H. Frederik Nijhout, John Franklin Crowell Distinguished Professor of Biology

H. Frederik Nijhout

Please note: H. has left the "CNCS: Center for nonlinear and complex systems" group at Duke University; some info here might not be up to date.

Fred Nijhout is broadly interested in developmental physiology and in the interactions between development and evolution. He has several lines of research ongoing in his laboratory that on the surface may look independent from one another, but all share a conceptual interest in understanding how complex traits arise through, and are affected by, the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. 1) The control of polyphenic development in insects. This work attempts to understand how the insect developmental hormones, ecdysone and juvenile hormone, act to control alternative developmental pathways within a single individual. His studies and those of his students have dealt with the control of sequential polyphenism in metamorphosis, of alternate polyphenisms in caste determination of social insects and the many seasonal forms of insects. 2) The regulation of organ and body size in insects. Ongoing research deals with the mechanism by which insects asses their body size and stop growing when they have achieved a characteristic size. Other studies deal with the control of growth and size of imaginal disks. This work is revealing that the control of body and organ size does not reside in any specific cellular or molecular mechanism but that it is a systems property in which cellular, physiological and environmental signals all contribute in inextricable ways to produce the final phenotype. 3) The development and evolution of color patterns in Lepidoptera. Ongoing research attempts to elucidate the evolution of mimicry using genetic and genomic approaches. 4) The development, genetics and evolution of complex traits. Complex traits are those whose variation is affected by many genes and environmental factors and whose inheritance does not follow Mendel’s laws. In practice this involves understanding how genetic and developmental networks operate when there is allelic variation in their genes. This work attempts to reconstruct complex traits through mathematical models of the genetic and developmental processes by which they originate, and uses these models to study the effects of mutation and selection. Currently metabolic networks are being used to develop a deeper understanding of the functional relationships between genetic variation and trait variation, and of the mechanisms by which genetic and environmental variables interact to produce phenotypes. More on web page: http://www.biology.duke.edu/nijhout/

Office Location:  322 Bio Sci Bldg, Durham, NC 27708
Office Phone:  (919) 684-2793
Email Address: send me a message
Web Page:  http://www.biology.duke.edu/nijhout/

Teaching (Spring 2024):

Teaching (Fall 2024):

Education:

Ph.D.Harvard University1974
M.A.Harvard University1972
B.S.University of Notre Dame1970
Specialties:

Developmental Biology
Evolution
Genetics
Organismal Biology and Behavior
Research Interests: Developmental physiology/development and evolution

Fred Nijhout is broadly interested in developmental physiology and in the interactions between development and evolution. He has several lines of research ongoing in his laboratory that on the surface may look independent from one another, but all share a conceptual interest in understanding how complex traits arise through, and are affected by, the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. 1) The control of polyphenic development in insects. This work attempts to understand how the insect developmental hormones, ecdysone and juvenile hormone, act to control alternative developmental pathways within a single individual. His studies and those of his students have dealt with the control of sequential polyphenism in metamorphosis, of alternate polyphenisms in caste determination of social insects and the many seasonal forms of insects. 2) The regulation of organ and body size in insects. Ongoing research deals with the mechanism by which insects asses their body size and stop growing when they have achieved a characteristic size. Other studies deal with the control of growth and size of imaginal disks. This work is revealing that the control of body and organ size does not reside in any specific cellular or molecular mechanism but that it is a systems property in which cellular, physiological and environmental signals all contribute in inextricable ways to produce the final phenotype. 3) The development and evolution of color patterns in Lepidoptera. Ongoing research attempts to elucidate the evolution of mimicry using genetic and genomic approaches. 4) The development, genetics and evolution of complex traits. Complex traits are those whose variation is affected by many genes and environmental factors and whose inheritance does not follow Mendel’s laws. In practice this involves understanding how genetic and developmental networks operate when there is allelic variation in their genes. This work attempts to reconstruct complex traits through mathematical models of the genetic and developmental processes by which they originate, and uses these models to study the effects of mutation and selection. Currently metabolic networks (e.g. folate metabolism) are being used to develop a deeper understanding of the functional relationships between genetic variation and trait variation, and of the mechanisms by which genetic and environmental variables interact to produce phenotypes. More on web page: http://www.biology.duke.edu/nijhout/

Keywords:

