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| Publications of Jeffrey P. Baker :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
%% Papers Published
@article{fds372721,
Author = {Cruz, AT and Baker, JP},
Title = {Forgotten Pediatrics: 8 Disturbing Windows on the
Past.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {152},
Number = {3},
Year = {2023},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-062806},
Abstract = {The 75 years since Pediatrics was first published has
witnessed an explosion of the scientific knowledge base
informing child health. Yet, the path leading to the present
has not been linear. We examine several articles that
illustrate some of the unexpected twists and turns that have
characterized our specialty's history. We hope that it will
provide a reminder of the ever-changing nature of scientific
knowledge and the need to continually re-evaluate how our
own cultural assumptions shape medical practice.},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2023-062806},
Key = {fds372721}
}
@article{fds360675,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {When Women and Children Made the Policy Agenda - The
Sheppard-Towner Act, 100 Years Later.},
Journal = {N Engl J Med},
Volume = {385},
Number = {20},
Pages = {1827-1829},
Year = {2021},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2031669},
Doi = {10.1056/NEJMp2031669},
Key = {fds360675}
}
@article{fds355502,
Author = {Perochon, S and Di Martino and M and Aiello, R and Baker, J and Carpenter,
K and Chang, Z and Compton, S and Davis, N and Eichner, B and Espinosa, S and Flowers, J and Franz, L and Gagliano, M and Harris, A and Howard, J and Kollins, SH and Perrin, EM and Raj, P and Spanos, M and Walter, B and Sapiro, G and Dawson, G},
Title = {A scalable computational approach to assessing response to
name in toddlers with autism.},
Journal = {J Child Psychol Psychiatry},
Volume = {62},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1120-1131},
Year = {2021},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13381},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study is part of a larger research program
focused on developing objective, scalable tools for digital
behavioral phenotyping. We evaluated whether a digital app
delivered on a smartphone or tablet using computer vision
analysis (CVA) can elicit and accurately measure one of the
most common early autism symptoms, namely failure to respond
to a name call. METHODS: During a pediatric primary care
well-child visit, 910 toddlers, 17-37 months old, were
administered an app on an iPhone or iPad consisting of brief
movies during which the child's name was called three times
by an examiner standing behind them. Thirty-seven toddlers
were subsequently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder
(ASD). Name calls and children's behavior were recorded by
the camera embedded in the device, and children's head turns
were coded by both CVA and a human. RESULTS: CVA coding of
response to name was found to be comparable to human coding.
Based on CVA, children with ASD responded to their name
significantly less frequently than children without ASD. CVA
also revealed that children with ASD who did orient to their
name exhibited a longer latency before turning their head.
Combining information about both the frequency and the delay
in response to name improved the ability to distinguish
toddlers with and without ASD. CONCLUSIONS: A digital app
delivered on an iPhone or iPad in real-world settings using
computer vision analysis to quantify behavior can reliably
detect a key early autism symptom-failure to respond to
name. Moreover, the higher resolution offered by CVA
identified a delay in head turn in toddlers with ASD who did
respond to their name. Digital phenotyping is a promising
methodology for early assessment of ASD symptoms.},
Doi = {10.1111/jcpp.13381},
Key = {fds355502}
}
@article{fds356417,
Author = {Chang, Z and Di Martino and JM and Aiello, R and Baker, J and Carpenter, K and Compton, S and Davis, N and Eichner, B and Espinosa, S and Flowers, J and Franz, L and Harris, A and Howard, J and Perochon, S and Perrin, EM and Krishnappa Babu and PR and Spanos, M and Sullivan, C and Walter, BK and Kollins, SH and Dawson, G and Sapiro, G},
Title = {Computational Methods to Measure Patterns of Gaze in
Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder.},
Journal = {JAMA Pediatr},
Volume = {175},
Number = {8},
Pages = {827-836},
Year = {2021},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0530},
Abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Atypical eye gaze is an early-emerging symptom
of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and holds promise for
autism screening. Current eye-tracking methods are expensive
and require special equipment and calibration. There is a
need for scalable, feasible methods for measuring eye gaze.
OBJECTIVE: Using computational methods based on computer
vision analysis, we evaluated whether an app deployed on an
iPhone or iPad that displayed strategically designed brief
movies could elicit and quantify differences in eye-gaze
patterns of toddlers with ASD vs typical development.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A prospective study in
pediatric primary care clinics was conducted from December
2018 to March 2020, comparing toddlers with and without ASD.
Caregivers of 1564 toddlers were invited to participate
during a well-child visit. A total of 993 toddlers (63%)
completed study measures. Enrollment criteria were aged 16
to 38 months, healthy, English- or Spanish-speaking
caregiver, and toddler able to sit and view the app.
