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| Publications of Connel Fullenkamp :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds372658,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C and González Gómez and A and Hilmi, N and Magud, NE},
Title = {The price is not right},
Journal = {Frontiers in Climate},
Volume = {5},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2023.1225190},
Abstract = {The 2015 Paris Agreement requires all nations to combat
climate change and to adapt to its effects. Countries
promise to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
through their Nationally Determined Contributions. Pledges
to reduce emissions, however, have implications for economic
growth. We estimate the link between economic growth and CO2
pollution levels and find that this relationship is highly
non-linear. A country's GHG emissions rise rapidly as its
economic activity rises, relative to global activity,
meaning that fast-growing countries contribute most heavily
to current GHG emissions. Then, using real per-capita GDP as
our metric, we estimate how much the carbon price should be
in order to remove the economic growth benefit from excess
GHG emissions. We find that the implied prices are far
higher than the prices on any existing market for emissions
as well as estimates of the social cost of carbon. Our
findings also have important implications for the global
dialogue regarding responsibility for climate mitigation as
well as for the choice of policies to support mitigation
efforts.},
Doi = {10.3389/fclim.2023.1225190},
Key = {fds372658}
}
@article{fds374198,
Author = {Hilmi, N and Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C and Jafari, M and Sumaila,
UR},
Title = {Editorial: Nature-based solutions, climate mitigation,
biodiversity conservation},
Journal = {Frontiers in Climate},
Volume = {5},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2023.1308032},
Doi = {10.3389/fclim.2023.1308032},
Key = {fds374198}
}
@article{fds363973,
Author = {Berzaghi, F and Cosimano, T and Fullenkamp, C and Scanlon, J and Fon,
TE and Robson, MT and Forbang, JL and Chami, R},
Title = {Value wild animals’ carbon services to fill the
biodiversity financing gap},
Journal = {Nature Climate Change},
Volume = {12},
Number = {7},
Pages = {598-601},
Year = {2022},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01407-4},
Doi = {10.1038/s41558-022-01407-4},
Key = {fds363973}
}
@article{fds363442,
Author = {Berzaghi, F and Chami, R and Cosimano, T and Fullenkamp,
C},
Title = {Financing conservation by valuing carbon services produced
by wild animals.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {119},
Number = {22},
Pages = {e2120426119},
Year = {2022},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2120426119},
Abstract = {Filling the global biodiversity financing gap will require
significant investments from financial markets, which demand
credible valuations of ecosystem services and natural
capital. However, current valuation approaches discourage
investment in conservation because their results cannot be
verified using market-determined prices. Here, we bridge the
gap between finance and conservation by valuing only wild
animals’ carbon services for which market prices exist. By
projecting the future path of carbon service production
using a spatially explicit demographic model, we place a
credible value on the carbon capture services produced by
African forest elephants. If elephants were protected, their
services would be worth $20.8 billion ($10.3 to $29.7
billion) and $25.9 billion ($12.8 to $37.6 billion) for the
next 10 and 30 y, respectively, and could finance
antipoaching and conservation programs. Elephant population
growth would generate a carbon sink of 109 MtC (64 to 153)
across tropical Africa in the next 30 y. Avoided elephant
extinction would also prevent the loss of 93 MtC (46 to
130), which is the contribution of the remaining
populations. Uncertainties in our projections are controlled
mainly by forest regeneration rates and poaching intensity,
which indicate that conservation can actively reduce
uncertainty for increased financial and biodiversity
benefits. Our methodology can also place lower bounds on the
social cost of nature degradation. Poaching would result in
$2 to $7 billion of lost carbon services within the next 10
to 30 y, suggesting that the benefits of protecting
elephants far outweigh the costs. Our methodology enables
the integration of animal services into global financial
markets with major implications for conservation, local
socioeconomies, and conservation.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.2120426119},
Key = {fds363442}
}
@article{fds363255,
Author = {Chami, R and Cosimano, T and Fullenkamp, C and Nieburg,
D},
Title = {Toward a Nature-Based Economy},
Journal = {Frontiers in Climate},
Volume = {4},
Year = {2022},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.855803},
Abstract = {Humanity faces a dual threat to its existence: climate
change and biodiversity loss. The two risks are linked
through human activity and an economic system that promotes
growth at the expense of nature. Creating a nature-based
economy can mitigate the dual risks and bring sustained,
shared prosperity. The article shows how markets can be
developed around the protection and regeneration of nature.
