Psychology and Neuroscience
Arts & Sciences
Duke University
| |
Faculty Database Psychology and Neuroscience Arts & Sciences Duke University |
|
| HOME > Arts & Sciences > pn > Faculty | Search Help Login |
|
| Publications of Gregory R. Lockhead :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds43733,
Author = {Needham, A and Dueker, G and Lockhead, G.},
Title = {Infants’ formation and use of categories to segregate
objects. Cognition, 94, 215-240..},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds43733}
}
@article{fds340639,
Author = {Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Absolute judgments are relative: A reinterpretation of some
psychophysical ideas},
Journal = {Review of General Psychology},
Volume = {8},
Number = {4},
Pages = {265-272},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {2004},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.265},
Abstract = {A central theoretical assumption in classical psychophysics
is that people judge the intensities of stimulus elements;
for example, observers directly report the loudness of a
tone or the intensity of a shock. A methodological
assumption in classical psychophysics is that averaged data
demonstrate this theoretical view. It is shown in this
article that both assumptions are wrong and that the
psychophysical laws of Weber, Fechner, and Stevens are not
general. Rather, psychophysical judgments are made in
relation to contexts and memories, measures of which provide
new information about psychophysical judgments and new
understandings of channel capacity, the local-global
distinction, and the source of noise in signal detection
theory.},
Doi = {10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.265},
Key = {fds340639}
}
@article{fds340640,
Author = {Huettel, SA and Lockhead, G},
Title = {Variability is not uniformily bad: The practices of
psychologists generate research questions},
Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
Volume = {24},
Number = {3},
Pages = {418-419},
Year = {2001},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01394141},
Abstract = {The practices of economists increase experimental
reproducibility relative to those of selected psychologists
but should not be universally adopted. Procedures criticized
by Hertwig and Ortmann as producing variable data are
valuable, instead, for generating questions. The procedure
of choice should depend on the theoretical goal: measure a
known factor or learn what factors are important and need to
be measured.},
Doi = {10.1017/s0140525x01394141},
Key = {fds340640}
}
@article{fds340641,
Author = {Huettel, SA and Lockhead, G},
Title = {Psychologically rational choice: Selection between
alternatives in a multiple-equilibrium game},
Journal = {Cognitive Systems Research},
Volume = {1},
Number = {3},
Pages = {143-160},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2000},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1389-0417(00)00006-1},
Abstract = {Choice is modeled by game theory through analyses of the
structure of a game situation. However, at least some
choices, such as those in games that have more than one
rational solution, are difficult to address under standard
game theory. We investigated choice in a simple
multiple-equilibrium game, Wolf's Dilemma, and found that
choice depends on both structural components of the game,
such as the number of opponents, and non-structural
components, such as judgments about opponents' likely
choices. Significant effects of trial-to-trial sequence were
identified. We conclude that game theoretic methods cannot
deal with multiple and equilibrium games in the absence of a
psychological understanding of choice, and that
psychological measures are required to predict performance
in such games. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S1389-0417(00)00006-1},
Key = {fds340641}
}
@article{fds252724,
Author = {Huettel, SA and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Range effects of an irrelevant dimension on
classification.},
Journal = {Perception & psychophysics},
Volume = {61},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1624-1645},
Year = {1999},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0031-5117},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10598475},
Abstract = {In univariate classification tasks, subjects sort stimuli on
the basis of the only attribute that varies. In orthogonal
classification tasks, often called filtering tasks, there
additionally are trial-to-trial variations in irrelevant
attributes that the subjects are instructed to ignore.
Performance is generally slower in filtering tasks than in
univariate control tasks. We investigated this slowing in
experiments of how the range of irrelevant trial-to-trial
variation affects responses in pitch/loudness classification
tasks. Using two levels of pitch and of loudness as stimuli,
Experiment 1 replicated prior work showing that responses
are slowed more when the range of the irrelevant dimension
is made larger. Also in Experiment 1, sequential analyses
showed that response time depends both on sequence and on
the stimulus set independent of sequence. Experiments 2 and
3 used several levels on the irrelevant dimension and showed
that responses to categorize loudness are slowed more by
larger trial-to-trial pitch differences, but only on trials
when the response repeats. When the response changes,
performance is essentially unaffected by trial-to-trial
irrelevant variation. This interaction supports the
conclusion that slowed average performance in orthogonal
classification tasks, which is known as Garner interference,
is not due to difficulties that subjects have in filtering
stimulus attributes. It is due to how subjects process
successive stimulus differences. We call for more frequent
reports of sequential analyses, because these can reveal
information that is not available from data
averages.},
Doi = {10.3758/bf03213123},
Key = {fds252724}
}
@article{fds252723,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Huettel, SA},
Title = {Isomorphisms and subjective colors},
Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
Volume = {22},
Number = {6},
Pages = {959-960},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {1999},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0140-525X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99392219},
Abstract = {Palmer describes a 'subjective barrier' that limits
knowledge of others' experience. We discuss how this barrier
extends to all knowledge, becoming less distinct as
theoretical constructs are strengthened. We provide evidence
for isomorphic experience, among individuals with similar
physiologies, by showing that perceived relations between
colors are as similar when viewing pigments as when viewing
subjective colors caused by flickering bars.},
Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X99392219},
Key = {fds252723}
}
@article{fds252725,
Author = {Dragoi, V and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Context-Dependent Changes in Visual Sensitivity Induced by
Muller-Lyer Stimuli},
Journal = {Vision Research},
Volume = {39},
Pages = {1657-1670},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds252725}
}
@article{fds340642,
Author = {Huettel, SA and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {A framework for structural constraints on feature
creation},
Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
Volume = {21},
Number = {1},
Pages = {29-29},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {1998},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98380103},
Abstract = {<jats:p>We address two major limitations of Schyns et al.
First, we clarify their concept of “features” by
postulating several levels for processing. The composition
of the feature set at each level determines the set at the
next higher level, following simple structural guidelines.