Participants were screened with the Modified Checklist for
Autism in Toddlers-Revised With Follow-up during routine
care. Children were referred by their pediatrician for
diagnostic evaluation based on results of the checklist or
if the caregiver or pediatrician was concerned. Forty
toddlers subsequently were diagnosed with ASD. EXPOSURES: A
mobile app displayed on a smartphone or tablet. MAIN
OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Computer vision analysis quantified
eye-gaze patterns elicited by the app, which were compared
between toddlers with ASD vs typical development. RESULTS:
Mean age of the sample was 21.1 months (range, 17.1-36.9
months), and 50.6% were boys, 59.8% White individuals, 16.5%
Black individuals, 23.7% other race, and 16.9%
Hispanic/Latino individuals. Distinctive eye-gaze patterns
were detected in toddlers with ASD, characterized by reduced
gaze to social stimuli and to salient social moments during
the movies, and previously unknown deficits in coordination
of gaze with speech sounds. The area under the receiver
operating characteristic curve discriminating ASD vs non-ASD
using multiple gaze features was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.82-0.97).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The app reliably measured both
known and new gaze biomarkers that distinguished toddlers
with ASD vs typical development. These novel results may
have potential for developing scalable autism screening
tools, exportable to natural settings, and enabling data
sets amenable to machine learning.},
Doi = {10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0530},
Key = {fds356417}
}
@article{fds352408,
Author = {Carpenter, KLH and Hahemi, J and Campbell, K and Lippmann, SJ and Baker,
JP and Egger, HL and Espinosa, S and Vermeer, S and Sapiro, G and Dawson,
G},
Title = {Digital Behavioral Phenotyping Detects Atypical Pattern of
Facial Expression in Toddlers with Autism.},
Journal = {Autism Res},
Volume = {14},
Number = {3},
Pages = {488-499},
Year = {2021},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2391},
Abstract = {Commonly used screening tools for autism spectrum disorder
(ASD) generally rely on subjective caregiver questionnaires.
While behavioral observation is more objective, it is also
expensive, time-consuming, and requires significant
expertise to perform. As such, there remains a critical need
to develop feasible, scalable, and reliable tools that can
characterize ASD risk behaviors. This study assessed the
utility of a tablet-based behavioral assessment for
eliciting and detecting one type of risk behavior, namely,
patterns of facial expression, in 104 toddlers (ASD N
= 22) and evaluated whether such patterns differentiated
toddlers with and without ASD. The assessment consisted of
the child sitting on his/her caregiver's lap and watching
brief movies shown on a smart tablet while the embedded
camera recorded the child's facial expressions. Computer
vision analysis (CVA) automatically detected and tracked
facial landmarks, which were used to estimate head position
and facial expressions (Positive, Neutral, All Other). Using
CVA, specific points throughout the movies were identified
that reliably differentiate between children with and
without ASD based on their patterns of facial movement and
expressions (area under the curves for individual movies
ranging from 0.62 to 0.73). During these instances, children
with ASD more frequently displayed Neutral expressions
compared to children without ASD, who had more All Other
expressions. The frequency of All Other expressions was
driven by non-ASD children more often displaying raised
eyebrows and an open mouth, characteristic of
engagement/interest. Preliminary results suggest
computational coding of facial movements and expressions via
a tablet-based assessment can detect differences in
affective expression, one of the early, core features of
ASD. LAY SUMMARY: This study tested the use of a tablet in
the behavioral assessment of young children with autism.
Children watched a series of developmentally appropriate
movies and their facial expressions were recorded using the
camera embedded in the tablet. Results suggest that
computational assessments of facial expressions may be
useful in early detection of symptoms of
autism.},
Doi = {10.1002/aur.2391},
Key = {fds352408}
}
@article{fds338015,
Author = {Hashemi, J and Dawson, G and Carpenter, KLH and Campbell, K and Qiu, Q and Espinosa, S and Marsan, S and Baker, JP and Egger, HL and Sapiro,
G},
Title = {Computer Vision Analysis for Quantification of Autism Risk
Behaviors.},
Journal = {IEEE Trans Affect Comput},
Volume = {12},
Number = {1},
Pages = {215-226},
Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE)},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2018.2868196},
Abstract = {Observational behavior analysis plays a key role for the
discovery and evaluation of risk markers for many
neurodevelopmental disorders. Research on autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) suggests that behavioral risk markers can be
observed at 12 months of age or earlier, with diagnosis
possible at 18 months. To date, these studies and
evaluations involving observational analysis tend to rely
heavily on clinical practitioners and specialists who have
undergone intensive training to be able to reliably
administer carefully designed behavioural-eliciting tasks,
code the resulting behaviors, and interpret such behaviors.