Policies and actions needed to unleash the resources and
innovation of markets to ensure that nature-based economic
growth is shared and sustainable are specified. A
nature-based economy ensures that conservation is a source
of capital for development.},
Doi = {10.3389/fclim.2022.855803},
Key = {fds363255}
}
@article{fds354209,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C and Cosimano, T and Berzaghi,
F},
Title = {African forest elephants fight climate change by
contributing in surprising ways to natural carbon
capture},
Journal = {Finance and Development},
Volume = {57},
Number = {4},
Pages = {58-62},
Year = {2020},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds354209}
}
@article{fds363443,
Author = {Submitter, DUE and Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C and Berzaghi, F and Español-Jiménez, S and Marcondes, M and Palazzo,
J},
Title = {On Valuing Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change: A
Framework with Application to Elephants and
Whales},
Journal = {Economic Research Initiatives at Duke (ERID) Working
Paper},
Number = {297},
Year = {2020},
Month = {August},
Key = {fds363443}
}
@article{fds338470,
Author = {Chami, R and Ernst, E and Fullenkamp, C and Oeking,
A},
Title = {Is there a remittance trap?},
Journal = {Finance and Development},
Volume = {55},
Number = {3},
Pages = {44-47},
Year = {2018},
Month = {September},
Key = {fds338470}
}
@article{fds322425,
Author = {Fullenkamp, C and Rochon, C},
Title = {Reconsidering bank capital regulation: a new combination of
rules, regulators, and market discipline},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Policy Reform},
Volume = {20},
Number = {4},
Pages = {343-359},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2017},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2016.1181550},
Abstract = {Despite revisions to bank capital standards, fundamental
shortcomings remain: the rules for setting capital
requirements need to be simpler, and resolution should be an
essential part of the capital requirement framework.We
propose a revised system of capital regulation that
addresses these needs by making changes to all three pillars
of bank regulation: only common equity should be recognized
as regulatory capital, and risk weighting of assets should
be abandoned; capital requirements should be assigned on an
institution-by-institution basis according to a regulatory
(s, S) approach developed in the paper; a standard for
prompt, corrective action is incorporated into the (s, S)
approach.},
Doi = {10.1080/17487870.2016.1181550},
Key = {fds322425}
}
@article{fds324855,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C and Cosimano, T and Rochon,
C},
Title = {If financial institutions combine banking and nonbanking
business there is potential for danger},
Journal = {Finance and Development},
Volume = {54},
Number = {1},
Pages = {43-45},
Year = {2017},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds324855}
}
@article{fds294311,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {Beyond the household},
Journal = {Finance and Development},
Volume = {50},
Number = {3},
Pages = {48-51},
Year = {2013},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0145-1707},
Key = {fds294311}
}
@article{fds324302,
Author = {Sharma, S and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {Good Financial Regulation: Changing the Process is
Crucial},
Year = {2012},
Month = {February},
Key = {fds324302}
}
@article{fds294314,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C and Sharma, S},
Title = {A framework for financial market development},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Policy Reform},
Volume = {13},
Number = {2},
Pages = {107-135},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2010},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {1748-7870},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17487871003700804},
Abstract = {A framework for examining the process of financial market
development is proposed. The framework is anchored in
studying the incentives facing the key players in financial
markets - borrowers, lenders, liquidity providers, and
regulators - whose actions determine whether and how markets
develop. While different financial instruments embody
different concessions by borrowers and lenders, the
framework emphasizes two main compromises: the tradeoffs
between maturity and collateral, and between seniority and
control in the sequencing of market development. © 2010
Taylor & Francis.},
Doi = {10.1080/17487871003700804},
Key = {fds294314}
}
@article{fds294315,
Author = {Fullenkamp, CR and Chami, R and Barajas, A and Garg,
A},
Title = {The Global Financial Crisis and Workers’ Remittances to
Africa: What’s the Damage?},
Journal = {Journal of African Development},
Volume = {12},
Number = {1},
Pages = {59-78},
Year = {2010},
Key = {fds294315}
}
@article{fds294313,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {Development a wobbly crutch},
Journal = {Finance and Development},
Volume = {46},
Number = {4},
Pages = {31},
Year = {2009},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0145-1707},
Key = {fds294313}
}
@article{fds324303,
Author = {Barajas, A and Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C and Gapen, M and Montiel,
PJ},
Title = {Do Workers' Remittances Promote Economic
Growth?},
Number = {09-153},
Year = {2009},
Month = {July},
Key = {fds324303}
}
@article{fds294316,
Author = {Chami, R and Barajas, A and Cosimano, T and Fullenkamp, C and Gapen, M and Montiel, P},
Title = {Macroeconomic consequences of remittances},
Journal = {IMF Occasional Papers},
Number = {259},
Pages = {1-84},
Publisher = {International Monetary Fund},
Year = {2008},
Month = {May},
ISBN = {9781589067011},
ISSN = {0251-6365},
url = {http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/op/259/op259.pdf},
Abstract = {Two main issues that are of interest to policymakers with
regards to remittances include how to manage macroeconomic
effects and how to harness development potential in
developing countries. A global study of the comprehensive
macroeconomic effects of remittances on the economies that
receive them addresses the above questions by reporting
results. The study also draws summary policy implications
for countries that receive significant flows of remittances.
