche similarities},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
Volume = {100},
Number = {9},
Pages = {5246},
Publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
Year = {2003},
Key = {sugihara2003predicted}
}
@article{pimm2003expiry,
Author = {Pimm, S.},
Title = {Expiry dates},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {426},
Number = {6964},
Pages = {235--236},
Year = {2003},
Key = {pimm2003expiry}
}
@article{pimm2003evolutionary,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Evolutionary biology: Expiry dates},
Journal = {Nature London},
Pages = {235-235},
Publisher = {MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD},
Year = {2003},
Key = {pimm2003evolutionary}
}
@article{fds279425,
Author = {Liu, J and Ouyang, Z and Pimm, SL and Raven, PH and Wang, X and Xiaoke, M and Hong, H and Han, N},
Title = {Protecting China's Biodiversity},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {300},
Number = {5623},
Pages = {1240-1241},
Year = {2003},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764180},
Doi = {10.1126/science.1078868},
Key = {fds279425}
}
@article{ISI:000186803800059,
Author = {Ferraz, G and Russell, GJ and Stouffer, PC and Bierregaard,
RO and Pimm, SL and Lovejoy, TE},
Title = {Rates of species loss from Amazonian forest
fragments},
Journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
Volume = {100},
Number = {24},
Pages = {14069-14073},
Year = {2003},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
Abstract = {In the face of worldwide habitat fragmentation, managers
need to devise a time frame for action. We ask how fast do
understory bird species disappear from experimentally
isolated plots in the Biological Dynamics of Forest
Fragments Project, central Amazon, Brazil. Our data consist
of mist-net records obtained over a period of 13 years in 11
sites of 1, 10, and 100 hectares. The numbers of captures
per species per unit time, analyzed under different
simplifying assumptions, reveal a set of species-loss
curves. From those declining numbers, we derive a scaling
rule for the time it takes to lose half the species in a
fragment as a function of its area. A 10-fold decrease in
the rate of species loss requires a 1,000-fold increase in
area. Fragments of 100 hectares lose one half of their
species in <15 years, too short a time for implementing
conservation measures.},
Key = {ISI:000186803800059}
}
@article{ISI:000182612600052,
Author = {Sugihara, G and Bersier, LF and Southwood, TRE and Pimm, SL and May, RM},
Title = {Predicted correspondence between species abundances and
dendrograms of niche similarities},
Journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
Volume = {100},
Number = {9},
Pages = {5246-5251},
Year = {2003},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
Abstract = {We examine a hypothesized relationship between two
descriptions of community structure: the niche-overlap
dendrogram that describes the ecological similarities of
species and the pattern of relative abundances.
Specifically, we examine the way in. which this relationship
follows from the niche hierarchy model, whose fundamental
assumption is a direct connection between abundances and
underlying hierarchical community organization. We test
three important, although correlated, predictions of the
niche hierarchy model and show that they are upheld in a set
of 11 communities (encompassing fishes, amphibians, lizards,
and birds) where both abundances and dendrograms were
reported. First, species that are highly nested in the
dendrogram are on average less abundant than species from
branches less subdivided. Second, and more significantly,
more equitable community abundances are associated with more
evenly branched dendrogram structures, whereas less
equitable abundances are associated with less even
dendrograms. This relationship shows that abundance patterns
can give insight into less visible aspects of community
organization. Third, one can recover the distribution of
proportional abundances seen in assemblages containing two
species by treating each branch point in the dendrogram as a
two-species case. This reconstruction cannot be achieved if
abundances and the dendrogram are unrelated and suggests a
method for hierarchically decomposing systems. To our
knowledge, this is the first test of a species abundance
model based on nontrivial predictions as to the origins and
causes of abundance patterns, and not simply on the
goodness-of-fit of distributions.},
Key = {ISI:000182612600052}
}
@article{ISI:000183042400029,
Author = {Liu, JG and Ouyang, ZY and Pimm, SL and Raven, PH and Wang,
XK and Miao, H and Han, NY},
Title = {Protecting China's biodiversity},
Journal = {SCIENCE},
Volume = {300},
Number = {5623},
Pages = {1240-1241},
Year = {2003},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
Key = {ISI:000183042400029}
}
@article{fds279421,
Author = {Piper, JK and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The creation of diverse prairie-like communities},
Journal = {Community Ecology},
Volume = {3},
Number = {2},
Pages = {205-216},
Year = {2002},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/ComEc.3.2002.2.7},
Abstract = {We tested the prediction that we are more likely to create
persistent, species-rich plant communities by increasing the
number of species sown and allowing communities to assemble
over six or seven growing seasons. Treatments consisted of
four initial seed mixtures comprising 4, 8, 12 and 16
species that represent four functional groups (C3
graminoids, C4 grasses, N-fixing species, and late-flowering
composites) that predominate within North American prairies.
Once seeded, half of the plots were left alone to develop
without subsequent reseeding. To provide multiple
opportunities for establishment, we reseeded the remaining
plots with any target species that failed to establish after
two growing seasons. There were two 16 _xt 16 m (256 m2)
replicates per treatment established in 1994 and 1996 on
former agricultural land. Annually, we measured total
species richness and evenness, total cover, and
establishment success defined as target species richness and
total percentage cover by target species, collectively. In
some instances, significant treatment x year interactions
indicated that treatment effects on variables varied among
years. Both richness and rate of establishment of target
communities were higher in the more species-rich mixtures.
Moreover, richness of resident species in the plots declined
with increasing target species richness. Reseeding had no
measurable effect on any of the variables, nor on the
eventual establishment of target communities or individual
target species. Our results, indicating that establishment
of species-rich plant communities can be enhanced by
starting with larger numbers of species at the outset, have
implications for projects in which community biodiversity
creation and maintenance are key goals.},
Doi = {10.1556/ComEc.3.2002.2.7},
Key = {fds279421}
}
@article{ISI:000178547400002,
Author = {Russell, GJ and Bass, OL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The effect of hydrological patterns and breeding-season
flooding on the numbers and distribution of wading birds in
Everglades National Park},
Journal = {ANIMAL CONSERVATION},
Volume = {5},
Number = {Part 3},
Pages = {185-199},
Year = {2002},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
Abstract = {Field ecologists in Everglades National Park know that the
dynamics of water flow affect the breeding success of wading
birds. A number of recent studies have suggested foraging
success as the primary causal link. Data on the number and
location of foraging birds are available from the Systematic
Reconnaissance Flights, monthly aerial surveys of wading
birds and surface water condition. A set of regression
models were developed that predict the number of foraging
birds observed in the Park at the beginning of May, a
crucial period in the breeding season of almost all wading
birds in this area. Predictor variables were obtained by
converting the observations of surface water condition into
three indexes that describe (1) the amount of surface water
in the Park in January (near the beginning of the `dry'
season), (2) the rate at which it dries over the subsequent
months, and (3) the amount of disruption to that drying
process. An information-theoretic measure, ICOMP(IFIM), was
used to choose on the basis of parsimony between the large
set of possible models that incorporate these predictors.
Most species were best predicted by the same few models, and
the fitted model parameters were also similar, indicating
that the same pattern of surface water dynamics was optimal
for most species. The optimal pattern was: intermediate
water levels at the beginning of the dry season, a rapid
rate of drying, and no disruption in the drying process. A
number of disruptions in drying since 1985 have been the
result of releases of water from the flow-control structures
at the northern boundary of Everglades National Park.
Reducing or eliminating these unnatural hydrological events
should help wading bird populations to increase.},
Key = {ISI:000178547400002}
}
@article{fds279422,
Author = {Russell, GJ and Bass, OL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The effect of hydrological patterns and breeding-season
flooding on the numbers and distribution of wading birds in
Everglades National Park},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {5},
Number = {3},
Pages = {185-199},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2002},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/pimm/publications/pimmreprints/172_Russell_et_al_Anim_Conser_2002.pdf},
Abstract = {Field ecologists in Everglades National Park know that the
dynamics of water flow affect the breeding success of wading
birds. A number of recent studies have suggested foraging
success as the primary causal link. Data on the number and
location of foraging birds are available from the Systematic
Reconnaissance Flights, monthly aerial surveys of wading
birds and surface water condition. A set of regression
models were developed that predict the number of foraging
birds observed in the Park at the beginning of May, a
crucial period in the breeding season of almost all wading
birds in this area. Predictor variables were obtained by
converting the observations of surface water condition into
three indexes that describe (1) the amount of surface water
in the Park in January (near the beginning of the 'dry'
season), (2) the rate at which it dries over the subsequent
months, and (3) the amount of disruption to that drying
process. An information-theoretic measure, ICOMP(IFIM), was
used to choose on the basis of parsimony between the large
set of possible models that incorporate these predictors.
Most species were best predicted by the same few models, and
the fitted model parameters were also similar, indicating
that the same pattern of surface water dynamics was optimal
for most species. The optimal pattern was: intermediate
water levels at the beginning of the dry season, a rapid
rate of drying, and no disruption in the drying process. A
number of disruptions in drying since 1985 have been the
result of releases of water from the flow-control structures
at the northern boundary of Everglades National Park.
Reducing or eliminating these unnatural hydrological events
should help wading bird populations to increase. © 2002 The
Zoological Society of London.},
Doi = {10.1017/S136794300200224X},
Key = {fds279422}
}
@article{ISI:000176821200007,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The dodo went extinct (and other ecological
myths)},
Journal = {Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden},
Volume = {89},
Number = {2},
Pages = {190-198},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {2002},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0026-6493},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3298563},
Abstract = {The scientific consensus is that human impacts are driving
species to extinction hundreds to thousands of times faster
than expected from the natural background rate. Critics
challenge this. Perhaps giving them more credit than they
deserve, I examine four concerns. First, that the extinction
crisis is not real. It is and high rates of extinction are
the rule, not the exception, within well-known taxa. The
second criticism dismisses the problem as one restricted
just to islands. It is not. Island species have special
vulnerabilities, but they are far more locally abundant
within their ranges than are continental species with the
same range size. There are large numbers of locally rare,
continental species with small geographic ranges that are
threatened by human impacts. A third criticism notes the few
species that became extinct following the clearing of
forests from eastern North America in the 19th century,
casting doubt upon the relationship between habitat loss and
species loss. Analysis of this case history shows that
exactly as many species of birds were lost as expected, for
the region had very few species to lose. Extensions to
species-rich areas such as Southeast Asia and the Atlantic
coast of Brazil confirm the expected calibrations with an
interesting caveat. Forest losses predict the number of
threatened species - those on the verge of extinction - not
the number of extinctions. This leads to the final
criticism: that there have been too few recent extinctions.
The reply is that in these regions the deforestation is more
recent and species do not go extinct immediately. Some
doomed species can linger for decades - as did the
now-extinct species in eastern North America.},
Doi = {10.2307/3298563},
Key = {ISI:000176821200007}
}
@article{piper2002creation,
Author = {Piper, JK and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The creation of diverse prairie-like communities},
Journal = {Community Ecology},
Volume = {3},
Number = {2},
Pages = {205--216},
Publisher = {Akad{\'e}miai Kiad{\'o}},
Year = {2002},
Key = {piper2002creation}
}
@article{pimm2002dodo,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The dodo went extinct (and other ecological
myths)},
Journal = {Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden},
Pages = {190--198},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {2002},
Key = {pimm2002dodo}
}
@article{russell2002effect,
Author = {Russell, G.J. and Bass Jr and O.L. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {The effect of hydrological patterns and breeding-season
flooding on the numbers and distribution of wading birds in
Everglades National Park},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {5},
Number = {3},
Pages = {185--199},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2002},
Key = {russell2002effect}
}
@article{pimm2002lost,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand,
Trevor H Worthy \& Richard N Holdaway},
Journal = {Nature London},
Pages = {361-361},
Publisher = {MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD},
Year = {2002},
Key = {pimm2002lost}
}
@article{pimm2002range,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Bass Jr and OL},
Title = {Range-wide risks to large populations: the Cape Sable
sparrow as a case history},
Journal = {Population Viability Analysis},
Pages = {406-424},
Publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
Year = {2002},
Key = {pimm2002range}
}
@article{pimm2002no,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {No more moa},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {420},
Number = {6914},
Pages = {361-361},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
Year = {2002},
Key = {pimm2002no}
}
@article{ISI:000179494700017,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {The lost world of the moa: prehistoric life of New
Zealand},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {420},
Number = {6914},
Pages = {361},
Year = {2002},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
Key = {ISI:000179494700017}
}
@article{fds279418,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Hat die viefalt des lebens auf der erde eine
zukunft?},
Journal = {Nature Und Kultur},
Volume = {3},
Pages = {3-33},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds279418}
}
@article{ISI:000171139400024,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Ayres, M and Balmford, A and Branch, G and Brandon, K and Brooks, T and Bustamante, R and Costanza, R and Cowling, R and Curran,
LM and Dobson, A and Farber, S and da Fonseca, GA and Gascon, C and Kitching, R and McNeely, J and Lovejoy, T and Mittermeier, RA and Myers,
N and Patz, JA and Raffle, B and Rapport, D and Raven, P and Roberts, C and Rodriguez, JP and Rylands, AB and Tucker, C and Safina, C and Samper, C and Stiassny, ML and Supriatna, J and Wall, DH and Wilcove,
D},
Title = {Environment. Can we defy nature's end?},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {293},
Number = {5538},
Pages = {2207-2208},
Year = {2001},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567124},
Doi = {10.1126/science.1061626},
Key = {ISI:000171139400024}
}
@article{ISI:000170344000011,
Author = {Lockwood, JL and Fenn, KH and Caudill, JM and Okines, D and Bass, OL and Duncan, JR and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The implications of Cape Sable seaside sparrow demography
for Everglades restoration},
Journal = {ANIMAL CONSERVATION},
Volume = {4},
Number = {Part 3},
Pages = {275-281},
Year = {2001},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
Abstract = {The Cape Sable seaside sparrow is a Federally listed
endangered species endemic to south Florida's Everglades. It
nests near the ground in seasonally dry prairies.
Consequently, the timing and depth of seasonal water flows
determine its fate. With water management plans the central
focus of Everglades' restoration schemes, the demography of
this bird becomes central to hydrologic planning. In order
to understand how its demography influences restoration
options, we calculated survivorship, fecundity and dispersal
within three of the sparrow's six populations. Nearly 40\%
of adult sparrows die from year to year. Sparrows can
produce up to four broods per breeding season, and typically
produce two (March to August). Females lay an average of
three eggs per nest, two of which usually hatch. The success
of these nests varies among populations such that nests in
population E are more than four times as likely to fledge
young as nests within population A. Nest success within
population B is 26\% early in the breeding season, but drops
to 9\% after the onset of summer rains in early June. Nests
are built 16 to 21 cm from the soil surface making them
vulnerable to water depths that exceed these values. Based
on observations of marked individuals, sparrows generally
remain within a I km area centred on their breeding grounds.
We have never observed immigration between populations. A
simple demographic model demonstrates that breeding success
and duration appear to constrain sparrow population growth
more than other demographic parameters. Maintaining suitable
breeding conditions restricts water management options to
those that will restore hydrological conditions to their
original patterns.},
Key = {ISI:000170344000011}
}
@article{ISI:000170344000005,
Author = {Manne, LL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Beyond eight forms of rarity: Which species are threatened
and which will be next?},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3},
Pages = {221-229},
Year = {2001},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000170344000005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {We tabulate three measures of rarity: local abundance,
breeding range size and elevational extent for the passerine
birds of the New World. We determine what fraction of
species is threatened with extinction within the
combinations of these three measures. Species with smaller
ranges, lower abundances and narrower elevational bands
suffer higher levels of threat across lowland, montane and
island species. For a given range size, lowland species
suffer higher levels of threat than island or montane
species. (This is counter to the intuition that island
species - and those isolated on mountain tops - might be
ecologically naïve.) When all three factors are considered
together, there is only a slight tendency for lowland
species to be disproportionately more threatened. Simply,
island and montane species tend to be relatively common
within their restricted ranges and their increased abundance
reduces their likelihood of being threatened. Elevation is a
consistent but relatively unimportant factor in determining
threat; abundance and range size are much more important,
and have an interactive effect on threatened status. We
calculate the number of humans with which each species
shares its breeding range, and find that this number does
not aid in predicting threat status.},
Doi = {10.1017/S1367943001001263},
Key = {ISI:000170344000005}
}
@article{fds279419,
Author = {Lockwood, JL and Fenn, KH and Caudill, JM and Okines, D and Bass, OL and Duncan, JR and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The implications of Cape Sable seaside sparrow demography
for Everglades restoration},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3},
Pages = {275-281},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2001},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/pimm/publications/pimmreprints/168_Lockwood_et_al_AnimCons_2001.pdf},
Abstract = {The Cape Sable seaside sparrow is a Federally listed
endangered species endemic to south Florida's Everglades. It
nests near the ground in seasonally dry prairies.