These methods are therefore extremely expensive,
time-intensive, and are not easily scalable for large
population or longitudinal observational analysis. We
developed a self-contained, closed-loop, mobile application
with movie stimuli designed to engage the child's attention
and elicit specific behavioral and social responses, which
are recorded with a mobile device camera and then analyzed
via computer vision algorithms. Here, in addition to
presenting this paradigm, we validate the system to measure
engagement, name-call responses, and emotional responses of
toddlers with and without ASD who were presented with the
application. Additionally, we show examples of how the
proposed framework can further risk marker research with
fine-grained quantification of behaviors. The results
suggest these objective and automatic methods can be
considered to aid behavioral analysis, and can be suited for
objective automatic analysis for future studies.},
Doi = {10.1109/taffc.2018.2868196},
Key = {fds338015}
}
@article{fds353848,
Author = {Baker, J and Jhaveri, R},
Title = {Conversations With the Editors: Promoting Science and
Combating Anti-science: The Past and Present of the
Antivaccine Movement.},
Journal = {Clin Ther},
Volume = {42},
Number = {12},
Pages = {2248-2252},
Year = {2020},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.11.005},
Doi = {10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.11.005},
Key = {fds353848}
}
@article{fds349916,
Author = {Major, S and Campbell, K and Espinosa, S and Baker, JP and Carpenter,
KL and Sapiro, G and Vermeer, S and Dawson, G},
Title = {Impact of a digital Modified Checklist for Autism in
Toddlers-Revised on likelihood and age of autism diagnosis
and referral for developmental evaluation.},
Journal = {Autism},
Volume = {24},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1629-1638},
Year = {2020},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320916656},
Abstract = {This was a project in primary care for young children
(1-2 years old). We tested a parent questionnaire on a
tablet. This tablet questionnaire asked questions to see
whether the child may have autism. We compared the paper and
pencil version of the questionnaire to the tablet
questionnaire. We read the medical charts for the children
until they were 4 years old to see whether they ended up
having autism. We found that doctors were more likely to
recommend an autism evaluation when a parent used the tablet
questionnaire. We think that the tablet's automatic scoring
feature helped the doctors. We also think that the doctors
benefited from the advice the tablet gave
them.},
Doi = {10.1177/1362361320916656},
Key = {fds349916}
}
@article{fds348353,
Author = {Dawson, G and Campbell, K and Hashemi, J and Lippmann, SJ and Smith, V and Carpenter, K and Egger, H and Espinosa, S and Vermeer, S and Baker, J and Sapiro, G},
Title = {Author Correction: Atypical postural control can be detected
via computer vision analysis in toddlers with autism
spectrum disorder.},
Journal = {Sci Rep},
Volume = {10},
Number = {1},
Pages = {616},
Year = {2020},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57570-1},
Abstract = {An amendment to this paper has been published and can be
accessed via a link at the top of the paper.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-57570-1},
Key = {fds348353}
}
@article{fds336917,
Author = {Campbell, K and Carpenter, KL and Hashemi, J and Espinosa, S and Marsan,
S and Borg, JS and Chang, Z and Qiu, Q and Vermeer, S and Adler, E and Tepper,
M and Egger, HL and Baker, JP and Sapiro, G and Dawson,
G},
Title = {Computer vision analysis captures atypical attention in
toddlers with autism.},
Journal = {Autism},
Volume = {23},
Number = {3},
Pages = {619-628},
Year = {2019},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318766247},
Abstract = {To demonstrate the capability of computer vision analysis to
detect atypical orienting and attention behaviors in
toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. One hundered and
four toddlers of 16-31 months old (mean = 22)
participated in this study. Twenty-two of the toddlers had
autism spectrum disorder and 82 had typical development or
developmental delay. Toddlers watched video stimuli on a
tablet while the built-in camera recorded their head
movement. Computer vision analysis measured participants'
attention and orienting in response to name calls.
Reliability of the computer vision analysis algorithm was
tested against a human rater. Differences in behavior were
analyzed between the autism spectrum disorder group and the
comparison group. Reliability between computer vision
analysis and human coding for orienting to name was
excellent (intra-class coefficient 0.84, 95% confidence
interval 0.67-0.91). Only 8% of toddlers with autism
spectrum disorder oriented to name calling on >1 trial,
compared to 63% of toddlers in the comparison group
(p = 0.002). Mean latency to orient was significantly
longer for toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (2.02 vs
1.06 s, p = 0.04). Sensitivity for autism spectrum
disorder of atypical orienting was 96% and specificity was
38%. Older toddlers with autism spectrum disorder showed
less attention to the videos overall (p = 0.03).