Based on the study, remittances improve households' welfare
by lifting families out of poverty and insuring them against
income shocks. However, the study also yields a number of
caveats and policy considerations that have been overlooked:
measurement, fiscal policy, debt sustainability, fiscal
discipline, economic growth, dutch disease effects,
governance and incentives, and role of international
financial institution. The main challenge for policymakers
is to design policies that promote remittances and increase
benefits while mitigating adverse side effects.},
Key = {fds294316}
}
@article{fds294317,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C and Jahjah, S},
Title = {Are immigrant remittance flows a source of capital for
development?},
Journal = {IMF Staff Papers},
Volume = {52},
Number = {1},
Pages = {55-81},
Year = {2005},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {1020-7635},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/2030 Duke open
access},
Abstract = {There is a general presumption in the literature and among
policymakers that immigrant remittances play the same role
in economic development as foreign direct investment and
other capital flows, but this is an open question. We
develop a model of remittances based on the economics of the
family that implies that remittances are not profit-driven,
but are compensatory transfers, and should have a negative
correlation with GDP growth. This is in contrast to the
positive correlation of profit-driven capital flows with GDP
growth. We test this implication of our model using a new
panel data set on remittances and find a robust negative
correlation between remittances and GDP growth. This
indicates that remittances may not be intended to serve as a
source of capital for economic development. © 2005
International Monetary Fund.},
Key = {fds294317}
}
@article{fds324304,
Author = {Fullenkamp, C and Nsouli, SM},
Title = {Six Puzzles in Electronic Money and Banking},
Year = {2004},
Month = {February},
Key = {fds324304}
}
@article{fds294323,
Author = {Fullenkamp, C and Tenorio, R and Battalio, R},
Title = {Assessing individual risk attitudes using field data from
lottery games},
Journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
Volume = {85},
Number = {1},
Pages = {218-226},
Publisher = {MIT Press - Journals},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/2003 Duke open
access},
Abstract = {We use information from the television game show with the
highest guaranteed average payoff in the United States,
Hoosier Millionaire, to analyze risktaking in a high-stakes
experiment. We characterize gambling decisions under
alternative assumptions about contestant behavior and
preferences, and derive testable restrictions on individual
risk attitudes based on this characterization. We then use
an extensive sample of gambling decisions to estimate
distributions of risk-aversion parameters consistent with
the theoretical restrictions and revealed preferences. We
find that although most contestants display risk-averse
preferences, the extent of the risk aversion implied by our
estimates varies substantially with the stakes involved in
the different decisions.},
Doi = {10.1162/rest.2003.85.1.218},
Key = {fds294323}
}
@article{fds294324,
Author = {Baier, S and Carlstrom, CT and Chami, R and Cosimano, TF and Fuerst, TS and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {Capital trading, stock trading, and the inflation tax on
equity: A note},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Volume = {6},
Number = {4},
Pages = {987-990},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/2006 Duke open
access},
Doi = {10.1016/S1094-2025(03)00035-8},
Key = {fds294324}
}
@article{fds294322,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {The optimal subsidy to private transfers under moral
hazard},
Journal = {IMF Staff Papers},
Volume = {49},
Number = {2},
Pages = {242-251},
Year = {2002},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1020-7635},
Abstract = {Private income transfers are increasingly viewed as an
alternative to government income transfers such as social
insurance and foreign aid. This paper models the incentive
effects of government-subsidized private transfers and finds
that although there is a significant welfare benefit to
subsidizing private transfers, there is also a significant
welfare cost. It is shown analytically, as well as through
simulations, that the optimal subsidy to private transfers
falls when the market reaction is taken into
consideration.},
Key = {fds294322}
}
@article{fds294320,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {Trust and efficiency},