Consequently, the timing and depth of seasonal water flows
determine its fate. With water management plans the central
focus of Everglades' restoration schemes, the demography of
this bird becomes central to hydrologic planning. In order
to understand how its demography influences restoration
options, we calculated survivorship, fecundity and dispersal
within three of the sparrow's six populations. Nearly 40% of
adult sparrows die from year to year. Sparrows can produce
up to four broods per breeding season, and typically produce
two (March to August). Females lay an average of three eggs
per nest, two of which usually hatch. The success of these
nests varies among populations such that nests in population
E are more than four times as likely to fledge young as
nests within population A. Nest success within population B
is 26% early in the breeding season, but drops to 9% after
the onset of summer rains in early June. Nests are built 16
to 21 cm from the soil surface making them vulnerable to
water depths that exceed these values. Based on observations
of marked individuals, sparrows generally remain within a 1
km area centred on their breeding grounds. We have never
observed immigration between populations. A simple
demographic model demonstrates that breeding success and
duration appear to constrain sparrow population growth more
than other demographic parameters. Maintaining suitable
breeding conditions restricts water management options to
those that will restore hydrological conditions to their
original patterns.},
Doi = {10.1017/S1367943001001329},
Key = {fds279419}
}
@article{fds279420,
Author = {Pimm, SL and van Aarde, RJ},
Title = {African elephants and contraception.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {411},
Number = {6839},
Pages = {766},
Year = {2001},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000169246400037&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1038/35081154},
Key = {fds279420}
}
@article{ISI:000168982500027,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Entrepreneurial insects.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {411},
Number = {6837},
Pages = {531-532},
Year = {2001},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11385546},
Doi = {10.1038/35079206},
Key = {ISI:000168982500027}
}
@article{pimm2001can,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Ayres, M. and Balmford, A. and Branch, G. and Brandon, K. and Brooks, T. and Bustamante, R. and Costanza,
R. and Cowling, R. and Curran, L.M. and others},
Title = {Can we defy nature's end?},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {293},
Number = {5538},
Pages = {2207},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Science},
Year = {2001},
Key = {pimm2001can}
}
@article{lockwood2001implications,
Author = {Lockwood, J.L. and Fenn, K.H. and Caudill, J.M. and Okines,
D. and Bass Jr and O.L. and Duncan, J.R. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {The implications of Cape Sable seaside sparrow demography
for Everglades restoration},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3},
Pages = {275--281},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2001},
Key = {lockwood2001implications}
}
@article{pimm2001entrepreneurial,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Entrepreneurial insects},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {411},
Number = {6837},
Pages = {531--532},
Year = {2001},
Key = {pimm2001entrepreneurial}
}
@article{pimm2001no,
Author = {Pimm, S and Harvey, J},
Title = {No need to worry about the future},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {414},
Number = {6860},
Pages = {149-150},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
Year = {2001},
Key = {pimm2001no}
}
@article{pimm2001ecology,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {ECOLOGY: The Eternal Frontier An Ecological History of North
America and Its Peoples T. Flannery},
Journal = {Science New York Then Washington},
Pages = {1841-1842},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Science},
Year = {2001},
Key = {pimm2001ecology}
}
@article{flannery2001books,
Author = {Flannery, T and Pimm, S},
Title = {BOOKS ET AL.-ECOLOGY: The Eternal Frontier An Ecological
History of North America and Its Peoples},
Journal = {Science International Edition Aaas},
Volume = {292},
Number = {5523},
Pages = {1841-1842},
Publisher = {New York, NY:[sn] 1880-},
Year = {2001},
Key = {flannery2001books}
}
@article{pimm2001cenozoic,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Cenozoic dramas},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {292},
Number = {5523},
Pages = {1841},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Science},
Year = {2001},
Key = {pimm2001cenozoic}
}
@article{curnutt2001many,
Author = {Curnutt, J and Pimm, S},
Title = {How many bird species in Hawaii and the Central Pacific
before first contact?},
Journal = {Studies in Avian Biology},
Volume = {22},
Pages = {15-30},
Publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
Year = {2001},
Key = {curnutt2001many}
}
@article{pimm2001science,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Raven, P},
Title = {SCIENCE'S COMPASS-BOOKS ET AL.-ENVIRONMENT: The World
According to Pimm A Scientist Audits the
Earth},
Journal = {Science International Edition Aaas},
Volume = {293},
Number = {5535},
Pages = {1598-1598},
Publisher = {New York, NY:[sn] 1880-},
Year = {2001},
Key = {pimm2001science}
}
@article{flannery2001science,
Author = {Flannery, T and Pimm, S},
Title = {SCIENCE'S COMPASS-BOOKS ET AL.-ECOLOGY: The Eternal Frontier
An Ecological History of North America and Its
Peoples},
Journal = {Science International Edition Aaas},
Volume = {292},
Number = {5523},
Pages = {841-1809},
Publisher = {New York, NY:[sn] 1880-},
Year = {2001},
Key = {flannery2001science}
}
@article{ISI:000171851800021,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {"Can we defy nature's end?" (vol 293, pg 2207,
2001)},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {294},
Number = {5543},
Pages = {788-788},
Year = {2001},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000171851800021&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {ISI:000171851800021}
}
@article{ISI:000169200700026,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {The eternal frontier - An ecological history of North
America and its peoples},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {292},
Number = {5523},
Pages = {1841+},
Year = {2001},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
Key = {ISI:000169200700026}
}
@article{ISI:000172029100022,
Author = {Pimm, S and Harvey, J},
Title = {The skeptical environmentalist: Measuring the real state of
the world},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {414},
Number = {6860},
Pages = {149-150},
Year = {2001},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
Key = {ISI:000172029100022}
}
@article{ISI:000169246400037,
Author = {Pimm, SL and van Aarde, RJ},
Title = {Population control - African elephants and
contraception},
Journal = {NATURE},
Volume = {411},
Number = {6839},
Pages = {766},
Year = {2001},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
Key = {ISI:000169246400037}
}
@article{ISI:000089593500031,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Against Triage},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {289},
Number = {5488},
Pages = {2289-2289},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS)},
Year = {2000},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000089593500031&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {<jats:p> <jats:bold>The California Condor</jats:bold> A Saga
of Natural History and Conservation. Noel and Helen Snyder.
AP Natural World (Academic Press), San Diego, 2000. 432 pp.
$29.95. ISBN 0-12-654005-5. </jats:p> <jats:p>This account
of the biology and conservation of one of the most
endangered North American species draws on the authors'
extensive experiences in condor research and in the
controversies that have attended efforts to assure the
birds' future.</jats:p>},
Doi = {10.1126/science.289.5488.2289},
Key = {ISI:000089593500031}
}
@article{ISI:000088594100001,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Biodiversity is us},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {90},
Number = {1},
Pages = {3-6},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2000},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000088594100001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900101.x},
Key = {ISI:000088594100001}
}
@article{ISI:000085559200035,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Raven, P},
Title = {Biodiversity. Extinction by numbers.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {403},
Number = {6772},
Pages = {843-845},
Year = {2000},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10706267},
Doi = {10.1038/35002708},
Key = {ISI:000085559200035}
}
@article{ISI:000087831100003,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Conservation connections},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {15},
Number = {7},
Pages = {262-263},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2000},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01891-7},
Doi = {10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01891-7},
Key = {ISI:000087831100003}
}
@article{ISI:000166017800001,
Author = {Pimm, S and Harvey, J},
Title = {The world at our fingertips},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {91},
Number = {2},
Pages = {209-212},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2000},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910201.x},
Doi = {10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910201.x},
Key = {ISI:000166017800001}
}
@article{ISI:000085424600001,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Measuring the millennium},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {88},
Number = {1},
Pages = {3-5},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2000},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880101.x},
Doi = {10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880101.x},
Key = {ISI:000085424600001}
}
@article{pimm2000biodiversity,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Raven, P.},
Title = {Biodiversity: extinction by numbers},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {403},
Number = {6772},
Pages = {843--845},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {2000},
Key = {pimm2000biodiversity}
}
@article{pimm2000world,
Author = {Pimm, S. and Harvey, J.},
Title = {The world at our fingertips},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {91},
Number = {2},
Pages = {209--212},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {2000},
Key = {pimm2000world}
}
@article{pimm2000biodiversity,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Biodiversity is us},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {90},
Number = {1},
Pages = {3--6},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {2000},
Key = {pimm2000biodiversity}
}
@article{pimm2000conservation,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Conservation connections},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {15},
Number = {7},
Pages = {262--262},
Publisher = {Amsterdam [Netherlands]: Elsevier Science Publishers BV
[(Biomedical Division)], c1986-},
Year = {2000},
Key = {pimm2000conservation}
}
@article{pimm20002000,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The 2000 Cape Sable sparrow annual report},
Journal = {Web address: http://www. ldeo. columbia.
edu/pimmlab/cssspdf/2000report. pdf (1 August
2002)},
Year = {2000},
Key = {pimm20002000}
}
@article{pimm2000against,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Against triage},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {289},
Number = {5488},
Pages = {2289},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Science},
Year = {2000},
Key = {pimm2000against}
}
@article{pimm2000sixth,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Brooks, TM},
Title = {The sixth extinction: how large, where, and
when},
Journal = {Nature and Human Society: the Quest for a Sustainable
World},
Pages = {46-62},
Year = {2000},
Key = {pimm2000sixth}
}
@article{pimm2000conservation,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {CONSERVATION: The California Condor A Saga of Natural
History and Conservation N. Snyder and H.
Snyder},
Journal = {Science New York Then Washington},
Pages = {2289-2289},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Science},
Year = {2000},
Key = {pimm2000conservation}
}
@article{fds279125,
Author = {Okey, TA and Pauly, D and Allen, J and Anderson, P and Bechtol, B and Bishop, MA and Blackburn, J and Bodkin, JL and Brown, ED and Bugh, B and Cooney, RT and Dalsgaard, J and Dean, TA and DeCosimo, J and Duffy, D and Esler, D and Eslinger, D and Esslinger, GE and Foy, RJ and Frost, KJ and Geiselman, J and Gotthardt, T and Gunther, A and Hauser, WJ and Hobbs,
R and Hulbert, L and Irons, D and Irvine, G and Jewett, SC and Kirsh, J and Kline, TC and Leer, J and Matkin, C and McRoy, P and Meyer, S and Monson,
DH and Morestad, S and Mundy, PR and Murphy, K and Ostrand, W and Paul, AJ and Peterson, C and Pimm, S and Powell, B and Preikshot, D and Purcell, J and Ruesink, J and Senner, S and Shirley, T and Smith, C and Spies, RB and Sturdevant, MV and Sullivan, J and Suryan, R and Thomas, L and Trowbridge, C and Trumble, B and Wilcock, J and Willette, M and Wright,
B and Zeiner, K},
Title = {Trophic Mass-Balance Model of Alaska's Prince William Sound
Ecosystem, for the Post-Spill Period 1994-1996},
Journal = {Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final
Report},
Number = {REPORT99330-1},
Year = {1999},
Month = {December},
Abstract = {A better understanding of the whole Prince William Sound
(PWS) food web and its dynamics was achieved by constructing
a balanced trophic model using the Ecopath approach. The PWS
model was a cohesive synthesis of the overall biotic
community with a focus on energy flow structure, and
response to perturbations, both natural and anthropogenic.
Forty-eight biotic components were included in the PWS model
ranging from life stages of individual species to aggregated
functional groups. These groups were organized into primary
producers, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, planktivorous
"forage fishes", larger fishes, birds, mammals, and
detritus, for the purpose of model documentation. Estimates
of biomass flows related to fisheries landings and discards
in Prince William Sound were also incorporated. Outputs of
the Ecopath model included biomass and flux estimates for
individual groups that were refined through the
collaborative mass-balancing approach, and useful
characterizations of the whole food web. The outputs of
Ecosim and Ecospace, which include simulations of population
trajectories through time, and habitat-based
re-distributions of organisms in space, were also featured.
The Ecopath model of PWS could be used to help guide future
research programs in the region, to help assess impacts of
the EVOS, and to help resource agencies and local
communities achieve ecosystem-based conservation and
management in the face of increasing human activities in the
region. This approach could also be used to help distinguish
the relative importance of physical forces and tropic forces
in marine ecosystems.},
Key = {fds279125}
}
@article{ISI:000084482000016,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Seeing both the woods and the trees},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {402},
Number = {6764},
Pages = {853-854},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {1999},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000084482000016&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1038/47183},
Key = {ISI:000084482000016}
}
@article{ISI:000084218700001,
Author = {Brooks, TM and Pimm, SL and Kapos, V and Ravilious,
C},
Title = {Threat from deforestation to montane and lowland birds and
mammals in insular South-east Asia},
Journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology},
Volume = {68},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1061-1078},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1999},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0021-8790},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00353.x},
Abstract = {1. A reduction in forest area should result in a reduction
of its number of species and, moreover, do so in a
characteristic way according to the familiar species-area
relationship. Brooks, Pimm and Collar (1997) applied this
formula to the losses in forest area in the Philippines and
Indonesia. Independently derived totals of the number of
endemic bird species that are threatened with extinction
broadly agree with these predicted losses. In some cases,
however, predicted losses overestimate or underestimate the
actual numbers of threatened species. 2. Within an island,
the proportionate deforestation to date might be most
extensive where there are many endemic species, or where
there are few. To test this possibility, we obtained recent
forest cover data for the region. We separated lowland (<
1000 m a.s.l.) from montane (> 1000 m a.s.l.) forest cover
by overlaying topographic maps. From these data, we predict
separately the numbers of montane and lowland endemic bird
species likely to become extinct as a result of
deforestation. We then compared these totals with the
numbers considered threatened in the latest Red List. 3. Our
predictions based on deforestation closely match the numbers
of threatened endemic birds in the lowlands, but
underestimate them in montane regions. 4. Our predictions
based on deforestation underestimate the number of
threatened montane mammal species even more seriously. 5.
Lowland faunas of insular South-east Asia are under extreme
threat because of massive deforestation. The region's
montane faunas appear seriously threatened even by low
levels of deforestation.},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00353.x},
Key = {ISI:000084218700001}
}
@article{ISI:000082821400026,
Author = {Brooks, TM and Pimm, SL and Oyugi, JO},
Title = {Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in
tropical forest fragments},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {13},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1140-1150},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1999},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98341.x},
Abstract = {Tropical forests are becoming increasingly fragmented,
threatening the survival of the species that depend on them.
Small, isolated forest fragments will lose some of their
original species. What is uncertain is how long this process
of faunal relaxation will take. We compiled data on birds in
five tropical forest fragments in Kakamega Forest, Kenya, of
known date of isolation. We then predicted the original and
eventual species richness of these fragments and, from this
difference, the eventual species losses. Expressing the
losses to date as a fraction of eventual losses suggests
that faunal relaxation approximates an exponential decay
with a half-life of approximately 50 years for fragments of
roughly 1000 ha. In other words, in the first 50 years after
isolation, tropical forest fragments of this size suffer
half of the total number of extinctions that they are likely
to experience. This result sets the time scale over which
humanity must take conservation action in fragmented
tropical forests, may aid efforts to set priorities, and
indicates how high the future global extinction rate will
be.},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98341.x},
Key = {ISI:000082821400026}
}
@article{ISI:000080427400055,
Author = {Manne, LL and Brooks, TM and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Relative risk of extinction of passerine birds on continents
and islands},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {399},
Number = {6733},
Pages = {258-261},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1999},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/20436},
Abstract = {Greater numbers and higher proportions of recent species
extinctions have been on islands rather than on continents.
In contrast, predictions of massive future extinctions stem
from the current clearing of continental, tropical forests.
For instance, since 1600, 97 out of 108 bird extinctions
have been on islands. However, 452 of the total 1,111
species currently considered to be threatened are
continental. Island flora and fauna are uniquely vulnerable
to the human introduction of previously absent predators,
diseases and other menaces, whereas species on continents
are not so ecologically naive. So could predictions of
future continental extinctions based on island histories be
exaggerated? Most threatened species have small geographic
ranges, and the ranges of island species are inevitably
smaller than those of continental species. For a given range
size, how do the proportions of threatened island and
continental species compare? Here we compile the ranges of
the passerine (perching) birds of the Americas. Corrected
for range size, continental species are more-not less-likely
to be threatened. We use this unexpected vulnerability of
continental species with small ranges to produce a map
showing where species losses might occur in the long
term.},
Doi = {10.1038/20436},
Key = {ISI:000080427400055}
}
@article{fds279123,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Askins, RA},
Title = {Forest losses predict bird extinctions in eastern North
America},
Journal = {Ncasi Technical Bulletin},
Volume = {2},
Number = {781},
Pages = {420},
Year = {1999},
Month = {May},
Abstract = {A study was conducted to analyze the distribution of bird
species and the timing and extent of forest loss in eastern
North America. Forest losses were not concurrent across the
region. Calculations predicted fewer extinctions than the
number observed.},
Key = {fds279123}
}
@article{ISI:000204810900007,
Author = {Van Aarde and R and Whyte, I and Pimm, S},
Title = {Culling and the dynamics of the Kruger National Park African
elephant population},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {2},
Number = {4},
Pages = {287-294},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1999},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00075.x},
Abstract = {South Africa's National Parks Board has opted to control
African elephants (Loxodonta africana) through culling in
the Kruger National Park (KNP). Killing elephants is highly
controversial. The Board must balance this controversy
against the probable destruction of vegetation and the
consequent depletion of biological diversity that high
elephant densities cause. Annual aerial counts provided the
population estimates on which the culling quotas were based.
For management purposes, the elephant population of the Park
is divided into four sub-populations. From 1984 to 1994, the
annual quota was usually taken from only one of these
sub-populations during a given year. This resulted in 3 to 5
years elapsing between culls in each sub-population. We
investigated the year-to-year changes in densities after
culling. These changes were density dependent. Density
dependence implies that immediate culls following estimated
high densities may be premature. If left alone, the
densities would decline naturally. Indeed, culling becomes
self-reinforcing as it moves population densities towards
the level where reproduction is greatest. Data confirm this
intuition: at densities greater than 0.37 elephants/km2
elephant numbers generally declined without culling. Many
culls were unnecessary. Culling, as implemented in the past,
may have had consequences for elephants and their habitat
that were different to those expected from a mere reduction
in their numbers. Densities in the year immediately after a
cull tended to decline - not increase as would be expected
from density dependence alone. Undoubtedly, this unexpected
decline was the consequence of disturbance and subsequent
emigration. In following years, the densities rose as
animals moved back into the sub-population. A management
programme where culling will be instituted only when
densities exceed 0.37 elephants/km2 in selected regions in
the park for at least 1 year, may be more acceptable than
the programme used up to 1995. However, we do not know if
the vegetation of KNP can withstand the resulting episodic
high densities. With densities presently exceeding the
cut-off values calculated for both the south and the
northern management regions vegetation changes there need to
be monitored.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00075.x},
Key = {ISI:000204810900007}
}
@article{manne1999relative,
Author = {Manne, L.L. and Brooks, T.M. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Relative risk of extinction of passerine birds on continents
and islands},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {399},
Number = {6733},
Pages = {258--261},
Year = {1999},
Key = {manne1999relative}
}
@article{aarde1999culling,
Author = {Aarde, R. and Whyte, I. and Pimm, S.},
Title = {Culling and the dynamics of the Kruger National Park African
elephant population},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {2},
Number = {4},
Pages = {287--294},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {1999},
Key = {aarde1999culling}
}
@article{brooks1999threat,
Author = {Brooks, T.M. and Pimm, S.L. and Kapos, V. and Ravilious,
C.},
Title = {Threat from deforestation to montane and lowland birds and
mammals in insular South-east Asia},
Journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
Volume = {68},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1061--1078},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {1999},
Key = {brooks1999threat}
}
@article{brooks1999time,
Author = {Brooks, T.M. and Pimm, S.L. and Oyugi, J.O.},
Title = {Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in
tropical forest fragments},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {13},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1140--1150},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {1999},
Key = {brooks1999time}
}
@article{fds279124,
Author = {Okey, TA and Pauly, D and Allen, J and Anderson, P and Bechtol, B and Bishop, MA and Blackburn, J and Bodkin, JL and Brown, ED and Bugh, B and Cooney, RT and Dalsgaard, J and Dean, TA and DeCosimo, J and Duffy, D and Esler, D and Eslinger, D and Esslinger, GE and Foy, RJ and Frost, KJ and Geiselman, J and Gotthardt, T and Gunther, A and Hauser, WJ and Hobbs,
R and Hulbert, L and Irons, D and Irvine, G and Jewett, SC and Kirsh, J and Jr, TCK and Leer, J and Matkin, C and McRoy, P and Meyer, S and Monson, DH and Morestad, S and Mundy, PR and Murphy, K and Ostrand, W and Paul, AJ and Peterson, C and Pimm, S and Powell, B and Preikshot, D and Purcell, J and Ruesink, J and Senner, S and Shirley, T and Smith, C and Spies, RB and Sturdevant, MV and Sullivan, J and Suryan, R and Thomas, L and Trowbridge, C and Trumble, B and Wilcock, J and Willette, M and Wright,
B and Zeiner, K},
Title = {Trophic Mass-Balance Model of Alaska's Prince William Sound
Ecosystem, for the Post-Spill Period 1994-1996},
Journal = {Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final
Report},
Number = {REPORT99330-1},
Year = {1999},
Abstract = {A better understanding of the whole Prince William Sound
(PWS) food web and its dynamics was achieved by constructing
a balanced trophic model using the Ecopath approach. The PWS
model was a cohesive synthesis of the overall biotic
community with a focus on energy flow structure, and
response to perturbations, both natural and anthropogenic.