Automated coding offers a reliable, quantitative method for
detecting atypical social orienting and reduced sustained
attention in toddlers with autism spectrum
disorder.},
Doi = {10.1177/1362361318766247},
Key = {fds336917}
}
@article{fds347138,
Author = {Sterwald, C and Baker, J},
Title = {Frosted Intellectuals: How Dr. Leo Kanner Constructed the
Autistic Family.},
Journal = {Perspect Biol Med},
Volume = {62},
Number = {4},
Pages = {690-709},
Year = {2019},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2019.0040},
Abstract = {Dr. Leo Kanner, in his delineation of autism as a clinical
entity, is also remembered for having created a powerful
stereotype of parents of autistic children as highly
educated, intelligent, and emotionally distant. As
historians have come to understand that autism arose out of
a preceding diagnosis, childhood schizophrenia, it has also
become clear that the so-called "refrigerator mother"
caricature arose out of the preceding notion of the cold
"schizophrenogenic" mother. However, this does not explain
Kanner's belief that parents (fathers as well as mothers)
were highly educated and intelligent. This study is the
first to compare Kanner's famous published case studies with
case records of his patients in the Phipps Clinic at Johns
Hopkins in order to discover how this stereotype was
created. Contrary to his assertion in the published
literature, Kanner did indeed see patients with autism whose
parents who did not fit his stereotype, but he did not
publish these cases. Kanner's stereotype of the "autistic
parent" thus seems to have arisen through a process of
confirmation bias. This continues to have ramifications to
the present day, by linking autism in the popular mind to
highly educated and professional parents, and by leading
patients with nonstereotypical patients to go
unrecognized.},
Doi = {10.1353/pbm.2019.0040},
Key = {fds347138}
}
@article{fds339769,
Author = {Dawson, G and Campbell, K and Hashemi, J and Lippmann, SJ and Smith, V and Carpenter, K and Egger, H and Espinosa, S and Vermeer, S and Baker, J and Sapiro, G},
Title = {Atypical postural control can be detected via computer
vision analysis in toddlers with autism spectrum
disorder.},
Journal = {Sci Rep},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Pages = {17008},
Year = {2018},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35215-8},
Abstract = {Evidence suggests that differences in motor function are an
early feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One aspect
of motor ability that develops during childhood is postural
control, reflected in the ability to maintain a steady head
and body position without excessive sway. Observational
studies have documented differences in postural control in
older children with ASD. The present study used computer
vision analysis to assess midline head postural control, as
reflected in the rate of spontaneous head movements during
states of active attention, in 104 toddlers between 16-31
months of age (Mean = 22 months), 22 of whom were
diagnosed with ASD. Time-series data revealed robust group
differences in the rate of head movements while the toddlers
watched movies depicting social and nonsocial stimuli.
Toddlers with ASD exhibited a significantly higher rate of
head movement as compared to non-ASD toddlers, suggesting
difficulties in maintaining midline position of the head
while engaging attentional systems. The use of digital
phenotyping approaches, such as computer vision analysis, to
quantify variation in early motor behaviors will allow for
more precise, objective, and quantitative characterization
of early motor signatures and potentially provide new
automated methods for early autism risk identification.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-35215-8},
Key = {fds339769}
}
@article{fds336916,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {History Lesson: Vaccine Trials in the Classroom.},
Journal = {Am J Public Health},
Volume = {108},
Number = {8},
Pages = {976-977},
Year = {2018},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304538},
Doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2018.304538},
Key = {fds336916}
}
@article{fds351169,
Author = {Egger, HL and Dawson, G and Hashemi, J and Carpenter, KLH and Espinosa,
S and Campbell, K and Brotkin, S and Schaich-Borg, J and Qiu, Q and Tepper,
M and Baker, JP and Bloomfield, RA and Sapiro, G},
Title = {Automatic emotion and attention analysis of young children
at home: a ResearchKit autism feasibility
study.},
Journal = {NPJ Digit Med},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {20},
Year = {2018},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41746-018-0024-6},
Abstract = {Current tools for objectively measuring young children's
observed behaviors are expensive, time-consuming, and
require extensive training and professional administration.
The lack of scalable, reliable, and validated tools impacts
access to evidence-based knowledge and limits our capacity
to collect population-level data in non-clinical settings.
To address this gap, we developed mobile technology to
collect videos of young children while they watched movies
designed to elicit autism-related behaviors and then used
automatic behavioral coding of these videos to quantify
children's emotions and behaviors. We present results from
our iPhone study Autism & Beyond, built on ResearchKit's
open-source platform. The entire study-from an e-Consent
process to stimuli presentation and data collection-was
conducted within an iPhone-based app available in the Apple
Store. Over 1 year, 1756 families with children aged 12-72
months old participated in the study, completing 5618
caregiver-reported surveys and uploading 4441 videos
recorded in the child's natural settings. Usable data were
collected on 87.6% of the uploaded videos. Automatic coding
identified significant differences in emotion and attention
by age, sex, and autism risk status. This study demonstrates
the acceptability of an app-based tool to caregivers, their
willingness to upload videos of their children, the
feasibility of caregiver-collected data in the home, and the
application of automatic behavioral encoding to quantify
emotions and attention variables that are clinically
meaningful and may be refined to screen children for autism
and developmental disorders outside of clinical settings.