Abdomen • Abscisic Acid • Acetaminophen • Acetylcholinesterase • Actins • Action Potentials • Adaptation, Biological • Adaptation, Physiological • Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing • Adenosine • Adolescent • Adult • Aedes • Aging • Algorithms • Alleles • Allosteric Regulation • Allosteric Site • Amaranth Dye • Analysis of Variance • Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena • Animals • Anopheles • Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal • Antidepressive Agents • Antioxidants • Ants • Arsenic • Autistic Disorder • Autoreceptors • Bangladesh • Bees • Beetles • Behavior, Animal • Betaine • Biochemistry • Biological Evolution • Biological Markers • Biological Transport • Biomass • Biometry • Body Constitution • Body Patterning • Body Size • Body Weight • Body Weights and Measures • Brain • Butterflies • Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins • Carbohydrates • Carbon • Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases • Carrier Proteins • Case-Control Studies • Cautery • cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae • Cell Count • Cell Death • Cell Differentiation • Cell Division • Cell Membrane • Cell Nucleus • Cell Proliferation • Cell Size • Cell Survival • Cells • Central Nervous System • Chemotactic Factors • Child • Child, Preschool • Choline • Chromosome Mapping • Classification • Cloaca • Cold Temperature • Color • Computational Biology • Computational neuroscience • Computer Simulation • Contraceptives, Oral • Cooperative Behavior • Cystathionine • Cystathionine beta-Synthase • Cysteine • Cytoplasm • Cytosol • Data Interpretation, Statistical • Developmental Biology • Diet • Dietary Supplements • Diffusion • Dinitrophenols • Diptera • DNA Damage • DNA Methylation • DNA Modification Methylases • DNA Repair • DNA, Neoplasm • DNA-Binding Proteins • Dopamine • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug • Down Syndrome • Drosophila • Drosophila melanogaster • Drosophila Proteins • Ecdysone • Ecdysterone • Ecology • Electric Stimulation • Electron Transport Complex IV • Embryonic and Fetal Development • Embryonic Development • Energy Intake • Energy Metabolism • Environment • Enzymes • Epigenesis, Genetic • Evolution • Evolution, Molecular • Exocrine Glands • Extracellular Space • Extremities • Feedback • Feedback, Physiological • Feeding Behavior • Female • Fertility • Flavins • Fluoxetine • Folic Acid • Folic Acid Deficiency • Food • Food Deprivation • Formate-Tetrahydrofolate Ligase • Gene Expression • Gene Expression Profiling • Gene Expression Regulation • Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial • Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental • Gene Knockdown Techniques • Gene Silencing • Gene Targeting • Genes • Genes, Dominant • Genes, Homeobox • Genes, Insect • Genes, Regulator • Genetic Code • Genetic Predisposition to Disease • Genetic Variation • Genitalia • Genome, Bacterial • Genome, Insect • Genomics • Genotype • Geography • Glucose • Glucuronides • Glutathione • Glycine • Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase • Growth • Growth and Development • Growth Substances • Guanine • Hair • Half-Life • Head • Hemiptera • Hemolymph • Hepatocytes • Heterozygote • Hippurates • Homeodomain Proteins • Homeostasis • Homocysteine • Hot Temperature • Humans • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration • Hydrolases • Immunohistochemistry • Infant • Inflammation • Inheritance Patterns • Injections • Insect Hormones • Insect Proteins • Insect Vectors • Insects • Insemination • Insulin • Intestines • Invertebrate Hormones • Juvenile Hormones • Kinetics • Kynurenic Acid • Kynurenine • Larva • Lepidoptera • Levodopa • LIM-Homeodomain Proteins • Linear Models • Linkage Disequilibrium • Lipid Metabolism • Liver • Longevity • Male • Malpighian Tubules • Manduca • MAP Kinase Signaling System • Mathematics • Medial Forebrain Bundle • Melanins • Metabolic Detoxication, Drug • Metabolic Networks and Pathways • Metabolome • Metamorphosis • Metamorphosis, Biological • Methionine • Methoprene • Methotrexate • Methylation • Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) • Methyltransferases • Mice • Mice, Knockout • Microscopy, Confocal • Microscopy, Electron • Microvilli • Mitochondria • Mitochondria, Liver • Models, Biological • Models, Chemical • Models, Genetic • Models, Neurological • Models, Statistical • Models, Theoretical • Molecular Biology • Molecular Epidemiology • Molecular Sequence Data • Molting • Morphogenesis • Moths • Movement • Multigene Family • Muscles • Muser Mentor • Mutation • Neoplasms • Neural Tube Defects • Neurons • Neuropeptides • Neurosecretory Systems • Nonlinear Dynamics • Nutrition • Nutrition Surveys • Nutritional Physiological Phenomena • Nutritional Status • Oligopeptides • One-Carbon Group Transferases • Organ Culture Techniques • Organ Size • Organ Specificity • ortho-Aminobenzoates • Osmolar Concentration • Oxidative Stress • Oxygen • Oxygen Consumption • Phenothiazines • Phenotype • Phosphofructokinases • Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide Formyltransferase • Photic Stimulation • Pigmentation • Pigments, Biological • Plants • Polymorphism, Genetic • Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide • Polyploidy • Presynaptic Terminals • Promoter Regions, Genetic • Prostaglandins • Protein Binding • Proteins • Proto-Oncogene Proteins • Pupa • Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid • Quantitative Trait Loci • Quantitative Trait, Heritable • Raphe Nuclei • Rats • Receptor, Insulin • Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A • Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B • Receptors, Notch • Regression Analysis • Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional • Reproducibility of Results • Respiration • Rhodobacter capsulatus • RNA, Messenger • S-Adenosylhomocysteine • S-Adenosylmethionine • Saccharomyces cerevisiae • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins • Sarcosine • Seasons • Selection, Genetic • Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid • Serine • Serotonin • Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins • Serotonin Receptor Agonists • Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors • Sex Characteristics • Signal Transduction • Sirolimus • Skin Physiological Phenomena • Skin Transplantation • Social Dominance • Species Specificity • Spermatogenesis • Spermatozoa • Starvation • Steroids • Stochastic differential equations • Stochastic Processes • Substrate Specificity • Synapses • Synaptic Transmission • Systems Biology • Temperature • Terminology as Topic • Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase • Tetrahydrofolates • Thymidine Monophosphate • Thymidylate Synthase • Time Factors • Tissue Extracts • Transaminases • Transcription Factors • Transcription, Genetic • Transcriptional Activation • Transplantation, Autologous • Trehalose • Tretinoin • Tryptophan • Tryptophan Hydroxylase • Tryptophan Oxygenase • Tumor Markers, Biological • Tyrosine • Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase • United States • Up-Regulation • Vacuoles • Vitamin B 12 Deficiency • Vitamin B 6 Deficiency • Vitamin B Complex • Vitamins • Water • Wing • Wnt1 Protein • Young Adult