Journal = {Journal of Banking and Finance},
Volume = {26},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1785-1809},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2002},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0378-4266},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/2040 Duke open
access},
Abstract = {Agency problems within the firm are a significant hindrance
to efficiency. We propose trust between coworkers as a
superior alternative to the standard tools used to mitigate
agency problems: increased monitoring and incentive-based
pay. We model trust as mutual, reciprocal altruism between
pairs of coworkers and show how it induces employees to work
harder, relative to those at firms that use the standard
tools. In addition, we show that employees at trusting firms
have higher job satisfaction, and that these firms enjoy
lower labor cost and higher profits. We conclude by
discussing how trust may also be easier to use within the
firm than the standard agency-mitigation tools. © 2002
Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00191-7},
Key = {fds294320}
}
@article{fds324305,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {Trust as a Means of Improving Corporate Governance and
Efficiency},
Year = {2002},
Month = {February},
Key = {fds324305}
}
@article{fds304417,
Author = {Chami, R and Cosimano, TF and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {Managing ethical risk: How investing in ethics adds
value},
Journal = {Journal of Banking and Finance},
Volume = {26},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1697-1718},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2002},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0378-4266},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00188-7},
Abstract = {In September 1999, the University of Notre Dame hosted a
conference entitled "Measuring and Managing Ethical Risk:
How Investing in Ethics Adds Value". The motivations for
hosting the conference and the papers presented there are
summarized. Several themes that are present in the papers
are discussed. These include the gains from combining the
anthropological approach to business ethics with the
neoclassical economics approach, the central role of trust
in business ethics, the role of ethics in the corporation,
and the function of the legal system in setting and
enforcing ethical standards for the financial system. ©
2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00188-7},
Key = {fds304417}
}
@article{fds294321,
Author = {Fullenkamp, CR},
Title = {Measuring and Managing Ethical Risk: Why Investing in Ethics
Adds Value},
Journal = {Journal of Banking and Finance},
Volume = {26},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1697-1718},
Year = {2002},
ISSN = {0378-4266},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00188-7},
Abstract = {In September 1999, the University of Notre Dame hosted a
conference entitled "Measuring and Managing Ethical Risk:
How Investing in Ethics Adds Value". The motivations for
hosting the conference and the papers presented there are
summarized. Several themes that are present in the papers
are discussed. These include the gains from combining the
anthropological approach to business ethics with the
neoclassical economics approach, the central role of trust
in business ethics, the role of ethics in the corporation,
and the function of the legal system in setting and
enforcing ethical standards for the financial system. ©
2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00188-7},
Key = {fds294321}
}
@article{fds294319,
Author = {Chami, R and Cosimano, TF and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {Capital Trading, Stock Trading, and the Inflation Tax on
Equity},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3},
Pages = {575-606},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2001},
Month = {July},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/2050 Duke open
access},
Abstract = {A market for used capital goods, or financial instruments
that represent the ownership of the used capital goods,
induces inflation taxes on wealth and on the nominal income
flows that they provide. This paper explicitly introduces
trading in either used capital goods or financial
instruments into the standard stochastic growth model with
money and production. These two monetary economies are
equivalent. The value of the firm is equal to the firm's
capital stock divided by inflation. The resulting
asset-pricing conditions indicate that the effect of
inflation on asset returns differs from the effects found in
the literature by the addition of a significant wealth tax.
Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E0,
E4, E5. © 2001 Academic Press.},
Doi = {10.1006/redy.2001.0129},
Key = {fds294319}
}
@article{fds324311,
Author = {Chami, R and Cosimano, TF and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {The Stock Market Channel of Monetary Policy},
Journal = {IMF Working Paper},
Number = {99},
Year = {1999},
Month = {February},
Key = {fds324311}
}
@article{fds294318,
Author = {Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {The market value of family values},
Journal = {Cato Journal},
Volume = {16},
Number = {3},
Pages = {339-350},
Year = {1997},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0273-3072},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/2024 Duke open
access},
Key = {fds294318}
}
%% Chapters in Books
@misc{fds367757,
Author = {Chami, R and Cosimano, T and Fullenkamp, C and Berzaghi, F and Español-Jiménez, S and Marcondes, M and Palazzo,
J},
Title = {The Value of Nature to Our Health and Economic Well-Being: A
Framework with Application to Elephants and
Whales},
Journal = {Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics},
Pages = {117-162},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9783031103018},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10302-5_7},
Abstract = {We develop a framework for natural resource valuation that
directly addresses the fundamental collective action problem
in environmental protection. Our framework uses the lessons
of behavioral economics to create values that individual
decision makers find credible and relatable, in addition to
stimulating excitement or concern that is essential to
prompting action. We then apply this framework to value
forest elephants in Africa and great whales that are found
off the coasts of Brazil and Chile. The values we estimate
for individual members of these species are significant:
$1.75 million per forest elephant and an average of $2
million per whale. We discuss how our valuations lead to new
designs for environmental preservation and restoration
policies.},
Doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-10302-5_7},
Key = {fds367757}
}
@misc{fds358744,
Author = {Barajas, A and Chami, R and Fullenkamp, C},
Title = {The state of finance in fragile states},
Pages = {186-208},
Booktitle = {Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780198853091},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853091.003.0007},
Abstract = {This chapter describes the state of financial development in
fragile states. Our analysis primarily relies on indicators
from the World Bank Global Financial Development Database,
which have been used extensively in the literature to
capture the degree to which financial services and
activities are present in an economy (depth) and the extent
to which they are disseminated and made available to the
population (inclusion). We find that financial depth in
fragile states is underdeveloped and financial inclusion is
low, but with significant heterogeneity among fragile
states. We conduct empirical exercises which suggest that
fragility is negatively related to financial development,
both in terms of depth and especially in terms of inclusion,
and exercises that also point to certain aspects of
fragility most associated with financial underperformance.
Finally, we use a benchmarking exercise to estimate how much
financial underdevelopment in fragile states is costing
them, in terms of economic growth.},
Doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198853091.003.0007},
Key = {fds358744}
}
@misc{fds358745,
Author = {Chami, R and Ernst, E and Fullenkamp, C and Oeking,
A},
Title = {Do financial flows make a differencein fragile
states?},
Pages = {448-492},
Booktitle = {Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780198853091},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853091.003.0015},
Abstract = {A rising number of people is living in fragile countries
whose weak institutions fail to deliver on decent work and
poverty reduction. The chapter discusses to what extent
external financial flows, such as remittances, foreign
direct investment or official development aid, can
substitute for weak institutions. Fragility matters: fragile
countries receive different amounts of financial flows than
their non-fragile peers, and these flows affect them
differently. Fragility lowers the effect of financial flows
on growth, living standards and inequality. Foreign direct
investment (FDI) has a moderate impact on poverty
alleviation, albeit concentrated on employment gains in
mining and natural resources. Remittances provide some weak
relief for the poor, with less pernicious effects on growth
and labour supply than in non-fragile countries. ODA does
not improve social outcomes but rather exacerbates
fragility. Policymakers should focus on improving upon the
positive contribution of FDI and remittances on jobs and
growth, avoiding the remittances trap.},
Doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198853091.003.0015},
Key = {fds358745}
}
%% Working Papers
@article{fds27480,
Author = {C.R. Fullenkamp and Ralph Chami and Sunil Sharma},
Title = {“Toward a Framework for Financial Market
Development},
Publisher = {IMF Institute - mimeo},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds27480}
}
@article{fds27482,
Author = {C.R. Fullenkamp and Thomas Cosimano and Richard
Sheehan},
Title = {An Examination of Deposit Rate Setting by Large Financial
Institutions},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds27482}
}
@article{fds27484,
Author = {C.R. Fullenkamp and Ralph Chami and Thomas Cosimano},
Title = {The Stock Market Channel of Monetary Policy},
Publisher = {IMF Working Paper},
Year = {1999},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds27484}
}
%% Other
@misc{fds27478,
Author = {C.R. Fullenkamp and Ralph Chami and Sunil Sharma},
Title = {and Instruments for Sequencing the Development of Financial
Markets},
Year = {2003},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds27478}
}
@misc{fds27479,
Author = {C.R. Fullenkamp and Ralph Chami},
Title = {The Economics of Private, Nonmarket Insurance and the
Faith-Based Initiative},
Journal = {The Actuary},
Year = {2002},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds27479}
}
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