Forty-eight biotic components were included in the PWS model
ranging from life stages of individual species to aggregated
functional groups. These groups were organized into primary
producers, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, planktivorous
"forage fishes", larger fishes, birds, mammals, and
detritus, for the purpose of model documentation. Estimates
of biomass flows related to fisheries landings and discards
in Prince William Sound were also incorporated. Outputs of
the Ecopath model included biomass and flux estimates for
individual groups that were refined through the
collaborative mass-balancing approach, and useful
characterizations of the whole food web. The outputs of
Ecosim and Ecospace, which include simulations of population
trajectories through time, and habitat-based
re-distributions of organisms in space, were also featured.
The Ecopath model of PWS could be used to help guide future
research programs in the region, to help assess impacts of
the EVOS, and to help resource agencies and local
communities achieve ecosystem-based conservation and
management in the face of increasing human activities in the
region. This approach could also be used to help distinguish
the relative importance of physical forces and tropic forces
in marine ecosystems.},
Key = {fds279124}
}
@article{pimm1999terrestrial,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation
Assessment, TH Ricketts et al.},
Journal = {Nature London},
Pages = {853-853},
Publisher = {MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD},
Year = {1999},
Key = {pimm1999terrestrial}
}
@article{pimm1999seeing,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Seeing both the woods and the trees},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {402},
Number = {6764},
Pages = {853-854},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
Year = {1999},
Key = {pimm1999seeing}
}
@article{pimm1999dynamics,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The dynamics of the flows of matter and energy},
Journal = {Advanced Ecological Theory},
Pages = {172-193},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {1999},
Key = {pimm1999dynamics}
}
@article{lockwood1999does,
Author = {Lockwood, JL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {When does restoration succeed},
Journal = {Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances,
Retreats},
Pages = {363-392},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press Cambridge},
Year = {1999},
Key = {lockwood1999does}
}
@article{ISI:000076100300010,
Author = {Manne, LL and Pimm, SL and Diamond, JM and Reed, TM},
Title = {The form of the curves: A direct evaluation of Macarthur and
Wilson's classic theory},
Journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology},
Volume = {67},
Number = {5},
Pages = {784-794},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1998},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0021-8790},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00241.x},
Abstract = {1. We calculate the yearly numbers of bird species
immigrating to-and becoming extinct on-13 small islands of
the British Isles, using a long and relatively complete data
record. 2. We estimate the size of the colonist pool for
each island using four methods. 3. We assume that
immigrations and extinctions are distributed binomially, and
use a maximum likelihood method to fit concave immigration
and extinction functions to the data, utilizing all four
species pool estimates. 4. Extinction rates increase
significantly and consistently with increasing numbers of
breeding species on each island. For nine of the 13 islands
the extinction functions are significantly concave. 5.
Immigration rates decrease consistently with increasing
numbers of breeding species on each island. Seven islands
have significantly concave immigration functions. 6.
Immigration rates and extinction rates decline consistently,
but not significantly, with island distance and island size,
respectively. The number of breeding species does not always
reflect the number of species likely to have reached an
island. Moreover, some species may choose not to breed when
their chance of extinction is high. These factors, plus the
modest range of island areas and distances in our database,
reduce our chances of finding the theoretically predicted
effects of area and distance on extinction and immigration
rates.},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00241.x},
Key = {ISI:000076100300010}
}
@article{ISI:000073497500026,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The forest fragment classic},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {393},
Number = {6680},
Pages = {23-24},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1998},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000073497500026&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1038/29892},
Key = {ISI:000073497500026}
}
@article{ISI:000072775600035,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Lawton, JH},
Title = {Planning for biodiversity},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {279},
Number = {5359},
Pages = {2068-2069},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS)},
Year = {1998},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000072775600035&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1126/science.279.5359.2068},
Key = {ISI:000072775600035}
}
@article{ISI:000076406700001,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Managing nature by coin tossing},
Journal = {South African Journal of Science},
Volume = {94},
Number = {7},
Pages = {306},
Year = {1998},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0038-2353},
Key = {ISI:000076406700001}
}
@article{ISI:000204810300001,
Author = {Whyte, I and Van Aarde and R and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Managing the elephants of Kruger National
Park},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {1},
Number = {2},
Pages = {77-83},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1998},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1367943098000018},
Abstract = {The elephant population in Kruger National Park, Republic of
South Africa, is growing rapidly. To prevent damage to the
Park's ecosystems, the management has culled about 7% of the
population annually. Such culls are very controversial. At
first glance, contraceptives seem an attractive alternative
means of control. We examine contraception as a management
option, review the relevant aspects of elephant
reproduction, physiology and demography and conclude that
this optimism is probably misplaced. First, contraceptives
have a wide range of physiological and behavioural
side-effects that may prove to be damaging to the individual
female and those around her. Second, the elephants in the
Park have near-maximal growth rates with inter-calving
intervals of less than four years. To achieve zero
population growth, about three-quarters of the adult female
elephants would need to be on contraceptives. There are no
simple alternatives. The smallest numerical target for
controlling population numbers is to kill or sterilize
females about to become pregnant for the first time. Such a
solution is unlikely to appease those who consider killing
elephants to be unethical. It may, however, be the one
closest to the natural patterns of elephant
mortality.},
Doi = {10.1017/S1367943098000018},
Key = {ISI:000204810300001}
}
@article{ISI:000204810200004,
Author = {Nott, MP and Bass, OL and Fleming, DM and Killeffer, SE and Fraley, N and Manne, L and Curnutt, JL and Brooks, TM and Powell, R and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Water levels, rapid vegetational changes, and the endangered
Cape Sable seaside-sparrow},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {1},
Number = {1},
Pages = {23-32},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1998},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1367943098001036},
Abstract = {The legally endangered Cape Sable seaside-sparrow
(Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis) is restricted to
short-hydroperiod, marl prairies within Florida's Everglades
National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve. Marl
prairies are typified by dense, mixed stands of graminoid
species usually below 1 m in height, naturally inundated by
freshwater for 3-7 months annually. Water levels affect the
birds directly, by flooding their nests, and indirectly by
altering the habitat on which they depend. Managed
redistribution of water flows flooded nearly half of the
sparrow's geographical range during several consecutive
breeding seasons starting in 1993. Furthermore, these high
water levels rapidly changed plant communities, so
jeopardizing the sparrow's survival by reducing the
availability of nesting habitat.},
Doi = {10.1017/S1367943098001036},
Key = {ISI:000204810200004}
}
@article{ISI:000204810200003,
Author = {Curnutt, JL and Mayer, AL and Brooks, TM and Manne, L and Bass, OL and Fleming, DM and Philip Nott and M and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Population dynamics of the endangered Cape Sable
seaside-sparrow},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {1},
Number = {1},
Pages = {11-21},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1998},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1367-9430},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1367943098001024},
Abstract = {The Cape Sable seaside-sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus
mirabilis) has disappeared from its only known breeding
areas episodically since its discovery early this century.
Systematic surveys across its range in the southern
Everglades find the sparrow's range to be fragmented into
six subpopulations. The sparrow population decreased by 58%
between 1992 and 1995, with the near extinction of the
western half of the population and the temporary local
extinction of some eastern populations. Other similar
grassland sparrows have populations that vary considerably
from year to year. Yet the decline in the western
subpopulation and the local extinction of some of the
peripheral populations cannot be explained by natural
variability alone. Hurricane Andrew passed over several
subpopulations prior to the particularly poor year of 1993.
However, the geographical and temporal patterns of
subpopulation decline are not consistent with what would be
expected following a hurricane. Frequent fires prevent
successful breeding as does flooding during the breeding
season. Better management can prevent frequent fires and
episodic flooding. However, the long-term survival of the
sparrow depends on managing the unanticipated risks that
attend its small, fragmented population.},
Doi = {10.1017/S1367943098001024},
Key = {ISI:000204810200003}
}
@article{manne1998form,
Author = {Manne, L.L. and Pimm, S.L. and Diamond, J.M. and Reed,
T.M.},
Title = {The form of the curves: a direct evaluation of MacArthur \&
Wilson's classic theory},
Journal = {Journal of animal ecology},
Volume = {67},
Number = {5},
Pages = {784--794},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {1998},
Key = {manne1998form}
}
@article{whyte1998managing,
Author = {Whyte, I. and Aarde, R. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Managing the elephants of Kruger National
Park},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {1},
Number = {2},
Pages = {77--83},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {1998},
Key = {whyte1998managing}
}
@article{pimm1998managing,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Managing nature by coin tossing},
Journal = {South African journal of science},
Volume = {94},
Number = {7},
Publisher = {Open Journals Publishing},
Year = {1998},
Key = {pimm1998managing}
}
@article{nott1998water,
Author = {Nott, M.P. and Bass Jr and O.L. and Fleming, D.M. and Killeffer, S.E. and Fraley, N. and Manne, L. and Curnutt,
J.L. and Brooks, T.M. and Powell, R. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Water levels, rapid vegetational changes, and the endangered
Cape Sable seaside-sparrow},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {1},
Number = {1},
Pages = {23--32},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {1998},
Key = {nott1998water}
}
@article{pimm1998extinction,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Extinction},
Journal = {Conservation Science and Action},
Pages = {20-38},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {1998},
Key = {pimm1998extinction}
}
@article{mayer1998integrating,
Author = {Mayer, AL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Integrating endangered species protection and ecosystem
management: the Cape Sable seaside sparrow as a case
study},
Journal = {Conservation in a Changing World},
Year = {1998},
Key = {mayer1998integrating}
}
@article{pimm19982,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {2.1 The human future and extinctions: crisis or
conspiracy?},
Journal = {Conservation Science and Action},
Pages = {20},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {1998},
Key = {pimm19982}
}
@article{curnutt1998population,
Author = {Curnutt, JL and Mayer, AL and Brooks, TM and Manne, L and Bass, OL and Fleming, DM and Nott, MP and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Population dynamics of the endangered Cape Sable
seaside-sparrow},
Journal = {Animal Conservation},
Volume = {1},
Number = {01},
Pages = {11-21},
Publisher = {CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS},
Year = {1998},
Key = {curnutt1998population}
}
@article{ISI:A1997XK26500017,
Author = {Mayer, AL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Tropical rainforests: diversity begets diversity.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {7},
Number = {7},
Pages = {R430-R432},
Year = {1997},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9210362},
Abstract = {Tropical rainforests exhibit an extraordinarily high level
of biological diversity. A new study shows that the patterns
of seedling survival surrounding parent trees are
responsible in large part for this amazing
diversity.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00210-7},
Key = {ISI:A1997XK26500017}
}
@article{ISI:A1997WZ16700023,
Author = {PIMM, SL},
Title = {Estimating the cultural value of the oceans},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {387},
Number = {6630},
Pages = {231-231},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {1997},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1997WZ16700023&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1038/387231b0},
Key = {ISI:A1997WZ16700023}
}
@article{ISI:A1997WV11500022,
Author = {Brooks, TM and Pimm, SL and Collart, NJ},
Title = {Deforestation predicts the number of threatened birds in
insular southeast Asia},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {11},
Number = {2},
Pages = {382-394},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1997},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95493.x},
Abstract = {The world's tropical forests are being cleared rapidly, and
ecologists claim this is causing a massive loss of species.
This claim has its critics. Can we predict extinctions from
the extent of deforestation? We mapped the percentage of
deforestation on the islands of the Philippines and
Indonesia and counted the number of bird species found only
on these islands. We then used the species-area relationship
to calculate the number of species predicted to become
globally extinct following deforestation on these islands.
Next, we counted the numbers of insular southeast Asian
endemic bird species considered threatened-i.e., those
having 'a high probability of extinction in the wild in the
medium-term future'-in the latest summary Red Data Book. The
numbers of extinctions predicted from deforestation and the
numbers of species actually threatened are strikingly
similar. This suggests we can estimate the size of the
extinction crisis in once-forested regions from the extent
of deforestation. The numbers of extinctions will be large.
Without rapid and effective conservation, many of the
species endemic to insular southeast Asia will soon be
lost.},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95493.x},
Key = {ISI:A1997WV11500022}
}
@article{ISI:A1997WZ16700022,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The value of everything},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {387},
Number = {6630},
Pages = {231-232},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1997},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/387231a0},
Abstract = {Economists and ecologists have joined forces to estimate the
annual value of the services that Earth's ecosystems
provide. Most services lie outside the market and are hard
to calculate, yet minimum estimates equal or exceed global
gross national product.},
Doi = {10.1038/387231a0},
Key = {ISI:A1997WZ16700022}
}
@article{ISI:A1997XV75700027,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Agriculture: In search of perennial solutions},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {389},
Number = {6647},
Pages = {126-127},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1997},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/38126},
Doi = {10.1038/38126},
Key = {ISI:A1997XV75700027}
}
@article{ISI:A1997YL29100015,
Author = {Lockwood, JL and Powell, RD and Nott, MP and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {Assembling ecological communities in time and
space},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {80},
Number = {3},
Pages = {549-553},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1997},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546628},
Abstract = {Ecological communities do not spring into existence
overnight, but develop during the process we call assembly.
As in other complex systems, random assemblies may generate
surprising patterns. In previous models, sequential invasion
and extinction moved successive species mixes toward a
persistent one. Other species present in the pool could not
invade this persistent mix. Chance events early in the
assembly produced persistent mixes of different
compositions. Most model species survived somewhere by
belonging to one or more of these different persistent
mixes. We show that with more rapid invasion, communities
move through complex cycles of composition, where each
species gets its turn. These complementary views offer
insights into the diversity of natural communities.
Importantly, they have practical implications for those
attempting to restore diversity to damaged
ecosystems.},
Doi = {10.2307/3546628},
Key = {ISI:A1997YL29100015}
}
@article{lockwood1997assembling,
Author = {Lockwood, J.L. and Powell, R.D. and Nott, M.P. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Assembling ecological communities in time and
space},
Journal = {Oikos},
Pages = {549--553},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1997},
Key = {lockwood1997assembling}
}
@article{pimm1997value,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The value of everything},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {387},
Pages = {231--232},
Year = {1997},
Key = {pimm1997value}
}
@article{mayer1997tropical,
Author = {Mayer, A.L. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Tropical rainforests: diversity begets diversity},
Journal = {Current Biology},
Volume = {7},
Number = {7},
Pages = {R430--R432},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1997},
Key = {mayer1997tropical}
}
@article{pauly1997mass,
Author = {Pauly, D. and Dalsgaard, J. and Okey, TA and Powell, R. and Pimm, S.},
Title = {Mass-balance food web ecosystem models as an alternative
approach for combining multiple information sources in
fisheries.},
Journal = {Int. Symp. on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st
Century, Anchorage, Alaska, EEUU. 8-11 Oct
1997.},
Year = {1997},
Key = {pauly1997mass}
}
@article{brooks1997deforestation,
Author = {Brooks, T.M. and Pimm, S.L. and Collar, N.J.},
Title = {Deforestation predicts the number of threatened birds in
insular Southeast Asia},
Journal = {Conservation Biology},
Volume = {11},
Number = {2},
Pages = {382--394},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {1997},
Key = {brooks1997deforestation}
}
@article{pimm1997estimating,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Estimating the cultural value of the oceans},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {387},
Pages = {231},
Year = {1997},
Key = {pimm1997estimating}
}
@article{nott1997evaluation,
Author = {Nott, MP and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The evaluation of biodiversity as a target for
conservation},
Journal = {The Ecological Basis of Conservation: Heterogeneity,
Ecosystems, and Biodiveristy. Chapman \& Hall, New
York},
Pages = {125-135},
Year = {1997},
Key = {nott1997evaluation}
}
@article{pimm1997search,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {In search of perennial solutions},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {389},
Number = {6647},
Pages = {126-127},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
Year = {1997},
Key = {pimm1997search}
}
@article{pimm1996response,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Gittleman, JL and Russell, GJ and Brooks,
TM},
Title = {Response: extinction rates.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {273},
Number = {5273},
Pages = {297a},
Year = {1996},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17737253},
Doi = {10.1126/science.273.5273.297a},
Key = {pimm1996response}
}
@article{pimm1996extinction,
Author = {Simon, JL and Pimm, SL and Gittleman, JL and Russell, GJ and Brooks,
TM},
Title = {Extinction rates [4]},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {273},
Number = {5273},
Pages = {296-297},
Year = {1996},
Month = {January},
Key = {pimm1996extinction}
}
@article{fds279122,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {The lonely earth.},
Journal = {World Conservation},
Number = {1},
Pages = {8-9},
Year = {1996},
Month = {January},
Abstract = {Biologists have spent time calculating extinction rates and
devising conservation programs to determine and trace the
rate of wildlife disappearance. Several researchers have
resorted to bone hunting in estimating and documenting waves
of extinction. However, this method is not feasible in
estimating the disappearance of all species. Other
researchers have calculated the rate of species extinction
based on their findings. Although extinction is a natural
part of life, the question remains as to whether the rate is
unusual. One study revealed that species tend to last
between 1 and 10 million years before they disappear;
however, the rate of extinction of these animals and plants
is now becoming an annual event. Furthermore, naturalists
have documented kilodeath ¿black spots¿ throughout the
world, ranging from deserts to rainforests, rivers, and
freshwater lakes. Overall, the implication of the
disappearance of these species should influence governments
in developing and implementing policies that would ensure
the protection of wildlife.},
Key = {fds279122}
}
@article{ISI:A1996VH80800004,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Lessons from a kill},
Journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
Volume = {5},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1059-1067},
Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
Year = {1996},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0960-3115},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052716},
Abstract = {During their colonization by Polynesians and later by
Europeans, the Hawaiian islands suffered a massive loss of
species. All the extinctions are indirectly attributable to
human impact. Nonetheless, it has proved extremely difficult
to specify which of several possible mechanisms caused each
particular extinction. This seems to admit defeat in the
battle to understand past extinctions. Such understanding
could guide our efforts to protect species that are now
threatened with extinction. Will it be easier to understand
the causes of future extinctions? Surveys of future
extinctions stress habitat destruction as the simple and
dominant mechanism. This contrasts to its secondary (and
generally confused) role in past extinctions. I argue that
this contrast between the complexity of the past and the
apparent simplicity of the future arises because extinction
mechanisms are inherently synergistic. Once extensive
species losses begin, it may be impossible to separate the
mechanisms and thus manage an individual species as if its
decline had a single cause.},
Doi = {10.1007/BF00052716},
Key = {ISI:A1996VH80800004}
}
@article{ISI:A1996TQ16900034,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Designer ecosystems},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {379},
Number = {6562},
Pages = {217-218},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {1996},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1996TQ16900034&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1038/379217a0},
Key = {ISI:A1996TQ16900034}
}
@article{ISI:A1996TR29400016,
Author = {Manne, L and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Ecology: engineered food webs.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {6},
Number = {1},
Pages = {29-31},
Year = {1996},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8825521},
Abstract = {An important new study shows that, in a food web, the
strengths and arrangement of the interactions between
species are determining factors of stability of the
system.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00414-1},
Key = {ISI:A1996TR29400016}
}
@article{ISI:A1996UX38900018,
Author = {Morton, RD and Law, R and Pimm, SL and Drake, JA},
Title = {On models for assembling ecological communities},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {75},
Number = {3},
Pages = {493-499},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1996},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545891},
Abstract = {Previous numerical studies of community assembly have found
(1) that invasion resistance increases with time, and (2)
that different assembly sequences typically result in
different community endpoints. The algorithm used in these
studies involved sequential introductions of species coupled
with tests for existence of feasible equilibria with local
asymptotic stability. In this paper the algorithm is tested
against a method based on numerical integration. We show
that the algorithm contains serious technical flaws. The
algorithm gives the incorrect outcome in many iterations,
and correct assembly sequences diverge rapidly from those it
predicts. In the light of this, we reassess the earlier work
and suggest that results (1) and (2) above should be treated
with caution. A more reliable method of community assembly
is clearly needed. Numerical integration, although useful
for investigating the outcome over small numbers of
iterations, is too slow to deal with large, highly
replicated, assembly sequences. We suggest that an
alternative, based on a criterion of coexistence known as
permanence, would be appropriate, as this is relatively fast
and reliable.},
Doi = {10.2307/3545891},
Key = {ISI:A1996UX38900018}
}
@article{ISI:A1996UY43300014,
Author = {Curnutt, JL and Pimm, SL and Maurer, BA},
Title = {Population variability of sparrows in space and
time},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {76},
Number = {1},
Pages = {131-144},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1996},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545755},
Abstract = {The abundance of a species through time and across space,
and the variability of that abundance, determines the
species' persistence within its geographic range. We
investigated the relationship between abundance and
variability of nine species of grassland sparrows to uncover
their population dynamics across their ranges. Sparrow
populations consist of centrally located sites of high
abundance with relatively low variability surrounded by
sites of low abundance with relatively high variability.
