Psychology and Neuroscience
Arts & Sciences
Duke University
| |
Faculty Database Psychology and Neuroscience Arts & Sciences Duke University |
|
| HOME > Arts & Sciences > pn > Faculty | Search Help Login |
|
| Publications of Helen L. Egger :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds359591,
Author = {McGinnis, EW and Copeland, W and Shanahan, L and Egger,
HL},
Title = {Parental perception of mental health needs in young
children.},
Journal = {Child and Adolescent Mental Health},
Volume = {27},
Number = {4},
Pages = {328-334},
Year = {2022},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/camh.12515},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is evidence of unmet psychiatric needs in
children under 6. These young children are dependent on
their parents to identify their mental health needs. This
study tested child and parent associations with parent
perception of young child mental health need. METHOD:
Parents of 917 children (aged 2-6 years) completed a
diagnostic interview about their child assessing depression,
anxiety, ODD/CD, ADHD, and impairment. Parents were surveyed
about their own depression, anxiety, and asked about their
psychiatric impairment. Parents were also asked whether they
perceived their child as having a mental health need.
RESULTS: Only 38.8% of children who met criteria for a
diagnosis were perceived by their parents as having a need,
similar to previously studied rates in school-aged children.
Perception of need was associated with higher levels of
symptoms and impairment. Thresholds for at least half of
parents perceiving their child as having a need were
relatively high: 19 or more symptoms, or 4 or more
impairments. There was evidence of specificity: children
with depressive disorders were more likely to be perceived
as in need compared with other disorders. In terms of parent
factors, more parental depressive symptoms were associated
with higher perception of child need when the child had a
diagnosis. Parental psychological impairment was associated
with higher perception of need when the child had no
diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Most preschool children that meet
criteria for a psychiatric disorder are not perceived as
needing help by their parents, which is dependent on both
child and parent factors.},
Doi = {10.1111/camh.12515},
Key = {fds359591}
}
@article{fds367533,
Author = {Carpenter, KLH and Davis, NO and Spanos, M and Sabatos-DeVito, M and Aiello, R and Baranek, GT and Compton, SN and Egger, HL and Franz, L and Kim, S-J and King, BH and Kolevzon, A and McDougle, CJ and Sanders, K and Veenstra-VanderWeele, J and Sikich, L and Kollins, SH and Dawson,
G},
Title = {Adaptive Behavior in Young Autistic Children: Associations
with Irritability and ADHD Symptoms.},
Journal = {J Autism Dev Disord},
Year = {2022},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05753-2},
Abstract = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms
affect 40-60% of autistic children and have been linked to
differences in adaptive behavior. It is unclear whether
adaptive behavior in autistic youth is directly impacted by
co-occurring ADHD symptoms or by another associated feature
of both autism and ADHD, such as increased irritability. The
current study examined relationships between irritability,
ADHD symptoms, and adaptive behavior in 3- to 7-year-old
autistic children. Results suggest that, after adjusting for
co-occurring ADHD symptoms, higher levels of irritability
are associated with differences in social adaptive behavior
specifically. Understanding relationships between
irritability, ADHD, and adaptive behavior in autistic
children is critical because measures of adaptive behavior,
such as the Vineland Scales of Adaptive Functioning, are
often used as a proxy for global functioning, as well as for
developing intervention plans and measuring outcomes as
primary endpoints in clinical trials.},
Doi = {10.1007/s10803-022-05753-2},
Key = {fds367533}
}
@article{fds367534,
Author = {Friis, E and Erwin, SR and Daniel, J and Egger, R and Egger,
H},
Title = {Families Matter: A Cross-Sectional Study of Parent and Child
Mental Health During COVID-19 (Preprint)},
Year = {2021},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/preprints.35953},
Abstract = {<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> <p>Background: The pandemic
has disrupted all aspects of children’s lives and has
increased children’s exposure to adversity and traumas
known to increase the risk of mental health challenges.
Recent studies have reported increased rates of mental
health challenges in youth during the pandemic, yet few
studies have examined the impact of the pandemic on the
mental health of toddlers, preschoolers, and elementary
school-age children. The pandemic has also adversely
impacted caregiver mental health and other indirect factors,
including economic instability, known to increase
children’s risk for impairing mental health
challenges.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
<p>Objective: This study aimed to characterize the
social-emotional challenges of children ages 2 to 12 years
old during the pandemic and identify modifiable child,
caregiver, and family-related risk factors that contribute
to risk and are additional targets for intervention.</p>
</sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> <p>Methods: Caregivers
(N = 676) of children ages 2-12 completed an online survey
in early fall 2021 using standardized screening tools to
assess child social-emotional challenges and caregiver
anxiety and depression. We used a new 16 scale to assess the
impact of the pandemic at the child, caregiver, and family
levels. We used hierarchical linear regression and logistic
regression to explore the relationship between children’s
mental health and caregivers’ mental health. We used path
analysis to explore direct and indirect effects of the
impact of pandemic stress on child emotional and peer
challenges, mediated by caregiver anxiety and
depression.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title>
<p>Results: Eighty-seven percent of the children were ages
2-8 years old (n=588) with 13% (n=88) between 9-12 years
old. Caregivers endorsed significant child emotional and
peer challenges with 80% (n = 536) of children at risk for
clinically-significant emotional challenges and 57% (n =
388) at risk for clinically-significant peer social
challenges. Emotional challenges increased with age (r =
.20, P <.001). 50% (n=330) of caregivers screened
positive for generalized anxiety and 24% (n=160) screened
positive for depression. Cumulative COVID-19 impact was
directly associated with increased child emotional
challenges (r=.29, P<.001), peer challenges (r=.29,
P<.001), caregiver anxiety (r = .32, P<.001), and
caregiver depression (r = .42, P<.001). Caregiver anxiety
accounted for 31% of the total effect of COVID-19 impact on
child emotional challenges and 18% of the total effect on
peer challenges.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
<p>Conclusions: The results of our study show that the
COVID-19 pandemic is having direct and indirect adverse
impacts on the social-emotional health of children ages 2 to
12 years old with impacts on very young children similar to
impacts for older children. Only with an integrated,
family-focused approach that includes young children will we
be able to mitigate the current pediatric mental health
crisis.</p> </sec> <sec> <title>CLINICALTRIAL</title>
<p>n/a</p> </sec>},
Doi = {10.2196/preprints.35953},
Key = {fds367534}
}
@article{fds358706,
Author = {Ives, LT and Stein, K and Rivera-Cancel, AM and Nicholas, JK and Caldwell, K and Datta, N and Mauro, C and Egger, H and Puffer, E and Zucker, NL},
Title = {Children's Beliefs about Pain: An Exploratory
Analysis.},
Journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)},
Volume = {8},
Number = {6},
Year = {2021},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8060452},
Abstract = {Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is one of the most common
childhood medical complaints, associated with significant
distress and impairment. Little is known about how children
understand their pain. Do they attribute it to personal
weakness? Do they perceive pain as having global impact,
affecting a variety of activities? How do they cope with
pain? We explored the pain beliefs of 5- to 9-year-old
children with FAP using a novel Teddy Bear Interview task in
which children answered questions about a Teddy bear's pain.
Responses were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively.
Results indicate that the majority of young children with
FAP are optimistic about pain outcomes. Children generated
many types of coping strategies for Teddy's pain and
adjusted their calibration of Teddy's pain tolerance
dependent on the activity being performed. Early warning
signs also emerged: a subset of children were pessimistic
about Teddy's pain, and several children identified coping
strategies that, while developmentally appropriate, could
lead to excessive help seeking if not intervened upon (e.g.,
physician consultation and shot). The Teddy Bear Interview
allows children to externalize their pain, making it a
useful tool to access cognitive pain constructs in younger
children. Thus, these findings highlight the importance of
early intervention for childhood FAP.},
Doi = {10.3390/children8060452},
Key = {fds358706}
}
@article{fds358057,
Author = {Hassanzadeh, M and Malek, A and Norouzi, S and Amiri, S and Sadeghi-Bazargani, H and Shahriari, F and Egger, HL and Small,
B},
Title = {Psychometric properties of the Persian version of preschool
age psychiatric assessment (PAPA) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder: Based on DSM-5.},
Journal = {Asian J Psychiatr},
Volume = {58},
Pages = {102618},
Year = {2021},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102618},
Abstract = {Childhood and adolescence psychiatric disorders affect
subsequent stages; early diagnosis of these disorders, such
as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is
necessary. There is no reliable and valid diagnostic
interview for ADHD in Asian Persian or Farsi speaking
countries. The DSM 5-based version of the interview was sent
to the 14 child and adolescent and general psychiatrists to
ensure the validity of the ADHD section of the PAPA
interview through an online website. Out of 59 health
centers, 15 centers were selected via systematic random
sampling. Three hundred children participated in the study.
ADHD questions of the PAPA had the power to differentiate,
with a sensitivity of 0.92, a specificity of 0.01. It had
positive diagnostic value = 95.83 %, negative diagnostic
value = 98.91 %, negative correlation ratio = 0.12, overall
diagnostic accuracy = 98.67 % and diagnostic chance ratio =
2085.35. ADHD questions of the PAPA diagnostic interview can
diagnose ADHD in preschool as a reliable tool based on
DSM-5.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102618},
Key = {fds358057}
}
@article{fds352421,
Author = {Carpenter, KLH and Hahemi, J and Campbell, K and Lippmann, SJ and Baker,
JP and Egger, HL and Espinosa, S and Vermeer, S and Sapiro, G and Dawson,
G},
Title = {Digital Behavioral Phenotyping Detects Atypical Pattern of
Facial Expression in Toddlers with Autism.},
Journal = {Autism Res},
Volume = {14},
Number = {3},
Pages = {488-499},
Year = {2021},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2391},
Abstract = {Commonly used screening tools for autism spectrum disorder
(ASD) generally rely on subjective caregiver questionnaires.
While behavioral observation is more objective, it is also
expensive, time-consuming, and requires significant
expertise to perform. As such, there remains a critical need
to develop feasible, scalable, and reliable tools that can
characterize ASD risk behaviors. This study assessed the
utility of a tablet-based behavioral assessment for
eliciting and detecting one type of risk behavior, namely,
patterns of facial expression, in 104 toddlers (ASD N
= 22) and evaluated whether such patterns differentiated
toddlers with and without ASD. The assessment consisted of
the child sitting on his/her caregiver's lap and watching
brief movies shown on a smart tablet while the embedded
camera recorded the child's facial expressions. Computer
vision analysis (CVA) automatically detected and tracked
facial landmarks, which were used to estimate head position
and facial expressions (Positive, Neutral, All Other). Using
CVA, specific points throughout the movies were identified
that reliably differentiate between children with and
without ASD based on their patterns of facial movement and
expressions (area under the curves for individual movies
ranging from 0.62 to 0.73). During these instances, children
with ASD more frequently displayed Neutral expressions
compared to children without ASD, who had more All Other
expressions. The frequency of All Other expressions was
driven by non-ASD children more often displaying raised
eyebrows and an open mouth, characteristic of
engagement/interest. Preliminary results suggest
computational coding of facial movements and expressions via
a tablet-based assessment can detect differences in
affective expression, one of the early, core features of
ASD. LAY SUMMARY: This study tested the use of a tablet in
the behavioral assessment of young children with autism.
Children watched a series of developmentally appropriate
movies and their facial expressions were recorded using the
camera embedded in the tablet. Results suggest that
computational assessments of facial expressions may be
useful in early detection of symptoms of
autism.},
Doi = {10.1002/aur.2391},
Key = {fds352421}
}
@article{fds338017,
Author = {Hashemi, J and Dawson, G and Carpenter, KLH and Campbell, K and Qiu, Q and Espinosa, S and Marsan, S and Baker, JP and Egger, HL and Sapiro,
G},
Title = {Computer Vision Analysis for Quantification of Autism Risk
Behaviors.},
Journal = {Ieee Transactions on Affective Computing},
Volume = {12},
Number = {1},
Pages = {215-226},
Publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE)},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2018.2868196},
Abstract = {Observational behavior analysis plays a key role for the
discovery and evaluation of risk markers for many
neurodevelopmental disorders. Research on autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) suggests that behavioral risk markers can be
observed at 12 months of age or earlier, with diagnosis
possible at 18 months. To date, these studies and
evaluations involving observational analysis tend to rely
heavily on clinical practitioners and specialists who have
undergone intensive training to be able to reliably
administer carefully designed behavioural-eliciting tasks,
code the resulting behaviors, and interpret such behaviors.
These methods are therefore extremely expensive,
time-intensive, and are not easily scalable for large
population or longitudinal observational analysis. We
developed a self-contained, closed-loop, mobile application
with movie stimuli designed to engage the child's attention
and elicit specific behavioral and social responses, which
are recorded with a mobile device camera and then analyzed
via computer vision algorithms. Here, in addition to
presenting this paradigm, we validate the system to measure
engagement, name-call responses, and emotional responses of
toddlers with and without ASD who were presented with the
application. Additionally, we show examples of how the
proposed framework can further risk marker research with
fine-grained quantification of behaviors. The results
suggest these objective and automatic methods can be
considered to aid behavioral analysis, and can be suited for
objective automatic analysis for future studies.},
Doi = {10.1109/taffc.2018.2868196},
Key = {fds338017}
}
@article{fds352835,
Author = {Zhao, C and Egger, H},
Title = {Cognitive impact of early separation from migrant parents: A
spectrum of risk and key mechanisms in child development
contexts. A commentary on Hou et al., (2020).},
Journal = {Social Science and Medicine},
Volume = {266},
Pages = {113427},
Year = {2020},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113427},
Abstract = {Prolonged separation from migrant parents may lead to child
development risks, despite the potential benefits from
improved financial circumstances. Within the substantial
literature on the health and well-being of the so-called
left-behind children, the cognitive impact of parental
migration has been inconclusive across different settings
globally. In this issue, Hou et al.'s study in rural China
focused on school-age children who experience persistent
absence of both migrant parents since infancy, and revealed
disadvantages in language comprehension outcomes among these
children, despite the mitigating effect of higher household
income. While results from this study are limited to the
ongoing parent-child separation, previous absence of migrant
parents has been suggested to have long-lasting negative
effects in studies of adolescents in reunited families.