This technology has the potential to transform how we screen
and monitor children's development.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41746-018-0024-6},
Key = {fds351169}
}
@article{fds327873,
Author = {Baker, JP and Lang, B},
Title = {Eugenics and the Origins of Autism.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {140},
Number = {2},
Year = {2017},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1419},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2017-1419},
Key = {fds327873}
}
@article{fds323856,
Author = {Campbell, K and Carpenter, KLH and Espinosa, S and Hashemi, J and Qiu,
Q and Tepper, M and Calderbank, R and Sapiro, G and Egger, HL and Baker,
JP and Dawson, G},
Title = {Use of a Digital Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers -
Revised with Follow-up to Improve Quality of Screening for
Autism.},
Journal = {J Pediatr},
Volume = {183},
Pages = {133-139.e1},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.021},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To assess changes in quality of care for
children at risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) due to
process improvement and implementation of a digital
screening form. STUDY DESIGN: The process of screening for
ASD was studied in an academic primary care pediatrics
clinic before and after implementation of a digital version
of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers - Revised
with Follow-up with automated risk assessment. Quality
metrics included accuracy of documentation of screening
results and appropriate action for positive screens
(secondary screening or referral). Participating physicians
completed pre- and postintervention surveys to measure
changes in attitudes toward feasibility and value of
screening for ASD. Evidence of change was evaluated with
statistical process control charts and χ2 tests. RESULTS:
Accurate documentation in the electronic health record of
screening results increased from 54% to 92% (38% increase,
95% CI 14%-64%) and appropriate action for children
screening positive increased from 25% to 85% (60% increase,
95% CI 35%-85%). A total of 90% of participating physicians
agreed that the transition to a digital screening form
improved their clinical assessment of autism risk.
CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a tablet-based digital
version of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers -
Revised with Follow-up led to improved quality of care for
children at risk for ASD and increased acceptability of
screening for ASD. Continued efforts towards improving the
process of screening for ASD could facilitate rapid, early
diagnosis of ASD and advance the accuracy of studies of the
impact of screening.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.021},
Key = {fds323856}
}
@article{fds360676,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Vaccine Nation: America's Changing Relationship With
Immunization},
Journal = {NURSING HISTORY REVIEW},
Volume = {25},
Pages = {158-160},
Publisher = {SPRINGER PUBLISHING CO},
Year = {2017},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds360676}
}
@article{fds330273,
Author = {Hashemi, J and Campbell, K and Carpenter, K and Harris, A and Qiu, Q and Tepper, M and Espinosa, S and Schaich Borg and J and Marsan, S and Calderbank, R and Baker, J and Egger, HL and Dawson, G and Sapiro,
G},
Title = {A scalable app for measuring autism risk behaviors in young
children: A technical validity and feasibility
study},
Journal = {Proceedings of the 5th EAI International Conference on
Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare},
Pages = {23-27},
Publisher = {ICST},
Year = {2015},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-10-2015.2261939},
Abstract = {In spite of recent advances in the genetics and neuroscience
of early childhood mental health, behavioral observation is
still the gold standard in screening, diagnosis, and outcome
assessment. Unfortunately, clinical observation is often
sub-jective, needs significant rater training, does not
capture data from participants in their natural environment,
and is not scalable for use in large populations or for
longitu-dinal monitoring. To address these challenges, we
devel-oped and tested a self-contained app designed to
measure toddlers' social communication behaviors in a
primary care, school, or home setting. Twenty 16-30 month
old children with and without autism participated in this
study. Tod-dlers watched the developmentally-Appropriate
visual stim-uli on an iPad in a pediatric clinic and in our
lab while the iPad camera simultaneously recorded video of
the child's behaviors. Automated computer vision algorithms
coded emotions and social referencing to quantify autism
risk be-haviors. We validated our automatic computer coding
by comparing the computer-generated analysis of facial
expres-sion and social referencing to human coding of these
behav-iors. We report our method and propose the development
and testing of measures of young children's behaviors as the
first step toward development of a novel, fully integrated,
low-cost, scalable screening tool for autism and other
neu-rodevelopmental disorders of early childhood.},
Doi = {10.4108/eai.14-10-2015.2261939},
Key = {fds330273}
}
@article{fds268021,
Author = {Bowman, RA and Baker, JP and Duke University School of
Medicine},
Title = {Screams, slaps, and love: the strange birth of applied
behavior analysis.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {133},
Number = {3},
Pages = {364-366},
Year = {2014},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2583},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2013-2583},
Key = {fds268021}
}
@article{fds268022,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Autism at 70--redrawing the boundaries.},
Journal = {N Engl J Med},
Volume = {369},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1089-1091},
Year = {2013},
Month = {September},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24047057},
Doi = {10.1056/NEJMp1306380},
Key = {fds268022}
}
@article{fds360677,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Keith Wailoo, Julie Livingstone, Steven Epstein and Robert
Aronowitz (eds), Three Shots at Prevention: The HPV Vaccine
