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| Publications of Kevin S. LaBar :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds375524,
Author = {Neacsiu, AD and Beynel, L and Gerlus, N and LaBar, KS and Bukhari-Parlakturk, N and Rosenthal, MZ},
Title = {An experimental examination of neurostimulation and
cognitive restructuring as potential components for
Misophonia interventions.},
Journal = {J Affect Disord},
Volume = {350},
Pages = {274-285},
Year = {2024},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.120},
Abstract = {Misophonia is a disorder of decreased tolerance to certain
aversive, repetitive common sounds, or to stimuli associated
with these sounds. Two matched groups of adults (29
participants with misophonia and 30 clinical controls with
high emotion dysregulation) received inhibitory
neurostimulation (1 Hz) over a personalized medial
prefrontal cortex (mPFC) target functionally connected to
the left insula; excitatory neurostimulation (10 Hz) over a
personalized dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) target; and sham
stimulation over either target. Stimulations were applied
while participants were either listening or cognitively
downregulating emotions associated with personalized
aversive, misophonic, or neutral sounds. Subjective units of
distress (SUDS) and psychophysiological measurements (e.g.,
skin conductance response [SCR] and level [SCL]) were
collected. Compared to controls, participants with
misophonia reported higher distress (∆SUDS = 1.91-1.93,
ps < 0.001) when listening to and when downregulating
misophonic distress. Both types of neurostimulation reduced
distress significantly more than sham, with excitatory rTMS
providing the most benefit (Cohen's dSUDS = 0.53;
dSCL = 0.14). Excitatory rTMS also enhanced the regulation
of emotions associated with misophonic sounds in both groups
when measured by SUDS (dcontrol = 1.28;
dMisophonia = 0.94), and in the misophonia group alone
when measured with SCL (d = 0.20). Both types of
neurostimulation were well tolerated. Engaging in cognitive
restructuring enhanced with high-frequency neurostimulation
led to the lowest misophonic distress, highlighting the best
path forward for misophonia interventions.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.120},
Key = {fds375524}
}
@article{fds374231,
Author = {Reeck, C and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Retrieval-induced forgetting of emotional
memories.},
Journal = {Cognition & emotion},
Volume = {38},
Number = {1},
Pages = {131-147},
Year = {2024},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2023.2279156},
Abstract = {Long-term memory manages its contents to facilitate adaptive
behaviour, amplifying representations of information
relevant to current goals and expediting forgetting of
information that competes with relevant memory traces. Both
mnemonic selection and inhibition maintain congruence
between the contents of long-term memory and an organism's
priorities. However, the capacity of these processes to
modulate affective mnemonic representations remains
ambiguous. Three empirical experiments investigated the
consequences of mnemonic selection and inhibition on
affectively charged and neutral mnemonic representations
using an adapted retrieval practice paradigm. Participants
encoded neutral cue words and affectively negative or
neutral associates and then selectively retrieved a subset
of these associates multiple times. The consequences of
selection and inhibitory processes engaged during selective
retrieval were evaluated on a final memory test in which
recall for all studied associates was probed. Analyses of
memory recall indicated that both affectively neutral and
negative mnemonic representations experienced similar levels
of enhancement and impairment following selective retrieval,
demonstrating the susceptibility of affectively salient
memories to these mnemonic processes. These findings
indicate that although affective memories may be more
strongly encoded in memory, they remain amenable to
inhibition and flexibly adaptable to the evolving needs of
the organism.},
Doi = {10.1080/02699931.2023.2279156},
Key = {fds374231}
}
@article{fds367262,
Author = {Faul, L and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Mood-congruent memory revisited.},
Journal = {Psychological review},
Volume = {130},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1421-1456},
Year = {2023},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rev0000394},
Abstract = {Affective experiences are commonly represented by either
transient emotional reactions to discrete events or longer
term, sustained mood states that are characterized by a more
diffuse and global nature. While both have considerable
influence in shaping memory, their interaction can produce
mood-congruent memory (MCM), a psychological phenomenon
where emotional memory is biased toward content affectively
congruent with a past or current mood. The study of MCM has
direct implications for understanding how memory biases form
in daily life, as well as debilitating negative memory
schemas that contribute to mood disorders such as
depression. To elucidate the factors that influence the
presence and strength of MCM, here we systematically review
the literature for studies that assessed MCM by inducing
mood in healthy participants. We observe that MCM is often
reported as enhanced accuracy for previously encoded
mood-congruent content or preferential recall for
mood-congruent autobiographical events, but may also
manifest as false memory for mood-congruent lures. We
discuss the relevant conditions that shape these effects, as
well as instances of mood-incongruent recall that facilitate
mood repair. Further, we provide guiding methodological and
theoretical considerations, emphasizing the limited
neuroimaging research in this area and the need for a
renewed focus on memory consolidation. Accordingly, we
propose a theoretical framework for studying the neural
basis of MCM based on the neurobiological underpinnings of
mood and emotion. In doing so, we review evidence for
associative network models of spreading activation, while
also considering alternative models informed by the
cognitive neuroscience literature of emotional memory bias.