These sites are distributed across space such that
variability decreases and abundance increases with
increasing distance from the edge of a species' geographic
range. Population numbers as a whole become increasingly
variable over time, but only a portion of the total
population heavily influences this increase in variability.
For all but one species variability accrued in the areas of
highest abundance. Thus, for these sparrows, the edge of the
range is sparsely populated and variable, but not
increasingly so. We suggest that the spatial and temporal
behavior of grassland sparrow populations exhibit a 'source
and sink' dynamic where the core of the range 'feeds' the
less productive peripheral areas. Conservation of species
that exhibit this dynamic would depend on preservation and
management of highly productive core areas.},
Doi = {10.2307/3545755},
Key = {ISI:A1996UY43300014}
}
@article{curnutt1996population,
Author = {Curnutt, J.L. and Pimm, S.L. and Maurer,
B.A.},
Title = {Population variability of sparrows in space and
time},
Journal = {Oikos},
Pages = {131--144},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1996},
Key = {curnutt1996population}
}
@article{pimm1996lessons,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Lessons from a kill},
Journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
Volume = {5},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1059--1067},
Publisher = {Springer},
Year = {1996},
Key = {pimm1996lessons}
}
@article{manne1996ecology,
Author = {Manne, L. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Ecology: engineered food webs},
Journal = {Current Biology},
Volume = {6},
Number = {1},
Pages = {29--31},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1996},
Key = {manne1996ecology}
}
@article{morton1996models,
Author = {Morton, R.D. and Law, R. and Pimm, S.L. and Drake,
J.A.},
Title = {On models for assembling ecological communities},
Journal = {Oikos},
Pages = {493--499},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1996},
Key = {morton1996models}
}
@article{pimm1996miracle,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Miracle Under the Oaks: The Revival of Nature in America by
WK Stevens},
Journal = {NATURE-LONDON-},
Pages = {217--217},
Publisher = {MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD},
Year = {1996},
Key = {pimm1996miracle}
}
@article{pimm1996food,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Food Webs (GA Polis and KO Winemiller, eds)},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {11},
Pages = {349-349},
Year = {1996},
Key = {pimm1996food}
}
@article{pimm1996brown,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Brown fables, green wit},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {383},
Pages = {494},
Year = {1996},
Key = {pimm1996brown}
}
@article{pimm1996biological,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Gittleman, JL},
Title = {Biological diversity: where is it?},
Journal = {Ecosystem Management: Selected Readings},
Pages = {1},
Publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
Year = {1996},
Key = {pimm1996biological}
}
@article{pimm1996designer,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Designer ecosystems},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {379},
Pages = {217-218},
Year = {1996},
Key = {pimm1996designer}
}
@article{pimm1996food,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Food webs: integration of patterns and dynamics},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {11},
Number = {8},
Pages = {349},
Publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc.},
Year = {1996},
Key = {pimm1996food}
}
@article{ISI:A1996VL75500040,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Betrayal of science and reason - Ehrlich,PR,
Ehrlich,AH},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {383},
Number = {6600},
Pages = {494},
Year = {1996},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
Key = {ISI:A1996VL75500040}
}
@article{ISI:A1996UY20200008,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Gittleman, JL and Russell, GJ and Brooks,
TM},
Title = {Extinction rates - Response},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {273},
Number = {5273},
Pages = {297-297},
Year = {1996},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1996UY20200008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {ISI:A1996UY20200008}
}
@article{ISI:A1995TC46900068,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Nature lovers and other villains},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {378},
Number = {6552},
Pages = {104-105},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {1995},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1995TC46900068&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1038/378104a0},
Key = {ISI:A1995TC46900068}
}
@article{ISI:A1995RX20000069,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Askins, RA},
Title = {Forest losses predict bird extinctions in eastern North
America.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {92},
Number = {20},
Pages = {9343-9347},
Year = {1995},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11607581},
Abstract = {Claims that there will be a massive loss of species as
tropical forests are cleared are based on the relationship
between habitat area and the number of species. Few studies
calibrate extinction with habitat reduction. Critics raise
doubts about this calibration, noting that there has been
extensive clearing of the eastern North American forest, yet
only 4 of its approximately 200 bird species have gone
extinct. We analyze the distribution of bird species and the
timing and extent of forest loss. The forest losses were not
concurrent across the region. Based on the maximum extent of
forest losses, our calculations predict fewer extinctions
than the number observed. At most, there are 28 species of
birds restricted to the region. Only these species would be
at risk even if all the forests were cleared. Far from
providing comfort to those who argue that the current rapid
rate of tropical deforestation might cause fewer extinctions
than often claimed, our results suggest that the losses may
be worse. In contrast to eastern North America, small
regions of tropical forest often hold hundreds of endemic
bird species.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.92.20.9343},
Key = {ISI:A1995RX20000069}
}
@article{ISI:A1995RK37600008,
Author = {Ariño, A and Pimm, SL},
Title = {On the nature of population extremes},
Journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
Volume = {9},
Number = {4},
Pages = {429-443},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1995},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0269-7653},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01237765},
Abstract = {Much ecology considers only the typical size of a
population, yet extreme values may be of particular
importance. Unusually low numbers may doom a population to
extinction and unusually high numbers may pose an economic
threat. Extreme values may also determine the evolutionary
traits that predominate. Obviously, even for a fixed
variance in annual numbers, the observed maximum and minimum
population size will increase the more years that we count
the population. Interestingly, over the time scales of
available data (<100 years), most animal populations have an
observed variance in annual numbers that increases the more
consecutive years we use in its calculation. Consequently,
populations will meet extreme values more quickly than if
the variance were constant. We quantify the increases in
variance for diatoms, insects, and vertebrates, first
correcting the data for overall differences in variance.
Short- and long-lived species are not consistently
different. Species that cycle in density have relatively
small increases relative to those that do not cycle. Species
in marine ecosystems have larger increases than those in
terrestrial and freshwater systems. All these results
suggest that the system in which a species is embedded -
rather the species' own characteristics - plays the crucial
role in determining the nature of population extremes. ©
1995 Chapman & Hall.},
Doi = {10.1007/BF01237765},
Key = {ISI:A1995RK37600008}
}
@article{ISI:A1995RK93800004,
Author = {PIMM, S},
Title = {BODY COUNT - REPLY},
Journal = {The Sciences},
Volume = {35},
Number = {4},
Pages = {5},
Year = {1995},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0036-861X},
Key = {ISI:A1995RK93800004}
}
@article{ISI:A1995RK42700032,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Russell, GJ and Gittleman, JL and Brooks,
TM},
Title = {The future of biodiversity.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {269},
Number = {5222},
Pages = {347-350},
Year = {1995},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17841251},
Abstract = {Recent extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times their
pre-human levels in well-known, but taxonomically diverse
groups from widely different environments. If all species
currently deemed "threatened" become extinct in the next
century, then future extinction rates will be 10 times
recent rates. Some threatened species will survive the
century, but many species not now threatened will succumb.
Regions rich in species found only within them (endemics)
dominate the global patterns of extinction. Although new
technology provides details of habitat losses, estimates of
future extinctions are hampered by our limited knowledge of
which areas are rich in endemics.},
Doi = {10.1126/science.269.5222.347},
Key = {ISI:A1995RK42700032}
}
@article{ISI:A1995QH19700015,
Author = {PIMM, SL},
Title = {Dead Reckoning},
Journal = {The Sciences},
Volume = {35},
Number = {2},
Pages = {15-17},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1995},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0036-861X},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1995QH19700015&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1002/j.2326-1951.1995.tb03178.x},
Key = {ISI:A1995QH19700015}
}
@article{ISI:A1995QK07900038,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Beyond the forest primaeval},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {374},
Number = {6517},
Pages = {24-25},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {1995},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1995QK07900038&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1038/374024a0},
Key = {ISI:A1995QK07900038}
}
@article{ISI:A1995RY35100008,
Author = {Russell, GJ and Diamond, JM and Pimm, SL and Reed,
TM},
Title = {A century of turnover: Community dynamics at three
timescales},
Journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology},
Volume = {64},
Number = {5},
Pages = {628-641},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1995},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0021-8790},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5805},
Abstract = {1. We calculated the observed species turnover of the bird
communities on 13 small islands off the coast of the British
isles and the Republic of lreland for different census
intervals. For seven of these islands, the maximum intervals
exceeded 80 years. 2. We developed a non-linear, asymptotic
model to describe how observed turnover should change with
census interval. Our assumptions were traditional ones,
based upon the assumption of dynamic equilibrium in familiar
island biogeography theory, even though we knew that such
equilibrium was rare in these islands. Furthermore, the
model considered the average dynamics of the species present
and not the dynamics of the individual species. 3. This
model showed that neither the observed turnover calculated
over different intervals, nor the turnover rate obtained by
dividing this observed turnover by the interval, are
statistics that permit comparison between islands. Observed
turnover increased over time, thus 1-year turnover
underestimated the turnovers over a decade or a century. The
increase was less than linear, however, so dividing observed
turnover by the number of years in its calculation produced
a statistic that declined progressively with that number. 4.
The model provided a significant overall fit to the data,
but underestimated turnover at both the shortest and longest
census intervals. We modified the model to reduce the amount
of underestimation, by incorporating the long-term changes
in the number of species on each island and hence removing
the assumption of equilibrium. This non-equilibrium model
provided a much improved fit to the data, but it still
failed to describe turnover at the very shortest intervals.
These, however, are known from other studies to be inflated
by individuals-floaters-that nest only once or twice on the
islands. 5. The improved, non-equilibrium model made good
predictions of the observed turnover over a 4-year interval.
These predictions may be used to compare islands, including
those for which empirical data on 4-year turnovers are
sparse, 6. We divided the non-equilibrium model into an
intrinsic and an extrinsic component, representing the
influence of within-community and external factors,
respectively. 7. Even the intrinsic components of turnover
are large, involving differences in species composition of
6-36\% between widely separated censuses. How these
intrinsic components of turnover vary from island to island
is not clear because previous studies have been unable to
compare turnover at different time scales. The number of
islands in this study was too few for this purpose and we
leave a more broadly based comparison for a future
paper.},
Doi = {10.2307/5805},
Key = {ISI:A1995RY35100008}
}
@article{ISI:A1995QB63700005,
Author = {Nott, MP and Rogers, E and Pimm, S},
Title = {Extinction rates. Modern extinctions in the kilo-death
range.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {5},
Number = {1},
Pages = {14-17},
Year = {1995},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00005-4},
Abstract = {For some groups of species, extinction rates are orders of
magnitude higher than expected background rates--many
species now last nearer a fateful second than their destined
hour.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00005-4},
Key = {ISI:A1995QB63700005}
}
@article{fds326648,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Bibliographie},
Journal = {Mammalia},
Volume = {59},
Number = {1},
Pages = {165-169},
Publisher = {WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH},
Year = {1995},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1995.59.1.165},
Doi = {10.1515/mamm.1995.59.1.165},
Key = {fds326648}
}
@article{nott1995extinction,
Author = {Nott, MP and Rogers, E. and Pimm, S.},
Title = {Extinction Rates: Modern extinctions in the kilo-death
range},
Journal = {Current Biology},
Volume = {5},
Number = {1},
Pages = {14--17},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1995},
Key = {nott1995extinction}
}
@article{whitney1995coastal,
Author = {Whitney, GG and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {From coastal wilderness to fruited plain: a history of
environmental change in temperate North America from 1500 to
the present},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {374},
Number = {6517},
Pages = {24--24},
Publisher = {[London: Macmillan Journals], 1869-},
Year = {1995},
Key = {whitney1995coastal}
}
@article{pimm1995coastal,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain: A History of
Environmental Change in Temperate North America from 1500 to
the Present by GG Whitney},
Journal = {NATURE-LONDON-},
Pages = {24--24},
Publisher = {MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD},
Year = {1995},
Key = {pimm1995coastal}
}
@article{russell1995century,
Author = {Russell, G.J. and Diamond, J.M. and Pimm, S.L. and Reed,
T.M.},
Title = {A century of turnover: community dynamics at three
timescales},
Journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
Pages = {628--641},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1995},
Key = {russell1995century}
}
@article{pimm1995forest,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Askins, R.A.},
Title = {Forest losses predict bird extinctions in eastern North
America},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
Volume = {92},
Number = {20},
Pages = {9343},
Publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
Year = {1995},
Key = {pimm1995forest}
}
@article{pimm1995future,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Russell, G.J. and Gittleman, J.L. and Brooks,
T.M.},
Title = {The future of biodiversity},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {269},
Number = {5222},
Pages = {347},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Science},
Year = {1995},
Key = {pimm1995future}
}
@article{curnutt1995biodiversity,
Author = {Curnutt, J.L. and Pimm, S.},
Title = {Biodiversity: Managing nature when there are no [] ill
winds'},
Journal = {Current Biology},
Volume = {5},
Number = {7},
Pages = {713--715},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1995},
Key = {curnutt1995biodiversity}
}
@article{fds279116,
Author = {PIMM, S},
Title = {Forest loss predict bird extinction in eastern North
America},
Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci Usa},
Volume = {92},
Pages = {9343-9347},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds279116}
}
@article{fds279120,
Author = {Curnutt, JL and Pimm, S},
Title = {Managing nature when there are no 'ill winds'},
Journal = {Current Biology},
Volume = {5},
Number = {7},
Pages = {713-715},
Year = {1995},
Abstract = {Interspecific interactions affect biodiversity, but in
unpredictable ways that change over time and space. There is
little evidence for the 'ill wind that blows no good' to any
species. So how can we manage nature?},
Key = {fds279120}
}
@article{pimm1995nature,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Nature lovers and other villains},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {378},
Pages = {104-105},
Year = {1995},
Key = {pimm1995nature}
}
@article{pimm1995beyond,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Beyond the forest primaeval},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {374},
Pages = {24-25},
Year = {1995},
Key = {pimm1995beyond}
}
@article{ISI:A1995RL95300006,
Author = {CURNUTT, JL and PIMM, S},
Title = {BIODIVERSITY - MANAGING NATURE WHEN THERE ARE NO ILL
WINDS},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {5},
Number = {7},
Pages = {713-715},
Year = {1995},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00141-2},
Abstract = {Interspecific interactions affect biodiversity, but in
unpredictable ways that change over time and space. There is
little evidence for the `ill wind that blows no good' to any
species. So how can we manage nature?},
Doi = {10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00141-2},
Key = {ISI:A1995RL95300006}
}
@article{ISI:A1995QT20100043,
Author = {PIMM, S},
Title = {SEEDS OF OUR OWN DESTRUCTION},
Journal = {New Scientist},
Volume = {146},
Number = {1972},
Pages = {31-35},
Year = {1995},
ISSN = {0262-4079},
Key = {ISI:A1995QT20100043}
}
@article{ehrlich1994birdwatcher,
Author = {Ehrlich, PR and Dobkin, DS and Wheye, D and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {The birdwatcher's handbook: a guide to the natural history
of the birds of Britain and Europe},
Journal = {The Birdwatcher'S Handbook: a Guide to the Natural History
of the Birds of Britain and Europe},
Year = {1994},
Month = {December},
Abstract = {After an introductory note on how to use the guide and
pointers on observing and recording bird biology,
information is provided on 516 species which regularly breed
in Europe and adjacent parts of the Middle East and North
Africa. For each species the following details are presented
in symbol form: nest location; nest type; who builds the
nest; breeding system (monogamy, polygyny, polyandry and
cooperative breeder); eggs, clutch size and broods;
incubating sex; length of incubation; stage of development
at hatching; who tends the young; time from hatching to
fledging; diet; foraging techniques. In addition, text is
provided on: breeding habitat; territorial/courtship
displays; nesting; diet; over-wintering ecology; and
conservation status. The volume also includes 170 short
essays on topics as wide-ranging as species and speciation,
preening and adaptations for flight. Species names are
indexed in English, Latin, French, German, Dutch, Spanish
and Swedish. -S.R.Harris},
Key = {ehrlich1994birdwatcher}
}
@article{ISI:A1994NX97100038,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {An American tale},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {370},
Number = {6486},
Pages = {188-188},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {1994},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1994NX97100038&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1038/370188b0},
Key = {ISI:A1994NX97100038}
}
@article{ISI:A1994NJ23900016,
Author = {PIMM, S},
Title = {WHAT THE WOODS WONT WHISPER - ON GUAM, SINCE THE EARLY
1960S, A MYSTERIOUS PESTILENCE HAS WIPED OUT ALL THE FOREST
BIRDS - NOW THE SAME SCOURGE THREATENS HAWAII},
Journal = {The Sciences},
Volume = {34},
Number = {3},
Pages = {16-19},
Year = {1994},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0036-861X},
Key = {ISI:A1994NJ23900016}
}
@article{ISI:A1994NL99700016,
Author = {Lockwood, JL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Biological diversity. Species: would any of them be
missed?},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {4},
Number = {5},
Pages = {455-457},
Year = {1994},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7922364},
Abstract = {Contrary to the view taken by some, individual species
matter: they are valuable for their contribution to the
stability of the ecosystems they inhabit.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00102-0},
Key = {ISI:A1994NL99700016}
}
@article{ISI:A1994NC66200001,
Author = {MURPHY, D and WILCOVE, D and NOSS, R and HARTE, J and SAFINA, C and LUBCHENCO, J and ROOT, T and SHER, V and KAUFMAN, L and BEAN, M and PIMM,
S},
Title = {ON REAUTHORIZATION OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES
ACT},
Journal = {Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for
Conservation Biology},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-3},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1994},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0888-8892},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08010001.x},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08010001.x},
Key = {ISI:A1994NC66200001}
}
@article{ISI:A1994MX16500024,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Sugden, AM},
Title = {Tropical diversity and global change.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {263},
Number = {5149},
Pages = {933-934},
Year = {1994},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17758632},
Doi = {10.1126/science.263.5149.933},
Key = {ISI:A1994MX16500024}
}
@article{ISI:A1994MU94300002,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The importance of watching birds from airplanes.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {9},
Number = {2},
Pages = {41-43},
Year = {1994},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21236762},
Doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(94)90264-x},
Key = {ISI:A1994MU94300002}
}
@article{ISI:A1994NM57000005,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Moulton, MP and Justice, LJ},
Title = {Bird extinctions in the central Pacific},
Journal = {Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London,
B},
Volume = {344},
Number = {1307},
Pages = {27-33},
Publisher = {The Royal Society},
Year = {1994},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0962-8436},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1994.0047},
Abstract = {The first wave of human colonists spread across the Pacific
from 4000-1000 yr ago. That they caused many extinctions is
well known from fossil finds. The authors estimate how many
fossil bird species were missed (roughly half) and so
estimate the true extinction rate. The first colonists
exterminated roughly half the species on each island group.