and the Politics of Medicine's Simple Solutions},
Journal = {Social History of Medicine},
Volume = {25},
Number = {2},
Pages = {560-562},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
Year = {2012},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkr177},
Doi = {10.1093/shm/hkr177},
Key = {fds360677}
}
@article{fds268033,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {The first measles vaccine.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {128},
Number = {3},
Pages = {435-437},
Year = {2011},
Month = {September},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873696},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2011-1430},
Key = {fds268033}
}
@article{fds268032,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Classics in pediatrics. The smallest preterm infants:
reasons for optimism and new dilemmas.},
Journal = {Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med},
Volume = {165},
Number = {8},
Pages = {689-691},
Year = {2011},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810632},
Doi = {10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.116},
Key = {fds268032}
}
@article{fds268034,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Autism in 1959: Joey the mechanical boy.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {125},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1101-1103},
Year = {2010},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {1098-4275},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20498171},
Language = {eng},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2010-0846},
Key = {fds268034}
}
@article{fds268031,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Introducing historical perspectives.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {125},
Number = {3},
Pages = {596},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3288},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2009-3288},
Key = {fds268031}
}
@article{fds268030,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Baker responds},
Journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
Volume = {98},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1350-1351},
Publisher = {American Public Health Association},
Year = {2008},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0090-0036},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140376},
Doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2008.140376},
Key = {fds268030}
}
@article{fds268035,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Mercury, vaccines, and autism: one controversy, three
histories.},
Journal = {Am J Public Health},
Volume = {98},
Number = {2},
Pages = {244-253},
Year = {2008},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {1541-0048},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172138},
Keywords = {Autistic Disorder • Brain • Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (U.S.) • Child • Child,
Preschool • Drug Industry • Health Policy •
History, 20th Century • History, 21st Century •
Humans • Infant • Mercury Poisoning •
Methylmercury Compounds • Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
• Public Opinion • Thimerosal • Trust •
United States • United States Food and Drug
Administration • Vaccines • adverse effects •
adverse effects* • drug effects • etiology* •
growth & development • history • history* •
standards},
Abstract = {The controversy regarding the once widely used
mercury-containing preservative thimerosal in childhood
vaccines has raised many historical questions that have not
been adequately explored. Why was this preservative
incorporated in the first place? Was there any real evidence
that it caused harm? And how did thimerosal become linked in
the public mind to the "autism epidemic"? I examine the
origins of the thimerosal controversy and their legacy for
the debate that has followed. More specifically, I explore
the parallel histories of three factors that converged to
create the crisis: vaccine preservatives, mercury poisoning,
and autism. An understanding of this history provides
important lessons for physicians and policymakers seeking to
preserve the public's trust in the nation's vaccine
system.},
Language = {eng},
Doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2007.113159},
Key = {fds268035}
}
@article{fds268040,
Author = {Robertson, AF and Baker, JP},
Title = {Lessons from the past.},
Journal = {Semin Fetal Neonatal Med},
Volume = {10},
Number = {1},
Pages = {23-30},
Year = {2005},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {1744-165X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15698967},
Keywords = {Benchmarking • Female • History, 18th Century
• History, 19th Century • History, 20th Century
• Humans • Iatrogenic Disease • Incubators,
Infant • Infant Care • Infant, Newborn •
Medical Errors • Neonatology • Pregnancy •
Risk Management • United States • history •
history*},
Abstract = {This article considers errors of care in neonatology. In the
19th century errors that resulted in high infant mortality
were shaped by the social environment, and in this setting
the development of the incubator failed. In the early 20th
century, with the emergence of the modern hospital as a
technological, science-driven system, physicians had more
control of patients' environments, and thus medical errors
could occur from systematic care and affected larger
numbers. Later in the 20th century, the development of
randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews began to
improve care and to decrease the risks associated with new
treatment methods. Large variations in practice still exist
between physicians as individuals and institutions.
Considering these variations as risks has led to the use of
institutional databases, benchmarking and clinical care
guidelines. The efficacy and safety of these methods is
unproven. Risks will never disappear from medicine. The
question of what risks are 'acceptable' is, in general,
unanswerable.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.siny.2004.09.006},
Key = {fds268040}
}
@article{fds120630,
Title = {Baker, J.P., “Historical Adventures in the Newborn
Nursery: Forgotten Stories and Syndromes,” in Clio in the
Clinic: History in Medical Practice, ed. Jacalyn Duffin
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), pp.