(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights
reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/rev0000394},
Key = {fds367262}
}
@article{fds367771,
Author = {Faul, L and Baumann, MG and LaBar, KS},
Title = {The representation of emotional experience from imagined
scenarios.},
Journal = {Emotion (Washington, D.C.)},
Volume = {23},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1670-1686},
Year = {2023},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0001192},
Abstract = {One of the key unresolved issues in affective science is
understanding how the subjective experience of emotion is
structured. Semantic space theory has shed new light on this
debate by applying computational methods to high-dimensional
data sets containing self-report ratings of emotional
responses to visual and auditory stimuli. We extend this
approach here to the emotional experience induced by
imagined scenarios. Participants chose at least one emotion
category label among 34 options or provided ratings on 14
affective dimensions while imagining two-sentence
hypothetical scenarios. A total of 883 scenarios were rated
by at least 11 different raters on categorical or
dimensional qualities, with a total of 796 participants
contributing to the final normed stimulus set. Principal
component analysis reduced the categorical data to 24
distinct varieties of reported experience, while cluster
visualization indicated a blended, rather than discrete,
distribution of the corresponding emotion space. Canonical
correlation analysis between the categorical and dimensional
data further indicated that category endorsement accounted
for more variance in dimensional ratings than vice versa,
with 10 canonical variates unifying change in category
loadings with affective dimensions such as valence, arousal,
safety, and commitment. These findings indicate that
self-reported emotional responses to imaginative experiences
exhibit a clustered structure, although clusters are
separated by fuzzy boundaries, and variable dimensional
properties associate with smooth gradients of change in
categorical judgments. The resultant structure supports the
tenets of semantic space theory and demonstrates some
consistency with prior work using different emotional
stimuli. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights
reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/emo0001192},
Key = {fds367771}
}
@article{fds370956,
Author = {Faul, L and Rothrock, JM and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Self-Relevance Moderates the Relationship between Depressive
Symptoms and Corrugator Activity during the Imagination of
Personal Episodic Events.},
Journal = {Brain sciences},
Volume = {13},
Number = {6},
Pages = {843},
Publisher = {MDPI AG},
Year = {2023},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060843},
Abstract = {Accumulating evidence suggests depression is associated with
blunted reactivity to positive and negative stimuli, known
as emotion context insensitivity (ECI). However, ECI is not
consistently observed in the literature, suggesting
moderators that influence its presence. We propose
self-relevance as one such moderator, with ECI most apparent
when self-relevance is low. We examined this proposal by
measuring self-report and facial electromyography (EMG) from
the corrugator muscle while participants (n = 81) imagined
hypothetical scenarios with varying self-relevance and
recalled autobiographical memories. Increased depressive
symptoms on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression
Scale were associated with less differentiated arousal and
self-relevance ratings between happy, neutral, and sad
scenarios. EMG analyses further revealed that individuals
with high depressive symptoms exhibited blunted corrugator
reactivity (reduced differentiation) for sad, neutral, and
happy scenarios with low self-relevance, while corrugator
reactivity remained sensitive to valence for highly
self-relevant scenarios. By comparison, in individuals with
low depressive symptoms, corrugator activity differentiated
valence regardless of stimulus self-relevance. Supporting a
role for self-relevance in shaping ECI, we observed no
depression-related differences in emotional reactivity when
participants recalled highly self-relevant happy or sad
autobiographical memories. Our findings suggest ECI is