Some of these extinctions are falsely attributed to the
first colonists, because intensive collection often began a
half century after the damage initiated by European
discovery. Even taken at face value, these recent
extinctions are too few. Many species are so critically
endangered that we know neither whether they still survive
or how to save them. There are fewer recent extinctions and
currently endangered species in the islands of the western
Pacific, which were the islands occupied first by humans.
The species sensitive to human occupation probably died out
long ago in these areas. If so, these islands would have
lost even more than half of their bird species.
-Authors},
Doi = {10.1098/rstb.1994.0047},
Key = {ISI:A1994NM57000005}
}
@article{ISI:A1994NC16000010,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Davis, GE and Loope, L and Roman, CT and Smith, TJII and Tilmant, JT},
Title = {Hurricane Andrew. The 1992 hurricane allowed scientists to
assess damage and consider long-term consequences to
well-studied ecosystems},
Journal = {Bioscience},
Volume = {44},
Number = {4},
Pages = {224-229},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
Year = {1994},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0006-3568},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1994NC16000010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/1312226},
Key = {ISI:A1994NC16000010}
}
@article{fds343228,
Author = {Ehrlich, PR and Dobkin, DS and Wheye, D and Pimm,
SL},
Title = {The birdwatcher's handbook: a guide to the natural history
of the birds of Britain and Europe},
Journal = {The Birdwatcher'S Handbook: a Guide to the Natural History
of the Birds of Britain and Europe},
Year = {1994},
Month = {January},
Abstract = {After an introductory note on how to use the guide and
pointers on observing and recording bird biology,
information is provided on 516 species which regularly breed
in Europe and adjacent parts of the Middle East and North
Africa. For each species the following details are presented
in symbol form: nest location; nest type; who builds the
nest; breeding system (monogamy, polygyny, polyandry and
cooperative breeder); eggs, clutch size and broods;
incubating sex; length of incubation; stage of development
at hatching; who tends the young; time from hatching to
fledging; diet; foraging techniques. In addition, text is
provided on: breeding habitat; territorial/courtship
displays; nesting; diet; over-wintering ecology; and
conservation status. The volume also includes 170 short
essays on topics as wide-ranging as species and speciation,
preening and adaptations for flight. Species names are
indexed in English, Latin, French, German, Dutch, Spanish
and Swedish. -S.R.Harris},
Key = {fds343228}
}
@article{pimm1994history,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology: More than the
Sum of the Parts by FB Golley},
Journal = {NATURE-LONDON-},
Pages = {188--188},
Publisher = {MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD},
Year = {1994},
Key = {pimm1994history}
}
@article{curnutt1994hotspots,
Author = {Curnutt, J. and Lockwood, J. and Luh, H.K. and Nott, P. and Russell, G.},
Title = {Hotspots and species diversity},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {367},
Number = {6461},
Pages = {326--327},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {1994},
Key = {curnutt1994hotspots}
}
@article{lockwood1994biological,
Author = {Lockwood, J.L. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Biological Diversity: Species: would any of them be
missed?},
Journal = {Current Biology},
Volume = {4},
Number = {5},
Pages = {455--457},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1994},
Key = {lockwood1994biological}
}
@article{pimm1994tropical,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Sugden, A.M.},
Title = {Tropical diversity and global change},
Journal = {Science (Washington, DC);(United States)},
Volume = {263},
Number = {5149},
Year = {1994},
Key = {pimm1994tropical}
}
@article{pimm1994importance,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The importance of watching birds from airplanes.},
Journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolution (Personal
edition)},
Volume = {9},
Number = {2},
Pages = {41},
Year = {1994},
Key = {pimm1994importance}
}
@article{fds279112,
Author = {PIMM, SL and CURNUTT, JL},
Title = {The management of endangered birds},
Journal = {Biodiversity and Terrestrial Ecosystems},
Number = {14},
Pages = {227-244},
Year = {1994},
ISSN = {0258-5170},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1994BD37W00018&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {fds279112}
}
@article{pimm1994field,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Field Notes},
Journal = {Sciences New York},
Volume = {34},
Number = {3},
Pages = {16},
Publisher = {[New York]: New York Academy of Sciences,[1961]-c2001.},
Year = {1994},
Key = {pimm1994field}
}
@article{collar1994bird,
Author = {Collar, NJ and Bowman, D and Bond, WJ and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Bird Extinctions in the Central Pacific:
Discussion},
Journal = {Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions Series
B},
Volume = {344},
Pages = {33},
Year = {1994},
Key = {collar1994bird}
}
@article{pimm1994ornithology,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The Ornithology XI},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {75},
Number = {7},
Pages = {2147-2148},
Publisher = {Eco Soc America},
Year = {1994},
Key = {pimm1994ornithology}
}
@article{pimm1994american,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {An American tale},
Journal = {Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science},
Volume = {370},
Number = {6486},
Pages = {188},
Year = {1994},
Key = {pimm1994american}
}
@article{pimm1994cassandra,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {Cassandra versus Pangloss},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {372},
Pages = {512-513},
Year = {1994},
Key = {pimm1994cassandra}
}
@article{pimm1994management,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Curnutt, JL},
Title = {The management of endangered species},
Journal = {Biodiversity and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Institute of
Botany, Academia Sinica Monograph Series
No},
Volume = {14},
Pages = {227-244},
Year = {1994},
Key = {pimm1994management}
}
@article{redfearn1994population,
Author = {Redfearn, A and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Population fluctuation in phytophagous insects},
Journal = {Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America;(United
States)},
Volume = {75},
Number = {CONF-940894--},
Year = {1994},
Key = {redfearn1994population}
}
@article{pimm1994bird,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Moulton, MP and Justice, LJ and Collar, NJ and Bowman, D and Bond, WJ},
Title = {Bird Extinctions in the Central Pacific [and
Discussion]},
Journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Series B: Biological Sciences},
Volume = {344},
Number = {1307},
Pages = {27-33},
Publisher = {The Royal Society},
Year = {1994},
Key = {pimm1994bird}
}
@article{ISI:A1994NE25401541,
Author = {MCMENAMIN, C and PIMM, S and MCKELLAR, M and HOLT,
PG},
Title = {SELECTIVE SUPPRESSION OF IGE PRODUCTION BY MHC CLASS-I
RESTRICTED CD8+ T-CELLS FOLLOWING INHALATION OF
SOLUBLE-PROTEIN ANTIGENS IN A RODENT MODEL},
Journal = {Journal of Cellular Biochemistry},
Number = {Suppl. 18D},
Pages = {446},
Year = {1994},
ISSN = {0730-2312},
Key = {ISI:A1994NE25401541}
}
@article{ISI:A1994PW08200039,
Author = {PIMM, S},
Title = {SCARCITY OR ABUNDANCE - A DEBATE ON THE ENVIRONMENT -
MYERS,N, SIMON,JL},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {372},
Number = {6506},
Pages = {512-513},
Year = {1994},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
Key = {ISI:A1994PW08200039}
}
@article{ISI:A1993MQ51700009,
Author = {DIAMOND, J and PIMM, S},
Title = {SURVIVAL TIMES OF BIRD POPULATIONS - A REPLY},
Journal = {The American Naturalist},
Volume = {142},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1030-1035},
Year = {1993},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0003-0147},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285588},
Doi = {10.1086/285588},
Key = {ISI:A1993MQ51700009}
}
@article{fds304945,
Author = {Diamond, J and Pimm, S},
Title = {Survival times of bird populations: A reply [to Haila and
Hanski]},
Journal = {The American Naturalist},
Volume = {142},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1030-1035},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {1993},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285588},
Doi = {10.1086/285588},
Key = {fds304945}
}
@article{ISI:A1993MH32200095,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Diamond, J and Reed, TM and Russell, GJ and Verner,
J},
Title = {Times to extinction for small populations of large
birds.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {90},
Number = {22},
Pages = {10871-10875},
Year = {1993},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11607439},
Abstract = {A major practical problem in conservation biology is to
predict the survival times-"lifetimes"-for small populations
under alternative proposed management regimes. Examples in
the United States include the 'Alala (Hawaiian Crow; Corvus
hawaiiensis) and Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis
caurina). To guide such decisions, we analyze counts of all
crow, owl, and hawk species in the most complete available
data set: counts of bird breeding pairs on 14 European
islands censused for 29-66 consecutive years. The data set
yielded 129 records for analysis. We define the population
ceiling as the highest number of breeding pairs observed
from colonization to extinction, within a consecutive series
of counts for a given species on a given island. The
resulting distributions of population lifetimes as a
function of population size prove to be highly skewed: most
small populations disappear quickly, but a few last for a
long time. Median (i.e., 50th percentile) lifetimes are
calculated as only 1-5 yr for hawk, owl, and crow
populations with ceilings of one or two breeding pairs. As
expected if demographic accidents are the main cause of
extinction for small populations, lifetimes rise by a factor
of 3-4 for each additional pair up to three pairs. They rise
more slowly thereafter. These observations suggest that
lifetimes of the 'Alala (now reduced to about three pairs in
the wild), and of populations of Northern Spotted Owl in the
smallest forest fragments, will be short unless active
management is implemented.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.90.22.10871},
Key = {ISI:A1993MH32200095}
}
@article{ISI:A1993LL95700008,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Ecosystem dynamics: nature's short, sharp
shocks.},
Journal = {Current Biology : Cb},
Volume = {3},
Number = {5},
Pages = {288-290},
Year = {1993},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0960-9822},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15335751},
Doi = {10.1016/0960-9822(93)90181-m},
Key = {ISI:A1993LL95700008}
}
@article{ISI:A1993KK57600004,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Life on an intermittent edge.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {8},
Number = {2},
Pages = {45-46},
Year = {1993},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21236104},
Doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(93)90156-j},
Key = {ISI:A1993KK57600004}
}
@article{ISI:A1993KF77500026,
Author = {Cohen, JE and Beaver, RA and Cousins, SH and DeAngelis, DL and Goldwasser, L and Heong, KL and Holt, RD and Kohn, AJ and Lawton, JH and Martinez, N and O'Malley, R and Page, LM and Patten, BC and Pimm, SL and Polis, GA and Rejmanek, M and Schoener, TW and Schoenly, K and Sprules,
WG and Teal, JM and Ulanowicz, RE and Warren, PH and Wilbur, HM and Yodzis,
P},
Title = {Improving Food Webs},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {74},
Number = {1},
Pages = {252-258},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1993},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0012-9658},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1993KF77500026&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/1939520},
Key = {ISI:A1993KF77500026}
}
@article{ISI:A1993MA34600014,
Author = {Hang-Kwang Luh, and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The assembly of ecological communities: a minimalist
approach},
Journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology},
Volume = {62},
Number = {4},
Pages = {749-765},
Year = {1993},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0021-8790},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5394},
Abstract = {Communities develop through community assembly, in which
species invade, persist, or become extinct. Community
assembly is a sequence of different community states. Each
state is a unique combination of species' presence or
absence. The community transition graph is the directed
graph of the transitions between states. The authors
investigated the statistical distribution of different
community transition graphs that contain varying numbers of
species. Does the species composition of a community
persist? Or does it cycle, and, if so, through a few
recognizable states or through a complex sequence that might
appear superificially random? In random transition graphs,
the directions of the transitions are specified entirely at
random. In a second recipe. all cycles are excluded by
assigning each state a random "height'. The community
transition graph moves from a "lower' state to one of its
"higher' neighbours. This produces landscape transition
graphs. A third recipe adds one ecological constraint to the
random assembly models. The simple, ecologically implausible
cycles are removed to produce minimal transition graphs.
Random transition graphs most commonly have one persistent
state. Landscape transition graphs commonly have many more
persistent states and the number increases rapidly with the
number of species in the system. Persistent cycles are rare
in the random graphs and are impossible in the landscape
graphs. Random graphs may best describe community
restoration. If so, restoration might eventually reach its
desired persistent community but only after a long period of
intermediate cycling. In contrast, if landscape or minimal
graphs best decribe restoration, then it would quickly reach
a persistent community. Unfortunately, this persistent
community may not be the desired community. -from
Authors},
Doi = {10.2307/5394},
Key = {ISI:A1993MA34600014}
}
@article{ISI:A1993MA34600009,
Author = {Blackburn, TM and Lawton, JH and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Non-metabolic explanations for the relationship between body
size and animal abundance},
Journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology},
Volume = {62},
Number = {4},
Pages = {694-702},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1993},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0021-8790},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5389},
Abstract = {Metabolic constraints are the usual explanation for the
relationship between body size and species abundance in
natural assemblages of animals. In some assemblages,
abundance scales with body weight to the -0.75 power.
Metabolic rate scales as weight raised to the (plus) power,
therefore, on average equal amounts of energy are available
to each species in a community. This equality has been taken
as evidence that a species' abundance is limited by its
energetic requirements. But most species in samples of
complete assemblages cannot be energy limited (although the
most abundant species, at the "upper bound' may be). And
arguments also ignore the frequency distributions of
species; body size and species; abundance which underlie
abundance versus size plots. The authors test the hypothesis
that concatenating the underlying frequency distributions of
species' body size and species' abundance can directly
account for observed patterns in plots of size versus
abundance in assemblages of animals, comparing the negative
slope of the upper boundary of plots of size against
abundance from real assemblages, with the same slopes
derived from models with no energy constraints. Models give
estimates for the upper bound slopes that are very similar
to slopes calculated from real assemblages. Patterns of
abundance versus body size in natural assemblages thus may
not be constrainted by species' energy requirements, and do
not require explanations independent of those for the
constituent frequency distributions of size and abundance.
-from Authors},
Doi = {10.2307/5389},
Key = {ISI:A1993MA34600009}
}
@article{ISI:A1993KK04500007,
Author = {Cohen, JE and Pimm, SL and Yodzis, P and Saldana,
J},
Title = {Body sizes of animal predators and animal prey in food
webs},
Journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology},
Volume = {62},
Number = {1},
Pages = {67-78},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1993},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0021-8790},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5483},
Abstract = {In c90% of the feeding links among the animal species with
known sizes, a larger predator consumes a smaller prey.
Larger predators eat prey with a wider range of body sizes
than do smaller predators. The geometric mean predator size
increases with the size of prey. The increase in geometric
mean predator size is less than proportional to the increase
in prey size (ie has a slope less than one on log-log
coordinates). The geometric mean sizes of prey and predators
increase as the habitat of webs changes from aquatic to
terrestrial to coastal to marine. Within each type of
habitat, mean prey sizes are always less than mean predator
sizes, and prey and predator sizes are always positively
correlated. Feeding relations order the metabolic types of
organisms from invertebrate to vertebrate ectotherm to
vertebrate endotherm. Organisms commonly eat other organisms
with the same or lower metabolic type, but (with very rare
exceptions) organisms do not eat other organisms with a
higher metabolic type. Mean sizes of prey increase as the
metabolic type of prey changes from the invertebrate to
vertebrate ectotherm to vertebrate endotherm, but the same
does not hold true for predators. Prey and predator sizes
are positively correlated in links from invertebrate prey to
invertebrate predators. In links with other combinations of
prey and predator metabolic types, the correlation between
prey and predator body sizes is rarely large when it is
positive, and in some cases is even negative. Species sizes
are roughly log-normally distributed. Body size offers a
good interpretation of the ordering of animal species
assumed in the cascade model, a stochastic model of food web
structure. When body size is taken as the physical
interpretation of the ordering assumed in the cascade model,
and when the body sizes of different animal species are
taken as log-normally distributed, many of the empirical
findings can be explained in terms of the cascade model.