Current Ph.D. Students  

    Representative Publications

    1. Nijhout, HF; German, RZ, Developmental causes of allometry: new models and implications for phenotypic plasticity and evolution., Integrative and comparative biology, vol. 52 no. 1 (July, 2012), pp. 43-52, ISSN 1557-7023 [22634387], [doi]  [abs]
    2. Ben Shachar, R; Chen, Y; Luo, S; Hartman, C; Reed, M; Nijhout, HF, The biochemistry of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and rescue: a mathematical model, Theoretical Biology and Medical Modeling, vol. 9 (2012), pp. 55 [23249634], [doi]  [abs]
    3. Duncan, TM; Reed, MC; Nijhout, HF, The relationship between intracellular and plasma levels of folate and metabolites in the methionine cycle: a model., Molecular nutrition & food research, vol. 57 no. 4 (April, 2013), pp. 628-636, ISSN 1613-4125 [23143835], [doi]  [abs]
    4. Hines, HM; Papa, R; Ruiz, M; Papanicolaou, A; Wang, C; Nijhout, HF; McMillan, WO; Reed, RD, Transcriptome analysis reveals novel patterning and pigmentation genes underlying Heliconius butterfly wing pattern variation., BMC Genomics., vol. 13:288 (June, 2012), pp. 288, ISSN 1471-2164 [22747837], [doi]  [abs]
    5. Cho, EH; Nijhout, HF, Development of polyploidy of scale-building cells in the wings of Manduca sexta., Arthropod structure & development, vol. 42 no. 1 (January, 2013), pp. 37-46, ISSN 1873-5495 [23017249], [doi]  [abs]
    6. Davidowitz, G; Nijhout, HF; Roff, DA, Predicting the response to simultaneous selection: genetic architecture and physiological constraints., Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, vol. 66 no. 9 (September, 2012), pp. 2916-2928, ISSN 1558-5646 [22946812], [doi]  [abs]
    7. Callier, V; Nijhout, HF, Supply-side constraints are insufficient to explain the ontogenetic scaling of metabolic rate in the tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta., PloS one, vol. 7 no. 9 (January, 2012), pp. e45455, ISSN 1932-6203 [23029018], [doi]  [abs]
    8. Reed, M; Nijhout, HF; Best, J, Mathematical insights into the effects of levodopa, Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, vol. 6 (2012), pp. 1-24, ISSN 1662-5145 [22783173], [doi]  [abs]
    9. Padmanabha, H; Correa, F; Legros, M; Nijhout, HF; Lord, C; Lounibos, LP, An eco-physiological model of the impact of temperature on Aedes aegypti life history traits., Journal of insect physiology, vol. 58 no. 12 (December, 2012), pp. 1597-1608, ISSN 1879-1611 [23068992], [doi]  [abs]
    10. Geenen, S; du Preez, FB; Reed, M; Nijhout, HF; Kenna, JG; Wilson, ID; Westerhoff, HV; Snoep, JL, A mathematical modelling approach to assessing the reliability of biomarkers of glutathione metabolism., European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 46 no. 4 (July, 2012), pp. 233-243, ISSN 1879-0720 [21888969], [doi]  [abs]
    11. Obeid, R; Hartmuth, K; Herrmann, W; Gortner, L; Rohrer, TR; Geisel, J; Reed, MC; Nijhout, HF, Blood biomarkers of methylation in Down syndrome and metabolic simulations using a mathematical model., Molecular nutrition & food research, vol. 56 no. 10 (October, 2012), pp. 1582-1589, ISSN 1613-4133 [22930479], [doi]  [abs]
    12. Callier, V; Nijhout, HF, Control of body size by oxygen supply reveals size-dependent and size-independent mechanisms of molting and metamorphosis., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108 no. 35 (August, 2011), pp. 14664-14669 [21873228], [doi]  [abs]
    13. Reed, RD; Papa, R; Martin, A; Hines, HM; Counterman, BA; Pardo Diaz, C; Jiggins, CD; Chamberlain, NL; Kronforst, MR; Chen, R; Halder, G; Nijhout, HF; McMillan, WO, optix Drives the Repeated Convergent Evolution of Butterfly Wing Pattern Mimicry, Science, vol. 333 no. 6046 (August, 2011), pp. 1137-1141 [21778360], [doi]  [abs]
    14. Nijhout, HF, Dependence of morphometric allometries on the growth kinetics of body parts., Journal of theoretical biology, vol. 288 (November, 2011), pp. 35-43 [21864540], [doi]  [abs]