Findings from Hou and colleagues' study highlight the needs
to better understand migration-related parent-child
separation during sensitive developmental periods in infancy
and early childhood. A spectrum of risk due to parental
migration should be established, accounting for the timing
and duration of migration and care arrangements, in order to
better identify the at-risk children in communities affected
by out-migration. Future research should further explore the
mediating and moderating factors in child's environments,
and evaluate post-separation adjustment among reunited
families after parents' return migration. Research evidence
on these aspects will inform the development of tailored
intervention programs for left-behind children, and
strengthen the abilities of families and communities in best
serving the needs of children affected by prolonged parental
absence.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113427},
Key = {fds352835}
}
@article{fds340962,
Author = {Lehmann, S and Monette, S and Egger, H and Breivik, K and Young, D and Davidson, C and Minnis, H},
Title = {Development and Examination of the Reactive Attachment
Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
Assessment Interview.},
Journal = {Assessment},
Volume = {27},
Number = {4},
Pages = {749-765},
Year = {2020},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191118797422},
Abstract = {The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
(DSM) categorizes reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and
disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) as two
separate disorders, and their criteria are revised. For
DSED, the core symptoms focus on abnormal social
disinhibition, and symptoms regarding lack of selective
attachment have been removed. The core symptoms of RAD are
the absence of attachment behaviors and emotional
dysregulation. In this study, an international team of
researchers modified the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric
Assessment for RAD to update it from DSM-IV to DSM-5
criteria for RAD and DSED. We renamed the interview the
reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social
engagement disorder assessment (RADA). Foster parents of 320
young people aged 11 to 17 years completed the RADA online.
Confirmatory factor analysis of RADA items identified good
fit for a three-factor model, with one factor comprising
DSED items (indiscriminate behaviors with strangers) and two
factors comprising RAD items (RAD1: failure to seek/accept
comfort, and RAD2: withdrawal/hypervigilance). The three
factors showed differential associations with clinical
symptoms of emotional and social impairment. Time in foster
care was not associated with scores on RAD1, RAD2, or DSED.
Higher age was associated with lower scores on DSED, and
higher scores on RAD1.},
Doi = {10.1177/1073191118797422},
Key = {fds340962}
}
@article{fds348354,
Author = {Dawson, G and Campbell, K and Hashemi, J and Lippmann, SJ and Smith, V and Carpenter, K and Egger, H and Espinosa, S and Vermeer, S and Baker, J and Sapiro, G},
Title = {Author Correction: Atypical postural control can be detected
via computer vision analysis in toddlers with autism
spectrum disorder.},
Journal = {Scientific Reports},
Volume = {10},
Number = {1},
Pages = {616},
Year = {2020},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57570-1},
Abstract = {An amendment to this paper has been published and can be
accessed via a link at the top of the paper.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-57570-1},
Key = {fds348354}
}
@article{fds340612,
Author = {Carpenter, KLH and Baranek, GT and Copeland, WE and Compton, S and Zucker, N and Dawson, G and Egger, HL},
Title = {Sensory Over-Responsivity: An Early Risk Factor for Anxiety
and Behavioral Challenges in Young Children.},
Journal = {J Abnorm Child Psychol},
Volume = {47},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1075-1088},
Year = {2019},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0502-y},
Abstract = {Anxiety disorders are prevalent and significantly impact
young children and their families. One hypothesized risk
factor for anxiety is heightened responses to sensory input.
Few studies have explored this hypothesis prospectively.
This study had two goals: (1) examine whether sensory
over-responsivity is predictive of the development of
anxiety in a large prospective sample of children, and (2)
identify whether anxiety mediates the relationship between
sensory over-responsivity and behavioral challenges.
Children's sensory and anxiety symptoms were assessed in a
community sample of 917 at 2-5 and again in 191 of these
children at 6 years old. Parents also reported on a number
of additional behavioral challenges previously found to be
associated with both sensory over-responsivity and anxiety
separately: irritability, food selectivity, sleep problems,
and gastrointestinal problems. Forty three percent of
preschool children with sensory over-responsivity also had a
concurrent impairing anxiety disorder. Preschool sensory
over-responsivity symptoms significantly and positively
predicted anxiety symptoms at age six. This relationship was
both specific and unidirectional. Finally, school-age
anxiety symptoms mediated the relationship between preschool
sensory over-responsivity symptoms and both irritability and
sleep problems at school-age. These results suggest sensory
over-responsivity is a risk factor for anxiety disorders.
Furthermore, children who have symptoms of sensory
over-responsivity as preschoolers have higher levels of
anxiety symptoms at school-age, which in turn is associated
with increased levels of school-age behavioral
challenges.},
Doi = {10.1007/s10802-018-0502-y},
Key = {fds340612}
}
@article{fds344645,
Author = {Marceau, K and Rolan, E and Leve, LD and Ganiban, JM and Reiss, D and Shaw,
DS and Natsuaki, MN and Egger, HL and Neiderhiser,
JM},
Title = {Parenting and prenatal risk as moderators of genetic
influences on conduct problems during middle
childhood.},
Journal = {Dev Psychol},
Volume = {55},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1164-1181},
Year = {2019},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000701},
Abstract = {This study examines interactions of heritable influences,
prenatal substance use, and postnatal parental warmth and
hostility on the development of conduct problems in middle
childhood for boys and girls. Participants are 561 linked
families, collected in 2 cohorts, including birth parents,
adoptive parents, and adopted children. Heritable influences
on internalizing and externalizing (including substance use)
problems were derived from birth mothers' and fathers'
symptoms, diagnoses, and age of onset from diagnostic
interviews, and the proportion of first-degree relatives
with the same type of problems. Smoking during pregnancy
(SDP) and alcohol use during pregnancy were assessed
retrospectively from birth mothers at 5 months postpartum.
Earlier externalizing problems and parental warmth and
hostility and were assessed at 1 assessment prior to the
outcome (Cohort II: 4.5 years; Cohort I: 7 years). Conduct
problems were symptoms from a diagnostic interview assessed
at age 6 (Cohort II) or 8 (Cohort I). Findings from
regression analyses suggest that (a) SDP plays an important
role for the development of conduct problems, (b) some
relatively well-accepted effects (e.g., parental hostility)
were less important when simultaneously considering multiple
factors influencing the development of conduct problems, and
(c) main effects of genetic risk and SDP, and interactions
among genetic risk and postnatal warmth, SDP and postnatal
warmth, and genetic risk, SDP, and postnatal hostility for
conduct problems were important for boys' but not girls'
conduct problems. Replication is needed, but the current
results provide preliminary but empirically grounded
hypotheses for future research testing complex developmental
models of conduct problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c)
2019 APA, all rights reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/dev0000701},
Key = {fds344645}
}
@article{fds336938,
Author = {Campbell, K and Carpenter, KL and Hashemi, J and Espinosa, S and Marsan,
S and Borg, JS and Chang, Z and Qiu, Q and Vermeer, S and Adler, E and Tepper,
M and Egger, HL and Baker, JP and Sapiro, G and Dawson,
G},
Title = {Computer vision analysis captures atypical attention in
toddlers with autism.},
Journal = {Autism},
Volume = {23},
Number = {3},
Pages = {619-628},
Year = {2019},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318766247},
Abstract = {To demonstrate the capability of computer vision analysis to
detect atypical orienting and attention behaviors in
toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. One hundered and
four toddlers of 16-31 months old (mean = 22)
participated in this study. Twenty-two of the toddlers had
autism spectrum disorder and 82 had typical development or
developmental delay. Toddlers watched video stimuli on a
tablet while the built-in camera recorded their head
movement. Computer vision analysis measured participants'
attention and orienting in response to name calls.
Reliability of the computer vision analysis algorithm was
tested against a human rater. Differences in behavior were
analyzed between the autism spectrum disorder group and the
comparison group. Reliability between computer vision
analysis and human coding for orienting to name was
excellent (intra-class coefficient 0.84, 95% confidence
interval 0.67-0.91). Only 8% of toddlers with autism
spectrum disorder oriented to name calling on >1 trial,
compared to 63% of toddlers in the comparison group
(p = 0.002). Mean latency to orient was significantly
longer for toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (2.02 vs
1.06 s, p = 0.04). Sensitivity for autism spectrum
disorder of atypical orienting was 96% and specificity was
38%. Older toddlers with autism spectrum disorder showed
less attention to the videos overall (p = 0.03).
Automated coding offers a reliable, quantitative method for
detecting atypical social orienting and reduced sustained
attention in toddlers with autism spectrum
disorder.},
Doi = {10.1177/1362361318766247},
Key = {fds336938}
}
@article{fds339771,
Author = {Dawson, G and Campbell, K and Hashemi, J and Lippmann, SJ and Smith, V and Carpenter, K and Egger, H and Espinosa, S and Vermeer, S and Baker, J and Sapiro, G},
Title = {Atypical postural control can be detected via computer
vision analysis in toddlers with autism spectrum
disorder.},
Journal = {Scientific Reports},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Pages = {17008},
Year = {2018},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35215-8},
Abstract = {Evidence suggests that differences in motor function are an
early feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One aspect
of motor ability that develops during childhood is postural
control, reflected in the ability to maintain a steady head
and body position without excessive sway. Observational
studies have documented differences in postural control in
older children with ASD. The present study used computer
vision analysis to assess midline head postural control, as
reflected in the rate of spontaneous head movements during
states of active attention, in 104 toddlers between 16-31
months of age (Mean = 22 months), 22 of whom were
diagnosed with ASD. Time-series data revealed robust group
differences in the rate of head movements while the toddlers
watched movies depicting social and nonsocial stimuli.
Toddlers with ASD exhibited a significantly higher rate of
head movement as compared to non-ASD toddlers, suggesting
difficulties in maintaining midline position of the head
while engaging attentional systems. The use of digital
phenotyping approaches, such as computer vision analysis, to
quantify variation in early motor behaviors will allow for
more precise, objective, and quantitative characterization
of early motor signatures and potentially provide new
automated methods for early autism risk identification.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-35215-8},
Key = {fds339771}
}
@article{fds345919,
Author = {Zhao, C and Egger, HL and Stein, CR and McGregor,
KA},
Title = {Separation and Reunification: Mental Health of Chinese
Children Affected by Parental Migration.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {142},
Number = {3},
Year = {2018},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-0313},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2018-0313},
Key = {fds345919}
}
@article{fds351172,
Author = {Egger, HL and Dawson, G and Hashemi, J and Carpenter, KLH and Espinosa,
S and Campbell, K and Brotkin, S and Schaich-Borg, J and Qiu, Q and Tepper,
M and Baker, JP and Bloomfield, RA and Sapiro, G},
Title = {Automatic emotion and attention analysis of young children
at home: a ResearchKit autism feasibility
study.},
Journal = {Npj Digital Medicine},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {20},
Year = {2018},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41746-018-0024-6},
Abstract = {Current tools for objectively measuring young children's
observed behaviors are expensive, time-consuming, and
require extensive training and professional administration.
The lack of scalable, reliable, and validated tools impacts
access to evidence-based knowledge and limits our capacity
to collect population-level data in non-clinical settings.
To address this gap, we developed mobile technology to
collect videos of young children while they watched movies
designed to elicit autism-related behaviors and then used
automatic behavioral coding of these videos to quantify
children's emotions and behaviors. We present results from
our iPhone study Autism & Beyond, built on ResearchKit's
open-source platform. The entire study-from an e-Consent
process to stimuli presentation and data collection-was
conducted within an iPhone-based app available in the Apple
Store. Over 1 year, 1756 families with children aged 12-72
months old participated in the study, completing 5618
caregiver-reported surveys and uploading 4441 videos
recorded in the child's natural settings. Usable data were
collected on 87.6% of the uploaded videos. Automatic coding
identified significant differences in emotion and attention
by age, sex, and autism risk status. This study demonstrates
the acceptability of an app-based tool to caregivers, their
willingness to upload videos of their children, the
feasibility of caregiver-collected data in the home, and the
application of automatic behavioral encoding to quantify
emotions and attention variables that are clinically
meaningful and may be refined to screen children for autism
and developmental disorders outside of clinical settings.
This technology has the potential to transform how we screen
and monitor children's development.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41746-018-0024-6},
Key = {fds351172}
}
@article{fds328293,
Author = {Zucker, N and Mauro, C and Craske, M and Wagner, HR and Datta, N and Hopkins, H and Caldwell, K and Kiridly, A and Marsan, S and Maslow, G and Mayer, E and Egger, H},
Title = {Acceptance-based interoceptive exposure for young children
with functional abdominal pain.},
Journal = {Behav Res Ther},
Volume = {97},
Pages = {200-212},
Year = {2017},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.009},
Abstract = {UNLABELLED: Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is a common
childhood somatic complaint that contributes to impairment
in daily functioning (e.g., school absences) and increases
risk for chronic pain and psychiatric illness. Cognitive
behavioral treatments for FAP target primarily older
children (9 + years) and employ strategies to reduce a
focus on pain. The experience of pain may be an opportunity
to teach viscerally hypersensitive children to interpret the
function of a variety of bodily signals (including those of
hunger, emotions) thereby reducing fear of bodily sensations
and facilitating emotion awareness and self-regulation. We
designed and tested an interoceptive exposure treatment for
younger children (5-9 years) with FAP. Assessments included
diagnostic interviews, 14 days of daily pain monitoring, and
questionnaires. Treatment involved 10 weekly appointments.
Using cartoon characters to represent bodily sensations
(e.g., Gassy Gus), children were trained to be "FBI agents"
- Feeling and Body Investigators - who investigated
sensations through exercises that provoked somatic
experience. 24 parent-child dyads are reported. Pain
(experience, distress, and interference) and negative affect
demonstrated clinically meaningful and statistically
significant change with effect sizes ranging from 0.48 to 71
for pain and from 0.38 to 0.61 for pain distress, total
pain: X2 (1, n = 24) = 13.14, p < 0.0003. An
intervention that helps children adopt a curious stance and
focus on somatic symptoms reduces pain and may help lessen
somatic fear generally. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
NCT02075437.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.009},
Key = {fds328293}
}
@article{fds323858,
Author = {Campbell, K and Carpenter, KLH and Espinosa, S and Hashemi, J and Qiu,
Q and Tepper, M and Calderbank, R and Sapiro, G and Egger, HL and Baker,
JP and Dawson, G},
Title = {Use of a Digital Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers -
Revised with Follow-up to Improve Quality of Screening for
Autism.},
Journal = {J Pediatr},
Volume = {183},
Pages = {133-139.e1},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.021},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To assess changes in quality of care for
children at risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) due to
process improvement and implementation of a digital
screening form. STUDY DESIGN: The process of screening for
ASD was studied in an academic primary care pediatrics
clinic before and after implementation of a digital version
of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers - Revised
with Follow-up with automated risk assessment. Quality
metrics included accuracy of documentation of screening
results and appropriate action for positive screens
(secondary screening or referral). Participating physicians
completed pre- and postintervention surveys to measure
changes in attitudes toward feasibility and value of
screening for ASD. Evidence of change was evaluated with
statistical process control charts and χ2 tests. RESULTS:
Accurate documentation in the electronic health record of
screening results increased from 54% to 92% (38% increase,
95% CI 14%-64%) and appropriate action for children
screening positive increased from 25% to 85% (60% increase,
95% CI 35%-85%). A total of 90% of participating physicians
agreed that the transition to a digital screening form
improved their clinical assessment of autism risk.
CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a tablet-based digital
version of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers -
Revised with Follow-up led to improved quality of care for
children at risk for ASD and increased acceptability of
screening for ASD. Continued efforts towards improving the
process of screening for ASD could facilitate rapid, early
diagnosis of ASD and advance the accuracy of studies of the
impact of screening.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.021},
Key = {fds323858}
}
@article{fds322115,
Author = {Zeanah, CH and Carter, AS and Cohen, J and Egger, H and Gleason, MM and Keren, M and Lieberman, A and Mulrooney, K and Oser,
C},
Title = {DIAGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL
DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD DC:0-5: SELECTIVE
REVIEWS FROM A NEW NOSOLOGY FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY.},
Journal = {Infant Ment Health J},
Volume = {37},
Number = {5},
Pages = {471-475},
Year = {2016},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21591},
Abstract = {The Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and
Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood:
Revised Edition (DC:0-5; ZERO TO THREE) is scheduled to be
published in 2016. The articles in this section are
selective reviews that have been undertaken as part of the
process of refining and updating the nosology. They provide
the rationales for new disorders, for disorders that had not
been included previously in the Diagnostic Classification of
Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and
Early Childhood: Revised Edition (DC:0-3R; ZERO TO THREE,
2005), and for changes in how certain types of disorders are
conceptualized.},
Doi = {10.1002/imhj.21591},
Key = {fds322115}
}
@article{fds322116,
Author = {Carpenter, KLH and Li, W and Wei, H and Wu, B and Xiao, X and Liu, C and Worley, G and Egger, HL},
Title = {Magnetic susceptibility of brain iron is associated with
childhood spatial IQ.},
Journal = {Neuroimage},
Volume = {132},
Pages = {167-174},
Year = {2016},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.028},
Abstract = {Iron is an essential micronutrient for healthy brain
function and development. Because of the importance of iron
in the brain, iron deficiency results in widespread and
lasting effects on behavior and cognition. We measured iron
in the basal ganglia of young children using a novel MRI
method, quantitative susceptibility mapping, and examined
the association of brain iron with age and cognitive
performance. Participants were a community sample of 39
young children recruited from pediatric primary care who
were participating in a 5-year longitudinal study of child
brain development and anxiety disorders. The children were
ages 7 to 11years old (mean age: 9.5years old) at the time
of the quantitative susceptibility mapping scan. The
differential abilities scale was administered when the
children were 6years old to provide a measure of general
intelligence and verbal (receptive and expressive),
non-verbal, and spatial performance. Magnetic susceptibility
values, which are linearly related to iron concentration in
iron-rich areas, were extracted from regions of interest
within iron-rich deep gray matter nuclei from the basal
ganglia, including the caudate, putamen, substantia nigra,
globus pallidus, and thalamus. Controlling for scan age,
there was a significant positive association between iron in
the basal ganglia and spatial IQ, with this effect being
driven by iron in the right caudate We also replicated
previous findings of a significant positive association
between iron in the bilateral basal ganglia and age. Our
finding of a positive association between spatial IQ and
mean iron in the basal ganglia, and in the caudate
specifically, suggests that iron content in specific regions
of the iron-rich deep nuclei of the basal ganglia influences
spatial intelligence. This provides a potential
neurobiological mechanism linking deficits in spatial
abilities reported in children who were severely iron
deficient as infants to decreased iron within the
caudate.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.028},
Key = {fds322116}
}
@article{fds322117,
Author = {Zucker, NL and Copeland, W and Egger, H},
Title = {Authors' Response.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {137},
Number = {1},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3635B},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2015-3635B},
Key = {fds322117}
}
@article{fds322118,
Author = {Carpenter, KLH and Sprechmann, P and Calderbank, R and Sapiro, G and Egger, HL},
Title = {Quantifying Risk for Anxiety Disorders in Preschool
Children: A Machine Learning Approach.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {11},
Number = {11},
Pages = {e0165524},
Year = {2016},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165524},
Abstract = {Early childhood anxiety disorders are common, impairing, and
predictive of anxiety and mood disorders later in childhood.
Epidemiological studies over the last decade find that the
prevalence of impairing anxiety disorders in preschool
children ranges from 0.3% to 6.5%. Yet, less than 15% of
young children with an impairing anxiety disorder receive a
mental health evaluation or treatment. One possible reason
for the low rate of care for anxious preschoolers is the
lack of affordable, timely, reliable and valid tools for
identifying young children with clinically significant
anxiety. Diagnostic interviews assessing psychopathology in
young children require intensive training, take hours to
administer and code, and are not available for use outside
of research settings. The Preschool Age Psychiatric
Assessment (PAPA) is a reliable and valid structured
diagnostic parent-report interview for assessing
psychopathology, including anxiety disorders, in 2 to 5 year
old children. In this paper, we apply machine-learning tools
to already collected PAPA data from two large community
studies to identify sub-sets of PAPA items that could be
developed into an efficient, reliable, and valid screening
tool to assess a young child's risk for an anxiety disorder.
Using machine learning, we were able to decrease by an order
of magnitude the number of items needed to identify a child
who is at risk for an anxiety disorder with an accuracy of
over 96% for both generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and
separation anxiety disorder (SAD). Additionally, rather than
considering GAD or SAD as discrete/binary entities, we
present a continuous risk score representing the child's
risk of meeting criteria for GAD or SAD. Identification of a
short question-set that assesses risk for an anxiety
disorder could be a first step toward development and
validation of a relatively short screening tool feasible for
use in pediatric clinics and daycare/preschool
settings.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0165524},
Key = {fds322118}
}
@article{fds272408,
Author = {Zucker, N and Copeland, W and Franz, L and Carpenter, K and Keeling, L and Angold, A and Egger, H},
Title = {Psychological and Psychosocial Impairment in Preschoolers
With Selective Eating.},
Journal = {Pediatrics},
Volume = {136},
Number = {3},
Pages = {e582-e590},
Year = {2015},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0031-4005},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2386},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We examined the clinical significance of moderate
and severe selective eating (SE). Two levels of SE were
examined in relation to concurrent psychiatric symptoms and
as a risk factor for the emergence of later psychiatric
symptoms. Findings are intended to guide health care
providers to recognize when SE is a problem worthy of
intervention. METHODS: A population cohort sample of 917
children aged 24 to 71 months and designated caregivers were
recruited via primary care practices at a major medical
center in the Southeast as part of an epidemiologic study of
preschool anxiety. Caregivers were administered structured
diagnostic interviews (the Preschool Age Psychiatric
Assessment) regarding the child's eating and related
self-regulatory capacities, psychiatric symptoms,
functioning, and home environment variables. A subset of 188
dyads were assessed a second time ∼24.7 months from the
initial assessment. RESULTS: Both moderate and severe levels
of SE were associated with psychopathological symptoms
(anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder) both concurrently and prospectively. However, the
severity of psychopathological symptoms worsened as SE
became more severe. Impairment in family functioning was
reported at both levels of SE, as was sensory sensitivity in
domains outside of food and the experience of food aversion.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that health care providers
should intervene at even moderate levels of SE. SE
associated with impairment in function should now be
diagnosed as avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, an
eating disorder that encapsulates maladaptive food
restriction, which is new to the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.},
Doi = {10.1542/peds.2014-2386},
Key = {fds272408}
}
@article{fds272407,
Author = {Maselko, J and Sikander, S and Bhalotra, S and Bangash, O and Ganga, N and Mukherjee, S and Egger, H and Franz, L and Bibi, A and Liaqat, R and Kanwal, M and Abbasi, T and Noor, M and Ameen, N and Rahman,
A},
Title = {Effect of an early perinatal depression intervention on
long-term child development outcomes: follow-up of the
Thinking Healthy Programme randomised controlled
trial.},
Journal = {Lancet Psychiatry},
Volume = {2},
Number = {7},
Pages = {609-617},
Year = {2015},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {2215-0366},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00109-1},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Perinatal depression has been linked with
deleterious child development outcomes, yet maternal
depression interventions have not been shown to have lasting
effects on child development, and evidence is not available
from countries of low or middle income. In the Thinking
Healthy Programme cluster-randomised controlled trial, a
perinatal depression intervention was assessed in Pakistan
in 2006-07. The intervention significantly reduced
depression levels 12 months post partum compared with a
control. We aimed to assess the effect of this same
intervention on the cognitive, socioemotional, and physical
development of children at around age 7 years. METHODS:
Mother-child dyads who participated in the Thinking Healthy
Programme cluster-randomised controlled trial were
interviewed when the index child was about 7 years old. A
reference group of 300 mothers who did not have prenatal
depression and, therefore, did not receive the original
intervention, was enrolled with their children at the same
time. The primary cognitive outcome was the score on the
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
(WPPSI-IV); primary socioemotional outcomes included scores
on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and
the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS); and primary
physical outcomes were height-for-age, weight-for-age, and
body-mass index (BMI)-for-age Z scores. Generalised linear
modelling with random effects to account for clustering was
the main method of analysis. Analyses were by intention to
treat. The Thinking Healthy Programme cluster-randomised
trial was registered at ISRCTN.com, number ISRCTN65316374.
FINDINGS: Of 705 participating mother-child dyads
interviewed at the end of the Thinking Healthy Programme
randomised controlled trial, 584 (83%) dyads were enrolled.
289 mothers had received the intervention and 295 had
received a control consisting of enhanced usual care. The
mean age of the children was 7·6 years (SD 0·1). Overall,
cognitive, socioemotional, or physical development outcomes
did not differ between children in the intervention or
control groups whose mothers had prenatal depression. When
compared with the reference group of children whose mothers
did not have prenatal depression, the Thinking Healthy
Programme trial children had worse socioemotional outcomes;
mean scores were significantly higher on the SDQ for total
difficulty (11·34 vs 10·35; mean difference 0·78, 95% CI
0·09-1·47; p=0·03) and on the SCAS for anxiety (21·33 vs
17·57; mean difference 2·93, 1·15-4·71; p=0·0013).
Cognitive and physical outcomes did not differ.
INTERPRETATION: Our findings show that cognitive,
socioemotional, and physical developmental outcomes of
children at age 7 years whose mother had prenatal depression
did not differ between those who received the Thinking
Healthy Programme intervention and those who received the
control. Further investigation is needed to understand what
types of complex interventions or approaches are needed for
long-term gains in maternal and child wellbeing. Prolonged,
detailed, and frequent follow-up is warranted for all
interventions. FUNDING: Grand Challenges Canada (Government
of Canada), Saving Brains programme.},
Doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00109-1},
Key = {fds272407}
}
@article{fds272413,
Author = {Shanahan, L and Zucker, N and Copeland, WE and Bondy, CL and Egger, HL and Costello, EJ},
Title = {Childhood somatic complaints predict generalized anxiety and
depressive disorders during young adulthood in a community
sample.},
Journal = {Psychol Med},
Volume = {45},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1721-1730},
Year = {2015},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0033-2917},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002840},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Children with somatic complaints are at
increased risk for emotional disorders during childhood.
Whether this elevated risk extends into young adulthood -
and to which specific disorders - has rarely been tested
with long-term prospective-longitudinal community samples.
Here we test whether frequent and recurring stomach aches,
headaches, and muscle aches during childhood predict
emotional disorders in adulthood after accounting for
childhood psychiatric and physical health status and
psychosocial adversity. METHOD: The Great Smoky Mountains
Study is a community representative sample with 1420
participants. Children/adolescents were assessed 4-7 times
between ages 9-16 years. They were assessed again up to
three times between ages 19-26 years. Childhood somatic
complaints were coded when subjects or their parents
reported frequent and recurrent headaches, stomach aches, or
muscular/joint aches at some point when children were aged
9-16 years. Psychiatric disorders were assessed with the
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment and the Young
Adult Psychiatric Assessment. RESULTS: Frequent and
recurrent somatic complaints in childhood predicted
adulthood emotional disorders. After controlling for
potential confounders, predictions from childhood somatic
complaints were specific to later depression and generalized
anxiety disorder. Long-term predictions did not differ by
sex. Somatic complaints that persisted across developmental
periods were associated with the highest risk for young
adult emotional distress disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Children
from the community with frequent and recurrent physical
distress are at substantially increased risk for emotional
distress disorders during young adulthood. Preventions and
interventions for somatic complaints could help alleviate
this risk.},
Doi = {10.1017/S0033291714002840},
Key = {fds272413}
}
@article{fds272411,
Author = {Tseng, W-L and Guyer, AE and Briggs-Gowan, MJ and Axelson, D and Birmaher, B and Egger, HL and Helm, J and Stowe, Z and Towbin, KA and Wakschlag, LS and Leibenluft, E and Brotman, MA},
Title = {Behavior and emotion modulation deficits in preschoolers at
risk for bipolar disorder.},
Journal = {Depress Anxiety},
Volume = {32},
Number = {5},
Pages = {325-334},
Year = {2015},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {1091-4269},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22342},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is highly familial, but
studies have yet to examine preschoolers at risk for BD
using standardized, developmentally appropriate clinical
assessment tools. We used such methods to test whether
preschoolers at familial risk for BD have more observed
difficulty modulating emotions and behaviors than do
low-risk preschoolers. Identification of emotional and
behavioral difficulties in at-risk preschoolers is crucial
for developing new approaches for early intervention and
prevention of BD. METHODS: Using the standardized disruptive
behavior diagnostic observation schedule (DB-DOS) protocol
for preschoolers, we compared 23 preschoolers (M(age): 4.53
± 0.73 years; 18 males) with a first-degree relative with
BD to 21 preschoolers (M(age): 4.65 ± 0.84 years; 11 males)
without a family history of BD. We characterized
psychopathology in this sample using the Preschool Aged
Psychiatric Assessment and behavioral and emotional problems
using the Child Behavior Checklist. RESULTS: High-risk
preschoolers demonstrated significantly more intense,
pervasive, and clinically concerning problems in anger
modulation and behavior dysregulation on the DB-DOS than the
low-risk group. High-risk relative to low-risk preschoolers,
were also more likely to have maternal-reported anxiety and
oppositional defiant disorders and internalizing and
externalizing problems. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically concerning
problems in anger modulation and behavior regulation,
measured during standardized laboratory observation,
differentiate preschoolers at high familial risk for BD from
those at low risk. Investigation in a large longitudinal
sample is critical for replication and for determining
whether these observed behavioral differences can be
reliably used as prodromal indicators of mood
disorders.},
Doi = {10.1002/da.22342},
Key = {fds272411}
}
@article{fds272412,
Author = {Carpenter, KLH and Angold, A and Chen, N-K and Copeland, WE and Gaur, P and Pelphrey, K and Song, AW and Egger, HL},
Title = {Preschool anxiety disorders predict different patterns of
amygdala-prefrontal connectivity at school-age.},
Journal = {Plos One},
Volume = {10},
Number = {1},
Pages = {e0116854},
Year = {2015},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/9486 Duke open
access},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: In this prospective, longitudinal study of young
children, we examined whether a history of preschool
generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, and/or social
phobia is associated with amygdala-prefrontal dysregulation
at school-age. As an exploratory analysis, we investigated
whether distinct anxiety disorders differ in the patterns of
this amygdala-prefrontal dysregulation. METHODS:
Participants were children taking part in a 5-year study of
early childhood brain development and anxiety disorders.