-from Authors},
Doi = {10.2307/5483},
Key = {ISI:A1993KK04500007}
}
@article{cohen1993improving,
Author = {Cohen, JE and Beaver, RA and Cousins, SH and DeAngelis, DL and Goldwasser, L. and Heong, KL and Holt, RD and Kohn, AJ and Lawton, JH and Martinez, N. and others},
Title = {Improving food webs},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {74},
Number = {1},
Pages = {252--258},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1993},
Key = {cohen1993improving}
}
@article{pimm1993life,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Life on an intermittent edge.},
Journal = {Trends in ecology \& evolution (Personal
edition)},
Volume = {8},
Number = {2},
Pages = {45},
Year = {1993},
Key = {pimm1993life}
}
@article{cohen1993body,
Author = {Cohen, J.E. and Pimm, S.L. and Yodzis, P. and Salda{\~n}a,
J.},
Title = {Body sizes of animal predators and animal prey in food
webs},
Journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
Pages = {67--78},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1993},
Key = {cohen1993body}
}
@article{pimm1993times,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Diamond, J. and Reed, T.M. and Russell, G.J. and Verner, J.},
Title = {Times to extinction for small populations of large
birds},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
Volume = {90},
Number = {22},
Pages = {10871},
Publisher = {National Acad Sciences},
Year = {1993},
Key = {pimm1993times}
}
@article{blackburn1993non,
Author = {Blackburn, T.M. and Lawton, J.H. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {Non-metabolic explanations for the relationship between body
size and animal abundance},
Journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
Pages = {694--702},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1993},
Key = {blackburn1993non}
}
@article{hang1993assembly,
Author = {Hang-Kwang, L. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The assembly of ecological communities: a minimalist
approach},
Journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
Pages = {749--765},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1993},
Key = {hang1993assembly}
}
@article{gaston1993book,
Author = {Gaston, KJ and McArdle, BH and Lawton, JH and Lewinsohn, TM and Compton, SG and Memmott, J. and Godfray, HC and Thomas,
CD and Fowler, SV and Syrett, P. and others},
Title = {Book chapters},
Journal = {Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds},
Pages = {753--757},
Year = {1993},
Key = {gaston1993book}
}
@article{pimm199416,
Author = {PIMM, SL},
Title = {BIODIVERSITY AND THE BALANCE OF NATURE},
Journal = {Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function},
Volume = {99},
Pages = {347-359},
Publisher = {Springer},
Year = {1993},
ISBN = {3-540-55804-7},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1993BZ53F00016&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {pimm199416}
}
@article{pimm1993nature,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Nature's short, sharp shocks},
Journal = {Current Biology},
Volume = {3},
Number = {5},
Pages = {288-290},
Year = {1993},
Abstract = {A recent experimental study confirms theoretical predictions
of how the response of an ecosystem to a perturbation
depends on the structure of its food web.},
Key = {pimm1993nature}
}
@article{pimm1993discussion,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Discussion: understanding indirect effects: is it
possible},
Journal = {Mutualism and Community Organization. Oxford University
Press, Oxford},
Pages = {199-209},
Year = {1993},
Key = {pimm1993discussion}
}
@article{ISI:A1992HE60500030,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Gittleman, JL},
Title = {Biological diversity: where is it?},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {255},
Number = {5047},
Pages = {940},
Year = {1992},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546290},
Doi = {10.1126/science.1546290},
Key = {ISI:A1992HE60500030}
}
@article{pimm1992frog,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Frog ponds and ocean iron},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {360},
Number = {6402},
Pages = {298-299},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1992},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360298a0},
Doi = {10.1038/360298a0},
Key = {pimm1992frog}
}
@article{ISI:A1992JT28000010,
Author = {Jenkins, B and Kitching, RL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Productivity, disturbance and food web structure at a local
spatial scale in experimental container habitats},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {65},
Number = {2},
Pages = {249-255},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1992},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545016},
Abstract = {Using water-filled container analogues of natural treeholes
placed in a subtropical rainforest, the source of energy in
both experimental and natural systems was detrital leaves.
Ten-fold and hundred-fold reductions in energy input reduced
food chain lengths by an extra link. The principal predator
was less prevalent in less productive habitat units. Food
webs with fewer trophic links and fewer species were found
in habitat units that were less productive. Numbers of
species, trophic links and abundance of the most common prey
species increased during food web assembly. A natural
perturbation created by low rainfall caused numbers of
species, trophic links and food chain length to be
temporarily reduced at 36 wk. The effect on food chain
length was most marked in the most productive system. While
relatively long food chains were possibly only in the most
productive systems, these systems were especially vulnerable
to external perturbations. -from Authors},
Doi = {10.2307/3545016},
Key = {ISI:A1992JT28000010}
}
@article{jenkins1992productivity,
Author = {Jenkins, B. and Kitching, RL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Productivity, disturbance and food web structure at a local
spatial scale in experimental container habitats},
Journal = {Oikos},
Pages = {249--255},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1992},
Key = {jenkins1992productivity}
}
@article{redfearn1992natural,
Author = {Redfearn, A and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Natural enemies and community dynamics},
Journal = {Natural Enemies},
Pages = {395-411},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Year = {1992},
Key = {redfearn1992natural}
}
@article{pimm1992introduction,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {An introduction to evolutionary ecology:: by Andrew
Cockburn, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.{\pounds}
17.50 pbk (xii+ 370 pages) ISBN 0 632 027290},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {7},
Number = {1},
Pages = {33-34},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1992},
Key = {pimm1992introduction}
}
@article{pimm1992big,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Big Questions in Ecology.(Book Reviews: The Balance of
Nature? Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and
Communities.)},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {256},
Pages = {1056-1057},
Year = {1992},
Key = {pimm1992big}
}
@article{ISI:A1991FJ13000047,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Falling victim to politics},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {350},
Number = {6320},
Pages = {668-668},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {1991},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1991FJ13000047&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1038/350668a0},
Key = {ISI:A1991FJ13000047}
}
@article{gittleman1991crying,
Author = {Gittleman, JL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Crying wolf in North America},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {351},
Number = {6327},
Pages = {524-525},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1991},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/351524a0},
Doi = {10.1038/351524a0},
Key = {gittleman1991crying}
}
@article{ISI:A1991FJ13000048,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Lawton, JH and Cohen, JE},
Title = {Food web patterns and their consequences},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {350},
Number = {6320},
Pages = {669-674},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1991},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/350669a0},
Abstract = {A food web is a map that describes which kinds of organisms
in a community eat which other kinds. A web helps picture
how a community is put together and how it works. Although
webs were often initially reported in despair at ever
understanding ecological complexity, recently discovered
widespread patterns in the shapes of webs, and theoretical
explanations for these patterns, indicate that webs are
orderly and intelligible, and have some foreseeable
consequences for the dynamics of communities. © 1991 Nature
Publishing Group.},
Doi = {10.1038/350669a0},
Key = {ISI:A1991FJ13000048}
}
@article{crawley1991group,
Author = {Crawley, MJ and Halim, Y. and Hsu, KJ and Jordan III and WR and Kafka, P. and Ndthel, H. and Pauly, DM and Pimm, SL and Sayler, GS and Van den Daele and W.},
Title = {Group Report Does Bioscience Threaten Ecological
lntegrity?},
Journal = {Bioscience [symbol for chemical equilibrium] society: report
of the Schering Workshop on Bioscience [symbol for chemical
equilibrium] Society, Berlin 1990, November
25-30},
Volume = {1990},
Pages = {185},
Publisher = {John Wiley \& Son Ltd},
Year = {1991},
Key = {crawley1991group}
}
@article{pimm1991food,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Lawton, J.H. and Cohen, J.E.},
Title = {Food web patterns and their consequences},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {350},
Number = {6320},
Pages = {669--674},
Year = {1991},
Key = {pimm1991food}
}
@article{pimm1991falling,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Falling victim to politics},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {350},
Pages = {668},
Year = {1991},
Key = {pimm1991falling}
}
@article{pimm1991human,
Author = {PIMM, SL},
Title = {HUMAN-POPULATION GROWTH AND ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY},
Journal = {Bioscience Society},
Pages = {163-182},
Year = {1991},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1991BV42D00013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {pimm1991human}
}
@article{ISI:A1990DU19400008,
Author = {Witteman, GJ and Redfearn, A and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The extent of complex population changes in
nature},
Journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
Volume = {4},
Number = {2},
Pages = {173-183},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1990},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0269-7653},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270914},
Abstract = {Many models of animal populations show complex yet
predictable patterns of density changes under simple and
plausible assumptions. Yet one previous attempt to determine
the extent and importance of complex dynamics concluded that
they were likely only in some laboratory populations, but
not in field populations. Ecologists have treated changes
more complex than a return to a simple equilibrium, such as
the cyclical changes in populations of lynx and voles in the
arctic, as special cases. Highly variable populations, such
as insects, are usually thought to be driven by
unpredictable changes in the weather. Here, we assemble 71
populations counted for over 50 years, and suggest that
complex yet predictable population changes are more common
than previously thought. © 1990 Chapman and Hall
Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1007/BF02270914},
Key = {ISI:A1990DU19400008}
}
@article{ISI:A1990CQ43600002,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Gittleman, JL},
Title = {Carnivores and ecologists on the road to
damascus},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {5},
Number = {3},
Pages = {70-73},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1990},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90232-3},
Doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(90)90232-3},
Key = {ISI:A1990CQ43600002}
}
@article{ISI:A1990ED99500002,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The decline of the Newfoundland crossbill},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {5},
Number = {11},
Pages = {350-351},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1990},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90092-R},
Doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(90)90092-R},
Key = {ISI:A1990ED99500002}
}
@article{baker1990endangered,
Author = {Baker, A.J. and Ballou, J.D. and Beck, B.B. and Beck Jr,
R.E. and Cade, T.J. and Carpenter, J.W. and Clark, T.W. and Cox, P. and David, B. and Derickson, S.R. and others},
Title = {Endangered species update, 8: 1 (November
1990)},
Publisher = {University of Michigan, School of Natural
Resources},
Year = {1990},
Key = {baker1990endangered}
}
@article{pimm1990decline,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The decline of the Newfoundland crossbill},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {5},
Number = {11},
Pages = {350--351},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1990},
Key = {pimm1990decline}
}
@article{witteman1990extent,
Author = {Witteman, G.J. and Redfearn, A. and Pimm,
S.L.},
Title = {The extent of complex population changes in
nature},
Journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
Volume = {4},
Number = {2},
Pages = {173--183},
Publisher = {Springer},
Year = {1990},
Key = {witteman1990extent}
}
@article{pimm1990carnivores,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Gittleman, J.L.},
Title = {Carnivores and ecologists on the road to
Damascus},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {5},
Number = {3},
Pages = {70--73},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1990},
Key = {pimm1990carnivores}
}
@article{ISI:A1989CG26700001,
Author = {Diamond, J and Pimm, SL and Gilpin, ME and LeCroy,
M},
Title = {Rapid Evolution of Character Displacement in Myzomelid
Honeyeaters},
Journal = {The American Naturalist},
Volume = {134},
Number = {5},
Pages = {675-708},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {1989},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0003-0147},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1989CG26700001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1086/285006},
Key = {ISI:A1989CG26700001}
}
@article{ISI:A1989U913100007,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Gittleman, JL and McCracken, GF and Gilpin,
M},
Title = {Plausible alternatives to bottlenecks to explain reduced
genetic diversity.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {4},
Number = {6},
Pages = {176-178},
Year = {1989},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21227345},
Doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(89)90123-7},
Key = {ISI:A1989U913100007}
}
@article{pimm1989communities,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Communities oceans apart?},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {339},
Number = {6219},
Pages = {13},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1989},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/339013a0},
Doi = {10.1038/339013a0},
Key = {pimm1989communities}
}
@article{ISI:A1989U228800044,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Redfearn, A},
Title = {Bird population densities [9]},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {338},
Number = {6217},
Pages = {628},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1989},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/338628b0},
Doi = {10.1038/338628b0},
Key = {ISI:A1989U228800044}
}
@article{pimm1989bird,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Redfearn, A.},
Title = {Bird population densities},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {338},
Pages = {628},
Year = {1989},
Key = {pimm1989bird}
}
@article{diamond1989rapid,
Author = {Diamond, J. and Pimm, S.L. and Gilpin, M.E. and LeCroy,
M.},
Title = {Rapid evolution of character displacement in myzomelid
honeyeaters},
Journal = {American Naturalist},
Pages = {675--708},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1989},
Key = {diamond1989rapid}
}
@article{pimm1989plausable,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Gittleman, J.L. and McCracken, G.F. and Gilpin, ME},
Title = {Plausable alternatives to bottlenecks to explain reduced
genetic diversity},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {4},
Pages = {176--178},
Year = {1989},
Key = {pimm1989plausable}
}
@article{pimm1989theories,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Theories of predicting success and impact of introduced
species},
Journal = {Biological Invasions: a Global Perspective},
Pages = {351-368},
Publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, New York},
Year = {1989},
Key = {pimm1989theories}
}
@article{pimm1989theoretical,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Gilpin, ME},
Title = {Theoretical issues in conservation biology},
Journal = {Perspectives in Ecological Theory},
Pages = {287-305},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ},
Year = {1989},
Key = {pimm1989theoretical}
}
@article{western1989agenda,
Author = {Western, D and Pearl, MC and Pimm, SL and Walker, B and Atkinson, I and Woodruff, DS},
Title = {An agenda for conservation action},
Journal = {Conservation for the Twenty First Century. Oxford University
Press, New York},
Pages = {304-323},
Year = {1989},
Key = {western1989agenda}
}
@article{ISI:A1988R017400005,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Kitching, RL},
Title = {Food Web Patterns: Trivial Flaws or the Basis of an Active
Research Program?},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {69},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1669-1672},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1988},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0012-9658},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1988R017400005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/1941144},
Key = {ISI:A1988R017400005}
}
@article{ISI:A1988Q543500005,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Rapid morphological change in an introduced
bird},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {3},
Number = {11},
Pages = {290-291},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1988},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1988Q543500005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(88)90103-6},
Key = {ISI:A1988Q543500005}
}
@article{fds279136,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Energy flow and trophic structure},
Journal = {Concepts of Ecosystem Ecology},
Pages = {263-278},
Year = {1988},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3842-3_13},
Abstract = {A simple energy flow hypothesis is inadequate to explain the
patterns of food chain lengths observed in nature: although
the species at the end of the food chain are limited by
their food supply, a good correlaiton between overall level
of energy flow and food chain length does not follow.
Rather, food chain lengths are set by a combination of 1)
how violently ecosystems are disturbed (variance of energy
flow), and 2) how quickly their constituent species can
recover from such disturbances (rate of recovery being
determined by the flux of energy and nutrient flows and the
openness of nutrient cycles). Ideas concerning disturbance,
resilience and species persistence are mooted. Spatial and
temporal variations of energy and nutrient cycles are argued
to be the essential ingredients in any comprehensive theory
of trophic structure. -P.J.Jarvis},
Doi = {10.1007/978-1-4612-3842-3_13},
Key = {fds279136}
}
@article{ISI:A1988R471300001,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Jones, HL and Diamond, J},
Title = {On the risks of extinction},
Journal = {The American Naturalist},
Volume = {132},
Number = {6},
Pages = {757-785},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {1988},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0003-0147},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284889},
Abstract = {Well-known theoretical predictions are that the risk of
extinction should decrease with maximum population size (K)
and should increase with the temporal coefficient of
variation in population size (CV). In an unvarying
environment, where extinction is caused solely by
demographic accidents, the risk of extinction should
decrease steeply with K; the greater the contribution of
environmental variability to the risk of extinction, the
less steep should be the dependence on K. Large-bodies
species tend to have long lifetimes but low rates of
increase, which have opposite effects on the risk of
extinction per year. In comparisons of a large- and
small-bodied species at the same average population size
(N), the large-bodied species should be at less risk at low
N but at greater risk at high N. These predictions were
tested using a data base of short-term survivals of 355
populations belonging to 100 species of British land birds
on 16 islands. Mean N and risk of extinction are known for
these populations, and CVs for 39 species can be calculated.
Risk of extinction does decrease sharply with N. After
correcting for much of the effect of N, the theoretical
prediction is confirmed that the relative susceptibility to
extinction of large- and small-bodied species reverses with
increasing population size. Above 7 pairs, larger-bodied
species are at greater risk than smaller-bodied species; the
reverse is true <7 pairs. Migratory species are at greater
risk of extinction that resident species. After accounting
for the effects of N, body size, and migratory status, the
risk of extinction does increase with the CV. -from
Authors},
Doi = {10.1086/284889},
Key = {ISI:A1988R471300001}
}
@article{ISI:A1988P709000063,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Redfearn, A},
Title = {The variability of population densities},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {334},
Number = {6183},
Pages = {613-614},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1988},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/334613a0},
Abstract = {The variability of population densities over time
(henceforth called population variability) is one of several
meanings of ecological stability1. Here we show that
estimates of the variability of population densities
increase as we increase the number of years included in
their calculation. This result appears for the majority of
populations surveyed and over almost all the time intervals
over which we calculate the variability. This result has
implications for the debate over whether populations have an
equilibrium. © 1988 Nature Publishing Group.},
Doi = {10.1038/334613a0},
Key = {ISI:A1988P709000063}
}
@article{ISI:A1988M010500003,
Author = {Redfearn, A and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Population variability and polyphagy in herbivorous insect
communities},
Journal = {Ecological Monographs},
Volume = {58},
Number = {1},
Pages = {39-55},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1988},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0012-9615},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1942633},
Abstract = {Examined British aphids, British moths, and Canadian
Macrolepidoptera. Degree of polyphagy was negatively
correlated or uncorrelated with population variability, ie
highly polyphagous species have a weak tendency to be less
variable than host specialists. This lends some support to
the argument that polyphagous species may be less
susceptible to fluctuating resource levels. Population
variability in monophagous or oligophagous herbivorous
insects may, in part, reflect variation in resource levels.
-from Authors},
Doi = {10.2307/1942633},
Key = {ISI:A1988M010500003}
}
@article{pimm1988rapid,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Rapid morphological change in an introduced
bird},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {3},
Number = {11},
Pages = {290--291},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1988},
Key = {pimm1988rapid}
}
@article{redfearn1988population,
Author = {Redfearn, A. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Population variability and polyphagy in herbivorous insect
communities},
Journal = {Ecological Monographs},
Pages = {39--55},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1988},
Key = {redfearn1988population}
}
@article{pimm1988risk,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Jones, H.L. and Diamond, J.},
Title = {On the risk of extinction},
Journal = {American Naturalist},
Pages = {757--785},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1988},
Key = {pimm1988risk}
}
@article{pimm1988variability,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Redfearn, A.},
Title = {The variability of population densities},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {1988},
Key = {pimm1988variability}
}
@article{pimm1988food,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Kitching, R.L.},
Title = {Food web patterns: Trivial flaws or the basis of an active
research program?},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {69},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1669--1672},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1988},
Key = {pimm1988food}
}
@article{moulton1987morphological,
Author = {Moulton, MP and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Morphological assortment in introduced Hawaiian
passerines},
Journal = {Evolutionary Ecology},
Volume = {1},
Number = {2},
Pages = {113-124},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1987},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0269-7653},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067395},
Abstract = {To evaluate the role of competition in structuring
communities, we conducted morphological analyses on the
surviving species of passerine birds that were successfully
introduced to the Hawaiian islands. Forty-nine species have
been introduced a total of 111 times to five of the six main
islands. There have been 33 extinctions. Our analyses were
done at two separate organizational levels: all species
introduced to an island; and all forest-dwelling species. If
competition determines which species can coexist, and the
intensity of competition is correlated with morphological
similarity, then the surviving species should be
overdispersed in morphological space. Further, sets of
surviving species that coexist should be regularly
positioned in morphological space. At the island-wide
organizational level, the surviving species were neither
overdispersed nor regularly positioned in morphological
space. However, at the forest-wide level the surviving
species were not only highly overdispersed, they were also
regularly positioned when compared to randomly assembled
communities. © 1987 Chapman and Hall Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1007/BF02067395},
Key = {moulton1987morphological}
}
@article{ISI:A1987G915000009,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Determining the effects of introduced species.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
Volume = {2},
Number = {4},
Pages = {106-108},
Year = {1987},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21227831},
Abstract = {People have moved species around the world for millenia,
sometimes by accident, but often with considerable
enthusiasm. English garden birds in New Zealand are merely
quaint curiosities introduced by settlers wanting the
familiar species of their former homes. Some introductions
have been devastating - goats or rabbits on various islands,
for example. Other introductions, such as those of
genetically engineered organisms, present potential problems
yet to be considered in any detail. What should we expect
the impact of introduced species to be?},
Doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(87)90169-8},
Key = {ISI:A1987G915000009}
}
@article{redfearn1987insect,
Author = {Redfearn, A and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Insect outbreaks and community structure},
Journal = {Insect Outbreaks},
Pages = {99-133},
Publisher = {Academic Press, San Diego},
Year = {1987},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-078148-5.50009-9},
Abstract = {Pest outbreaks in agricultural systems do not appear to be
an ecologically inevitable consequence of trophic
simplicity. Populations do appear to become more resilient
as the system's trophic structure becomes simpler. Insect
pest outbreaks may be considered "dynamic instabilities' and
instability may be related not just to the intrinsic
properties of the species, but to the trophic structure of
the community to which the species belongs. -from
Authors},
Doi = {10.1016/b978-0-12-078148-5.50009-9},
Key = {redfearn1987insect}
}
@article{ISI:A1987K646300004,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The snake that ate Guam.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology &Amp; Evolution},
Volume = {2},
Number = {10},
Pages = {293-295},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1987},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(87)90080-2},
Abstract = {The extermination of the entire avian community on Guam has
resulted from the introduced snake, Boiga irregularis, which
first appeared in Guam in the late 1940s or early 1950s and
probably arrived as a passive stowaway in a military cargo.