    15. Lawley, SD; Cinderella, M; Hall, MN; Gamble, MV; Nijhout, HF; Reed, MC, Mathematical model insights into arsenic detoxification., Theoretical biology & medical modelling, vol. 8 (August, 2011), pp. 31, ISSN 1742-4682 [21871107], [doi]  [abs]
    16. Moczek, AP; Sultan, S; Foster, S; Ledón-Rettig, C; Dworkin, I; Nijhout, HF; Abouheif, E; Pfennig, DW, The role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary innovation., Proceedings. Biological sciences, vol. 278 no. 1719 (September, 2011), pp. 2705-2713 [21676977], [doi]  [abs]
    17. Best, J; Nijhout, HF; Reed, M, Bursts and the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors., Pharmacopsychiatry, vol. 44 Suppl 1 (May, 2011), pp. S76-S83 [21547871], [doi]  [abs]
    18. Neuhouser, ML; Nijhout, HF; Gregory, JF; Reed, MC; James, SJ; Liu, A; Shane, B; Ulrich, CM, Mathematical modeling predicts the effect of folate deficiency and excess on cancer-related biomarkers., Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, vol. 20 no. 9 (September, 2011), pp. 1912-1917 [21752986], [doi]  [abs]
    19. Nijhout, HF; Grunert, LW, The cellular and physiological mechanism of wing-body scaling in Manduca sexta., Science (New York, N.Y.), vol. 330 no. 6011 (December, 2010), pp. 1693-1695 [21109634], [doi]  [abs]
    20. Tobler, A; Nijhout, HF, Developmental constraints on the evolution of wing-body allometry in Manduca sexta, Evolution & Development, vol. 12 no. 6 (November, 2010), pp. 57-66 [21040425], [doi]  [abs]
    21. Nijhout, HF, Molecular and Physiological Basis of Colour Pattern Formation, vol. 38 no. C (January, 2010), pp. 219-265, Elsevier, ISSN 0065-2806 [Gateway.cgi], [doi]  [abs]
    22. Best, J; Nijhout, HF; Reed, M, Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in terminals: a mathematical model., Theoretical biology & medical modelling, vol. 7 (August, 2010), pp. 34 [20723248], [doi]  [abs]
    23. Frederik Nijhout, H, Photoperiodism in Insects: Effects on Morphology, in Photoperiodism: The Biological Calendar, edited by Nelson RJ, Denlinger DL and Somers DE (May, 2010), pp. 318-341, Oxford University Press [doi]  [abs]
    24. Reed, MC; Lieb, A; Nijhout, HF, The biological significance of substrate inhibition: a mechanism with diverse functions., BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, vol. 32 no. 5 (May, 2010), pp. 422-429 [20414900], [doi]  [abs]
    25. Tobler, A; Nijhout, HF, A switch in the control of growth of the wing imaginal disks of Manduca sexta, PLoS ONE, vol. 5 no. 5 (2010), pp. e10723, ISSN 1932-6203 [20502707], [doi]  [abs]
    26. Best, J; Reed, M; Nijhout, HF, Models of dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling., Pharmacopsychiatry, vol. 43 Suppl 1 (May, 2010), pp. S61-S66 [20480448], [doi]  [abs]
    27. Diamond, SE; Hawkins, SD; Nijhout, HF; Kingsolver, JG, Evolutionary divergence of field and laboratory populations of Manduca sexta in response to host-plant quality, Ecological Entomology, vol. 35 no. 2 (April, 2010), pp. 166-174, WILEY, ISSN 0307-6946 [doi]  [abs]
    28. Nijhout, HF; Roff, DA; Davidowitz, G, Conflicting processes in the evolution of body size and development time., Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, vol. 365 no. 1540 (February, 2010), pp. 567-575 [20083633], [doi]  [abs]
    29. Bowsher, JH; Nijhout, HF, Partial co-option of the appendage patterning pathway in the development of abdominal appendages in the sepsid fly Themira biloba., Development genes and evolution, vol. 219 no. 11-12 (December, 2009), pp. 577-587 [20182886], [doi]  [abs]
    30. Thomas, DC; Conti, DV; Baurley, J; Nijhout, F; Reed, M; Ulrich, CM, Use of pathway information in molecular epidemiology., Human genomics, vol. 4 no. 1 (October, 2009), pp. 21-42, Springer Nature, ISSN 1479-7364 [doi]  [abs]
    31. Nijhout, HF; Gregory, JF; Fitzpatrick, C; Cho, E; Lamers, KY; Ulrich, CM; Reed, MC, A mathematical model gives insights into the effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency on 1-carbon and glutathione metabolism., The Journal of nutrition, vol. 139 no. 4 (April, 2009), pp. 784-791 [19244383], [doi]  [abs]