Preschool symptoms of generalized anxiety, separation
anxiety, and social phobia were assessed with the Preschool
Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) in the first wave of the
study when the children were between 2 and 5 years old. The
PAPA was repeated at age 6. We conducted functional MRIs
when the children were 5.5 to 9.5 year old to assess neural
responses to viewing of angry and fearful faces. RESULTS: A
history of preschool social phobia predicted less school-age
functional connectivity between the amygdala and the ventral
prefrontal cortices to angry faces. Preschool generalized
anxiety predicted less functional connectivity between the
amygdala and dorsal prefrontal cortices in response to
fearful faces. Finally, a history of preschool separation
anxiety predicted less school-age functional connectivity
between the amygdala and the ventral prefrontal cortices to
angry faces and greater school-age functional connectivity
between the amygdala and dorsal prefrontal cortices to angry
faces. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that there are
enduring neurobiological effects associated with a history
of preschool anxiety, which occur over-and-above the effect
of subsequent emotional symptoms. Our results also provide
preliminary evidence for the neurobiological differentiation
of specific preschool anxiety disorders.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0116854},
Key = {fds272412}
}
@article{fds330731,
Author = {Hashemi, J and Campbell, K and Carpenter, K and Harris, A and Qiu, Q and Tepper, M and Espinosa, S and Schaich Borg and J and Marsan, S and Calderbank, R and Baker, J and Egger, HL and Dawson, G and Sapiro,
G},
Title = {A scalable app for measuring autism risk behaviors in young
children: A technical validity and feasibility
study},
Journal = {Proceedings of the 5th Eai International Conference on
Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare},
Pages = {23-27},
Publisher = {ICST},
Year = {2015},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-10-2015.2261939},
Abstract = {In spite of recent advances in the genetics and neuroscience
of early childhood mental health, behavioral observation is
still the gold standard in screening, diagnosis, and outcome
assessment. Unfortunately, clinical observation is often
sub-jective, needs significant rater training, does not
capture data from participants in their natural environment,
and is not scalable for use in large populations or for
longitu-dinal monitoring. To address these challenges, we
devel-oped and tested a self-contained app designed to
measure toddlers' social communication behaviors in a
primary care, school, or home setting. Twenty 16-30 month
old children with and without autism participated in this
study. Tod-dlers watched the developmentally-Appropriate
visual stim-uli on an iPad in a pediatric clinic and in our
lab while the iPad camera simultaneously recorded video of
the child's behaviors. Automated computer vision algorithms
coded emotions and social referencing to quantify autism
risk be-haviors. We validated our automatic computer coding
by comparing the computer-generated analysis of facial
expres-sion and social referencing to human coding of these
behav-iors. We report our method and propose the development
and testing of measures of young children's behaviors as the
first step toward development of a novel, fully integrated,
low-cost, scalable screening tool for autism and other
neu-rodevelopmental disorders of early childhood.},
Doi = {10.4108/eai.14-10-2015.2261939},
Key = {fds330731}
}
@article{fds272419,
Author = {von Klitzing, K and White, LO and Otto, Y and Fuchs, S and Egger, HL and Klein, AM},
Title = {Depressive comorbidity in preschool anxiety
disorder.},
Journal = {The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied
Disciplines},
Volume = {55},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1107-1116},
Year = {2014},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0021-9630},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12222},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The threshold for clinical relevance of
preschool anxiety has recently come under increasing
scrutiny in view of large variations in prevalence
estimates. We studied the impact of presence/absence of
additional depressive comorbidity (symptoms and/or
diagnosis) on preschoolers with anxiety disorders in
relation to clinical phenomenology, family, and peer
problems compared to healthy controls. METHOD: A population
of 1738 preschoolers were screened and oversampled for
internalizing symptoms from community sites, yielding a
sample of 236 children. RESULTS: Using a multi-informant
approach (mother, father, teacher, child), we found evidence
that children with anxiety disorders and depressive
comorbidity display a greater internalizing symptom-load,
more peer problems and live in families with more
psychosocial impairment (poor family functioning, family
adversity, maternal mental health problems). The pure
anxiety group was merely dissociable from controls with
regard to internalizing symptoms and family adversity.
CONCLUSION: The presence of depressive comorbidity in
anxiety disorders may mark the transition to a more
detrimental and impairing disorder at preschool
age.},
Doi = {10.1111/jcpp.12222},
Key = {fds272419}
}
@article{fds272416,
Author = {Copeland, WE and Shanahan, L and Egger, H and Angold, A and Costello,
EJ},
Title = {Adult diagnostic and functional outcomes of DSM-5 disruptive
mood dysregulation disorder.},
Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
Volume = {171},
Number = {6},
Pages = {668-674},
Year = {2014},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0002-953X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13091213},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is
a new disorder for DSM-5 that is uncommon and frequently
co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders. Here, the
authors test whether meeting diagnostic criteria for this
disorder in childhood predicts adult diagnostic and
functional outcomes. METHOD: In a prospective,
population-based study, individuals were assessed with
structured interviews up to six times in childhood and
adolescence (ages 10 to 16 years; 5,336 observations of
1,420 youths) for symptoms of DMDD and three times in young
adulthood (ages 19, 21, and 24-26 years; 3,215 observations
of 1,273 young adults) for psychiatric and functional
outcomes (health, risky/illegal behavior,
financial/educational functioning, and social functioning).
RESULTS: Young adults with a history of childhood DMDD had
elevated rates of anxiety and depression and were more
likely to meet criteria for more than one adult disorder
relative to comparison subjects with no history of childhood
psychiatric disorders (noncases) or individuals meeting
criteria for psychiatric disorders other than DMDD in
childhood or adolescence (psychiatric comparison subjects).
Participants with a history of DMDD were more likely to have
adverse health outcomes, be impoverished, have reported
police contact, and have low educational attainment as
adults compared with either psychiatric or noncase
comparison subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term prognosis of
children with DMDD is one of pervasive impaired functioning
that in many cases is worse than that of other childhood
psychiatric disorders.},
Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13091213},
Key = {fds272416}
}
@article{fds272418,
Author = {Towe-Goodman, NR and Franz, L and Copeland, W and Angold, A and Egger,
H},
Title = {Perceived family impact of preschool anxiety
disorders.},
Journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry},
Volume = {53},
Number = {4},
Pages = {437-446},
Year = {2014},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.017},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We examined the perceived impact of child anxiety
disorders on family functioning, because such impact is a
key predictor of mental health service receipt. In addition,
we examined the relative impact of preschool anxiety
compared to that of other early childhood disorders, and
whether this impact persisted after accounting for the
effects of comorbidity, or varied by child age and sex.
METHOD: Drawing from a pediatric primary-care clinic and
oversampling for children at risk for anxiety, 917 parents
of preschoolers (aged 2-5 years) completed a diagnostic
interview and reported on child psychiatric symptom impact
on family finances, relationships, activities, and
well-being. RESULTS: After accounting for comorbid
disorders, families of children with anxiety were 3.5 times
more likely to report a negative impact of their child's
behavior on the family relative to nondisordered children.
Generalized and separation anxiety had an impact on family
functioning similar to that of attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder and disruptive disorders. There was a significant
family impact for girls with social phobia, whereas there
was no impact for boys. CONCLUSIONS: Preschool anxiety has a
significant, unique impact on family functioning,
particularly parental adjustment, highlighting the family
impairment linked with early anxiety, and the need for
further research on barriers to care for these
disorders.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.017},
Key = {fds272418}
}
@article{fds272414,
Author = {Von Klitzing and K and White, LO and Otto, Y and Fuchs, S and Egger, HL and Klein, AM},
Title = {Depressive comorbidity in preschool anxiety
disorder},
Journal = {Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied
Disciplines},
Volume = {55},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1107-1116},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0021-9630},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12222},
Abstract = {Background: The threshold for clinical relevance of
preschool anxiety has recently come under increasing
scrutiny in view of large variations in prevalence
estimates. We studied the impact of presence/absence of
additional depressive comorbidity (symptoms and/or
diagnosis) on preschoolers with anxiety disorders in
relation to clinical phenomenology, family, and peer
problems compared to healthy controls. Method: A population
of 1738 preschoolers were screened and oversampled for
internalizing symptoms from community sites, yielding a
sample of 236 children. Results: Using a multi-informant
approach (mother, father, teacher, child), we found evidence
that children with anxiety disorders and depressive
comorbidity display a greater internalizing symptom-load,
more peer problems and live in families with more
psychosocial impairment (poor family functioning, family
adversity, maternal mental health problems). The pure
anxiety group was merely dissociable from controls with
regard to internalizing symptoms and family adversity.
Conclusion: The presence of depressive comorbidity in
anxiety disorders may mark the transition to a more
detrimental and impairing disorder at preschool
age.},
Doi = {10.1111/jcpp.12222},
Key = {fds272414}
}
@article{fds272415,
Author = {Carpenter, K and Sprechmann, P and Fiori, M and Calderbank, R and Egger,
H and Sapiro, G},
Title = {Questionnaire simplification for fast risk analysis of
children's mental health},
Journal = {2015 Ieee International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and
Signal Processing (Icassp)},
Pages = {6009-6013},
Publisher = {IEEE},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1520-6149},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2014.6854757},
Abstract = {Early detection and treatment of psychiatric disorders on
children has shown significant impact in their subsequent
development and quality of life. The assessment of
psychopathology in childhood is commonly carried out by
performing long comprehensive interviews such as the widely
used Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA).
Unfortunately, the time required to complete a full
interview is too long to apply it at the scale of the actual
population at risk, and most of the population goes
undiagnosed or is diagnosed significantly later than
desired. In this work, we aim to learn from unique and very
rich previously collected PAPA examples the
inter-correlations between different questions in order to
provide a reliable risk analysis in the form of a much
shorter interview. This helps to put such important risk
analysis at the hands of regular practitioners, including
teachers and family doctors. We use for this purpose the
alternating decision trees algorithm, which combines
decision trees with boosting to produce small and
interpretable decision rules. Rather than a binary
prediction, the algorithm provides a measure of confidence
in the classification outcome. This is highly desirable from
a clinical perspective, where it is preferable to abstain a
decision on the low-confidence cases and recommend further
screening. In order to prevent over-fitting, we propose to
use network inference analysis to predefine a set of
candidate question with consistent high correlation with the
diagnosis. We report encouraging results with high levels of
prediction using two independently collected datasets. The
length and accuracy of the developed method suggests that it
could be a valuable tool for preliminary evaluation in
everyday care. © 2014 IEEE.},
Doi = {10.1109/ICASSP.2014.6854757},
Key = {fds272415}
}
@article{fds272420,
Author = {Franz, L and Angold, A and Copeland, W and Costello, EJ and Towe-Goodman, N and Egger, H},
Title = {Preschool anxiety disorders in pediatric primary care:
prevalence and comorbidity.},
Journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry},
Volume = {52},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1294-1303.e1},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24290462},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We sought to establish prevalence rates and
detail patterns of comorbidity for generalized anxiety
disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and social phobia in
preschool-aged children. METHOD: The Duke Preschool Anxiety
Study, a screen-stratified, cross-sectional study, drew from
pediatric primary care and oversampled for children at risk
for anxiety. A total of 917 parents of preschool children
(aged 2-5 years) completed the Preschool Age Psychiatric
Assessment. RESULTS: Generalized anxiety disorder,
separation anxiety disorder, and social phobia are common in
preschool-aged children attending pediatric primary care.
Three-fourths of preschoolers with an anxiety disorder only
had a single anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder
displayed the greatest degree of comorbidity: with
separation anxiety disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 4.1, 95% CI =
2.0-8.5), social phobia (OR = 6.4, 95% CI = 3.1-13.4),
disruptive behavior disorders (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.6-15.8),
and depression (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.1-12.4). CONCLUSIONS:
The weakness of association between generalized anxiety
disorder and depression stands in contrast to substantial
associations between these 2 disorders reported in older
individuals. Attenuated associations in preschool-aged
children could translate into clinical opportunities for
targeted early interventions, aimed at modifying the
developmental trajectory of anxiety disorders.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.008},
Key = {fds272420}
}
@article{fds272421,
Author = {Copeland, WE and Angold, A and Costello, EJ and Egger,
H},
Title = {Prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of DSM-5 proposed
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.},
Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
Volume = {170},
Number = {2},
Pages = {173-179},
Year = {2013},
Month = {February},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23377638},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: No empirical studies on the DSM-5 proposed
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder have yet been
published. This study estimated prevalence, comorbidity, and
correlates of this proposed disorder in the community.