-from Author},
Doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(87)90080-2},
Key = {ISI:A1987K646300004}
}
@article{ISI:A1987L357200001,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Rice, JC},
Title = {The dynamics of multispecies, multi-life-stage models of
aquatic food webs},
Journal = {Theoretical Population Biology},
Volume = {32},
Number = {3},
Pages = {303-325},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1987},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0040-5809},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(87)90052-9},
Abstract = {We investigated the dynamics of models of aquatic food webs
using stability analysis methods previously applied to other
types of food web models. Our models expanded traditional
Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions in
several ways. We added life history structure to these
models in order to investigate its effects. Life history
omnivory is different life history stages of a species
feeding in trophically different positions in a food web.
Such a species might appear omnivorous, integrating across
all stages, but the individual stage might not be. Other
important additions to the basic models included
stock-recruitment relationships between adults and young and
food-dependent maturation rates for early life history
stages. Complex models of multispecies interactions were
built from basic ones by adding new features sequentially.
Our analysis revealed five major features of our
multispecies, multi-life-stage models. Omnivory reduces
stability, as it does in food web models without life
history structure. However, life history omnivory reduces
stability much less than single life stage omnivory does.
Stock recruitment relationships affect the likelihood of
finding stable models. If the maturation rate of young
varies with their food supply, the chance of finding stable
models decreases. Finally, predation loops of the type A
eats B, B eats A, or A eats B, B eats C, C eats A greatly
reduce model stability. We present both biological and
mathematical explanations for these findings. We also
discuss their implications for management of marine
resources. © 1987.},
Doi = {10.1016/0040-5809(87)90052-9},
Key = {ISI:A1987L357200001}
}
@article{ISI:A1987K854000004,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Kitching, RL},
Title = {The determinants of food chain lengths.},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {50},
Number = {3},
Pages = {302-307},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1987},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3565490},
Abstract = {Reviews natural variation in the food chains of phytotelmata
- water-filled plant-bodies. Here the role of disturbances
may be the major factor in determining their food chains.
Tadpoles of a small frog actually avoid the most productive
systems. Larvae of a chironomid show a slight increase in
numbers with level of energy input, but most importantly, it
was slow to colonize - waiting for its prey (species of
saprophagous chironomids) to attain approximately constant
numbers and size. Data indicate that frequent disturbances
would remove these predators from the system resulting in
the 2 trophic level systems found in tree holes
elsewhere.-from Authors},
Doi = {10.2307/3565490},
Key = {ISI:A1987K854000004}
}
@article{fds320094,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Hyman, JB},
Title = {Ecological stability in the context of multispecies
fisheries},
Journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences},
Volume = {44},
Number = {Suppl.2},
Pages = {84-94},
Year = {1987},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-312},
Abstract = {The most likely species to invade a harvested community are
those most similar to the harvested species, except in their
propensity to be harvested. Most communities are not
resistant to removals of top predators; large changes in
species composition usually ensue. Large changes in
community composition may, however, be associated with small
changes in total biomass. Although there is some debate over
whether natural communities are, on average, resistant,
given species additions, community changes following species
introductions appear to be common, especially in harvested
or polluted systems where man effects a positive feedback
between extinctions and invasions. There are several
alternative theoretical relationships between population
resilience, variability, and stress; choices strongly depend
on the underlying mathematical model. Multispecies models
suggest that the relationship will depend on the relation of
the population to other species. -from Authors},
Doi = {10.1139/f87-312},
Key = {fds320094}
}
@article{pimm1987snake,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The snake that ate Guam.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {2},
Number = {10},
Pages = {293--295},
Year = {1987},
Key = {pimm1987snake}
}
@article{pimm1987determinants,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Kitching, RL},
Title = {The determinants of food chain lengths},
Journal = {Oikos},
Pages = {302--307},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1987},
Key = {pimm1987determinants}
}
@article{pimm1987determining,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Determining the effects of introduced species},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {2},
Number = {4},
Pages = {106--108},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1987},
Key = {pimm1987determining}
}
@article{pimm1987dynamics,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Rice, J.C.},
Title = {The dynamics of multispecies, multi-life-stage models of
aquatic food webs},
Journal = {Theoretical population biology},
Volume = {32},
Number = {3},
Pages = {303--325},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1987},
Key = {pimm1987dynamics}
}
@article{pimm1987ecology,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches:: by Peter R.
Grant, Princeton University Press, 1986. $55.00/{\L}36. 70
hbk, $22.50/{\L}15. 10 pbk (458 pages) ISBN 0 691 08427
0},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {2},
Number = {7},
Pages = {228-229},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1987},
Key = {pimm1987ecology}
}
@article{pimm1987ecological,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Hyman, JB},
Title = {Ecological stability in the context of multispecies
fisheries},
Journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences},
Volume = {44},
Number = {S2},
Pages = {84-94},
Publisher = {NRC Research Press},
Year = {1987},
Abstract = {The most likely species to invade a harvested community are
those most similar to the harvested species, except in their
propensity to be harvested. Most communities are not
resistant to removals of top predators; large changes in
species composition usually ensue. Large changes in
community composition may, however, be associated with small
changes in total biomass. Although there is some debate over
whether natural communities are, on average, resistant,
given species additions, community changes following species
introductions appear to be common, especially in harvested
or polluted systems where man effects a positive feedback
between extinctions and invasions. There are several
alternative theoretical relationships between population
resilience, variability, and stress; choices strongly depend
on the underlying mathematical model. Multispecies models
suggest that the relationship will depend on the relation of
the population to other species. -from Authors},
Key = {pimm1987ecological}
}
@article{ISI:A1987M676000011,
Author = {PIMM, SL and HYMAN, JB},
Title = {ECOLOGICAL STABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTISPECIES
FISHERIES},
Journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences},
Volume = {44},
Number = {Suppl.2},
Pages = {84-94},
Year = {1987},
ISSN = {0706-652X},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1987M676000011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {The most likely species to invade a harvested community are
those most similar to the harvested species, except in their
propensity to be harvested. Most communities are not
resistant to removals of top predators; large changes in
species composition usually ensue. Large changes in
community composition may, however, be associated with small
changes in total biomass. Although there is some debate over
whether natural communities are, on average, resistant,
given species additions, community changes following species
introductions appear to be common, especially in harvested
or polluted systems where man effects a positive feedback
between extinctions and invasions. There are several
alternative theoretical relationships between population
resilience, variability, and stress; choices strongly depend
on the underlying mathematical model. Multispecies models
suggest that the relationship will depend on the relation of
the population to other species. -from Authors},
Key = {ISI:A1987M676000011}
}
@article{ISI:A1986F726600002,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Filling niches carefully.},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology &Amp; Evolution},
Volume = {1},
Number = {4},
Pages = {86-87},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1986},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0169-5347},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(86)90029-7},
Abstract = {Argues that sympatric speciation may have been responsible
for most of the species - and certainly the most persistent
ones - in a system, evaluating the mechanism for this
(elimination of intermediate genotypes) and adducing
evidence from the fossil record. -P.J.Jarvis},
Doi = {10.1016/0169-5347(86)90029-7},
Key = {ISI:A1986F726600002}
}
@article{pimm1986filling,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Filling niches carefully},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {1},
Number = {4},
Pages = {86--87},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1986},
Key = {pimm1986filling}
}
@article{moulton1986species,
Author = {Moulton, MP and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Species introduction to Hawaii.},
Journal = {Ecological Studies[ECOL. STUD.]. 1986.},
Year = {1986},
Key = {moulton1986species}
}
@article{pimm1986ecology,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Ecology and natural history of desert lizards:: by Eric R.
Pianka, Princeton University Press, 1986.{\pounds}
56.80/$45.00 hbk, $19.00 pbk (x+ 208 pages) ISBN 0 691 08148
4},
Journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
Volume = {1},
Number = {2},
Pages = {51-52},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1986},
Key = {pimm1986ecology}
}
@article{pimm1986community,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Community stability and structure.},
Journal = {Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and
Diversity.},
Year = {1986},
Key = {pimm1986community}
}
@article{moulton1986extent,
Author = {Moulton, MP and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The extent of competition in shaping an introduced
avifauna},
Journal = {Community Ecology},
Pages = {80-97},
Publisher = {Harper and Row, NY, USA},
Year = {1986},
Key = {moulton1986extent}
}
@article{ISI:A1985ASZ7800018,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Estimating competition coefficients from census
data.},
Journal = {Oecologia},
Volume = {67},
Number = {4},
Pages = {588-590},
Year = {1985},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0029-8549},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00790031},
Doi = {10.1007/bf00790031},
Key = {ISI:A1985ASZ7800018}
}
@article{ISI:A1985AHZ2800016,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Rosenzweig, ML and Mitchell, W},
Title = {Competition and Food Selection: Field Tests of a
Theory},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {66},
Number = {3},
Pages = {798-807},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1985},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0012-9658},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1985AHZ2800016&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/1940541},
Key = {ISI:A1985AHZ2800016}
}
@article{ISI:A1985ABR7400003,
Author = {Brown, JL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The origin of helping: the role of variability in
reproductive potential.},
Journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
Volume = {112},
Number = {3},
Pages = {465-477},
Year = {1985},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0022-5193},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3982049},
Abstract = {We investigate the relationship between variation in
reproductive potential among members of a family and genetic
relatedness to determine which combinations favor natural
selection for helping behavior. Conditions favoring helping
are derived for the helper, the recipient, and the parents
of these individuals. Our analysis reveals that a factor of
general significance in the evolution of social organisms is
variability in reproductive potential among offspring of a
parent. To a limited extent this factor has already been
appreciated because of its implicit role in "facultative
altruism" and "parental manipulation", or suppression of
offspring or sibs; however, the unifying role of variance
per se and the ways by which it may act have not been widely
appreciated. We show that suppression as a source of
intra-brood variance is less powerful in the evolution of
sociality than other, natural, sources of variance. The
facts of natural history appear to be more consistent with a
model utilizing natural variance than with a
variance-enhancement model for most vertebrates. We present
models for discrete and for overlapping generations.
Fecundity of young potential helpers relative to adults is
an important source of variance for the origin of
helping.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0022-5193(85)80015-1},
Key = {ISI:A1985ABR7400003}
}
@article{pimm1985estimating,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Estimating competition coefficients from census
data},
Journal = {Oecologia},
Volume = {67},
Number = {4},
Pages = {588--590},
Publisher = {Springer},
Year = {1985},
Key = {pimm1985estimating}
}
@article{pimm1985competition,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Rosenzweig, M.L. and Mitchell,
W.},
Title = {Competition and food selection: field tests of a
theory},
Journal = {Ecology},
Pages = {798--807},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1985},
Key = {pimm1985competition}
}
@article{ISI:A1984SA08600031,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The complexity and stability of ecosystems},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {307},
Number = {5949},
Pages = {321-326},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1984},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/307321a0},
Abstract = {Early studies suggested that simple ecosystems were less
stable than complex ones, but later studies came to the
opposite conclusion. Confusion arose because of the many
different meanings of 'complexity' and 'stability'. Most of
the possible questions about the relationship between
stability-complexity have not been asked. Those that have
yield a variety of answers. © 1984 Nature Publishing
Group.},
Doi = {10.1038/307321a0},
Key = {ISI:A1984SA08600031}
}
@article{pimm1984complexity,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The complexity and stability of ecosystems},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {307},
Number = {5949},
Pages = {321--326},
Year = {1984},
Key = {pimm1984complexity}
}
@article{fds279413,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The complexity and stability of ecosystems},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {307},
Number = {321-326},
Year = {1984},
Key = {fds279413}
}
@article{ISI:A1983QZ97800005,
Author = {King, AW and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Complexity, diversity, and stability: a reconciliation of
theoretical and empirical results ( grazing).},
Journal = {The American Naturalist},
Volume = {122},
Number = {2},
Pages = {229-239},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {1983},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0003-0147},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284132},
Abstract = {In model grazing systems, examines the relationship between
complexity and the lack of change in total plant biomass
(biomass stability) following removal of an herbivore.
Systems with relatively few plant species are expected to be
more stable than systems with more (but also fewer) plants
per herbivore. But systems with more competing plant species
are more biomass stable than those with few, if any,
interactions between plants. Moreover, increased evenness in
plant abundances also enhances biomass stability. Also, with
the removal of the herbivore, increases in evenness are
associated with smaller changes in biomass.-from
Authors},
Doi = {10.1086/284132},
Key = {ISI:A1983QZ97800005}
}
@article{ISI:A1983QP01200006,
Author = {Moulton, MP and Pimm, SL},
Title = {The introduced Hawaiian avifauna: biogeographic evidence for
competition ( passeriforms, columbiforms).},
Journal = {The American Naturalist},
Volume = {121},
Number = {5},
Pages = {669-690},
Year = {1983},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0003-0147},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983QP01200006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {Discusses the patterns of introduction and extinction of the
species of land birds (passeriforms and columbiforms)
introduced to the Hawaiian Islands over the last century.
Data are consistent with the idea that rising extinction
rates will eventually match immigration rates leading to a
dynamic equilibrium. Turnover in species composition is a
prominent feature of the introduced Hawaiian avifauna with
extinctions common even among populations that had persisted
for decades. No effect of island size on extinction rate was
detected. However, the per species extinction rates do
increase with the number of species on the island. This
suggests that the species mutually affect each other's
changes of extinction. -from Authors},
Doi = {10.1086/284094},
Key = {ISI:A1983QP01200006}
}
@article{ISI:A1983QX98100002,
Author = {Post, WM and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Community assembly and food web stability},
Journal = {Mathematical Biosciences},
Volume = {64},
Number = {2},
Pages = {169-192},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1983},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0025-5564},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(83)90002-0},
Abstract = {The ecological assembly of food web is considered as a
process of predator colonizations and extinctions. The
results of computer simulations using predator-prey
equations allow us to identify three types of food web
stability and examine how they may change through
development of food webs. Species turnover stability
increases, stability to extensive species extinction remains
constant, and local stability to population fluctuations
decreases as food web assembly proceeds. ©
1983.},
Doi = {10.1016/0025-5564(83)90002-0},
Key = {ISI:A1983QX98100002}
}
@article{post1983community,
Author = {Post, WM and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Community assembly and food web stability},
Journal = {Mathematical Biosciences},
Volume = {64},
Number = {2},
Pages = {169--192},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1983},
Key = {post1983community}
}
@article{king1983complexity,
Author = {King, A.W. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Complexity, diversity, and stability: a reconciliation of
theoretical and empirical results},
Journal = {The American Naturalist},
Volume = {122},
Number = {2},
Pages = {229--239},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1983},
Key = {king1983complexity}
}
@article{pimm1983food,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Food Webs.(Book Reviews: Food Webs)},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {220},
Pages = {295-296},
Year = {1983},
Key = {pimm1983food}
}
@article{ISI:A1983RN42600029,
Author = {PIMM, SL},
Title = {RESOURCE COMPETITION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE -
TILMAN,D},
Journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
Volume = {28},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1043-1045},
Year = {1983},
ISSN = {0024-3590},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1983RN42600029&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {ISI:A1983RN42600029}
}
@article{ISI:A1982PJ82200030,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Pimm, JW},
Title = {Resource use, competition, and resource availability in
Hawaiian honeycreepers.},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {63},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1468-1480},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1982},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0012-9658},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938873},
Abstract = {Rosenzweig's models predict 3 occasions where resource
scarcity will be accompanied by specialization: 1) In the
shared-preference case, the dominant may be unable to
exploit the poorer patch. If it can, it is likely to drive
the subordinate to extinction, leaving a one species system.
2) The subordinate may specialize on clearly inferior
resources because the dominant forces it from the better
resources. 3) In the distinct-preference case, the scarcity
of both resources leads to specialization of both species
because interspecific competition (causing specialization)
is greater than intraspecific competition (causing
generalization). The 3 commonest endemic nectivores in and
near the Hawaii Volcanoes National park fed principally on
the flowers of Metrosideros collina and Sophora
chrysophylla. During the study, Metrosideros went from few
flowers per tree to peak bloom, and Sophora did the reverse.
Both distinct- and shared-preference cases were noted. The
former involved Himatione sanguinea on Metrosideros and
Loxops virens on Sophora. The latter involved Vestiaria
coccinea (the dominant) and subordinates Himatione and
Loxops, with the preferred resources being trees with the
highest numbers of flowers. Vestiaria only exploited trees
with high numbers of flowers and may have had no
alternative. Its competitors were forced onto poorer
resources by its presence. These results support the
theory's first 2 predictions. The data are also at least
consistent with the 3rd prediction. -from Authors Hawaii
Volcanoes National Park Metrosideros collina Sophora
chrysophylla Himatione sanguinea Metrosideros Loxops virens
Vestiaria coccineaDept. of Biological Sci., Texas Tech.