    32. Howell, AS; Savage, NS; Johnson, SA; Bose, I; Wagner, AW; Zyla, TR; Nijhout, HF; Reed, MC; Goryachev, AB; Lew, DJ, Singularity in polarization: rewiring yeast cells to make two buds., Cell, vol. 139 no. 4 (November, 2009), pp. 731-743 [19914166], [doi]  [abs]
    33. Nijhout, HF, Developmental phenotypic landscapes, Evolutionary Biology, vol. 35 no. 2 (June, 2008), pp. 100-103, Springer Nature, ISSN 0071-3260 [doi]
    34. Nijhout, HF; Suzuki, Y, Environment and genetic accommodation., Biological Theory, vol. 3 no. 1-9 (2009)
    35. Suzuki Y, Nijhout HF, Genetic basis of adaptive evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 21 (January, 2008), pp. 57-66
    36. Best, J; Nijhout, HF; Reed, M, Homeostatic mechanisms in dopamine synthesis and release: a mathematical model., Theoretical Biology and Medical Modeling, vol. 6 (2009), pp. 21 [19740446], [doi]  [abs]
    37. Nijhout HF, Reed MC, A mathematical model for the regulation of juvenile hormone titers, J. Insect Physiology, vol. 54 (January, 2008), pp. 255-264
    38. Reed, MC; Best, J; Nijhout, HF, Passive and active stabilization of dopamine in the striatum, Bioscience Hypotheses, vol. 2 no. 4 (June, 2009), pp. 240-244, Elsevier BV, ISSN 1756-2392 [doi]  [abs]
    39. Leduc, D; Escartin, F; Nijhout, HF; Reed, MC; Liebl, U; Skouloubris, S; Myllykallio, H, Flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase ThyX activity: implications for the folate cycle in bacteria., Journal of bacteriology, vol. 189 no. 23 (December, 2007), pp. 8537-8545 [17890305], [doi]  [abs]
    40. Suzuki, Y; Nijhout, HF, Constraint and developmental dissociation of phenotypic integration in a genetically accommodated trait., Evolution & development, vol. 10 no. 6 (November, 2008), pp. 690-699 [19021739], [doi]  [abs]
    41. Reed, RD; Chen, PH; Nijhout, HF, Cryptic variation in butterfly eyespot development: the importance of sample size in gene expression studies, Evolution & Development, vol. 9 no. 1 (2007), pp. 2-9, ISSN 1520-541X [Gateway.cgi], [doi]  [abs]
    42. Nijhout, HF, Size matters (but so does time), and it's OK to be different., Developmental cell, vol. 15 no. 4 (October, 2008), pp. 491-492 [18854132], [doi]  [abs]
    43. Nijhout, HF; Smith, WA; Schachar, I; Subramanian, S; Tobler, A; Grunert, LW, The control of growth and differentiation of the wing imaginal disks of Manduca sexta., Developmental biology, vol. 302 no. 2 (February, 2007), pp. 569-576, ISSN 0012-1606 [17112498], [doi]  [abs]
    44. Nijhout, HF; Reed, M; Ulrich, C, Mathematical models of one-carbon metabolism, Vitamins and Hormones, vol. 79 (September, 2008), pp. 45-82
    45. Shingleton, AW; Frankino, WA; Flatt, T; Nijhout, HF; Emlen, DJ, Size and shape: the developmental regulation of static allometry in insects., BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, vol. 29 no. 6 (June, 2007), pp. 536-548, ISSN 0265-9247 [17508394], [doi]  [abs]
    46. Ulrich, CM; Reed, MC; Nijhout, HF, Modeling folate, one-carbon metabolism, and DNA methylation., Nutrition reviews, vol. 66 Suppl 1 (August, 2008), pp. S27-S30 [18673484], [doi]
    47. Brandon, R.N. and Nijhout, H.F., The empirical non-equivalence of genic and genotypic models of selection: A decisive refutation of genic selectionism and pluralistic genic selectionism., Philosophy of Science, vol. 73 (2007), pp. 277-297
    48. Ulrich, CM; Neuhouser, M; Liu, AY; Boynton, A; Gregory, JF; Shane, B; James, SJ; Reed, MC; Nijhout, HF, Mathematical modeling of folate metabolism: predicted effects of genetic polymorphisms on mechanisms and biomarkers relevant to carcinogenesis., Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, vol. 17 no. 7 (July, 2008), pp. 1822-1831, ISSN 1055-9965 [18628437], [doi]  [abs]