METHOD: Prevalence rates were estimated using data from
three community studies involving 7,881 observations of
3,258 participants from 2 to 17 years old. Disruptive mood
dysregulation disorder was diagnosed using structured
psychiatric interviews. RESULTS: Three-month prevalence
rates for meeting criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation
disorder ranged from 0.8% to 3.3%, with the highest rate in
preschoolers. Rates dropped slightly with the strict
application of the exclusion criterion, but they were
largely unaffected by the application of onset and duration
criteria. Disruptive mood dysregulation co-occurred with all
common psychiatric disorders. The highest levels of
co-occurrence were with depressive disorders (odds ratios
between 9.9 and 23.5) and oppositional defiant disorder
(odds ratios between 52.9 and 103.0). Disruptive mood
dysregulation occurred with another disorder 62%-92% of the
time, and it occurred with both an emotional and a
behavioral disorder 32%-68% of the time. Affected children
displayed elevated rates of social impairments, school
suspension, service use, and poverty. CONCLUSIONS:
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is relatively
uncommon after early childhood, frequently co-occurs with
other psychiatric disorders, and meets common standards for
psychiatric "caseness." This disorder identifies children
with severe levels of both emotional and behavioral
dysregulation.},
Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010132},
Key = {fds272421}
}
@article{fds272460,
Author = {Wichstrøm, L and Berg-Nielsen, TS and Angold, A and Egger, HL and Solheim, E and Sveen, TH},
Title = {Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers.},
Journal = {The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied
Disciplines},
Volume = {53},
Number = {6},
Pages = {695-705},
Year = {2012},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0021-9630},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02514.x},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many disorders in childhood and adolescence
were already present in the preschool years. However, there
is little empirical research on the prevalence of
psychiatric disorders in young children. A true community
study using structured diagnostic tools has yet to be
published. METHODS: All children born in 2003 or 2004 in
the city of Trondheim, Norway, who attended the regular
community health check-up for 4-year-olds (97.2% of eligible
children) whose parents consented to take part in the study
(N = 2,475, 82.0%) were screened for behavioral and
emotional problems with the Strengths and Difficulties
Questionnaire (SDQ). A screen-stratified subsample of 1,250
children took part in a furthermore comprehensive study
including a structured diagnostic interview (the Preschool
Age Psychiatric Assessment, PAPA), which 995 parents (79.6%)
completed. RESULTS: The estimated population rate for
any psychiatric disorder (excluding encopresis - 6.4%) was
7.1%. The most common disorders were attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (1.9%), oppositional defiant disorder
(1.8%), conduct disorder (0.7%), anxiety disorders (1.5%),
and depressive disorders (2.0%). Comorbidity among disorders
was common. More emotional and behavioral disorders were
seen in children whose parents did not live together and in
those of low socioeconomic status. Boys more often had
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
depressive disorders than girls. CONCLUSIONS: The
prevalence of disorders among preschoolers was lower than in
previous studies from the USA. Comorbidity was frequent and
there was a male preponderance in ADHD and depression at
this early age. These results underscore the fact that the
most common disorders of childhood can already be diagnosed
in preschoolers. However, rates of disorder in Norway may be
lower than in the USA.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02514.x},
Key = {fds272460}
}
@article{fds272439,
Author = {Gleason, MM and Zamfirescu, A and Egger, HL and Nelson, CA and Fox, NA and Zeanah, CH},
Title = {Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in very young children
in a Romanian pediatric setting.},
Journal = {Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry},
Volume = {20},
Number = {10},
Pages = {527-535},
Year = {2011},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {1018-8827},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0214-0},
Abstract = {A growing literature demonstrates that early clinical
intervention can reduce risks of adverse psychosocial
outcomes. A first step necessary for developing early
intervention services is to know the prevalence of clinical
disorders, especially in systems that are rebuilding, such
as Romania, where the mental health system was dismantled
under Ceausescu. No epidemiologic studies have examined
prevalence of psychiatric disorders in young children in
Romania. The objective of this study was to determine the
prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Romanian children
18-60 months in pediatric settings. Parents of 1,003
children 18-60 months in pediatric waiting rooms of two
pediatric hospitals completed background information, the
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). A subgroup over-sampled for
high mental health problems were invited to participate in
the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. Rates of mental
health problems were similar to the US norms on the CBCL.
The weighted prevalence of psychiatric disorders in these
children was 8.8%, with 5.4% with emotional disorders and
1.4% with behavioral disorders. Comorbidity occurred in
nearly one-fourth of the children with a psychiatric
disorder and children who met diagnostic criteria had more
functional impairment than those without. Of children who
met criteria for a psychiatric disorder, 10% of parents were
concerned about their child's emotional or behavioral
health. This study provides prevalence rates of psychiatric
disorders in young Romanian children, clinical
characteristic of the children and families that can guide
developing system of care. Cultural differences in parental
report of emotional and behavioral problems warrant further
examination.},
Doi = {10.1007/s00787-011-0214-0},
Key = {fds272439}
}
@article{fds272459,
Author = {Egger, HL and Pine, DS and Nelson, E and Leibenluft, E and Ernst, M and Towbin, KE and Angold, A},
Title = {The NIMH Child Emotional Faces Picture Set (NIMH-ChEFS): a
new set of children's facial emotion stimuli.},
Journal = {Int J Methods Psychiatr Res},
Volume = {20},
Number = {3},
Pages = {145-156},
Year = {2011},
Month = {September},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547297},
Abstract = {With the emergence of new technologies, there has been an
explosion of basic and clinical research on the affective
and cognitive neuroscience of face processing and emotion
perception. Adult emotional face stimuli are commonly used
in these studies. For developmental research, there is a
need for a validated set of child emotional faces. This
paper describes the development of the National Institute of
Mental Health Child Emotional Faces Picture Set
(NIMH-ChEFS), a relatively large stimulus set with high
quality, color images of the emotional faces of children.
The set includes 482 photographs of fearful, angry, happy,
sad and neutral child faces with two gaze conditions: direct
and averted gaze. In this paper we describe the development
of the NIMH-ChEFS and data on the set's validity based on
ratings by 20 healthy adult raters. Agreement between the a
priori emotion designation and the raters' labels was high
and comparable with values reported for commonly used adult
picture sets. Intensity, representativeness, and composite
"goodness" ratings are also presented to guide researchers
in their choice of specific stimuli for their studies. These
data should give researchers confidence in the NIMH-ChEFS's
validity for use in affective and social neuroscience
research.},
Doi = {10.1002/mpr.343},
Key = {fds272459}
}
@article{fds272440,
Author = {Holt, RL and Provenzale, JM and Veerapandiyan, A and Moon, W-J and De
Bellis, MD and Leonard, S and Gallentine, WB and Grant, GA and Egger, H and Song, AW and Mikati, MA},
Title = {Structural connectivity of the frontal lobe in children with
drug-resistant partial epilepsy.},
Journal = {Epilepsy Behav},
Volume = {21},
Number = {1},
Pages = {65-70},
Year = {2011},
Month = {May},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497558},
Abstract = {The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) II and cingulum
are two white matter tracts important for attention and
other frontal lobe functions. These functions are often
disturbed in children with drug-resistant (DR) partial
epilepsy, even when no abnormalities are seen on
conventional MRI. We set out to determine whether
abnormalities in these structures might be depicted on
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in the absence of
abnormalities on conventional MRI. We compared the DTI
findings of 12 children with DR partial epilepsy with those
of 12 age- and gender-matched controls. We found that the
SLF II fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the patients
were significantly lower than those of the controls (means:
0.398±0.057 and 0.443±0.059, respectively, P=0.002).
Similarly, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and parallel
diffusivity values for SLF II were also significantly lower
in the patients. There were no differences in the FA and ADC
values of the cingulum. Our findings are consistent with
abnormal structural connectivity of the frontal lobe in
children with DR partial epilepsy and provide a possible
explanation for the previously reported functional
abnormalities related to the SLF II in these
patients.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.03.016},
Key = {fds272440}
}
@article{fds272438,
Author = {Gleason, MM and Fox, NA and Drury, S and Smyke, A and Egger, HL and Nelson,
CA and Gregas, MC and Zeanah, CH},
Title = {Validity of evidence-derived criteria for reactive
attachment disorder: indiscriminately social/disinhibited
and emotionally withdrawn/inhibited types.},
Journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry},
Volume = {50},
Number = {3},
Pages = {216-231.e3},
Year = {2011},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.012},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study examined the validity of criteria for
indiscriminately social/disinhibited and emotionally
withdrawn/inhibited reactive attachment disorder (RAD).
METHOD: As part of a longitudinal intervention trial of
previously institutionalized children, caregiver interviews
and direct observational measurements provided continuous
and categorical data used to examine the internal
consistency, criterion validity, construct validity,
convergent and discriminant validity, association with
functional impairment, and stability of these disorders over
time. RESULTS: As in other studies, the findings showed
distinctions between the two types of RAD. Evidence-derived
criteria for both types of RAD showed acceptable internal
consistency and criterion validity. In this study, rates of
indiscriminately social/disinhibited RAD at baseline and at
30, 42, and 54 months were 41/129 (31.8%), 22/122 (17.9%),
22/122 (18.0%), and 22/125 (17.6%), respectively. Signs of
indiscriminately social/disinhibited RAD showed little
association with caregiving quality. Nearly half of children
with indiscriminately social/disinhibited RAD had organized
attachment classifications. Signs of indiscriminately
social/disinhibited RAD were associated with signs of
activity/impulsivity and of attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder and modestly with inhibitory control but were
distinct from the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder. At baseline, 30, 42, and 54 months, 6/130 (4.6%),
4/123 (3.3%), 2/125 (1.6%), and 5/122 (4.1%) of children met
criteria for emotionally withdrawn/inhibited RAD.
Emotionally withdrawn/inhibited RAD was moderately
associated with caregiving at the first three time points
and strongly associated with attachment security. Signs of
this type of RAD were associated with depressive symptoms,
although two of the five children with this type of RAD at
54 months did not meet criteria for major depressive
disorder. Signs of both types of RAD contributed
independently to functional impairment and were stable over
time. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-derived criteria for
indiscriminately social/disinhibited and emotionally
withdrawn/inhibited RAD define two statistically and
clinically cohesive syndromes that are distinct from each
other, shows stability over 2 years, have predictable
associations with risk factors and attachment, can be
distinguished from other psychiatric disorders, and cause
functional impairment.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.012},
Key = {fds272438}
}
@article{fds272437,
Author = {Egger, HL and Emde, RN},
Title = {Developmentally sensitive diagnostic criteria for mental
health disorders in early childhood: the diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders-IV, the research
diagnostic criteria-preschool age, and the diagnostic
classification of mental health and developmental disorders
of infancy and early childhood-revised.},
Journal = {Am Psychol},
Volume = {66},
Number = {2},
Pages = {95-106},
Year = {2011},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21142337},
Abstract = {As the infant mental health field has turned its focus to
the presentation, course, and treatment of clinically
significant mental health disorders, the need for reliable
and valid criteria for identifying and assessing mental
health symptoms and disorders in early childhood has become
urgent. In this article we offer a critical perspective on
diagnostic classification of mental health disorders in
young children. We place the issue of early childhood
diagnosis within the context of classification of
psychopathology at other ages and describe, in some detail,
diagnostic classifications that have been developed
specifically for young children, including the Diagnostic
Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders
of Infancy and Early Childhood (DC:0-3R; ZERO TO THREE,
2005), a diagnostic classification for mental health
symptoms and disorders in infants, toddlers, and
preschoolers. We briefly outline the role of diagnostic
classification in clinical assessment and treatment
planning. Last, we review the limitations of current
approaches to the diagnostic classification of mental health
disorders in young children.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0021026},
Key = {fds272437}
}
@article{fds272458,
Author = {Sterba, SK and Copeland, W and Egger, HL and Jane Costello and E and Erkanli, A and Angold, A},
Title = {Longitudinal dimensionality of adolescent psychopathology:
testing the differentiation hypothesis.},
Journal = {The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied
Disciplines},
Volume = {51},
Number = {8},
Pages = {871-884},
Year = {2010},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20345843},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The differentiation hypothesis posits that the
underlying liability distribution for psychopathology is of
low dimensionality in young children, inflating diagnostic
comorbidity rates, but increases in dimensionality with age
as latent syndromes become less correlated. This hypothesis
has not been adequately tested with longitudinal psychiatric
symptom data. METHODS: Confirmatory factor analyses of
DSM-IV symptoms from seven common Axis I syndromes--major
depression, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social
anxiety, attention deficient hyperactivity, conduct, and
oppositional defiant disorders--were conducted
longitudinally, from ages 9 to 16, using the
general-population Great Smoky Mountains Study sample.
RESULTS: An eight-syndrome model fit well at all ages, and
in both genders. It included social anxiety, separation
anxiety, oppositional defiant, and conduct syndromes, along
with a multidimensional attention deficit-hyperactivity
syndrome (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity)
and a unidimensional major depression/generalized anxiety
syndrome. A high degree of measurement invariance across age
was found for all syndromes, except for major
depression/generalized anxiety. Major depression and
generalized anxiety syndromes slightly diverged at age
14-16, when they also began to explain more symptom
variance. Additionally, correlations between some emotional
and disruptive syndromes showed slight differentiation.
CONCLUSIONS: Marked developmental differentiation of
psychopathology, as implied by the orthogenetic principle,
is not a prominent cause of preadolescent and adolescent
psychiatric comorbidity.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02234.x},
Key = {fds272458}
}
@article{fds272435,
Author = {Drury, SS and Theall, KP and Smyke, AT and Keats, BJB and Egger, HL and Nelson, CA and Fox, NA and Marshall, PJ and Zeanah,
CH},
Title = {Modification of depression by COMT val158met polymorphism in
children exposed to early severe psychosocial
deprivation.},
Journal = {Child Abuse Negl},
Volume = {34},
Number = {6},
Pages = {387-395},
Year = {2010},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0145-2134},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.021},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of the catechol-O-methyltransferase
(COMT) val(158)met allele on depressive symptoms in young
children exposed to early severe social deprivation as a
result of being raised in institutions. METHODS: One hundred
thirty six children from the Bucharest Early Intervention
Project (BEIP) were randomized before 31 months of age to
either care as usual (CAU) in institutions or placement in
newly created foster care (FCG). At 54 months of age, a
psychiatric assessment using the Preschool Age Psychiatric
Assessment (PAPA) was completed. DNA was collected and
genotyped for the COMT val(158)met polymorphism.
Multivariate analysis examined the relationship between COMT
alleles and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Mean level of
depressive symptoms was lower among participants with the
met allele compared to those with two copies of the val
allele (P<0.05). Controlling for group and gender, the rate
of depressive symptoms was significantly lower among
participants with the met/met or the met/val genotype
[adjusted relative risk (aRR)=0.67, 95% CI=0.45, 0.99]
compared to participants with the val/val genotype,
indicating an intermediate impact for heterozygotes
consistent with the biological impact of this polymorphism.
The impact of genotype within groups differed significantly.
There was a significant protective effect of the met allele
on depressive symptoms within the CAU group, however there
was no relationship seen within the FCG group. CONCLUSIONS:
This is the first study, to our knowledge, to find evidence
of a genexenvironment interaction in the setting of early
social deprivation. These results support the hypothesis
that individual genetic differences may explain some of the
variability in recovery amongst children exposed to early
severe social deprivation.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.021},
Key = {fds272435}
}
@article{fds272434,
Author = {Egger, H},
Title = {A perilous disconnect: antipsychotic drug use in very young
children.},
Journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry},
Volume = {49},
Number = {1},
Pages = {3-6},
Year = {2010},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-201001000-00002},
Doi = {10.1097/00004583-201001000-00002},
Key = {fds272434}
}
@article{fds272433,
Author = {Egger, HL},
Title = {Psychiatric assessment of young children.},
Journal = {Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {559-580},
Year = {2009},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486838},
Abstract = {In this article, the author reviews the characteristics of
developmentally appropriate criteria for the identification
of early childhood mental health symptoms and disorders and
the key components of a comprehensive, empirically based,
psychiatric assessment of young children and their families.