primarily associated with blunted reactivity towards
material deemed low in self-relevance.},
Doi = {10.3390/brainsci13060843},
Key = {fds370956}
}
@article{fds371648,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Neuroimaging of Fear Extinction.},
Journal = {Current topics in behavioral neurosciences},
Volume = {64},
Pages = {79-101},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2023_429},
Abstract = {Extinguishing fear and defensive responses to environmental
threats when they are no longer warranted is a critical
learning ability that can promote healthy self-regulation
and, ultimately, reduce susceptibility to or maintenance of
affective-, trauma-, stressor-,and anxiety-related
disorders. Neuroimaging tools provide an important means to
uncover the neural mechanisms of effective extinction
learning that, in turn, can abate the return of fear. Here I
review the promises and pitfalls of functional neuroimaging
as a method to investigate fear extinction circuitry in the
healthy human brain. I discuss the extent to which
neuroimaging has validated the core circuits implicated in
rodent models and has expanded the scope of the brain
regions implicated in extinction processes. Finally, I
present new advances made possible by multivariate data
analysis tools that yield more refined insights into the
brain-behavior relationships involved.},
Doi = {10.1007/7854_2023_429},
Key = {fds371648}
}
@article{fds373632,
Author = {Faul, L and Baumann, MG and LaBar, KS},
Title = {The Representation of Emotional Experience from Imagined
Scenarios},
Journal = {AFFECTIVE SCIENCE},
Volume = {4},
Number = {1},
Year = {2023},
Key = {fds373632}
}
@article{fds365870,
Author = {Walton, E and Bernardoni, F and Batury, V-L and Bahnsen, K and Larivière, S and Abbate-Daga, G and Andres-Perpiña, S and Bang, L and Bischoff-Grethe, A and Brooks, SJ and Campbell, IC and Cascino, G and Castro-Fornieles, J and Collantoni, E and D'Agata, F and Dahmen, B and Danner, UN and Favaro, A and Feusner, JD and Frank, GKW and Friederich,
H-C and Graner, JL and Herpertz-Dahlmann, B and Hess, A and Horndasch,
S and Kaplan, AS and Kaufmann, L-K and Kaye, WH and Khalsa, SS and LaBar,
KS and Lavagnino, L and Lazaro, L and Manara, R and Miles, AE and Milos,
GF and Monteleone, AM and Monteleone, P and Mwangi, B and O'Daly, O and Pariente, J and Roesch, J and Schmidt, UH and Seitz, J and Shott, ME and Simon, JJ and Smeets, PAM and Tamnes, CK and Tenconi, E and Thomopoulos,
SI and van Elburg, AA and Voineskos, AN and von Polier, GG and Wierenga,
CE and Zucker, NL and Jahanshad, N and King, JA and Thompson, PM and Berner, LA and Ehrlich, S},
Title = {Brain Structure in Acutely Underweight and Partially
Weight-Restored Individuals With Anorexia Nervosa: A
Coordinated Analysis by the ENIGMA Eating Disorders Working
Group.},
Journal = {Biol Psychiatry},
Volume = {92},
Number = {9},
Pages = {730-738},
Year = {2022},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.022},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The pattern of structural brain abnormalities in
anorexia nervosa (AN) is still not well understood. While
several studies report substantial deficits in gray matter
volume and cortical thickness in acutely underweight
patients, others find no differences, or even increases in
patients compared with healthy control subjects. Recent
weight regain before scanning may explain some of this
heterogeneity. To clarify the extent, magnitude, and
dependencies of gray matter changes in AN, we conducted a
prospective, coordinated meta-analysis of multicenter
neuroimaging data. METHODS: We analyzed T1-weighted
structural magnetic resonance imaging scans assessed with
standardized methods from 685 female patients with AN and
963 female healthy control subjects across 22 sites
worldwide. In addition to a case-control comparison, we
conducted a 3-group analysis comparing healthy control
subjects with acutely underweight AN patients (n = 466) and
partially weight-restored patients in treatment (n = 251).
RESULTS: In AN, reductions in cortical thickness,
subcortical volumes, and, to a lesser extent, cortical
surface area were sizable (Cohen's d up to 0.95),
widespread, and colocalized with hub regions. Highlighting
the effects of undernutrition, these deficits were
associated with lower body mass index in the AN sample and
were less pronounced in partially weight-restored patients.