105-115.},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds120630}
}
@article{fds268039,
Author = {Baker, JP and Katz, SL},
Title = {Childhood vaccine development: an overview.},
Journal = {Pediatr Res},
Volume = {55},
Number = {2},
Pages = {347-356},
Year = {2004},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0031-3998},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630981},
Keywords = {Bacterial Vaccines • Child • Communicable Disease
Control • Communicable Diseases • History, 20th
Century • History, 21st Century • Humans •
Vaccination • Viral Vaccines •
history*},
Abstract = {Vaccines against childhood diseases represent some of the
most important applications of 20th-century pediatric
research. This survey examines how the components of the
current U.S. immunization schedule emerged in three phases
during the course of the century. The first phase, after the
development of bacterial culture techniques, witnessed
numerous efforts in the early 1900s to develop bacterial
vaccines. It proved most fruitful with respect to
diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The rise of viral tissue
culture techniques in the 1950s brought about a second phase
of innovation resulting in vaccines against polio, measles,
mumps, rubella, and varicella. A third wave of innovation,
still very much alive, has drawn on a variety of new
technologies and led to vaccines against hepatitis B,
Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcus, and still other
organisms. Although basic science research has thus been a
primary factor shaping the history of vaccine development,
the collaboration between the academic, private, and public
sectors critical to its application has not always proceeded
smoothly. The history of vaccine research and development
has important implications for today, as a variety of
factors threaten to fragment this network.},
Language = {eng},
Doi = {10.1203/01.PDR.0000106317.36875.6A},
Key = {fds268039}
}
@article{fds268038,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {The pertussis vaccine controversy in Great Britain,
1974-1986.},
Journal = {Vaccine},
Volume = {21},
Number = {25-26},
Pages = {4003-4010},
Year = {2003},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0264-410X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12922137},
Keywords = {Disease Outbreaks • Great Britain • History, 19th
Century • History, 20th Century • Humans •
Immunization Programs • Pertussis Vaccine •
Whooping Cough • adverse effects* • epidemiology
• history* • legislation & jurisprudence •
prevention & control},
Abstract = {This historical essay analyzes the role played by Great
Britain in the pertussis vaccine controversy of the 1970s
and 1980s. Public backlash against this vaccine not only
took place earlier in Britain than the United States, but
also was so widespread that a series of whooping cough
epidemics soon followed. As with the more recent dispute
involving measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism,
the United Kingdom played a primary role in defining,
promoting, and ultimately exporting this controversy. This
essay seeks to explain this phenomenon by situating it in
Britain's long history of suspicion regarding vaccines
evident among both the public and the medical profession, a
theme dating back to the compulsory vaccination laws of the
19th century. It argues that anti-vaccinationism, far from
being simply a new development related to the public's lack
of awareness of childhood vaccine-preventable illness,
actually represents a revival of a much older
movement.},
Language = {eng},
Doi = {10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00302-5},
Key = {fds268038}
}
@article{fds120631,
Title = { Baker, J.P. “Technology in the Nursery,” in Formative
Years: Children’s Health in the United States 1880-2000,
ed. Alexandra Minna Stern and Howard Markel (Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan, 2002)},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds120631}
}
@article{fds268029,
Author = {Pearson, HA and Anunziato, D and Baker, JP and Gartner, LM and Howell,
DA and Strain, JE and Bolda Marshall and S and Historical Archives
Advisory Committee},
Title = {Committee report: American Pediatrics: milestones at the
millennium.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {107},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1482-1491},
Year = {2001},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.6.1482},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.107.6.1482},
Key = {fds268029}
}
@article{fds360678,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {A Doctor of Their Own: The History of Adolescent Medicine
(review)},
Journal = {Bulletin of the History of Medicine},
Volume = {74},
Number = {2},
Pages = {409-410},
Publisher = {Project MUSE},
Year = {2000},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2000.0051},
Doi = {10.1353/bhm.2000.0051},
Key = {fds360678}
}
@article{fds268036,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Immunization and the American way: 4 childhood
vaccines.},
Journal = {Am J Public Health},
Volume = {90},
Number = {2},
Pages = {199-207},
Year = {2000},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0090-0036},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10667180},
Keywords = {Biomedical and Behavioral Research • Health Care and
Public Health • Twentieth Century},
Abstract = {Childhood immunization constitutes one of the great success
stories of American public health in the 20th century. This
essay provides a historical examination of this topic
through 4 particularly important examples: diphtheria,
pertussis, polio, and measles. Each case study illustrates
how new vaccines have posed unique challenges related to
basic science, clinical trial methodology, medical ethics,
and public acceptance. A brief comparison of each story to
the experience of Great Britain, however, suggests an
underlying unity connecting all 4 examples. Whereas the
British led the way in introducing formal clinical trial
methodology in the field of immunization development, the
Americans excelled in the rapid translation of laboratory
knowledge into strategies suitable for mass application.
Although this distinction appears to have diminished in
recent years, it offers insight into the sources of
creativity underlying American vaccine development and the
corresponding difficulties sometimes created for utilizing
vaccines fruits rationally.},
Language = {eng},
Doi = {10.2105/ajph.90.2.199},
Key = {fds268036}
}
@article{fds120618,
Title = {Book Review: Heather Munro Prescott, A Doctor of Their Own:
The History of Adolescent Medicine. Bulletin of the History
of Medicine 74 (2000): 409-410},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds120618}
}
@article{fds268037,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {The incubator and the medical discovery of the premature
infant.},
Journal = {J Perinatol},
Volume = {20},
Number = {5},
Pages = {321-328},
Year = {2000},
ISSN = {0743-8346},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10920793},
Keywords = {France • History, 19th Century • History, 20th
Century • Humans • Incubators • Infant •
Infant, Newborn • Infant, Premature* • Neonatology
• United States • history*},
Abstract = {The invention of the incubator in 1880 ignited a dramatic
outpouring of popular and professional excitement over the
prospect of reducing premature infant mortality. Yet the
technology itself progressed slowly and fitfully over the
next 50 years. The story is worth examining not so much from
the standpoint of technological progress, but from the
perspective of how responsibility for the newborn shifted
from mothers to obstetricians and eventually pediatricians.