Second, we show that our proposed framework reconciles
feature-creation and fixed-feature approaches.</jats:p>},
Doi = {10.1017/s0140525x98380103},
Key = {fds340642}
}
@article{fds252693,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {The bases for simple judgments are complex: Review of
Sensation and Judgment by J.C. Baird},
Journal = {American Journal of Psychology},
Volume = {111},
Number = {2},
Pages = {296-303},
Year = {1998},
Key = {fds252693}
}
@article{fds340643,
Author = {Lockhead, G and Dragoi, V and Wolbarsht, ML},
Title = {The micfogenesis of geometrical illusions: contextdependent
changes in visiual sensitivity and the muller-lyer
effect},
Journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science},
Volume = {38},
Number = {4},
Pages = {S643},
Year = {1997},
Month = {December},
Abstract = {Purpose, We analyze the influence of visual contexts which
resemble the Muller-Lyer configuration on the detectability
of a target stimulus. Methods. Six adult subjects were
instructed to detect the occurrence of a target while the
target and the context were briefly flashed periodically.
During each trial the target was presented alone, in
conjunction with the context, or neither target nor context
were presented. The target occurred randomly at one of four
contrasts; the context (outward or inward arrowhead) was
always presented at high contrast. We measured the detection
ratio (denned as proportion correct detections) for all four
target contrasts in the following conditions: (a) target
alone; (b) target and outward arrowhead; (c) target and
inward arrowhead. We varied the angle between the arrowhead
fins and the distance between the arrowhead and the target.
Results. Target detection is facilitated by the inward
arrowhead and suppressed by the outward arrowhead. The
amount of facilitation and suppression increases
monotonically with the decrease in arrowhead angie, but it
diminishes as target contrast increases. When the distance
between target and context increases, both inhibitory and
excitatory effects diminish drastically in strength. If
distance is further increased the influence of the outward
arrowhead changes from suppression to facilitation. The
inhibitory and excitatory effects are amplified if a
symmetric arrowhead is added on the other end of the target.
All observed variations in detection ratio match
qualitatively the lesults obtained with the Mulier-Lyer
illusion, in which a bar appears long or short when it is
flanked by inward or outward arrowheads. Conclusions, (a)
Previous results (e.g., Kapadia et al., 1995; Polat and
Sagi, 1994) reported facilitory effects of the surround. We
found that as a function of surround orientation and spatial
offset there is a continuum of surround modulations ranging
from strong inhibition to strong excitation; (b) Our
findings are consistent with short and long-range receptive
field interactions in primary visual cortex and suggest a
physiological basis for surround modulation; (c) The
Muller-Lyer extent illlusion is correlated with target
detectability. We suggest that detectability and perceived
extent are caused by the same mechanism.},
Key = {fds340643}
}
@article{fds252694,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Dragoi, V and Wolbarsht, M},
Title = {The Microgenesis of Geometrical Illusions: Context-Dependent
Changes in Visual Sensitivity and the Muller-Lyer
Effect},
Journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
Volume = {38},
Number = {S643},
Year = {1997},
Key = {fds252694}
}
@article{fds29563,
Author = {Lockhead, G.R. and Dragoi, V. and Huettel, S.},
Title = {Context and Judgment},
Journal = {Fechner Day 96, Padua, Italy},
Pages = {149-154},
Year = {1996},
Key = {fds29563}
}
@article{fds252695,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {Psycholphysical scaling methods reveal and measure context
effects},
Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
Volume = {18},
Pages = {601-612},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds252695}
}
@article{fds252696,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {Psychological measures of objects and their features: It is
time for a change},
Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
Volume = {17},
Number = {4},
Pages = {757-772},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Year = {1994},
Key = {fds252696}
}
@article{fds340647,
Author = {LOCKHEAD, GR},
Title = {IT IS TIME FOR A CHANGE - AUTHORS RESPONSE},
Journal = {BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES},
Volume = {17},
Number = {4},
Pages = {766-771},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {1994},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00037109},
Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X00037109},
Key = {fds340647}
}
@article{fds252697,
Author = {Lockhead, GR},
Title = {A parallel view of the history of psychophysics},
Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
Volume = {16},
Number = {1},
Pages = {154-155},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {1993},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0140-525X},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1993KU41400079&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1017/s0140525x00029423},
Key = {fds252697}
}
@article{fds252699,
Author = {Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Psychophysical scaling: Judgments of attributes or
objects?},
Journal = {The Behavioral and brain sciences},
Volume = {15},
Number = {3},
Pages = {543-558},
Year = {1992},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0140-525X},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1992JN07000047&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {Psychophysical scaling models of the form R = f(I), with R
the response and I some intensity of an attribute, all
assume that people judge the amounts of an attribute. With
simple biases excepted, most also assume that judgments are
independent of space, time, and features of the situation
other than the one being judged. Many data support these
ideas: Magnitude estimations of brightness (R) increase with
luminance (I). Nevertheless, I argue that the general model
is wrong. The stabilized retinal image literature shows that
nothing is seen if light does not change over time. The
classification literature shows that dimensions often
combine to produce emergent properties that cannot be
described by the elements in the stimulus. These and other
effects cannot be adjusted for by simply adding variables to
the general model because some factors do not combine
linearly. The proposed alternative is that people initially
judge the entire stimulus - the object in terms of its
environment. This agrees with the constancy literature that
shows that objects and their attributes are identified
through their relations to other aspects of the scene. That
the environment determines judgments is masked in scaling
studies where the standard procedure is to hold context
constant. In a typical brightness study (where different
lights are presented on the same background on different
trials) the essential stimulus might be the intensity of the
light or a difference between the light and the background.
The two are perfectly confounded. This issue is examined in
the case of audition. Judgments of the loudness of a tone
depend on how much that tone differs from the previous tone
in both pitch and loudness. To judge loudness (and other
attributes) people first seem to process the stimulus object
in terms of differences between it and other aspects in the
situation; only then do they assess the feature of interest.
Psychophysical judgments will therefore be better
interpreted by theories of attention that are based in
biology or psychology than those (following Fechner) that
are based in classical physics.},
Doi = {10.1017/s0140525x00069934},
Key = {fds252699}
}
@article{fds252698,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {Constancy in a changing world},
Journal = {Behavioral & Brain Sciences},
Volume = {15},
Number = {3},
Pages = {587-601},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {1992},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00070242},
Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X00070242},
Key = {fds252698}
}
@article{fds252700,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Wolbarsht, ML},
Title = {Toying with the moon illusion.},
Journal = {Applied optics},
Volume = {30},
Number = {24},
Pages = {3504-3507},
Year = {1991},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0003-6935},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20706418},
Abstract = {We propose that the correct interpretation of the moon
illusion is that the zenith moon appears small, not that the
horizon moon appears large. This illusion is caused by the
visual gap between the observer and the overhead moon.