In the first section, the author discusses the infant/early
childhood mental health field's perspectives on mental
health and mental health problems in infants, toddlers, and
preschoolers. The author then provides an overview of the
objections to diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in young
children and different approaches to the definition of early
childhood psychopathology, including descriptive,
dimensional, and categorical approaches. In the second
section, the author describes the six essential components
of a comprehensive mental health assessment of young
children: (1) multiple sessions (2) multiple informants (3)
a multidisciplinary approach (4) a multicultural perspective
(5) multiple modes of assessment, and (6) a multiaxial
diagnostic formulation and treatment plan. The author ends
with a discussion of the challenges of diagnosing and
assessing mental health symptoms and disorders in children
younger than 2 years.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.chc.2009.02.004},
Key = {fds272433}
}
@article{fds272436,
Author = {Zeanah, CH and Egger, HL and Smyke, AT and Nelson, CA and Fox, NA and Marshall, PJ and Guthrie, D},
Title = {Institutional rearing and psychiatric disorders in Romanian
preschool children.},
Journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry},
Volume = {166},
Number = {7},
Pages = {777-785},
Year = {2009},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0002-953X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091438},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: There is increasing interest in the relations
between adverse early experiences and subsequent psychiatric
disorders. Institutional rearing is considered an adverse
caregiving environment, but few studies have systematically
examined its effects. This study aimed to determine whether
removing young children from institutional care and placing
them with foster families would reduce psychiatric morbidity
at 54 months of age. METHOD: Young children living in
institutions in Bucharest were enrolled when they were
between 6 and 30 months of age. Following baseline
assessment, 136 children were randomly assigned to care as
usual (continued institutional care) or to removal and
placement in foster care that was created as part of the
study. Psychiatric disorders, symptoms, and comorbidity were
examined by structured psychiatric interviews of caregivers
of 52 children receiving care as usual and 59 children in
foster care when the children were 54 months of age. Both
groups were compared to 59 typically developing,
never-institutionalized Romanian children recruited from
pediatric clinics in Bucharest. Foster care was created and
supported by social workers in Bucharest who received
regular consultation from U.S. clinicians. RESULTS: Children
with any history of institutional rearing had more
psychiatric disorders than children without such a history
(53.2% versus 22.0%). Children removed from institutions and
placed in foster families were less likely to have
internalizing disorders than children who continued with
care as usual (22.0% versus 44.2%). Boys were more
symptomatic than girls regardless of their caregiving
environment and, unlike girls, had no reduction in total
psychiatric symptoms following foster placement.
CONCLUSIONS: Institutional rearing was associated with
substantial psychiatric morbidity. Removing young children
from institutions and placing them in families significantly
reduced internalizing disorders, although girls were
significantly more responsive to this intervention than
boys.},
Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091438},
Key = {fds272436}
}
@article{fds272432,
Author = {Birmaher, B and Ehmann, M and Axelson, DA and Goldstein, BI and Monk, K and Kalas, C and Kupfer, D and Gill, MK and Leibenluft, E and Bridge, J and Guyer, A and Egger, HL and Brent, DA},
Title = {Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for
school-age children (K-SADS-PL) for the assessment of
preschool children--a preliminary psychometric
study.},
Journal = {J Psychiatr Res},
Volume = {43},
Number = {7},
Pages = {680-686},
Year = {2009},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0022-3956},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.10.003},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychometrics of the schedule for
affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age
children present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) in
diagnosing DSM-IV psychiatric disorders and subsyndromal
symptomatology in preschool children. METHOD: Parents were
interviewed about their children using the K-SADS-PL, and
they completed the early childhood inventory-4 (ECI-4) and
child behavior checklist for ages 1(1/2)-5 years (CBCL).
Discriminant, divergent, and convergent validity of the
K-SADS-PL were evaluated in 204 offspring ages 2-5 years old
of parents from an ongoing study. Inter-rater reliability as
well as predictive validity of intake diagnoses at second
assessment approximately two years after intake were
evaluated. Fourteen children were also assessed by the
preschool age psychiatric assessment (PAPA). RESULTS:
Children who were diagnosed with oppositional defiant
disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety,
mood, or elimination disorders had significantly higher
scores on the ECI-4 than children without these disorders.
Significant correlations were found for all convergent CBCL
scales. Divergent validity was acceptable for emotional
disorders. Inter-rater kappa coefficients for all diagnoses
were good. Above noted results were similar for children
with at least one positive K-SADS-PL key screen symptom. A
significantly higher percentage of children with an intake
diagnosis had a diagnosis approximately two years after
intake compared to those without an intake disorder.
Overall, there was consistency between the PAPA and the
K-SADS-PL. CONCLUSIONS: Pending further testing, the
K-SADS-PL may prove useful for the assessment of
psychopathology in preschoolers.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.10.003},
Key = {fds272432}
}
@article{fds272457,
Author = {Willoughby, MT and Angold, A and Egger, HL},
Title = {Parent-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
symptomatology and sleep problems in a preschool-age
pediatric clinic sample.},
Journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry},
Volume = {47},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1086-1094},
Year = {2008},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31817eed1b},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology and
parent-reported sleep problems among preschoolers ages 2 to
5 years. METHOD: A total of 1,073 parents of preschoolers
ages 2 to 5 years attending a large pediatric clinic
completed the Child Behavior Checklist 1(1/2)-5 years. A
stratified probability sample of 193 parents of high scorers
and 114 parents of low scorers were interviewed with the
Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. Poisson regression was
used to test the association between parent-reported sleep
problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
symptomatology, as well as psychiatric and demographic
covariates. RESULTS: When considered without reference to
other psychiatric disorders, elevated hyperactive-impulsive
symptomatology was positively associated with parent
reported problems including sleep assistance, parasomnias,
and dyssomnias; however, all of these effects were
attenuated to nonsignificance once psychiatric comorbidity
was controlled. In contrast, elevated inattentive
symptomatology (especially at lower levels of
hyperactive-impulsive symptoms) was positively associated
with daytime sleepiness even after psychiatric comorbidity
was controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Neither hyperactive-impulsive
nor inattentive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
symptomatology was uniquely related to parent-reported
problems involving sleep assistance, parasomnias, or
dyssomnias. However, inattentive symptomatology was uniquely
related to daytime sleepiness above and beyond commonly
occurring patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, sleep
duration, and demographic factors.},
Doi = {10.1097/CHI.0b013e31817eed1b},
Key = {fds272457}
}
@article{fds272430,
Author = {Wakschlag, LS and Hill, C and Carter, AS and Danis, B and Egger, HL and Keenan, K and Leventhal, BL and Cicchetti, D and Maskowitz, K and Burns,
J and Briggs-Gowan, MJ},
Title = {Observational Assessment of Preschool Disruptive Behavior,
Part I: reliability of the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic
Observation Schedule (DB-DOS).},
Journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry},
Volume = {47},
Number = {6},
Pages = {622-631},
Year = {2008},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816c5bdb},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the reliability of the Disruptive
Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule (DB-DOS), a new
observational method for assessing preschool disruptive
behavior. METHOD: The DB-DOS is a structured clinic-based
assessment designed to elicit clinically salient behaviors
relevant to the diagnosis of disruptive behavior in
preschoolers. Child behavior is assessed in three
interactional contexts that vary by partner (parent versus
examiner) and level of support provided. Twenty-one
disruptive behaviors are coded within two domains: problems
in Behavioral Regulation and problems in Anger Modulation. A
total of 364 referred and nonreferred preschoolers
participated: interrater reliability and internal
consistency were assessed on a primary sample (n = 335) and
test-retest reliability was assessed in a separate sample (n
= 29). RESULTS: The DB-DOS demonstrated good interrater and
test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis
demonstrated an excellent fit of the DB-DOS multidomain
model of disruptive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The DB-DOS is a
reliable observational tool for clinic-based assessment of
preschool disruptive behavior. This standardized assessment
method holds promise for advancing developmentally sensitive
characterization of preschool psychopathology.},
Doi = {10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816c5bdb},
Key = {fds272430}
}
@article{fds272429,
Author = {Gleason, MM and Egger, HL and Emslie, GJ and Greenhill, LL and Kowatch,
RA and Lieberman, AF and Luby, JL and Owens, J and Scahill, LD and Scheeringa, MS and Stafford, B and Wise, B and Zeanah,
CH},
Title = {Psychopharmacological treatment for very young children:
contexts and guidelines.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {46},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1532-1572},
Year = {2007},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e3181570d9e},
Abstract = {Systematic research and practice guidelines addressing
preschool psychopharmacological treatment in very young
children are limited, despite evidence of increasing
clinical use of medications in this population. The
Preschool Psychopharmacology Working Group (PPWG) was
developed to review existing literature relevant to
preschool psychopharmacology treatment and to develop
treatment recommendations to guide clinicians considering
psychopharmacological treatment in very young children. This
article reviews the developmental considerations related to
preschool psychopharmacological treatment, presents current
evidence bases for specific disorders in early childhood,
and describes the recommended algorithms for medication use.
The purpose of this effort is to promote responsible
treatment of young children, recognizing that this will
sometimes involve the use of medications.},
Doi = {10.1097/chi.0b013e3181570d9e},
Key = {fds272429}
}
@article{fds272456,
Author = {Bittner, A and Egger, HL and Erkanli, A and Jane Costello and E and Foley,
DL and Angold, A},
Title = {What do childhood anxiety disorders predict?},
Journal = {Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied
Disciplines},
Volume = {48},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1174-1183},
Year = {2007},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0021-9630},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18093022},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Few longitudinal studies of child and adolescent
psychopathology have examined the links between specific
childhood anxiety disorders and adolescent psychiatric
disorder. In this paper we test the predictive specificity
of separation anxiety disorder (SAD), overanxious disorder
(OAD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and social
phobia. METHODS: Data come from the Great Smoky Mountains
Study (GSMS). A representative population sample of
children--ages 9, 11, and 13 years at intake--was followed
to age 19. Diagnoses of both childhood (before age 13 years)
and adolescent psychiatric disorders (age 13 to 19 years)
were available from 906 participants. RESULTS: Childhood SAD
predicted adolescent SAD, whereas OAD was associated with
later OAD, panic attacks, depression and conduct disorder
(CD). GAD was related only to CD. Social phobia in childhood
was associated with adolescent OAD, social phobia, and
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety disorders in childhood are predictors
of a range of psychiatric disorders in adolescence. It
appears that children meriting a well-defined diagnosis are
missed by the current rules for the diagnosis of GAD. Future
studies should examine whether OAD deserves reconsideration
as a nosological entity.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01812.x},
Key = {fds272456}
}
@article{fds272454,
Author = {Sterba, S and Egger, HL and Angold, A},
Title = {Diagnostic specificity and nonspecificity in the dimensions
of preschool psychopathology.},
Journal = {Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied
Disciplines},
Volume = {48},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1005-1013},
Year = {2007},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0021-9630},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01770.x},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The appropriateness of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition
(DSM-IV) nosology for classifying preschool mental health
disturbances continues to be debated. To inform this debate,
we investigate whether preschool psychopathology shows
differentiation along diagnostically specific lines when
DSM-IV symptoms are aggregated statistically. METHODS: One
thousand seventy-three parents of preschoolers aged 2-5
years attending a large pediatric clinic completed the Child
Behavior Checklist 1.5-5. A stratified probability sample of
193 parents of high scorers and 114 parents of low scorers
were interviewed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric
Assessment (PAPA). Confirmatory factor analysis was
performed on symptoms from seven DSM disorders. RESULTS:
Comparison of competing models supported the differentiation
of emotional syndromes into three factors: social phobia
(SOC), separation anxiety (SAD), and depression/generalized
anxiety (MDD/GAD), and the differentiation of disruptive
syndromes into three factors: oppositional defiant/conduct
syndrome (ODD/CD), hyperactivity/impulsivity, and
inattention. Latent syndrome correlations were moderately
high after accounting for symptom overlap and measurement
error. CONCLUSIONS: Psychopathology appears to be
differentiated among preschoolers much as it is among older
children, and adolescents. We conclude that it is as
reasonable to apply the DSM-IV nosology to preschoolers as
it is to apply it to older individuals.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01770.x},
Key = {fds272454}
}
@article{fds272455,
Author = {Angold, A and Egger, HL},
Title = {Preschool psychopathology: lessons for the
lifespan.},
Journal = {Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied
Disciplines},
Volume = {48},
Number = {10},
Pages = {961-966},
Year = {2007},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0021-9630},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914996},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01832.x},
Key = {fds272455}
}
@article{fds272453,
Author = {Brotman, MA and Schmajuk, M and Rich, BA and Dickstein, DP and Guyer,
AE and Costello, EJ and Egger, HL and Angold, A and Pine, DS and Leibenluft, E},
Title = {Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of
severe mood dysregulation in children.},
Journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
Volume = {60},
Number = {9},
Pages = {991-997},
Year = {2006},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0006-3223},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.042},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Controversy concerning the diagnosis of
pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) has focused attention on
children with chronic irritability and hyperarousal. This
syndrome has been called the "broad BD phenotype" or severe
mood dysregulation (SMD). This study examines prevalence,
concurrent Axis I diagnoses, and longitudinal outcome of SMD
in an epidemiologic sample. METHODS: Data were drawn from
the Great Smoky Mountains Study, a longitudinal
epidemiological study. Items from the Child and Adolescent
Psychiatric Assessment were used to generate SMD criteria.
RESULTS: Among 1420 children, the lifetime prevalence of SMD
in children ages 9-19 was 3.3%. Most (67.7%) SMD youth had
an Axis I diagnosis, most commonly attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (26.9%), conduct disorder (25.9%), and/or
oppositional defiant disorder (24.5%). In young adulthood
(mean age 18.3 +/- 2.1 years), youth who met criteria for
SMD in the first wave (mean age 10.6 +/- 1.4 years) were
significantly more likely to be diagnosed with a depressive
disorder (odds ratio 7.2, confidence interval 1.3-38.8, p =
.02) than youth who never met criteria for SMD. CONCLUSIONS:
Severe mood dysregulation is relatively common in childhood
and predicts risk for early adulthood depressive disorders.
Research should continue to explore the course of illness in
children with SMD.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.042},
Key = {fds272453}
}
@article{fds272443,
Author = {Chrisman, A and Egger, H and Compton, SN and Curry, J and Goldston,
DB},
Title = {Assessment of Childhood Depression.},
Journal = {Child and Adolescent Mental Health},
Volume = {11},
Number = {2},
Pages = {111-116},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2006},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {1475-357X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00395.x},
Abstract = {Depression as a disorder in childhood began to be
increasingly recognised in the 1970s. Epidemiologic
community and clinic-based studies have characterised the
prevalence, clinical course, and complications of this
illness throughout childhood and adolescence into adulthood.