    49. Bowsher, JH; Nijhout, HF, Evolution of novel abdominal appendages in a sepsid fly from histoblasts, not imaginal discs., Evolution & development, vol. 9 no. 4 (July, 2007), pp. 347-354, ISSN 1520-541X [17651359], [doi]  [abs]
    50. Reed, MC; Thomas, RL; Pavisic, J; James, SJ; Ulrich, CM; Nijhout, HF, A mathematical model of glutathione metabolism., Theoretical biology & medical modelling, vol. 5 no. 8 (April, 2008), pp. 8 [18442411], [doi]  [abs]
    51. Anderson, DF; Mattingly, JC; Nijhout, HF; Reed, MC, Propagation of fluctuations in biochemical systems, I: linear SSC networks., Bulletin of mathematical biology, vol. 69 no. 6 (August, 2007), pp. 1791-1813, Springer Nature, ISSN 0092-8240 [17457656], [doi]  [abs]
    52. Suzuki, Y; Nijhout, HF, Genetic basis of adaptive evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation., Journal of evolutionary biology, vol. 21 no. 1 (January, 2008), pp. 57-66 [18034806], [doi]  [abs]
    53. Nijhout, HF; Reed, MC, A mathematical model for the regulation of juvenile hormone titers., Journal of insect physiology, vol. 54 no. 1 (January, 2008), pp. 255-264, ISSN 0022-1910 [18022634], [doi]  [abs]
    54. Nijhout, HF; Reed, MC; Ulrich, CM, A day in the life of cell metabolism., Biological Theory (in press) (2007)
    55. H.F. Nijhout, Stochastic gene expression: dominance, thresholds and boundaries., in Dominance and Haploinsufficiency, edited by Veitia, R.A. (2006), pp. 61-75, Landes Press
    56. Nijhout, HF; Reed, MC; Lam, S-L; Shane, B; Gregory, JF; Ulrich, CM, In silico experimentation with a model of hepatic mitochondrial folate metabolism., Theoretical biology & medical modelling, vol. 3 (December, 2006), pp. 40 [17150100], [doi]  [abs]
    57. Suzuki, Y; Nijhout, HF, Evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation., Science (New York, N.Y.), vol. 311 no. 5761 (February, 2006), pp. 650-652 [16456077], [doi]  [abs]
    58. Nijhout, HF; Reed, MC; Anderson, DF; Mattingly, JC; James, SJ; Ulrich, CM, Long-Range Allosteric Interactions between the Folate and Methionine Cycles Stabilize DNA Methylation Reaction Rate, Epigenetics, vol. 1 no. 2 (2006), pp. 115-115, ISSN 1559-2294 [17998813], [doi]  [abs]
    59. Davidowitz, G; Roff, DA; Nijhout, HF, A physiological perspective on the response of body size and development time to simultaneous directional selection., Integrative and comparative biology, vol. 45 no. 3 (June, 2005), pp. 525-531, ISSN 1540-7063 [21676797], [doi]  [abs]
    60. Boyles, AL; Billups, AV; Deak, KL; Siegel, DG; Mehltretter, L; Slifer, SH; Bassuk, AG; Kessler, JA; Reed, MC; Nijhout, HF; George, TM; Enterline, DS; Gilbert, JR; Speer, MC; NTD Collaborative Group, , Neural tube defects and folate pathway genes: family-based association tests of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions., Environ Health Perspect, vol. 114 no. 10 (October, 2006), pp. 1547-1552, ISSN 0091-6765 [17035141], [doi]  [abs]
    61. B.A.Edgar and H.F. Nijhout, Growth and cell cycle control in Drosophila, in Cell Growth: Control of Cell Size, Cold Spring Harbor Monographs, edited by M.N. Hall, M.Raff and G. Thomas (2004), pp. 23-83, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    62. Reed, MC; Nijhout, HF; Neuhouser, ML; Gregory, JF; Shane, B; James, SJ; Boynton, A; Ulrich, CM, A mathematical model gives insights into nutritional and genetic aspects of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism., The Journal of nutrition, vol. 136 no. 10 (October, 2006), pp. 2653-2661, ISSN 0022-3166 [16988141], [doi]  [abs]
    63. Yang, AS; Martin, CH; Nijhout, HF, Geographic variation of caste structure among ant populations., Current biology : CB, vol. 14 no. 6 (March, 2004), pp. 514-519, ISSN 0960-9822 [15043818], [doi]  [abs]
    64. Ulrich, CM; Nijhout, HF; Reed, MC, Mathematical modeling: epidemiology meets systems biology., Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, vol. 15 no. 5 (May, 2006), pp. 827-829, ISSN 1055-9965 [16702357], [doi]