Because of the gap, the observer has no or little optical
information about the distance of the moon. This results in
empty field myopia where the moon is neurally, although not
necessarily cognitively, processed as being at about arm's
length. When the moon is seen on the horizon, there usually
is optical information about distance. That results in
reduced accommodation, and so the moon is processed as at a
greater distance. Consistent with the size-distance-invariance
hypothesis, the moon is then judged as large. This is a
specific example of the more general fact that all distant
objects appear small in the absence of a stimulus for
accommodation to be distant. This outcome produces the toy
illusion.},
Doi = {10.1364/ao.30.003504},
Key = {fds252700}
}
@article{fds252701,
Author = {Allan, LG and Siegel, S and Toppan, P and Lockhead,
GR},
Title = {Assessment of the McCollough effect by a shift in
psychometric function},
Journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society},
Volume = {29},
Number = {1},
Pages = {21-24},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1991},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0090-5054},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1991EV51900008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {Following adaptation to chromatic grids, we assessed the
orientation-contingent color aftereffect with a new
procedure—a shift in the psychometric function from the
preadaptation level. With this procedure, the conditions
that did and did not induce the aftereffect were the same as
those previously reported with other measurement procedures.
The psychometric function shift provides a new, simple, and
objective technique for evaluation of illusory color. ©
1991, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.3758/BF03334757},
Key = {fds252701}
}
@article{fds29565,
Title = {Fechner Day '91},
Journal = {International Society for Psychophysics, Cassis,
France},
Pages = {237},
Editor = {Lockhead, G.R.},
Year = {1991},
Key = {fds29565}
}
@article{fds29564,
Title = {The Perception of Structure},
Journal = {American Psychological Association, Washington,
D.C.},
Pages = {338},
Editor = {Lockhead, G.R. and Pomerantz, J.},
Year = {1991},
Key = {fds29564}
}
@article{fds252702,
Author = {Seaber, J and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {McCullough aftereffects in strabismus and
amblyopia},
Journal = {Vision Research},
Volume = {29},
Pages = {609-617},
Year = {1989},
Key = {fds252702}
}
@article{fds29566,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {An alternative to the neural attention hypothesis for
auditory psychophysics},
Journal = {Fechner Day '88, Stirling, Scotland: International Society
for Psychophysics},
Pages = {101-102},
Year = {1988},
Key = {fds29566}
}
@article{fds252703,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {Modeling temporal and spatial differences},
Journal = {The Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
Volume = {11},
Number = {2},
Pages = {302-303},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {1988},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00050044},
Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X00050044},
Key = {fds252703}
}
@article{fds252704,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and King, M},
Title = {Assimilation and contrast: Two processes or
one?},
Journal = {New Ideas in Psychology},
Volume = {6},
Pages = {293-299},
Year = {1988},
Key = {fds252704}
}
@article{fds252705,
Author = {Seaber, JH and Fisher, B and Lockhead, GR and Wolbarsht,
ML},
Title = {Incidence and characteristics of McCollough aftereffects
following video display terminal use.},
Journal = {J Occup Med},
Volume = {29},
Number = {9},
Pages = {727-729},
Year = {1987},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0096-1736},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3681504},
Abstract = {After using video display terminals (VDT), some persons
notice that achromatic patterns appear faintly colored hours
after terminal use. We investigated the incidence of this
effect, the McCollough effect (ME), among 125 VDT users.
Subjects completed a questionnaire regarding work habits and
certain life-style aspects. They were shown photographs of
varying spatial frequencies to identify the adapting
stimulus responsible for the ME. The incidence of ME after
routine use of VDTs was 19.1%. The adapting stimulus was the
repeating character lines of the VDT. No aspect of
life-style investigated appeared to predispose an individual
to develop the ME. Those subjects who developed the ME did
not differ from those who did not in age, sleep, caffeine
consumption, use of medication, refractive errors, or
computer usage, nor did they have a higher incidence of
ocular defects or eye strain.},
Key = {fds252705}
}
@article{fds252707,
Author = {Hinson, JM and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Momentary and global maximizing.},
Journal = {Behavioural processes},
Volume = {14},
Number = {1},
Pages = {21-34},
Year = {1987},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0376-6357},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1987G749900003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {Four adult females responded at a computer console, on three
constant probability concurrent variable-interval
reinforcement schedules. The subjects were instructed to try
to obtain as many reinforcers as possible, but were not
given any instructions on how to accomplish this task. Three
of the four subjects typically allocated responses to the
schedule offering the higher reinforcement probability.
These results show that some subjects trying to maximize
overall reinforcement may respond in accordance with a
momentary maximizing strategy.},
Doi = {10.1016/0376-6357(87)90064-7},
Key = {fds252707}
}
@article{fds252706,
Author = {Wallace, WT and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Brightness of luminance distributions with gradual
changes.},
Journal = {Vision research},
Volume = {27},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1589-1601},
Year = {1987},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0042-6989},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3445491},
Abstract = {The perception of gradually changing luminance distributions
was investigated. Luminance changed across the radius of a
disk by a linear, quadratic, or cubic function with varying
magnitudes. Subjects selected matching luminances for the
inner and outer edges of each stimulus. The threshold for
reporting that the inner and outer matches were different
occurred at approximately 20% contrast between those
regions. This threshold did not vary with the particular
function which described the luminance distribution.
Further, as the magnitude of luminance change across the
stimulus increased, subjects judged the inner and outer
edges to differ more in brightness. Matching luminances also
depended upon the background configuration with greater
differences perceived across the disk radius when the
surround and center dot of the stimulus were of opposite,
rather than the same, luminance. These results indicate that
models of brightness must consider all luminance changes in
the stimulus, not just changes of a particular type such as
second differences or changes at a luminance
step.},
Doi = {10.1016/0042-6989(87)90167-2},
Key = {fds252706}
}
@article{fds252664,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {Category thresholds},
Journal = {Fechner Day, Northampton, MA: International Society for
Psychophysics},
Pages = {23-28},
Year = {1987},
Key = {fds252664}
}
@article{fds252708,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Hinson, J},
Title = {Range and sequence effects in judgment.},
Journal = {Perception & psychophysics},
Volume = {40},
Number = {1},
Pages = {53-61},
Year = {1986},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0031-5117},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3748766},
Doi = {10.3758/bf03207594},
Key = {fds252708}
}
@article{fds252709,
Author = {Hinson, J and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Range effects in successive discrimination
procedures},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior
Processes},
Volume = {12},
Pages = {270-276},
Year = {1986},
Key = {fds252709}
}
@article{fds252710,
Author = {Wolbarsht, ML and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Moon illusion: a new perspective.},
Journal = {Applied optics},
Volume = {24},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1844},
Year = {1985},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0003-6935},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18223803},
Doi = {10.1364/ao.24.001844},
Key = {fds252710}
}
@article{fds252667,
Author = {Bradow, F and Lockhead, GR and Bradow, R},
Title = {Implications of perception thresholds for
soiling},
Journal = {Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control Association,
8.5},
Pages = {1-20},
Year = {1985},
Key = {fds252667}
}
@article{fds252713,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and King, MC},
Title = {A memory model of sequential effects in scaling
tasks.},
Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and
performance},
Volume = {9},
Number = {3},
Pages = {461-473},
Year = {1983},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0096-1523},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6223983},
Abstract = {Subjects judge successive stimuli to be overly similar in
psychophysical scaling tasks. This is called assimilation.