This paper reviews two instruments for assessing depression
in prepubertal children - the Dominic Interactive and The
Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. Both instruments are
useful in screening for psychiatric disorders and reliably
identifying the presence of depressive symptoms in young
children.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00395.x},
Key = {fds272443}
}
@article{fds272452,
Author = {Egger, HL and Erkanli, A and Keeler, G and Potts, E and Walter, BK and Angold, A},
Title = {Test-Retest Reliability of the Preschool Age Psychiatric
Assessment (PAPA).},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {45},
Number = {5},
Pages = {538-549},
Year = {2006},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601400},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the test-retest reliability of a new
interviewer-based psychiatric diagnostic measure (the
Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment) for use with parents
of preschoolers aged 2 to 5 years. METHOD: A total of 1,073
parents of children attending a large pediatric clinic
completed the Child Behavior Checklist 1 1/2-5. For 18
months, 193 parents of high scorers and 114 parents of low
scorers were interviewed on two occasions an average of 11
days apart. RESULTS: Estimates of diagnostic reliability
were very similar to those obtained from interviews with
parents of older children and adults, with kappas ranging
from 0.36 to 0.79. Test-retest intraclass correlations for
DSM-IV syndrome scale scores ranged from 0.56 to 0.89. There
were no significant differences in reliability by age, sex,
or race (African American versus non-African American).
CONCLUSIONS: The Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment
provides a reasonably reliable standardized measure of
DSM-IV psychiatric symptoms and disorders in preschoolers
for use in both research and clinical service evaluations of
preschoolers as young as 2 years old.},
Doi = {10.1097/01.chi.0000205705.71194.b8},
Key = {fds272452}
}
@article{fds272428,
Author = {Kratochvil, CJ and Egger, H and Greenhill, LL and McGough,
JJ},
Title = {Pharmacological management of preschool ADHD.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {45},
Number = {1},
Pages = {115-118},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000186451.49579.0a},
Doi = {10.1097/01.chi.0000186451.49579.0a},
Key = {fds272428}
}
@article{fds272451,
Author = {Egger, HL and Kondo, D and Angold, A},
Title = {The epidemiology and diagnostic issues in preschool
attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: A
review},
Journal = {Infants & Young Children},
Volume = {19},
Number = {2},
Pages = {109-122},
Publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0896-3746},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001163-200604000-00004},
Abstract = {This study aims to review the nosology and epidemiology of
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children
aged 2 through 5 years. Studies, primarily in community or
pediatric clinic settings, were reviewed. In studies using
DSM diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of ADHD in preschool
children ranges from 2.0% to 7.9%, with hyperactive-impulsive
type and combined type significantly more common than pure
inattentive type ADHD. Boys and older preschoolers (4- and
5-year-olds vs 2- and 3-year-olds) are more likely to meet
criteria for ADHD. Preschoolers with ADHD are significantly
impaired in their relationships with adults and other
children, in their functioning at home and outside the home,
and in cognitive and academic performance. Preschoolers with
ADHD are significantly more likely to meet criteria for
other psychiatric disorders and those who do meet criteria
for other psychiatric disorders are more severely impaired
than preschoolers with ADHD alone. Despite the severity of
impairment, only about a quarter of preschoolers with ADHD
are referred for mental health evaluation or treatment.
Preschool ADHD predicts future ADHD and persistent
impairment. Preschoolers with ADHD look like older children
with ADHD with similar symptom presentations, associated
features, and prognosis. These findings suggest that
DSM-IV-TR ADHD is a reliable and valid diagnosis for
children aged 2 through 5 years. ©2006Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, Inc.},
Doi = {10.1097/00001163-200604000-00004},
Key = {fds272451}
}
@article{fds272450,
Author = {Egger, HL and Angold, A},
Title = {Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool
children: presentation, nosology, and epidemiology.},
Journal = {Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied
Disciplines},
Volume = {47},
Number = {3-4},
Pages = {313-337},
Year = {2006},
ISSN = {0021-9630},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16492262},
Abstract = {We review recent research on the presentation, nosology and
epidemiology of behavioral and emotional psychiatric
disorders in preschool children (children ages 2 through 5
years old), focusing on the five most common groups of
childhood psychiatric disorders: attention deficit
hyperactivity disorders, oppositional defiant and conduct
disorders, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders. We
review the various approaches to classifying behavioral and
emotional dysregulation in preschoolers and determining the
boundaries between normative variation and clinically
significant presentations. While highlighting the
limitations of the current DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for
identifying preschool psychopathology and reviewing
alternative diagnostic approaches, we also present evidence
supporting the reliability and validity of developmentally
appropriate criteria for diagnosing psychiatric disorders in
children as young as two years old. Despite the relative
lack of research on preschool psychopathology compared with
studies of the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in
older children, the current evidence now shows quite
convincingly that the rates of the common child psychiatric
disorders and the patterns of comorbidity among them in
preschoolers are similar to those seen in later childhood.
We review the implications of these conclusions for research
on the etiology, nosology, and development of early onset of
psychiatric disorders, and for targeted treatment, early
intervention and prevention with young children.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x},
Key = {fds272450}
}
@article{fds272427,
Author = {Fenichel, E and Emde, RN and Egger, H and Guedeney, A and Wise, BK and Wright, HH},
Title = {Clinique},
Journal = {Devenir},
Volume = {17},
Number = {4},
Pages = {347-360},
Publisher = {CAIRN},
Year = {2005},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1015-8154},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dev.054.0347},
Doi = {10.3917/dev.054.0347},
Key = {fds272427}
}
@article{fds272448,
Author = {Costello, EJ and Egger, H and Angold, A},
Title = {10-year research update review: the epidemiology of child
and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public
health burden.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {44},
Number = {10},
Pages = {972-986},
Year = {2005},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16175102},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To review recent progress in child and adolescent
psychiatric epidemiology in the area of prevalence and
burden. METHOD: The literature published in the past decade
was reviewed under two headings: methods and findings.
RESULTS: Methods for assessing the prevalence and community
burden of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders have
improved dramatically in the past decade. There are now
available a broad range of interviews that generate DSM and
ICD diagnoses with good reliability and validity. Clinicians
and researchers can choose among interview styles
(respondent based, interviewer based, best estimate) and
methods of data collection (paper and pencil, computer
assisted, interviewer or self-completion) that best meet
their needs. Work is also in progress to develop brief
screens to identify children in need of more detailed
assessment, for use by teachers, pediatricians, and other
professionals. The median prevalence estimate of
functionally impairing child and adolescent psychiatric
disorders is 12%, although the range of estimates is wide.
Disorders that often appear first in childhood or
adolescence are among those ranked highest in the World
Health Organization's estimates of the global burden of
disease. CONCLUSIONS: There is mounting evidence that many,
if not most, lifetime psychiatric disorders will first
appear in childhood or adolescence. Methods are now
available to monitor youths and to make early intervention
feasible.},
Doi = {10.1097/01.chi.0000172552.41596.6f},
Key = {fds272448}
}
@article{fds272449,
Author = {Costello, EJ and Egger, HL and Angold, A},
Title = {The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders:
phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity.},
Journal = {Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North
America},
Volume = {14},
Number = {4},
Pages = {631-vii},
Year = {2005},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {1056-4993},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16171696},
Abstract = {This article argues that the quality of diagnostic tools
used to measure anxiety disorders in children and
adolescents has improved enormously in the past few years.
As a result, prevalence estimates are less erratic,
understanding of comorbidity is increasing, and the role of
impairment as a criterion for "caseness" is considered more
carefully. Several of the instruments developed for
epidemiologic research are now being used in clinical
settings. Further integration of laboratory methods and
clinical and epidemiologic ideas will benefit children with
anxiety disorders and their families.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.chc.2005.06.003},
Key = {fds272449}
}
@article{fds272425,
Author = {Wakschlag, LS and Leventhal, BL and Briggs-Gowan, MJ and Danis, B and Keenan, K and Hill, C and Egger, HL and Cicchetti, D and Carter,
AS},
Title = {Defining the "disruptive" in preschool behavior: what
diagnostic observation can teach us.},
Journal = {Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review},
Volume = {8},
Number = {3},
Pages = {183-201},
Year = {2005},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1096-4037},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10567-005-6664-5},
Abstract = {This paper presents the clinical/developmental framework
underlying a new diagnostic observational tool, the
Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule
(DB-DOS). The special importance of observation for clinical
assessment during the preschool period is delineated. The
developmental rationale for a multi-dimensional assessment
of disruptive behavior in young children, including problems
in modulation of negative affect and low competence is
discussed. The ways in which the DB-DOS will elucidate
distinctions between normative and atypical behavior during
this developmental period via (a) the integration of
qualitative and quantitative dimensions of behavior within a
clinically-sensitive coding system, (b) the observation of
child behavior both within, and outside of, the parent-child
context and (c) the use of specially designed tasks to
"press" for clinically salient behaviors are addressed. The
promise of this new method for yielding a more precise,
developmentally based description of the phenotype of early
onset disruptive behavior problems and for providing a
standardized clinical tool for observational assessment of
disruptive behavior in young children is presented.
Large-scale validation of the measure is currently
underway.},
Doi = {10.1007/s10567-005-6664-5},
Key = {fds272425}
}
@article{fds272426,
Author = {Silberg, JL and Miguel, VFS and Murrelle, EL and Prom, E and Bates, JE and Canino, G and Egger, H and Eaves, LJ},
Title = {Genetic and environmental influences on temperament in the
first year of life: the Puerto Rico Infant Twin Study
(PRINTS).},
Journal = {Twin Research and Human Genetics : the Official Journal of
the International Society for Twin Studies},
Volume = {8},
Number = {4},
Pages = {328-336},
Year = {2005},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/1832427054936808},
Abstract = {Three dimensions of temperament -- difficult temperament,
unadaptablility and unsociability -- were assessed in the
first year of life by maternal interview in twins born in
Puerto Rico during 2001 and 2002. Eight hundred and
sixty-five eligible mothers (80%) were traced and
interviewed. Model-fitting results showed that additive
genetic factors and the individual specific environment
contributed to variation in all three dimensions. In
addition, the pattern of variances and correlations
suggested that sibling contrast effects influence ratings of
difficult temperament. Moderate effects of the shared
environment contributed to ratings of adaptability and
sociability. There was a significant genetic correlation
between difficult temperament and unadaptability. Genetic
and environmental effects do not differ significantly
between boys and girls. The study is the first
population-based study of Puerto Rican twins and one of few
to attempt the assessment of behavior in the first year.
Preliminary results for difficult temperament and
sociability were consistent with those in other populations
and ages. In contrast, a significant effect of the shared
environment on the temperamental trait of unadaptability has
not been reported previously.},
Doi = {10.1375/1832427054936808},
Key = {fds272426}
}
@article{fds272442,
Author = {March, JS and Chrisman, A and Breland-Noble, A and Clouse, K and D'Alli,
R and Egger, H and Gammon, P and Gazzola, M and Lin, A and Mauro, C and Rana,
A and Ravi, H and Srirama, M and Su, H and Thrall, G and van de Velde, P and Duke Pediatric Psychiatry EBM Seminar Team},
Title = {Using and teaching evidence-based medicine: the Duke
University child and adolescent psychiatry
model.},
Journal = {Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North
America},
Volume = {14},
Number = {2},
Pages = {273-ix},
Year = {2005},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {1056-4993},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15694786},
Abstract = {Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is defined as a set of
processes that facilitate the conscientious, explicit, and
judicious integration of individual clinical expertise with
the best available external clinical evidence from
systematic research in making decisions about the care of
individual patients. EBM focuses not only on grading the
strength of the evidence but also on the processes and tools
that are necessary for clinicians to continually upgrade
their knowledge and skills for those problems encountered in
daily practice. This article, authored by members of the
Duke Pediatric Psychiatry EBM Seminar Team, (1) describes
EBM as applied to the training of child and adolescent
psychiatrists in the Division of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry at Duke University
Medical Center; (2) presents a simplified discussion of EBM
as a technology for training and patient care; (3) discusses
the basic principles and procedures for teaching EBM in the
setting of a multidisciplinary training program; and (4)
briefly mentions two training and research initiatives that
are furthered by incorporating EBM.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.chc.2004.05.001},
Key = {fds272442}
}
@article{fds272447,
Author = {Egger, HL and Costello, EJ and Angold, A},
Title = {School refusal and psychiatric disorders: a community
study.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {42},
Number = {7},
Pages = {797-807},
Year = {2003},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12819439},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between anxious school
refusal and truancy and psychiatric disorders in a community
sample of children and adolescents using a descriptive
rather than etiological definition of school refusal.
METHOD: Data from eight annual waves of structured
psychiatric interviews with 9- to 16-year-olds and their
parents from the Great Smoky Mountains Study were analyzed.