It also illustrates how the history of technology involves
more than invention. The invention of the incubator itself
was less significant than the development of a system to
support the device.},
Language = {eng},
Doi = {10.1038/sj.jp.7200377},
Key = {fds268037}
}
@article{fds360679,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Newborn Medicine and Society: European Background and
American Practice (1750-1975) (review)},
Journal = {Bulletin of the History of Medicine},
Volume = {73},
Number = {4},
Pages = {743-744},
Publisher = {Project MUSE},
Year = {1999},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.1999.0145},
Doi = {10.1353/bhm.1999.0145},
Key = {fds360679}
}
@article{fds268044,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {The birth of bioethics.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {104},
Number = {1 Pt 1},
Pages = {107},
Publisher = {American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)},
Year = {1999},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10390268},
Keywords = {Bioethics • Books* • Ethics, Medical •
History, 20th Century • United States •
history*},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.104.1.107},
Key = {fds268044}
}
@article{fds120617,
Title = {Book Review: Murdina Desmond, Newborn Medicine and Society.
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 73 (1999):
743-744},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds120617}
}
@article{fds268041,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Reinventing a specialty: how Pediatrics survived its own
success.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {102},
Number = {1 Pt 2},
Pages = {197-200},
Publisher = {AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS},
Year = {1998},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9729158},
Keywords = {Child • History, 20th Century • Humans •
Pediatrics • Periodicals • United States •
history*},
Key = {fds268041}
}
@article{fds360680,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {Small and Special: The Development of Hospitals for Children
in Victorian Britain (review)},
Journal = {Bulletin of the History of Medicine},
Volume = {72},
Number = {2},
Pages = {336-338},
Publisher = {Project MUSE},
Year = {1998},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.1998.0084},
Doi = {10.1353/bhm.1998.0084},
Key = {fds360680}
}
@article{fds268027,
Author = {Butterfield, LJ and Baker, JP and Ballowitz, L and Jr, CTE and Desmond,
MM and Gartner, LM and Lubchenco, LO and Nelson, RA and Silverman, WA and Swamer, OW and Toubas, PL},
Title = {Martin Couney's story revisited. The AAP Perinatal Section
Ad Hoc Committee on Perinatal History.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {100},
Number = {1},
Pages = {159-160},
Year = {1997},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.100.1.159},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.100.1.159},
Key = {fds268027}
}
@article{fds120619,
Title = {Baker, Jeffrey P. The Machine in the Nursery: Incubator
Technology and the Origins of Newborn Intensive Care
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1996)},
Year = {1996},
Key = {fds120619}
}
@article{fds120616,
Title = {Plenary Session, American Association for the History of
Medicine, April 1995. \"Newborn Intensive Care as a
Technological System.\"},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds120616}
}
@article{fds268043,
Author = {BAKER, JP},
Title = {WOMEN AND THE INVENTION OF WELL CHILD-CARE},
Journal = {PEDIATRICS},
Volume = {94},
Number = {4},
Pages = {527-531},
Publisher = {AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS},
Year = {1994},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7936865},
Keywords = {Child Health Services • Child Welfare • History,
19th Century • History, 20th Century • Humans
• Infant • Infant, Newborn • Pediatrics
• Physicians, Women • Primary Prevention •
Public Health • United States • Women •
history • history*},
Key = {fds268043}
}
@article{fds268042,
Author = {Baker, JP},
Title = {The incubator controversy: Pediatricians and the origins of
premature infant technology in the United States, 1890 to
1910},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {87},
Number = {5 I},
Pages = {654-662},
Year = {1991},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020510},
Keywords = {History, 19th Century • History, 20th Century •
Humans • Incubators, Infant • Infant, Newborn
• Infant, Premature* • Pediatrics* •
Technology, Medical • United States •
history*},
Key = {fds268042}
}
@article{fds268024,
Author = {Mauro, RD and Baker, J and Mackedonski, V},
Title = {A five-year-old girl with acute renal failure and multiple
cerebral infractions.},
Journal = {J Pediatr},
Volume = {115},
Number = {5 Pt 1},
Pages = {816-823},
Year = {1989},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0022-3476},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80669-9},
Doi = {10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80669-9},
Key = {fds268024}
}
@article{fds120620,
Title = {Mauro, R.D., Baker, J., and Mackedonski, V. "A Five-year-old
Girl with Acute Renal Failure and Multiple Cerebral
Infarctions." Journal of Pediatrics 115 (1989):816-823.},
Year = {1989},
Key = {fds120620}
}
@article{fds268023,
Author = {Mokrohisky, ST and Burchell, MS and Hand, T and Baker,
JP},
Title = {Toy balloons and eye injuries.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {81},
Number = {3},
Pages = {473},
Year = {1988},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds268023}
}
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