They also tend to judge each stimulus as overly different
from more previous events. This is called contrast. To
examine a two-stage linear model of these sequence effects,
we asked subjects to judge the relative intensity of
successive tones. In support of the model, responses again
depended lawfully on prior events. These memory effects
occur in a variety of scaling tasks and are consistent with
two assumptions: (a)Successive events assimilate in memory,
and (b) subjects compare each stimulus to a collection of
memories of prior events to generate a response. The
trial-by-trial analysis used to test the model also showed
that even in magnitude-estimation studies, equal stimulus
ratios do not result in equal response ratios, except on
average. This article suggests that examinations of
trial-by-trial performance might be useful in studying
memory and judgment processes.},
Doi = {10.1037//0096-1523.9.3.461},
Key = {fds252713}
}
@article{fds252711,
Author = {Reed, SK and Hock, HS and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Tacit knowledge and the effect of pattern configuration on
mental scanning.},
Journal = {Memory & cognition},
Volume = {11},
Number = {2},
Pages = {137-143},
Year = {1983},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0090-502X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6865747},
Doi = {10.3758/bf03213468},
Key = {fds252711}
}
@article{fds252666,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {Biologic Analogues of Image Inhancement and the Dynamics of
the Visual System},
Journal = {Technical Report to the Southeastern Center for Electrical
Engineering Education},
Pages = {138},
Year = {1983},
Key = {fds252666}
}
@article{fds252712,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {A word processor induced visual aftereffect},
Journal = {Human Factors Society Bulletin},
Volume = {26},
Pages = {2-7},
Year = {1983},
Key = {fds252712}
}
@article{fds252714,
Author = {Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Practically perfect performance.},
Journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America},
Volume = {71},
Number = {3},
Pages = {755-756},
Year = {1982},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0001-4966},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7085976},
Doi = {10.1121/1.387501},
Key = {fds252714}
}
@article{fds252717,
Author = {King, MC and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Response scales and sequential effects in
judgment.},
Journal = {Perception & psychophysics},
Volume = {30},
Number = {6},
Pages = {599-603},
Year = {1981},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0031-5117},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7335458},
Doi = {10.3758/bf03202016},
Key = {fds252717}
}
@article{fds252715,
Author = {Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Context affects measures of sensory intensity},
Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
Volume = {4},
Number = {2},
Pages = {196-197},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {1981},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0140-525X},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1981LX52400011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1017/S0140525X00008360},
Key = {fds252715}
}
@article{fds252716,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Byrd, R},
Title = {Practically perfect pitch},
Journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
Volume = {70},
Number = {2},
Pages = {387-389},
Publisher = {Acoustical Society of America (ASA)},
Year = {1981},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0001-4966},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1981MB22900011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {People who can identify piano notes with essentially no
errors (perfect pitch) are much less capable in identifying
musical notes produced by sine waves. Thus, frequency is not
the only information these people use to identify musical
notes; piano notes are complex waveforms or patterns, sine
waves are not complex. Musically trained people who do not
have perfect pitch ability have considerable difficulty
identifying either sine waves or piano notes. As well as
this quantitative difference, these two groups of musicians
also differ qualitatively. The people in both groups are
about equally able to judge octave levels, but people with
perfect pitch are excellent in identifying the particular
note, e.g., E, independent of its octave, while people
without perfect pitch ability are not. © 1981, Acoustical
Society of America. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1121/1.386773},
Key = {fds252716}
}
@article{fds252719,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Crist, WB},
Title = {Making letters distinctive},
Journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology},
Volume = {72},
Number = {4},
Pages = {483-493},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1980},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0022-0663},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1980KD63800009&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {Results of a study with 77 kindergartners, 24 1st graders,
21 2nd graders, and 6 college students show that small
graphic changes made in normal letters of the alphabet
changed the similarity relations among those letters. All Ss
classified letters of this distinctive font faster and with
fewer errors than they classified normal letters. It is
shown that it is not features alone but relations between
features within letters, and relations between letters in
the stimulus set, that determine how difficult any
particular letter is to classify. The advantage of the
distinctive font is such that many children had less
difficulty classifying distinctive letters into bins labeled
with normal letters than doing the conceptually easier
match-to-sample task of placing normal letters into bins
labeled with normal letters. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1980 American
Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0022-0663.72.4.483},
Key = {fds252719}
}
@article{fds252718,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Johnson, RC and Gold, FM},
Title = {Saltation through the blind spot.},
Journal = {Perception & psychophysics},
Volume = {27},
Number = {6},
Pages = {545-549},
Year = {1980},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0031-5117},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7393702},
Doi = {10.3758/bf03198683},
Key = {fds252718}
}
@article{fds252720,
Author = {Gruenewald, PJ and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {The free recall of category examples},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and
Memory},
Volume = {6},
Number = {3},
Pages = {225-240},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1980},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0096-1515},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1980JQ97900001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {24 undergraduates recalled the names of as many animals,
birds, foods, or cold foods as they could in 15- or 30-min
sessions. In each task, the rate of item production
decreased with increasing time, and semantically related
items were produced in spurts over time. Results are
consistent with a proposed 2-stage model in which people (a)
search for semantic fields and (b) produce whatever items
are encountered when a field is located. It is proposed that
time between clusters increases hyperbolically in these
tasks, reflecting the search for semantic fields, and that
the time between items within clusters, and the number of
items in each cluster, are independent of time in the task,
reflecting the production of items in discovered fields. On
these bases an algorithm is introduced that partitions
clusters by the temporal patterning between words in the
protocols. The temporally-based algorithm provides a
description of the data that highly correlates with the
semantic structure as depicted by judges' ratings. These
correlated temporal and semantic measures may reflect
aspects of the search process and the structure of memory.