Univ., Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA.},
Doi = {10.2307/1938873},
Key = {ISI:A1982PJ82200030}
}
@article{pimm1982resource,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Pimm, J.W.},
Title = {Resource use, competition, and resource availability in
Hawaiian honeycreepers},
Journal = {Ecology},
Pages = {1468--1480},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1982},
Key = {pimm1982resource}
}
@article{ISI:A1981ME38100001,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Rosenzweig, ML},
Title = {Competitors and Habitat Use},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {37},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-1},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1981},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1981ME38100001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/3544067},
Key = {ISI:A1981ME38100001}
}
@article{pimm1981competitors,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Rosenzweig, M.L.},
Title = {Competitors and habitat use},
Journal = {Oikos},
Pages = {1--6},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1981},
Key = {pimm1981competitors}
}
@article{ISI:A1980JW42800043,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Bounds on food web connectance},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {285},
Number = {5766},
Pages = {591},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1980},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/285591a0},
Doi = {10.1038/285591a0},
Key = {ISI:A1980JW42800043}
}
@article{ISI:A1980KQ34700014,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Lawton, JH},
Title = {Are Food Webs Divided into Compartments?},
Journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology},
Volume = {49},
Number = {3},
Pages = {879-879},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1980},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0021-8790},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1980KQ34700014&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/4233},
Key = {ISI:A1980KQ34700014}
}
@article{ISI:A1980KZ34200039,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Bartell, DP},
Title = {Statistical Model for Predicting Range Expansion of the Red
Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta , 1 in Texas
2},
Journal = {Environmental Entomology},
Volume = {9},
Number = {5},
Pages = {653-658},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
Year = {1980},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0046-225X},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1980KZ34200039&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1093/ee/9.5.653},
Key = {ISI:A1980KZ34200039}
}
@article{ISI:A1980KN89000003,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Food Web Design and the Effect of Species
Deletion},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {35},
Number = {2},
Pages = {139-139},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1980},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1980KN89000003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/3544422},
Key = {ISI:A1980KN89000003}
}
@article{ISI:A1980KD17300002,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Properties of Food Webs},
Journal = {Ecology},
Volume = {61},
Number = {2},
Pages = {219-225},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {1980},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0012-9658},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1980KD17300002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/1935177},
Key = {ISI:A1980KD17300002}
}
@article{mecham1980mo,
Author = {Mecham, D. and Rose, F.L. and Rylander, M.K. and Pimm, S.L. and Hallett, J. and Matos, JA and Mitchell, W. and Puckett,
W. and Reddell, JR and Rowland, JM and others},
Title = {MO\^{} s?\^{} ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS},
Year = {1980},
Key = {mecham1980mo}
}
@article{pimm1980food,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and Lawton, J.H.},
Title = {Are food webs divided into compartments?},
Journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology},
Pages = {879--898},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1980},
Key = {pimm1980food}
}
@article{pimm1980bounds,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Bounds on food web connectance},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {1980},
Key = {pimm1980bounds}
}
@article{pimm1980properties,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Properties of food webs},
Journal = {Ecology},
Pages = {219--225},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1980},
Key = {pimm1980properties}
}
@article{pimm1980food,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Food web design and the effect of species
deletion},
Journal = {Oikos},
Pages = {139--149},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1980},
Key = {pimm1980food}
}
@article{ISI:A1979HA53500061,
Author = {Lawton, JH and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Some real communities are unstable (reply)},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {279},
Number = {5716},
Pages = {822},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1979},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/279822a0},
Doi = {10.1038/279822a0},
Key = {ISI:A1979HA53500061}
}
@article{ISI:A1979HY47600003,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {The structure of food webs.},
Journal = {Theoretical Population Biology},
Volume = {16},
Number = {2},
Pages = {144-158},
Year = {1979},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0040-5809},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/538731},
Doi = {10.1016/0040-5809(79)90010-8},
Key = {ISI:A1979HY47600003}
}
@article{ISI:A1979GR81500009,
Author = {Hallett, JG and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Direct Estimation of Competition},
Journal = {The American Naturalist},
Volume = {113},
Number = {4},
Pages = {593-600},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {1979},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0003-0147},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979GR81500009&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1086/283415},
Key = {ISI:A1979GR81500009}
}
@article{ISI:A1979GN57400002,
Author = {PIMM, SL},
Title = {Sympatric speciation: a simulation model},
Journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
Volume = {11},
Number = {2},
Pages = {131-139},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
Year = {1979},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0024-4066},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00030.x},
Abstract = {A model of mating and population growth dependent on
competition that suggests circumstances under which
sympatric speciation might occur is described. The model is
similar to one in a companion paper by Rosenzweig in that a
heterozygote genotype, involving a new allele, is first
selected by virtue of its ability to exploit a new niche and
is then eliminated through competition. The superior
competitor, which eliminates the heterozygote, is the
homozygote for the new allele. For this process to occur the
heterozygote must be sufficiently fit to exploit and invade
a new niche, but not so fit that a classical polymorphism
results from heterozygous advantage. This process of
speciation is most likely to occur when there are vacant
niches. When and where these might occur are discussed.
Copyright © 1979, Wiley Blackwell. All rights
reserved},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00030.x},
Key = {ISI:A1979GN57400002}
}
@article{ISI:A1979GF69900015,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Cave Communities and Statistical Inference},
Journal = {The American Naturalist},
Volume = {113},
Number = {1},
Pages = {159-160},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {1979},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0003-0147},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979GF69900015&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1086/283375},
Key = {ISI:A1979GF69900015}
}
@article{hallett1979direct,
Author = {Hallett, J.G. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Direct estimation of competition},
Journal = {American Naturalist},
Pages = {593--600},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1979},
Key = {hallett1979direct}
}
@article{pimm1979complexity,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Complexity and stability: another look at MacArthur's
original hypothesis},
Journal = {Oikos},
Pages = {351--357},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1979},
Key = {pimm1979complexity}
}
@article{pimm1979structure,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The structure of food webs},
Journal = {Theoretical Population Biology},
Volume = {16},
Number = {2},
Pages = {144--158},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {1979},
Key = {pimm1979structure}
}
@article{pimm1979cave,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Cave Communities and Statistical Inference},
Journal = {American Naturalist},
Pages = {159--160},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1979},
Key = {pimm1979cave}
}
@article{lawton1979some,
Author = {Lawton, JH and PIMM, SL},
Title = {Some real communities are unstable (reply)},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {1979},
Key = {lawton1979some}
}
@article{ISI:A1979HV35600001,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Complexity and Stability: Another Look at MacArthur's
Original Hypothesis},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {33},
Number = {3},
Pages = {351-351},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1979},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979HV35600001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/3544322},
Key = {ISI:A1979HV35600001}
}
@article{pimm1978niche,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Niche overlaps.},
Journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
Volume = {202},
Number = {4372},
Pages = {1075-1076},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of
Science},
Year = {1978},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17777954},
Doi = {10.1126/science.202.4372.1075},
Key = {pimm1978niche}
}
@article{ISI:A1978EP71000056,
Author = {Lawton, JH and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Population dynamics and the length of food chains
(reply)},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {272},
Number = {5649},
Pages = {190},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1978},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/272190a0},
Doi = {10.1038/272190a0},
Key = {ISI:A1978EP71000056}
}
@article{ISI:A1978FS34900046,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Lawton, JH},
Title = {On feeding on more than one trophic level
[18]},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {275},
Number = {5680},
Pages = {542-544},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1978},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1978FS34900046&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {IN trying to understand the structure of ecological
communities, ecologists usually pay particular attention to
the interactions between pairs, or small groups of species1.
Questions about the 'shape' of the food webs within which
these species are embedded are much more rarely asked 2-4.
For example, what happens when a population feeds at more
than one trophic level (omnivory)? In some real food webs
there seem to be no omnivores (Fig. 1a)5; in others
omnivores are common6,7 (Fig. 1c)8. In this note we attack
the problem of omnivory using simple, linear Lotka-Volterra
models of food webs9, and show that certain patterns are
much more likely to persist on an evolutionary time scale
than others. We then compare the model predictions with real
food webs. © 1978 Nature Publishing Group.},
Doi = {10.1038/275542a0},
Key = {ISI:A1978FS34900046}
}
@article{ISI:A1978GH43900010,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {An experimental approach to the effects of predictability on
community structure},
Journal = {Integrative and Comparative Biology},
Volume = {18},
Number = {4},
Pages = {797-808},
Year = {1978},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0003-1569},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1978GH43900010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {This paper considers the effects of different levels of
resource predictability on niche widths, competition and
diversity in a community of three hummingbird species. Three
pairs of hypotheses are tested: whether decreasing
predictability (a) increases or decreases niche width, (b)
increases or decreases competition and (c) increases or
decreases diversity. The results show that complementary
increases and decreases in niche width occur with decreasing
predictability, while competition and diversity decrease, at
least with extreme unpredictability. A model, which assumes
the species to have similar resource preferences, and its
predictions are examined.The dominant species, Lampornis
clemenciae, excludes a subordinate species, Archilochus
alexandri, from preferred resources. This defense becomes
unprofitable with decreasing predictability and Archilochus
invades the resources once vigorously defended by Lampornis.
When the spectrum of resources is altered in the direction
of decreasing suitability for both species, Lampornis
becomes even more specialized and sensitive to the effects
of unpredictability. A third species, Eugenes fulgens,
steals resources undefended by Lampornis. These
characteristics seem to be common to a number of communities
in very different taxonomic groups, and characteristic of
communities in which species share a common preferred
resource. The question of how a community organized with
distinct resource preferences responds to decreasing
predictability remains open. © 1978 American Society of
Zoologists.},
Doi = {10.1093/icb/18.4.797},
Key = {ISI:A1978GH43900010}
}
@article{lawton1978population,
Author = {Saunders, PT and Lawton, JH and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Population dynamics and the length of food
chains},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {272},
Number = {5649},
Pages = {189-190},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {1978},
Key = {lawton1978population}
}
@article{pimm1978feeding,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Lawton, JH},
Title = {On feeding on more than one trophic level},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {275},
Number = {5680},
Pages = {542-544},
Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
Year = {1978},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/275542a0},
Doi = {10.1038/275542a0},
Key = {pimm1978feeding}
}
@article{ISI:A1977DP39300034,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Lawton, JH},
Title = {Number of trophic levels in ecological communities},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {268},
Number = {5618},
Pages = {329-331},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1977},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0028-0836},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/268329a0},
Abstract = {ECOLOGICAL food chains are typically short, consisting of
not more than four or five trophic levels. This is usually
explained by a reduction in the energy which is available to
successive links in the food chain1,2. In contrast, we
believe that the number of trophic levels is constrained by
population dynamics and not by ecological energetics. ©
1977 Nature Publishing Group.},
Doi = {10.1038/268329a0},
Key = {ISI:A1977DP39300034}
}
@article{ISI:A1976BV81100029,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Existence Metabolism},
Journal = {The Condor},
Volume = {78},
Number = {1},
Pages = {121-124},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
Year = {1976},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0010-5422},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1976BV81100029&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/1366939},
Key = {ISI:A1976BV81100029}
}
@article{raitt1976dynamics,
Author = {Raitt, R.J. and Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Dynamics of bird communities in the Chihuahuan Desert, New
Mexico},
Journal = {The Condor},
Volume = {78},
Number = {4},
Pages = {427--442},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1976},
Key = {raitt1976dynamics}
}
@article{crowell1976competition,
Author = {Crowell, K.L. and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Competition and niche shifts of mice introduced onto small
islands},
Journal = {Oikos},
Pages = {251--258},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1976},
Key = {crowell1976competition}
}
@article{pimm1976estimation,
Author = {Pimm, S.},
Title = {Estimation of the duration of bird molt},
Journal = {The Condor},
Volume = {78},
Number = {4},
Pages = {550--550},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1976},
Key = {pimm1976estimation}
}
@article{ISI:A1976CZ88000001,
Author = {Raitt, RJ and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Dynamics of Bird Communities in the Chihuahuan Desert, New
Mexico},
Journal = {The Condor},
Volume = {78},
Number = {4},
Pages = {427-427},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1976},
ISSN = {0010-5422},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1976CZ88000001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/1367091},
Key = {ISI:A1976CZ88000001}
}
@article{ISI:A1976BU82800007,
Author = {Crowell, KL and Pimm, SL},
Title = {Competition and Niche Shifts of Mice Introduced onto Small
Islands},
Journal = {Oikos},
Volume = {27},
Number = {2},
Pages = {251-251},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {1976},
ISSN = {0030-1299},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1976BU82800007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.2307/3543903},
Key = {ISI:A1976BU82800007}
}
@article{ISI:A1976CZ88000014,
Author = {PIMM, S},
Title = {ESTIMATION OF DURATION OF BIRD MOLT},
Journal = {The Condor},
Volume = {78},
Number = {4},
Pages = {550},
Year = {1976},
ISSN = {0010-5422},
Key = {ISI:A1976CZ88000014}
}
@article{ISI:A1973R702400003,
Author = {PIMM, SL},
Title = {MOLT OF EUROPEAN WHITETHROAT},
Journal = {The Condor},
Volume = {75},
Number = {4},
Pages = {386-391},
Year = {1973},
ISSN = {0010-5422},
Key = {ISI:A1973R702400003}
}
@article{ISI:A1972M783100009,
Author = {PIMM, SL},
Title = {MOLT IN SWALLOW},
Journal = {Bird Study},
Volume = {19},
Number = {2},
Pages = {116-\&},
Year = {1972},
ISSN = {0006-3657},
Key = {ISI:A1972M783100009}
}
@article{fds326649,
Author = {Pimm, SL},
Title = {Food of the Common gull on grassland in autumn and
winter},
Journal = {Bird Study},
Volume = {17},
Number = {1},
Pages = {36-51},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {1970},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063657009476253},
Doi = {10.1080/00063657009476253},
Key = {fds326649}
}
%% Chapters in Books
@misc{fds367676,
Author = {Pimm, S},
Title = {‘Putting Nature Back Together Again’: Stuart Pimm in
Conversation},
Pages = {91-110},
Booktitle = {Animals, Plants And Afterimages: The Art and Science of
Representing Extinction},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781800734258},
Key = {fds367676}
}
@misc{fds354292,
Author = {Pimm, SL and Raven, PH},
Title = {The state of the world’s biodiversity},
Pages = {80-112},
Booktitle = {Biological Extinction: New Perspectives},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781108482288},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108668675.006},
Abstract = {In this chapter, we ask several simple questions. How many
species are there, both named and unnamed? How fast are
species now going extinct? How fast do species go extinct
normally? And how fast do they diversify and thus might be
able to recover from the current massive losses? Finally,
where are extinctions concentrated, and how can we use this
information to prevent extinctions? This deceptively simple
question has a rich - and even theological - pedigree.
Westwood (1833) speculated ‘On the probable number of
species of insects in the Creation’.},
Doi = {10.1017/9781108668675.006},
Key = {fds354292}
}
@misc{fds340872,
Author = {Finer, M and Jenkins, CN and Pimm, SL and Keane, B and Ross,
C},
Title = {Threats from oil and gas projects in the western
amazon},
Pages = {146-158},
Booktitle = {Recent Advances and Issues in Environmental
Science},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781926692708},
Abstract = {The western Amazon is the most biologically rich part of the
Amazon basin and is home to a great diversity of indigenous
ethnic groups, including some of the world’s last
uncontacted peoples living in voluntary isolation. Unlike
the eastern Brazilian Amazon, it is still a largely intact
ecosystem. Underlying this landscape are large reserves of
oil and gas, many yet untapped. The growing global demand is
leading to unprecedented exploration and development in the
region.},
Key = {fds340872}
}
%% Book Reviews
@article{fds153488,
Author = {S.L. Pimm},
Title = {Where the wild things were.},
Journal = {Nature},
Volume = {457},
Number = {275-276},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds153488}
}
%% Books Published
@misc{fds49459,
Author = {S.L. Pimm},
Title = {Food Webs (with a new Forward).},
Publisher = {Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds49459}
}
@book{pimm2002sparrow,
Author = {Pimm, S.L. and julie L. Lockwood and Jenkins, C.N. and Curnutt, J.L. and Nott, M.P. and Powell, R.D. and Bass, O.L. and United States. National Park Service. Everglades
National Park},
Title = {Sparrow in the grass: a report on the first ten years of
research on the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus
maritimus mirabilis)},
Publisher = {Everglades National Park},
Year = {2002},
Key = {pimm2002sparrow}
}
@book{pimm2002food,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {Food webs},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {2002},
Key = {pimm2002food}
}
@book{pimm2001world,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The world according to Pimm: a scientist audits the
earth},
Publisher = {McGraw-Hill Professional},
Year = {2001},
Key = {pimm2001world}
}
@misc{fds49491,
Author = {S.L. Pimm},
Title = {The World According to Pimm: a Scientist Audits the
Earth},
Pages = {304},
Publisher = {New York: McGraw Hill},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds49491}
}
@book{ehrlich1993guide,
Author = {Ehrlich, P.R. and Dobkin, D.S. and Wheye, D. and Pimm, S.L. and Kelly, J. and Stanford University. Center for
Conservation Biology},
Title = {A Guide to the Natural History of the Birds of St. Lawrence
Island, Alaska},
Publisher = {Center for Conservation Biology, Dept. of Biological
Sciences, Stanford University},
Year = {1993},
Key = {ehrlich1993guide}
}
@book{pimm1991balance,
Author = {Pimm, S.L.},
Title = {The balance of nature?: ecological issues in the
conservation of species and communities},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {1991},
Key = {pimm1991balance}
}
@book{witteman1990decline,
Author = {Witteman, G.J. and Beck, R.E.J. and Pimm, S.L. and Derrickson, S.R.},
Title = {The decline and restoration of the guam rail, Rallus
owstoi},
Year = {1990},
Key = {witteman1990decline}
}
@book{raitt1974jornada,
Author = {Raitt, R.J. and Pimm, S.L. and Colorado State University.
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory and US International
Biological Program. Grassland Biome},
Title = {Jornada Bird Censuses, 1972},
Publisher = {Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State
University},
Year = {1974},
Key = {raitt1974jornada}
}
%% Other
@phdthesis{brooks1998predicting,
Author = {Brooks, T.M.},
Title = {Predicting bird extinctions following tropical
deforestation},
Organization = {University of Tennessee, Knoxville},
Institution = {University of Tennessee, Knoxville},
Year = {1998},
Key = {brooks1998predicting}
}
%% Book Chapters
@misc{fds213979,
Author = {S.L. Pimm},
Title = {Observation and policy: the importance of being
there.},
Booktitle = {In R. Sagarin and A. Pauchnard, (Eds.) Observation and
Ecology: Broadening the Scopeof Science to Understand a
Complex World. Island Press.},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds213979}
}
@misc{fds213388,
Author = {S.L. Pimm},
Title = {Forward},
Booktitle = {Scott Leslie —100 Under 100: the Race to Save the
World’s Rarest Living Things},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds213388}
}
@misc{fds214193,
Author = {S.L. Pimm},
Title = {Getting close},
Booktitle = {In J. Brockman (ed). Is the Internet Changing the Way You
Think? The Net’s Impact on Our Minds and Future.
Harper.},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds214193}
}
@misc{fds186369,
Author = {S.L. Pimm and C. N. Jenkins},
Title = {Extinctions and the practice of preventing
them},
Booktitle = {. In Conservation Biology for All, N. S. Sodhi and P. R.
Ehrlich (eds). Oxford University Press.},
Year = {2010},
Key = {fds186369}
}
@misc{fds153480,
Author = {S.L. Pimm},
Title = {Letters to my grandchildren and great-grandchildren.},
Booktitle = {In Wallace, M., The way we will be 50 years from today.
Thomas Nelson Pub.},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds153480}
}
@misc{fds153486,
Author = {Pimm, S and L., M.A. S. Alves and E. Chivian and A.
Bernstein},
Title = {What is biodiversity?},
Booktitle = {E. Chivian and A. Bernstein (eds). Sustaining Life: How
Human Health Depends on Biodiversity. Oxford University
Press.},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds153486}
}
@misc{fds69309,
Author = {Van Houtan and K. S. and Pimm, S. L.},
Title = {The Christian ethics of species conservation},
Pages = {116-147},
Booktitle = {Religion and the New Ecology: Environmental Prudence in a
World in Flux},
Publisher = {University of Notre Dame Press, South Bend,
IN},
Editor = {D. M. Lodge and C. Hamlin},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds69309}
}
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