CONCLUSIONS: The effect sizes observed for cortical
thickness deficits in acute AN are the largest of any
psychiatric disorder investigated in the ENIGMA (Enhancing
Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium to
date. These results confirm the importance of considering
weight loss and renutrition in biomedical research on AN and
underscore the importance of treatment engagement to prevent
potentially long-lasting structural brain changes in this
population.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.022},
Key = {fds365870}
}
@article{fds358688,
Author = {Wright, RN and Faul, L and Graner, JL and Stewart, GW and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Psychosocial determinants of anxiety about the COVID-19
pandemic.},
Journal = {Journal of health psychology},
Volume = {27},
Number = {10},
Pages = {2344-2360},
Year = {2022},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13591053211030981},
Abstract = {Pandemic health threats can cause considerable anxiety, but
not all individuals react similarly. To understand the
sources of this variability, we applied a theoretical model
developed during the H1N1 pandemic of 2009 to quantify
relationships among intolerance of uncertainty, stress
appraisals, and coping style that predict anxiety about the
COVID-19 pandemic. We surveyed 1579 U.S. Amazon Mechanical
Turk workers in April 2020. Using structural equation
modeling, we found that individuals who were more intolerant
of uncertainty reported higher appraisals of threat, stress,
and other-control, which predicted higher anxiety when
emotion-focused coping was engaged, and lower anxiety when
problem-focused coping was engaged. Political affiliation
moderated these effects, such that conservatives relied more
on self-control and other-control appraisals to mitigate
anxiety than independents or liberals. These results show
that how people appraise and cope with their stress
interacts with political ideology to shape anxiety in the
face of a global health threat.},
Doi = {10.1177/13591053211030981},
Key = {fds358688}
}
@article{fds363890,
Author = {Philip, NS and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Mapping a pathway to improved neuropsychiatric treatments
with precision transcranial magnetic stimulation.},
Journal = {Science advances},
Volume = {8},
Number = {25},
Pages = {eabq7254},
Year = {2022},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq7254},
Abstract = {Transcranial magnetic stimulation traces the functional and
structural connections that modulate amygdala activity,
enabling advanced brain stimulation treatments for numerous
psychiatric disorders.},
Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.abq7254},
Key = {fds363890}
}
@article{fds361811,
Author = {Neacsiu, AD and Beynel, L and Graner, JL and Szabo, ST and Appelbaum,
LG and Smoski, MJ and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Enhancing cognitive restructuring with concurrent
fMRI-guided neurostimulation for emotional dysregulation-A
randomized controlled trial.},
Journal = {J Affect Disord},
Volume = {301},
Pages = {378-389},
Year = {2022},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.053},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Transdiagnostic clinical emotional dysregulation
is a key component of many mental health disorders and
offers an avenue to address multiple disorders with one
transdiagnostic treatment. In the current study, we pilot an
intervention that combines a one-time teaching and practice
of cognitive restructuring (CR) with repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation (rTMS), targeted based on functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS: Thirty-seven
clinical adults who self-reported high emotional
dysregulation were enrolled in this randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. fMRI was collected
as participants were reminded of lifetime stressors and
asked to downregulate their distress using CR tactics. fMRI
BOLD data were analyzed to identify the cluster of voxels
within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) with
the highest activation when participants attempted to
downregulate, versus passively remember, distressing
memories. Participants underwent active or sham rTMS (10 Hz)
over the left dlPFC target while practicing CR following
emotional induction using recent autobiographical stressors.
RESULTS: Receiving active versus sham rTMS led to
significantly higher high frequency heart rate variability
during regulation, lower regulation duration during the
intervention, and higher likelihood to use CR during the
week following the intervention. There were no differences
between conditions when administering neurostimulation alone
without the CR skill and compared to sham. Participants in
the sham versus active condition experienced less distress
the week after the intervention. There were no differences
between conditions at the one-month follow up. CONCLUSION:
This study demonstrated that combining active rTMS with
emotion regulation training for one session significantly
enhances emotion regulation and augments the impact of
training for as long as a week. These findings are a
promising step towards a combined intervention for
transdiagnostic emotion dysregulation.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.053},
Key = {fds361811}
}
@article{fds359967,
Author = {Kragel, PA and Hariri, AR and LaBar, KS},
Title = {The Temporal Dynamics of Spontaneous Emotional Brain States
and Their Implications for Mental Health.},
Journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},
Volume = {34},
Number = {5},
Pages = {715-728},
Year = {2022},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01787},
Abstract = {Temporal processes play an important role in elaborating and
regulating emotional responding during routine mind
wandering. However, it is unknown whether the human brain
reliably transitions among multiple emotional states at rest
and how psychopathology alters these affect dynamics. Here,
we combined pattern classification and stochastic process
modeling to investigate the chronometry of spontaneous brain
activity indicative of six emotions (anger, contentment,
fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) and a neutral state.