(24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights
reserved). © 1980 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.6.3.225},
Key = {fds252720}
}
@article{fds252721,
Author = {Staddon, JER and King, M and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {On sequential effects in absolute judgments},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and
Performance},
Volume = {6},
Pages = {290-301},
Year = {1980},
Key = {fds252721}
}
@article{fds252668,
Author = {Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Holistic versus analytic process models: a
reply.},
Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and
performance},
Volume = {5},
Number = {4},
Pages = {746-755},
Year = {1979},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0096-1523},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/528971},
Abstract = {Two classes of stimulus process models are considered in
this reply to Dykes and Cooper. It is shown that analytic
models which assume that stimuli are initially processed in
terms of constituent dimensions do not account for large
amounts of published data. It is also shown that the
holistic-discriminability model that Dykes and Cooper reject
is nonetheless consistent with their results and predicts
all of the data for which their analytic model was
constructed to account.},
Doi = {10.1037//0096-1523.5.4.746},
Key = {fds252668}
}
@article{fds252669,
Author = {King, MC and Crist, WB and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Context and goodness in a focusing task},
Journal = {Perception & Psychophysics},
Volume = {26},
Number = {4},
Pages = {305-311},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1979},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0031-5117},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979HS08300007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {In a focusing task, people respond positively to one
stimulus and negatively to all other stimuli that occur. The
task has been called focusing in recognition of the
possibility that only the target stimulus is relevant to
performance, and that what people do is to focus on some
aspect of the target, such as its configuration. The present
study used eight patterns, and people focused on each
pattern in eight different experimental conditions. The
stimulus set was selected to have good patterns (according
to symmetry, subjective goodness, and free classification
measures) that were similar to each other (according to
similarity judgments) and poor patterns that were dissimilar
from one another and from the good patterns. The results
were that the good patterns were difficult (speed and
accuracy) to classify, and the poor patterns were easy. The
similarity between the target pattern and the other patterns
in the total set, i.e., the context of each focused
stimulus, predicted performance. These results support the
idea that similarity judgments measure relevant aspects of
context and that the effects of context on performance
should not be overlooked. © 1979 Psychonomic Society,
Inc.},
Doi = {10.3758/BF03199885},
Key = {fds252669}
}
@article{fds252722,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Evans, NJ},
Title = {Emmert’s imaginal law},
Journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society},
Volume = {13},
Number = {2},
Pages = {114-116},
Publisher = {Springer Nature America, Inc},
Year = {1979},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0090-5054},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1979HC52900019&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {The apparent size of a visual afterimage increases in
proportion with the distance at which that image is viewed;
this is Emmert’s law. Contrary to Emmert’s law for
afterimages, this paper reports that the apparent size of a
mentally imaged object decreases monotonically with
increases in the distance of the viewing surface. © 1979,
The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.3758/BF03335030},
Key = {fds252722}
}
@article{fds252670,
Author = {King, MC and Gruenewald, P and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Classifying related stimuli.},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and
Memory},
Volume = {4},
Number = {5},
Pages = {417-427},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1978},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0096-1515},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1978FM54400002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.4.5.417},
Key = {fds252670}
}
@article{fds252671,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Gruenewald, P and King, M},
Title = {Holistic vs. attribute repetition effects in classifying
stimuli.},
Journal = {Memory & cognition},
Volume = {6},
Number = {4},
Pages = {438-445},
Year = {1978},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0090-502X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/692368},
Doi = {10.3758/bf03197477},
Key = {fds252671}
}
@article{fds252672,
Author = {White, CW and Lockhead, GR and Evans, NJ},
Title = {Multidimensional scaling of subjective colors by color-blind
observers},
Journal = {Perception & Psychophysics},
Volume = {21},
Number = {6},
Pages = {522-526},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1977},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0031-5117},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1977DL47400004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {Temporal coding theories of color vision suggest
explanations of flicker-induced subjective colors such as
those that appear on Benham's disk. If color blindness were
due simply to photopigment anomalies, then subjective colors
might be elicited by central patterns of neural activity in
color-blind observers that mimic those which the cones
normally produce in colornormal observers. We had
color-normal and color-blind observers scale subjective
colors like those on Benham's disk for similarity. The
inferred color spaces for six normal observers resembled the
familiar hue circle, but the spaces for five
red-green-deficient observers were compressed along the
red-green axis. This is consistent with the position that
flicker colors are due to retinal processes, and suggests
that color blindness may involve variations of the central
nervous system in addition to photopigment anomalies. ©
1977 Psychonomic Society, Inc.},
Doi = {10.3758/BF03198732},
Key = {fds252672}
}
@article{fds252676,
Author = {Hutchinson, JW and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Similarity as distance: A structural principle for semantic
memory.},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and
Memory},
Volume = {3},
Number = {6},
Pages = {660-678},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1977},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0096-1515},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1977DY58300004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.3.6.660},
Key = {fds252676}
}
@article{fds252673,
Author = {Walker, CF and Lockhead, GR and Markle, DR and McElhaney,
JH},
Title = {Parameters of stimulation and perception in an artificial
sensory feedback system.},
Journal = {Journal of bioengineering},
Volume = {1},
Number = {3},
Pages = {251-256},
Year = {1977},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0145-3068},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/615883},
Abstract = {The relationships between stimulus parameters and
perceptions in a prosthetic feedback system were measured
using psychophysical methods. Electrical stimulation of the
median nerve produced a monotonic relation between frequency
of stimulation and the perceived magnitude of the stimulus.
There were two qualitatively different perceptions of the
stimulation; one for low frequencies and one for high. These
two qualities fit different psychophysical continuua, kind
of stimulation, and amount of stimulation.},
Key = {fds252673}
}
@article{fds252674,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and King, MC},
Title = {Classifying intergral stimuli.},
Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and
performance},
Volume = {3},
Number = {3},
Pages = {436-443},
Year = {1977},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0096-1523},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/886277},
Abstract = {Two reported experiments support holistic, as opposed to
analytic, processing models for integral stimuli. Speeded
classification data from different information-processing
tasks (univariate and correlated) were predicted by distance
between stimuli in similarity space but not by redundancy.