    65. Moczek, AP; Nijhout, HF, Trade-offs during the development of primary and secondary sexual traits in a horned beetle., The American naturalist, vol. 163 no. 2 (February, 2004), pp. 184-191, ISSN 0003-0147 [14970921], [doi]  [abs]
    66. Veitia, RA; Nijhout, HF, The robustness of the transcriptional response to alterations in morphogenetic gradients., BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, vol. 28 no. 3 (March, 2006), pp. 282-289, ISSN 0265-9247 [16479586], [doi]  [abs]
    67. Davidowitz, G; D'Amico, LJ; Frederik Nijhout, H, The effects of environmental variation on a mechanism that controls insect body size, Evolutionary Ecology Research, vol. 6 no. 1 (January, 2004), pp. 49-62, ISSN 1522-0613 [Gateway.cgi]  [abs]
    68. Nijhout, HF; Davidowitz, G; Roff, DA, A quantitative analysis of the mechanism that controls body size in Manduca sexta., Journal of biology, vol. 5 no. 5 (January, 2006), pp. 16 [16879739], [doi]  [abs]
    69. Nijhout, HF; Reed, MC; Budu, P; Ulrich, CM, A mathematical model of the folate cycle: new insights into folate homeostasis., The Journal of biological chemistry, vol. 279 no. 53 (December, 2004), pp. 55008-55016, ISSN 0021-9258 [15496403], [doi]  [abs]
    70. Reed, MC; Nijhout, HF; Sparks, R; Ulrich, CM, A mathematical model of the methionine cycle., Journal of theoretical biology, vol. 226 no. 1 (January, 2004), pp. 33-43, ISSN 0022-5193 [14637052], [doi]  [abs]
    71. Nijhout, H.F. and G. Davidowitz., Developmental perspectives on phenotypic plasticity, canalization, and fluctuating asymmetry., in Developmental Instability: Causes and Consequences, edited by M. Polak (2003), pp. 3-13, MIT Press
    72. Nijhout, HF, Polymorphic mimicry in Papilio dardanus: mosaic dominance, big effects, and origins., Evolution & development, vol. 5 no. 6 (November, 2003), pp. 579-592, ISSN 1520-541X [14984040], [doi]  [abs]
    73. Nijhout, HF; Maini, PK; Madzvamuse, A; Wathen, AJ; Sekimura, T, Pigmentation pattern formation in butterflies: experiments and models., Comptes rendus biologies, vol. 326 no. 8 (August, 2003), pp. 717-727, ISSN 1631-0691 [14608692], [doi]  [abs]
    74. Wheeler, DE; Nijhout, HF, A perspective for understanding the modes of juvenile hormone action as a lipid signaling system., BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, vol. 25 no. 10 (October, 2003), pp. 994-1001, ISSN 0265-9247 [14505366], [doi]  [abs]
    75. Nijhout, HF, On the association between genes and complex traits., The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings, vol. 8 no. 2 (October, 2003), pp. 162-163, ISSN 1087-0024 [14582665], [doi]
    76. Nijhout, HF, The control of body size in insects., Developmental biology, vol. 261 no. 1 (September, 2003), pp. 1-9, ISSN 0012-1606 [12941617], [doi]  [abs]
    77. Nijhout, HF, The importance of context in genetics, American Scientist, vol. 91 no. 5 (September, 2003), pp. 416-423, SIGMA XI-SCI RES SOC, ISSN 0003-0996 [Gateway.cgi], [doi]
    78. Nijhout, HF; Berg, AM; Gibson, WT, A mechanistic study of evolvability using the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade., Evolution & development, vol. 5 no. 3 (May, 2003), pp. 281-294, ISSN 1520-541X [12752767], [doi]  [abs]
    79. Moczek, AP; Nijhout, HF, Rapid evolution of a polyphenic threshold., Evolution & development, vol. 5 no. 3 (May, 2003), pp. 259-268, ISSN 1520-541X [12752765], [doi]  [abs]
    80. Nijhout, HF, Development and evolution of adaptive polyphenisms., Evolution & development, vol. 5 no. 1 (January, 2003), pp. 9-18, ISSN 1520-541X [12492404], [doi]  [abs]
    81. Davidowitz, G; D'Amico, LJ; Nijhout, HF, Critical weight in the development of insect body size., Evolution & development, vol. 5 no. 2 (March, 2003), pp. 188-197, ISSN 1520-541X [12622736], [doi]  [abs]
    82. Nijhout, HF, The control of growth., Development (Cambridge, England), vol. 130 no. 24 (December, 2003), pp. 5863-5867, ISSN 0950-1991 [14597569], [doi]  [abs]