RESULTS: Pure anxious school refusal was associated with
depression (odds ratio [OR] = 13, 95% confidence interval
[CI] 3.4, 42) and separation anxiety disorder (OR = 8.7, 95%
CI 4.1, 19). Pure truancy was associated with oppositional
defiant disorder (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.2, 4.2), conduct
disorder (OR = 7.4, 95% CI 3.9, 14), and depression (OR =
2.6, 95% CI 1.2, 56). Of mixed school refusers (children
with both anxious school refusal and truancy), 88.2% had a
psychiatric disorder. They had increased rates of both
emotional and behavior disorders. Specific fears, sleep
difficulties, somatic complaints, difficulties in peer
relationships, and adverse psychosocial variables had
different associations with the three types of school
refusal. CONCLUSIONS: Anxious school refusal and truancy are
distinct but not mutually exclusive and are significantly
associated with psychopathology, as well as adverse
experiences at home and school. Implications of these
findings for assessment, identification, and intervention
for school refusal are discussed.},
Doi = {10.1097/01.CHI.0000046865.56865.79},
Key = {fds272447}
}
@article{fds272441,
Author = {Compton, SN and Burns, BJ and Helen, LE and Robertson,
E},
Title = {Review of the evidence base for treatment of childhood
psychopathology: internalizing disorders.},
Journal = {Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology},
Volume = {70},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1240-1266},
Year = {2002},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0022-006X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472300},
Abstract = {This article reviews the empirical literature on
psychosocial, psychopharmacological, and adjunctive
treatments for children between the ages of 6 and 12 with
internalizing disorders. The aim of this review was to
identify interventions that have potential to prevent
substance use disorders in adolescence by treating
internalizing disorders in childhood. Results suggest that a
variety of behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and
pharmacological interventions are effective in reducing
symptoms of childhood depression, phobias, and anxiety
disorders. None of the studies reviewed included substance
abuse outcomes. Thus, little can be said about the
relationship between early treatment and the prevention of
later substance use. The importance of evaluating the
generalizability of research-supported interventions to
community settings is highlighted and recommendations for
future research are offered.},
Doi = {10.1037//0022-006x.70.6.1240},
Key = {fds272441}
}
@article{fds272446,
Author = {Angold, A and Erkanli, A and Egger, HL and Costello,
EJ},
Title = {Stimulant treatment for children: a community
perspective.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {39},
Number = {8},
Pages = {975-984},
Year = {2000},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939226},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of prescribed stimulants in
relation to research diagnoses of attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a community sample of
children. METHOD: Data from 4 annual waves of interviews
with 9- to 16-year-olds from the Great Smoky Mountains Study
were analyzed. RESULTS: Over a 4-year period, almost three
quarters of children with an unequivocal diagnosis of ADHD
received stimulant medications. However, girls and older
children with ADHD were less likely to receive such
treatment. Most children with impairing ADHD symptoms not
meeting full criteria for DSM-III-R ADHD did not receive
stimulant treatment. Stimulant treatment in this group was
significantly related to the level of symptoms reported by
parents and teachers and was much more common in individuals
who met criteria for oppositional defiant disorder. The
majority of individuals who received stimulants were never
reported by their parents to have any impairing ADHD
symptoms. They did have higher levels of nonimpairing
parent-reported ADHD symptoms, higher levels of
teacher-reported ADHD symptoms, and interviewer-observed
ADHD behaviors, but these typically fell far below the
threshold for a DSM-III-R diagnosis of ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: In
this area of the Great Smoky Mountains, stimulant treatment
was being used in ways substantially inconsistent with
current diagnostic guidelines.},
Doi = {10.1097/00004583-200008000-00009},
Key = {fds272446}
}
@article{fds272445,
Author = {Egger, HL and Costello, EJ and Erkanli, A and Angold,
A},
Title = {Somatic complaints and psychopathology in children and
adolescents: stomach aches, musculoskeletal pains, and
headaches.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {38},
Number = {7},
Pages = {852-860},
Year = {1999},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10405503},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of somatic complaints
with DSM-III-R-defined depression, anxiety disorders,
conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a
population-based sample of children and adolescents.
METHODS: Data from 4 annual waves of interviews with 9- to
16-year-olds from the Great Smoky Mountains Study were
analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, somatic complaints were strongly
associated with emotional disorders in girls and with
disruptive behavior disorders in boys. For girls, stomach
aches and headaches together and musculoskeletal pains alone
were associated with anxiety disorders. For boys, stomach
aches were associated with oppositional defiant disorder and
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Musculoskeletal
pains were associated with depression in both girls and
boys. CONCLUSIONS: There were gender-, illness- and
complaint-specific associations between somatic complaints
and psychopathology. It appears likely that there are
differences in the psychobiological processes underlying
these associations in boys and girls. Clinical
recommendations include screening children and adolescents
with persistent complaints of headaches, stomach aches, or
musculoskeletal pains for psychiatric disorders with an
awareness that gender may affect the type of psychopathology
associated with the somatic complaints.},
Doi = {10.1097/00004583-199907000-00015},
Key = {fds272445}
}
@article{fds272424,
Author = {Frances, AJ and Egger, HL},
Title = {Whither psychiatric diagnosis.},
Journal = {The Australian and New Zealand Journal of
Psychiatry},
Volume = {33},
Number = {2},
Pages = {161-165},
Year = {1999},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0004-8674},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10336213},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to describe the
development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), its purposes and
limitations, and the psychiatric nosologies which may emerge
from advances in psychiatric research and which may
supersede the current classification system. METHOD: A
review of the methodology used to develop DSM-IV, considered
in the context of current and future psychiatric,
neurobiological, and genetic research, was undertaken.
RESULTS: The DSM-IV is a descriptive nosology that has
shaped psychiatric research and clinical practice by
providing agreed-upon definitions of psychiatric disorders
based on the current state of empirical data. Despite the
critical importance of the DSM system of classification,
this complex yet limited nosology will eventually be
replaced by simpler, more incisive explanatory models of
psychiatric illness that reflect the interplay of
biological, psychological, environmental and social
variables affecting the expression and treatment of
psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: As we continue to
understand the pathophysiology of brain disorders, as well
as the biological effects of psychiatric interventions, we
will be able to move from a descriptive model to an
integrative, explanatory model of psychiatric
illness.},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00534.x},
Key = {fds272424}
}
@article{fds272444,
Author = {Egger, HL and Angold, A and Costello, EJ},
Title = {Headaches and psychopathology in children and
adolescents.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {37},
Number = {9},
Pages = {951-958},
Year = {1998},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9735614},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between chronic
headaches and DSM-III-R-defined psychiatric disorders,
including depression, anxiety disorders, conduct disorder,
oppositional defiant disorder and attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder, in a population-based sample of
children and adolescents. METHOD: 1,013 children aged 9 to
15 years in the Great Smoky Mountains Study were evaluated
annually over a 3-year period using the Child and Adolescent
Psychiatric Assessment, a child and parent diagnostic
psychiatric interview. Headaches that lasted at least 1 hour
and occurred at least once a week during the 3 months prior
to the interview were studied. RESULTS: Girls with
depression and anxiety disorders had a significantly greater
prevalence of headaches than girls without an internalizing
disorder. This association was not found for boys. Conduct
disorder was significantly associated with headaches in
boys. Each of these associations was constant with age.
CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that a distinct gender
difference exists between boys and girls in the associations
between headaches and psychopathology. Carroll's theory of
dysfunction in central pain regulation as an underlying
cause of depression is discussed in relation to the proposed
serotonergic dysregulation common to headaches, depression,
anxiety, aggression, and pain.},
Doi = {10.1097/00004583-199809000-00015},
Key = {fds272444}
}
@article{fds272422,
Author = {Hughes, JR and Fiester, S and Goldstein, M and Resnick, M and Rock, N and Ziedonis, D and McIntyre, JS and Charles, SC and Zarin, DA and Pincus,
HA and Altshuler, KZ and Ayres, WH and Bittker, T and Blinder, B and Clayton, PJ and Cook, I and Dickstein, L and Egger, H and Flamm,
G},
Title = {Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with
nicotine dependence. American Psychiatric
Association.},
Journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
Volume = {153},
Number = {10 Suppl},
Pages = {1-31},
Year = {1996},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0002-953X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.10.1},
Abstract = {The following executive summary is not intended to stand by
itself. The treatment of smoking cessation requires the
consideration of many factors and cannot be adequately
reviewed in a brief summary. The reader is encouraged to
consult the relevant portions of the guideline when specific
treatment recommendations are sought. Recommended
psychiatric management strategies that all smokers should
receive are listed in table 7 (see page 7). Table 8 lists
the recommended treatments and their ratings (see page 7).
There are a number of promising treatments for nicotine
dependence that may be recommended based on individual
circumstances. These include intensive behavior therapy
[III], educational/supportive groups [III], exercise [III],
hypnosis [III], anorectics [III], antidepressants [III],
buspirone [III], higher than-normal dose transdermal
nicotine [III], mecamylamine [III], nicotine inhaler [III],
and sensory replacement [III]. Treatments that cannot be
recommended at this time for the treatment of nicotine
dependence (either because data indicating lack of efficacy
or lack of sufficient evidence supporting efficacy) include:
contingency contracting, cue exposure, hospitalization,
nicotine fading, physiological feedback, relaxation, 12-
step therapy, ACTH, acupuncture, anticholinergics,
benzodiazepines, β blockers, glucose, homeopathics,
lobeline, naltrexone, nutritional aids, reduction devices,
silver nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, and stimulants.
Psychiatrists should assess the smoking status of all their
patients on a regular basis. If the patient is a smoker, the
psychiatrist discusses interest in quitting and gives
explicit advice to motivate the patient to stop smoking,
including a personalized reason the patient should stop [I].
When possible, advice may come from multiple sources in
addition to the psychiatrist; e.g., from other physicians,
nurses, social workers, etc. [I]. Written materials may be
used as well as face-to-face interventions [II]. Since many
psychiatric patients are not ready to quit, the goal of
advice will often be to motivate patients to contemplate
cessation by reviewing the benefits of quitting, discussing
barriers to quitting, and offering support and treatment
[III]. If the patient is interested in stopping smoking, a
quit date should be elicited, treatment prescribed, and
follow-up arranged [II]. The minimal initial treatment for
those who wish to quit includes written materials, brief
counseling, and follow-up visit or call 1-3 days after the
quit date [II]. If the patient has failed serious attempts
without formal treatment, failed with nonpharmacological
therapies, had serious withdrawal symptoms, or appears
highly nicotine dependent, transdermal nicotine is
recommended [I]. If the patient prefers or if ad-lib dosing
is needed, nicotine gum can be used instead of transdermal
nicotine [I]. If used alone, nicotine gum is to be taken on
an every-hour basis [I]. If the patient is a highly
nicotine-dependent or heavy smoker, higher-dose nicotine gum
should be used [I]. Nicotine gum can also be used on an
ad-lib basis to supplement transdermal nicotine therapy
[II]. If the patient has had trouble stopping smoking for
nonwithdrawal reasons (e.g., due to skills deficits), he or
she is a candidate for multicomponent behavior therapy [I].
The more effective components of behavior therapy appear to
be skills training/relapse prevention; rapid smoking, in
which patients inhale cigarette smoke every few seconds; and
stimulus control strategies [III]. Some smokers also appear
to benefit from group support [III]. Combined behavior
therapy and nicotine replacement improves outcome over
either treatment alone and is recommended when available and
acceptable to the patient [I]; however, attending behavior
therapy should not be prerequisite to receiving nicotine
replacement therapy [I]. For the smoker who has failed
adequate treatment, as described previously, and who is
interested in making another attempt to stop smoking, the
psychiatrist should assess the adequacy of prior treatments
and evaluate the patient for ongoing or residual alcohol,
drug, or psychiatric problems that need treatment [II]. If
the patient has previously failed an adequate trial of
transdermal nicotine and relapse appeared to be withdrawal
related, three options are reasonable: a) ad-lib nicotine
gum added to transdermal nicotine [II], b) oral or
transdermal clonidine [II], or c) nicotine nasal spray [II].
If relapse was due to reasons other than withdrawal (e.g.,
stress), multicomponent behavior therapy should be
considered [I]. If the patient has previously attended such
therapy, more intensive individual behavior therapy (e.g.,
1-2 times/week for 2-3 weeks) should be considered [III].
Psychiatric and general medical patients who smoke and are
on smoke- free wards should receive clear instructions about
the no smoking policy, advice to stop smoking, and education
about the symptoms and time course of nicotine withdrawal
[III]. Those patients who wish to use the smoke free ward to
initiate a stop smoking attempt may receive the therapies
outlined previously [I]. Patients who do not wish to stop
smoking permanently and who evidence nicotine withdrawal may
be instructed in behavioral strategies to decrease
withdrawal symptoms [III] and provided nicotine replacement
(patch or gum) [II]. There is a possibility that smoking
cessation might modify psychiatric symptoms (see table 6,
page 5) such that it interferes with the diagnosis and
treatment of psychiatric disorders (8). Cessation can also
dramatically alter blood levels of some psychiatric
medications (see table 5, page 5) (8) [II].},
Doi = {10.1176/ajp.153.10.1},
Key = {fds272422}
}
@article{fds272423,
Author = {Mayes, LC and Carter, AS and Egger, HL and Pajer,
KA},
Title = {Reflections on stillness: mothers' reactions to the
still-face situation.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {30},
Number = {1},
Pages = {22-28},
Year = {1991},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0890-8567},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199101000-00004},
Abstract = {The still-face procedure, in which mothers maintain a
neutral face and are noninteractive with their infants, has
been used to study the effects of maternal withdrawal on the
mother-infant interaction. In this study, 56 mothers'
reactions to their own experience during a still-face
procedure were explored using an open-ended interview. The
associations between the mothers' reported experience, the
infants' behavior during the procedure, and the mothers'
behavior during subsequent play were examined. Over half of
the mothers reported experiencing discomfort during the
session and were more likely to report discomfort if their
infants protested their affective absence. Mothers reporting
discomfort were significantly more likely to pick up their
infants and continue to reflect verbally on their own
feelings after the still-face ended. These results are
discussed in terms of their clinical implications for
understanding the early development of the social dialogue
between mother and infant.},
Doi = {10.1097/00004583-199101000-00004},
Key = {fds272423}
}
%% Chapters in Books
@misc{fds272410,
Author = {Costello, EJ and Egger, HL and Copeland, W and Erkanli, A and Angold,
A},
Title = {The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders:
Phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity},
Pages = {56-75},
Booktitle = {Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents, Second
edition},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780521721486},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511994920.004},
Abstract = {In this chapter we review the prevalence and comorbidity of
anxiety disorders in general, and where possible the
specifics of separation anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized
anxiety disorder (GAD), specific phobias, panic, social
phobia, and panic disorder. There were too few reports of
agoraphobia to make a reliable estimate. We have not
included post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and
obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), because their status
as anxiety disorders is a topic still being debated for the
revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Most
recent studies have omitted overanxious disorder (OAD) after
its omission from the latest edition of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric
Association, 1994), but we shall have something to say about
OAD later on.},
Doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511994920.004},
Key = {fds272410}
}
@misc{fds272409,
Author = {Burns, BJ and Compton, SN and Egger, HL and Fanner, EMZ and Robertson,
EB},
Title = {An Annotated Bibliography of Evidence for
Diagnostic-Specific Psychosocial and Psychopharmacological
Interventions},
Pages = {212-276},
Booktitle = {Community Treatment for Youth: Evidence-Based Interventions
for Severe Emotional and Behavioral Disorders},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780195134575},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134575.003.0011},
Abstract = {This chapter presents the evidence base for clinic and
school-based interventions for four common childhood
disorders or related symptom patterns: attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), disruptive
behavior disorders, and anxiety disorders and related
symptoms. It shows that within the existing base for each
disorder, psychosocial interventions include an array of
behavioral approaches. The psychopharmacology evidence base
is strongest for ADHD, weaker for other disorders, and
virtually nonexistent for anxiety disorders. Adjunctive
studies examining a combination of psychosocial and
psychopharmacological interventions were rare, with the
largest and most sophisticated one for ADHD.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134575.003.0011},
Key = {fds272409}
}
| |
Duke University * Arts & Sciences * Faculty * Staff * Grad * Postdocs * Reload * Login | ||