The results of the filtering and condensation tasks and the
notion of configural stimuli are also explicable in these
terms. It is shown that some operational definitions
commonly used to define integral stimuli are usually
confounded with stimulus similarity. The assumption of
independence between the attributes that combine to form
multidimensional stimuli is not always met and is always an
empirical question. When these attributes are not
independent, physical and psychological spaces are not
necessarily the same. Similarity structure is a crucial
concern if inferences of cognitive processing are to be
based on information-processing task results.},
Doi = {10.1037//0096-1523.3.3.436},
Key = {fds252674}
}
@article{fds252675,
Author = {Monahan, JS and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Identification of integral stimuli},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General},
Volume = {106},
Number = {1},
Pages = {94-110},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1977},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0096-3445},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:A1977CZ43100011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {Conducted 2 experiments to confirm a holistic or "blob"
processing model of stimulus identification in which
discriminability is related to psychological distances
between stimuli. In Exp I, 4 paid observers identified
rectangles from linearly correlated and from equally
redundant scattered sets of 6 stimuli. The holistic model
was confirmed; parallel decision model predictions were
confirmed only when congruent with the holistic model
predictions. In Exp II, 5 observers identified line pairs
from 5 different sets of 7 stimuli, which varied in
redundancy and scatter, and rated pairwise dissimilarities
among stimuli. Multidimensional scaling of the
dissimilarities fitted a Euclidean better than a city-block
metric, indicating that the stimuli were integral. These
scaled dissimilarities predicted almost all differences in
discrimination performance, reaction times and errors,
between the first sets. Results confirm the "blob" model and
demonstrate that frequently reported redundancy gains are
due to an increase in psychological distances among stimuli
and not to redundancy per se. A new definition of
integrality based on relational dimensions is presented. (18
ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights
reserved). © 1977 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/0096-3445.106.1.94},
Key = {fds252675}
}
@article{fds29570,
Author = {Markle, D. and Walker, C. and McElhaney, J. and Lockhead,
G.R.},
Title = {Discriminability of stimulation frequency in an artificial
senory feedback system},
Journal = {Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference on Engineering in
Medicine and Biology},
Publisher = {Los Angeles},
Year = {1977},
Key = {fds29570}
}
@article{fds252665,
Author = {Monahan, J and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Concerning processes involved in judging redundant
two-dimensional stimuli},
Journal = {Proceedings of the American Psychological
Association},
Year = {1974},
Key = {fds252665}
}
@article{fds252677,
Author = {Gravetter, F and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Criterial range as a frame of reference for stimulus
judgment.},
Journal = {Psychological review},
Volume = {80},
Number = {3},
Pages = {203-216},
Year = {1973},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0033-295X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4714675},
Doi = {10.1037/h0034281},
Key = {fds252677}
}
@article{fds252678,
Author = {Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Processing dimensional stimuli: a note.},
Journal = {Psychological review},
Volume = {79},
Number = {5},
Pages = {410-419},
Year = {1972},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0033-295X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5076869},
Doi = {10.1037/h0033129},
Key = {fds252678}
}
@article{fds252663,
Author = {Gravetter, FJ and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Critical response as a frame of a reference for
judgment},
Journal = {Program of the Psychonomic Society},
Pages = {26},
Year = {1972},
Key = {fds252663}
}
@article{fds29573,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Choosing a Response},
Journal = {International Congress on Memory and Attention},
Year = {1971},
Month = {August},
Key = {fds29573}
}
@article{fds252679,
Author = {Arend, LE and Buehler, JN and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Difference information and brightness perception},
Journal = {Perception & Psychophysics},
Volume = {9},
Number = {3},
Pages = {367-370},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1971},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03212669},
Abstract = {Contour information generated by moving retinal images has
been shown by others to be the principal determinant of
perceived color. The data presented here show that, for
brightness, this information reflects only differences
between adjacent stimulus areas. The entire distribution of
difference information from contours in the visual field
must be specified in order to predict the brightness at any
point. © 1971 Psychonomic Society, Inc.},
Doi = {10.3758/BF03212669},
Key = {fds252679}
}
@article{fds252680,
Author = {Ward, LM and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Response system processes in absolute judgment},
Journal = {Perception & Psychophysics},
Volume = {9},
Number = {1},
Pages = {73-78},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1971},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03213031},
Abstract = {Consistent relationships are found between Ss′ absolute
judgments of the value of a stimulus and the previous
sequence of both stimuli and responses. The form and
magnitude of these sequential effects are shown to depend on
the presence or absence of feedback and on task difficulty.
The pattern of the sequential effects found allows the
conclusion that they are due to purely response-system
processes. A two-stage model of the judgment process is
proposed, and it is argued that observed assimilative
effects account for the central tendency effects observed in
category judgments. © 1971 Psychonomic Society,
Inc.},
Doi = {10.3758/BF03213031},
Key = {fds252680}
}
@article{fds252681,
Author = {Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Identification and the form of multidimensional
discrimination space.},
Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology},
Volume = {85},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-10},
Year = {1970},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0022-1015},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5458322},
Doi = {10.1037/h0029508},
Key = {fds252681}
}
@article{fds252682,
Author = {Ward, LM and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Sequential effects and memory in category
judgments},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology},
Volume = {84},
Number = {1},
Pages = {27-34},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1970},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0028949},
Abstract = {2 studies with 3 undergraduates each investigated the
effects of previous stimuli on responses in an absolute
judgment of loudnesses situation when feedback was and was
not provided. Whether or not information feedback was
provided, responses were assimilated to the value of the
immediately previous stimulus in the series. The effects of
stimuli more than 1 trial back in the sequence depend on the
presence or absence of feedback. When the entire stimulus
scale was shifted up or down to 5 db. from the level on the
previous day, a substantial shift occurred in the constant
error of judgment in the direction of the scale shift,
providing evidence that a relatively long-term (24-hr)
memory process was being used in the judgment situation.
None of the currently available models is adequate to
account for both these results and those of earlier studies.
The form of the sequential dependencies observed may depend
at least partially on the presence or absence of an
identification function from stimuli to responses. (18 ref.)