    83. Nijhout, HF, Gradients, diffusion, and genes in pattern formation, in Origination of Organismal Form, edited by Muller, GB; Newman, SA, ORIGINATION OF ORGANISMAL FORM (January, 2003), pp. 165-181, MIT PRESS, ISBN 0-262-13419-5 [Gateway.cgi]
    84. Koch, PB; Nijhout, HF, The role of wing veins in colour pattern development in the butterfly Papilio xuthus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), European Journal of Entomology, vol. 99 no. 1 (January, 2002), pp. 67-72, Biology Centre, AS CR, ISSN 1210-5759 [doi]  [abs]
    85. Nijhout, HF, The nature of robustness in development., BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, vol. 24 no. 6 (June, 2002), pp. 553-563, ISSN 0265-9247 [12111738], [doi]  [abs]
    86. H.F. Nijhout, Genetic regulatory networks., in Encyclopedia of Evolution. (2002), Oxford University Press.
    87. Nijhout, HF; Grunert, LW, Bombyxin is a growth factor for wing imaginal disks in Lepidoptera., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99 no. 24 (November, 2002), pp. 15446-15450, ISSN 0027-8424 [12429853], [doi]  [abs]
    88. Nijhout, H.F. and G. Davidowitz., Developmental perspectives on phenotypic plasticity, canalization, and fluctuating asymmetry., in Developmental Instability: Causes and Consequences, edited by M. Polak (2002), Oxford University Press
    89. Moczek, AP; Nijhout, HF, Developmental mechanisms of threshold evolution in a polyphenic beetle., Evolution & development, vol. 4 no. 4 (July, 2002), pp. 252-264, ISSN 1520-541X [12168618], [doi]  [abs]
    90. H.F. Nijhout, The ontogeny of phenotypes, in Cycles of Contingency, pp.129-140, edited by S oyama, P Griffiths and R Gray (2001), MIT Press
    91. Moczek, AP; Nijhout, HF, A method for sexing final instar larvae of the genus Onthophagus Latreille (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Coleopterists Bulletin, vol. 56 no. 2 (January, 2002), pp. 279-284, Coleopterists Society [doi]  [abs]
    92. H.F. Nijhout, Origin of butterfly wing patterns, in The Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology, pp.511-529, edited by GA Wagner (2001), Academic Press
    93. Gilchrist, MA; Nijhout, HF, Nonlinear developmental processes as sources of dominance., Genetics, vol. 159 no. 1 (September, 2001), pp. 423-432, ISSN 0016-6731 [11560916], [doi]  [abs]
    94. Shafiei, M; Moczek, AP; Nijhout, HF, Food availability controls the onset of metamorphosis in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Physiological Entomology, vol. 26 no. 2 (July, 2001), pp. 173-180, WILEY, ISSN 0307-6962 [doi]  [abs]
    95. Emlen, DJ; Nijhout, HF, Hormonal control of male horn length dimorphism in Onthophagus taurus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): a second critical period of sensitivity to juvenile hormone., Journal of insect physiology, vol. 47 no. 9 (September, 2001), pp. 1045-1054 [11472767], [doi]  [abs]
    96. Browder, MH; D'Amico, LJ; Nijhout, HF, The role of low levels of juvenile hormone esterase in the metamorphosis of Manduca sexta, Journal of Insect Science, vol. 1 no. 11 (October, 2001), pp. 1-4, Oxford University Press (OUP) [15455071], [doi]  [abs]
    97. McDonald, AK; Nijhout, HF, The effect of environmental conditions on mating activity of the Buckeye butterfly, Precis coenia, J. Res. Lepidopt., vol. 35 no. 22-28 (2000)
    98. Emlen, DJ; Nijhout, HF, The development and evolution of exaggerated morphologies in insects., Annual review of entomology, vol. 45 (January, 2000), pp. 661-708, ISSN 0066-4170 [10761593], [doi]  [abs]
    99. Miner, ; AL, ; Rosenberg, AJ; Nijhout, HF, Control of growth and differentiation of the wing imaginal disks of Precis coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), J. Insect Physiol., vol. 46 no. 3 (2000), pp. 251-258, Elsevier BV, ISSN 0022-1910 [Gateway.cgi], [doi]  [abs]
    100. D'Amico, LJ; Davidowitz, G; Nijhout, HF, The developmental and physiological basis of body size evolution in an insect., Proceedings. Biological sciences, vol. 268 no. 1476 (August, 2001), pp. 1589-1593, ISSN 0962-8452 [11487406], [doi]  [abs]