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights
reserved). © 1970 American Psychological
Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/h0028949},
Key = {fds252682}
}
@article{fds252662,
Author = {Gravetter, FJ and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Criterial dispersion's and the stimulus range},
Journal = {Proceedings 78th Annual APA Convention},
Pages = {41-42},
Year = {1969},
Key = {fds252662}
}
@article{fds252683,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Ward, LM},
Title = {Memorial processes and category judgments},
Journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin},
Volume = {15},
Year = {1969},
Key = {fds252683}
}
@article{fds252661,
Author = {Lockhead, GR and Khokhlov, N},
Title = {Multidimensional discriminability and salience of
attributes},
Journal = {Proceedings of the Eastern Psychological
Association},
Pages = {132},
Year = {1968},
Key = {fds252661}
}
@article{fds252684,
Author = {Holland, MK and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Sequential effects in absolute judgments of
loudness},
Journal = {Perception & Psychophysics},
Volume = {3},
Number = {6},
Pages = {409-414},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1968},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03205747},
Abstract = {The effects of preceding stimuli on the judgments of current
stimuli were examined in a study using absolute judgments of
loudness with feedback. It was found that the response on a
given trial was dependent on the stimuli in the preceding
sequence of at least five trials. Both assimilation and
contrast effects were observed. The form of the dependency
of a response on a prior stimulus was a function of the
ordinal position of the stimulus in the preceding sequence
of trials. The stimulus on the immediately preceding trial
had an assimilative effect on the response and preceding
stimuli two to five trials removed all showed a contrast
effect on a given response. The extent to which these
preceding stimuli contributed to the contrast effect was an
increasing function of their recency. The reversal of the
dependency of the response, from assimilation to the
stimulus one trial back, to contrast with the stimuli two
and more trials back, indicates a unique function of the
immediately preceding stimulus in this task. Since there was
a reduction in the variance of responses to those stimuli
similar in value to the immediately preceding stimulus, it
is proposed that the stimulus and feedback on the last trial
were remembered and used asa standardin judging the
presented stimulus. A model is presented in which it is
assumed that the memory of the magnitude of the immediately
preceding stimulus is contaminated in specified ways by
prior stimuli in the series. The empirical findings of
assimilation and contrastare expected consequences of the
proposed memorial processes. © 1968 Psychonomic
Journals.},
Doi = {10.3758/BF03205747},
Key = {fds252684}
}
@article{fds252685,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {Form of redundancy and identification of three-dimensional
stimuli},
Journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {2},
Year = {1967},
Month = {October},
Key = {fds252685}
}
@article{fds252686,
Author = {Crovitz, HF and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Possible monocular predictors of binocular rivalry of
contours},
Journal = {Perception & Psychophysics},
Volume = {2},
Number = {2},
Pages = {83-85},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {1967},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0031-5117},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03212468},
Abstract = {An analysis of contour disappearances in conflicting
patterned stereograms is made from the knowledge of two
monocular events: contrast effects associated with contours
and phasic local adaptation. It is argued that the percepts
resulting from these monocular processes are combined simply
by some more central process and that a suppression
mechanism may not be necessary to account for contour
rivalry. Predictions were tested in three experiments and
the results tend to support the argument given. © 1967
Psychonomic Press, Goleta, Calif.},
Doi = {10.3758/BF03212468},
Key = {fds252686}
}
@article{fds252687,
Author = {Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Effects of dimensional redundancy on visual
discrimination.},
Journal = {Journal of experimental psychology},
Volume = {72},
Number = {1},
Pages = {95-104},
Year = {1966},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0022-1015},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5967738},
Doi = {10.1037/h0023319},
Key = {fds252687}
}
@article{fds252660,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {Visual discrimination and methods of presenting redundant
stimuli},
Journal = {Proceedings of the American Psychological
Association},
Pages = {67-68},
Year = {1966},
Key = {fds252660}
}
@article{fds252689,
Author = {Chapanis, A and Lockhead, GR},
Title = {A test of the effectiveness of sensor lines showing linkages
between displays and controls.},
Journal = {Human factors},
Volume = {7},
Number = {3},
Pages = {219-229},
Year = {1965},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0018-7208},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5867017},
Doi = {10.1177/001872086500700304},
Key = {fds252689}
}
@article{fds252688,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {Repetition redundancy and visual form discrimination},
Journal = {Psychonomic Science},
Volume = {3},
Pages = {319-320},
Year = {1965},
Key = {fds252688}
}
@article{fds29577,
Author = {G. Lockhead and E.T. Klemmer},
Title = {Further Data on card punch operator performance},
Journal = {IBM Research Note, NC-39},
Year = {1962},
Key = {fds29577}
}
@article{fds252690,
Author = {Lockhead, G and Klemmer, ET},
Title = {Productivity and errors in two keying tasks: A field
study},
Journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
Volume = {46},
Number = {6},
Pages = {401-408},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1962},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0048461},
Abstract = {Productivity and error rates were measured for a billion
responses by more than a thoushand operators of IBM card
punches and bank proof machines in 20 different
installations. Productivity increases and errors decrease
during the 1st year on the job, sometimes longer.
Experienced card punch operators average 56,000 to 83,000
keystrokes per day with 1600 to 4300 strokes per undetected
error. Experienced bank proof machine operators average 4350
to 6600 checks per day with about 3500 checks per undetected
error. The fastest operators at any installation produce
twice as much as the slowest. The least accurate operators
make 10 times as many errors as the most accurate. Fast
operators tend to make fewer errors (r = -.5). (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1962
American Psychological Association.},
Doi = {10.1037/h0048461},
Key = {fds252690}
}
@article{fds252691,
Author = {Lockhead, G},
Title = {Methods of presenting paired associates},
Journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior},
Volume = {1},
Number = {1},
Pages = {62-65},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1962},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(62)80020-6},
Abstract = {Three different methods of ordering a list of nine pairs of
nonsense syllables to be learned were compared both when Ss
were and were not told that their responses were correct or
incorrect. The results showed that the method of
presentation of material is unimportant but the effects due
to the presentation of partial knowledge of results are
equivocal. Providing information as to the correctness of
each response early in learning is beneficial. © 1963
Academic Press Inc. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0022-5371(62)80020-6},
Key = {fds252691}
}
@article{fds252692,
Author = {LOCKHEAD, GR},
Title = {A re-evaluation of evidence of one-trial associative
learning.},
Journal = {The American journal of psychology},
Volume = {74},
Pages = {590-595},
Year = {1961},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0002-9556},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14466145},
Doi = {10.2307/1419670},
Key = {fds252692}
}
@article{fds29578,
Author = {Klemmer, E.T. and Lockhead, G.R.},
Title = {An analysis of productivity and errors on keypunches and
bank proof machines},
Journal = {IBM Research Report, RC-354},
Year = {1960},
Key = {fds29578}
}
@article{fds29579,
Author = {Lockhead, G. and Klemmer, E.T.},
Title = {An evaluation of an 8-key word-writing typewriter},
Journal = {IBM Research Report, RC-180},
Year = {1959},
Key = {fds29579}
}
%% Books
@unpublished{fds11139,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {On the Bases for Human Judgment},
Key = {fds11139}
}
%% Chapters in Books
@misc{fds21881,
Author = {Lockhead, G.R. and Wolbarsht, M.},
Title = {The moon illusion and other toys},
Pages = {259-266},
Booktitle = {The Moon Illusion},
Publisher = {Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum},
Editor = {M. Hershenson},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds21881}
}
@misc{fds21809,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Context and Judgment},
Pages = {186-192},
Booktitle = {Fechner Day 2001},
Publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers, Leipzig, Germany},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds21809}
}
@misc{fds21810,
Author = {Huettel, S. and Lockhead, G.},
Title = {A Framework for Feature Creation. Commentary on: The
Development of Features in Object Concepts},
Booktitle = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
Editor = {Schyns, P.G. and Goldstone, R.L. and Thibaut,
J.},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds21810}
}
@misc{fds340645,
Author = {Lockhead, GR},
Title = {Psychophysical scaling methods reveal and measure context
effects},
Journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {607-612},
Year = {1995},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00040097},
Abstract = {People cannot make independent judgements of stimulus
attributes and so 'it is necessary to theorize in terms of
stimulus structures' (Lockhead 1992, p. 551) rather than in
terms of stimulus features. The new commentaries here
further this statement and also support the observations in
the target article that psychophysical scaling methods allow
us to measure (1) how context determines judgments and (2)
what people remember about prior stimuli.},
Doi = {10.1017/s0140525x00040097},
Key = {fds340645}
}
@misc{fds21896,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Context Determines Perception},
Pages = {125-137},
Booktitle = {Psychology, Science, and Human Affairs: Essays in Honor of
William Bevan},
Publisher = {Westview Press, NY},
Editor = {F. Kessel},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds21896}
}
@misc{fds21894,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Commentary on S.C. Masin, Some Philosophical Observations on
Perceptual Science},
Pages = {67-73},
Booktitle = {Foundations of Perceptual Theory},
Publisher = {North-Holland, Amsterdam},
Editor = {C.S. Masin},
Year = {1993},
Key = {fds21894}
}
@misc{fds21891,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Commentary on Perceptual Similarity and Conceptual
Structure},
Pages = {273-274},
Booktitle = {Percepts, concepts, and Categories: the Representation and
Processing of Information: Advances in Psychololgy},
Publisher = {North-Holland, Amsterdam},
Editor = {B. Burns},
Year = {1992},
Key = {fds21891}
}
@misc{fds21892,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {On Identifying Things: A case for context},
Pages = {109-143},
Booktitle = {Representation and Processing of Information: Advances in
Psychology},
Publisher = {North-Holland, Amsterdam},
Editor = {B. Burns},
Year = {1992},
Key = {fds21892}
}
@misc{fds21884,
Author = {Lisanby, S.H. and Lockhead, G.R.},
Title = {Subjective Randomness, Aesthetics, and Structure},
Pages = {97-114},
Booktitle = {The Perception of Structure},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association, Washington,
D.C.},
Editor = {G. Lockhead and J. Pomerantz},
Year = {1991},
Key = {fds21884}
}
@misc{fds21885,
Author = {Pomerantz, J.R. and Lockhead, G.R.},
Title = {Perception of Structure: An overview},
Pages = {1-20},
Booktitle = {The Perception of Structure},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association, Washington,
D.C.},
Editor = {G. Lockhead and J. Pomerantz},
Year = {1991},
Key = {fds21885}
}
@misc{fds21882,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Category bounds and stimulus variability},
Pages = {267-296},
Booktitle = {Object Structure and Process},
Publisher = {Norwood, NJ: Erlbaum},
Editor = {B. Shepp and S. Ballesteros},
Year = {1989},
Key = {fds21882}
}
@misc{fds21879,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Limites de las categorias y variabilidad del
estimulo},
Pages = {553-596},
Booktitle = {Percepcion del Objeto: Estructura y Procesos},
Editor = {J.L.F. Trespalacios and B. Shepp and S. Ballesteros},
Year = {1988},
Key = {fds21879}
}
@misc{fds21870,
Author = {Lockhead, G.R. and King, M.},
Title = {Identification functtions and response variability},
Pages = {59-64},
Booktitle = {Fechner Day '86},
Publisher = {Stockholm: International Society for Psychophysics},
Editor = {B. Berglund and U. Berglund and R. Teghtsoonian},
Year = {1986},
Key = {fds21870}
}
@misc{fds21866,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Sequential predictors of choice},
Pages = {27-48},
Booktitle = {Preparatory States and Processes},
Publisher = {Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum},
Editor = {S. Kornblum and J. Requin},
Year = {1984},
Key = {fds21866}
}
@misc{fds21862,
Author = {Schiffman, S and Lockhead, G.R.},
Title = {Individual Differences Scaling of Taste and
Smell},
Pages = {271-303},
Booktitle = {Food Research and Data Analysis},
Publisher = {Barking Essex, England: Applied Science Publishers
Ltd.},
Year = {1983},
Key = {fds21862}
}
@misc{fds21851,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Know, then decide},
Booktitle = {Cognitive Processes in Choice and Decision Behavior, Chapter
8},
Publisher = {New York: Academic Press},
Editor = {T.N. Wallsten},
Year = {1980},
Key = {fds21851}
}
@misc{fds21835,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Choosing a response},
Pages = {289-301},
Booktitle = {Attention and Performance IV},
Publisher = {New York: Academic Press},
Editor = {S. Kornblum},
Year = {1973},
Key = {fds21835}
}
%% Commentaries/Book Reviews
@article{fds21897,
Title = {Cognitive Approaches to Human Perception},
Journal = {American Scientist},
Volume = {83},
Pages = {379-380},
Year = {1995},
Key = {fds21897}
}
@article{fds21838,
Author = {G. Lockhead},
Title = {Sensation and measurement},
Volume = {189},
Booktitle = {Papers in Honor of S.S. Stevens},
Editor = {Moskowitz, Scharf and Stevens},
Year = {1975},
Key = {fds21838}
}
| |
Duke University * Arts & Sciences * Faculty * Staff * Grad * Postdocs * Reload * Login | ||