We modeled the dynamic emergence of these brain states
during resting-state fMRI and validated the results across
two population cohorts-the Duke Neurogenetics Study and the
Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample. Our findings
indicate that intrinsic emotional brain dynamics are
effectively characterized as a discrete-time Markov process,
with affective states organized around a neutral hub. The
centrality of this network hub is disrupted in individuals
with psychopathology, whose brain state transitions exhibit
greater inertia and less frequent resetting from emotional
to neutral states. These results yield novel insights into
how the brain signals spontaneous emotions and how
alterations in their temporal dynamics contribute to
compromised mental health.},
Doi = {10.1162/jocn_a_01787},
Key = {fds359967}
}
@article{fds362160,
Author = {Gupta, A and Bhatt, RR and Rivera-Cancel, A and Makkar, R and Kragel,
PA and Rodriguez, T and Graner, JL and Alaverdyan, A and Hamadani, K and Vora, P and Naliboff, B and Labus, JS and LaBar, KS and Mayer, EA and Zucker, N},
Title = {Complex functional brain network properties in anorexia
nervosa.},
Journal = {J Eat Disord},
Volume = {10},
Number = {1},
Pages = {13},
Year = {2022},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00534-9},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disorder
characterized by an incapacitating fear of weight gain and
by a disturbance in the way the body is experienced, facets
that motivate dangerous weight loss behaviors. Multimodal
neuroimaging studies highlight atypical neural activity in
brain networks involved in interoceptive awareness and
reward processing. METHODS: The current study used
resting-state neuroimaging to model the architecture of
large-scale functional brain networks and characterize
network properties of individual brain regions to clinical
measures. Resting-state neuroimaging was conducted in 62
adolescents, 22 (21 female) with a history of AN and 40 (39
female) healthy controls (HCs). Sensorimotor and basal
ganglia regions, as part of a 165-region whole-brain
network, were investigated. Subject-specific functional
brain networks were computed to index centrality. A contrast
analysis within the general linear model covarying for age
was performed. Correlations between network properties and
behavioral measures were conducted (significance
q < .05). RESULTS: Compared to HCs, AN had lower
connectivity from sensorimotor regions, and greater
connectivity from the left caudate nucleus to the right
postcentral gyrus. AN demonstrated lower sensorimotor
centrality, but higher basal ganglia centrality.
Sensorimotor connectivity dyads and centrality exhibited
negative correlations with body dissatisfaction and drive
for thinness, two essential features of AN. CONCLUSIONS:
These findings suggest that AN is associated with greater
communication from the basal ganglia, and lower information
propagation in sensorimotor cortices. This is consistent
with the clinical presentation of AN, where individuals
exhibit patterns of rigid habitual behavior that is not
responsive to bodily needs, and seem "disconnected" from
their bodies.},
Doi = {10.1186/s40337-022-00534-9},
Key = {fds362160}
}
@article{fds359574,
Author = {Neacsiu, AD and Beynel, L and Powers, JP and Szabo, ST and Appelbaum,
LG and Lisanby, SH and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Enhancing Cognitive Restructuring with Concurrent Repetitive
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Transdiagnostic
Randomized Controlled Trial.},
Journal = {Psychother Psychosom},
Volume = {91},
Number = {2},
Pages = {94-106},
Year = {2022},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000518957},
Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Emotional dysregulation constitutes a serious
public health problem in need of novel transdiagnostic
treatments. OBJECTIVE: To this aim, we developed and tested
a one-time intervention that integrates behavioral skills
training with concurrent repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation (rTMS). METHODS: Forty-six adults who met
criteria for at least one DSM-5 disorder and self-reported
low use of cognitive restructuring (CR) were enrolled in a
randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial that used a
between-subjects design. Participants were taught CR and
underwent active rTMS applied at 10 Hz over the right (n =
17) or left (n = 14) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)
or sham rTMS (n = 15) while practicing reframing and
emotional distancing in response to autobiographical
stressors. RESULTS: Those who received active left or active
right as opposed to sham rTMS exhibited enhanced regulation
(ds = 0.21-0.62) as measured by psychophysiological indices
during the intervention (higher high-frequency heart rate
variability, lower regulation duration). Those who received
active rTMS over the left dlPFC also self-reported reduced
distress throughout the intervention (d = 0.30), higher
likelihood to use CR, and lower daily distress during the
week following the intervention. The procedures were
acceptable and feasible with few side effects. CONCLUSIONS:
These findings show that engaging frontal circuits
simultaneously with cognitive skills training and rTMS may
be clinically feasible, well-tolerated and may show promise
for the treatment of transdiagnostic emotional
dysregulation. Larger follow-up studies are needed to
confirm the efficacy of this novel therapeutic
approach.},
Doi = {10.1159/000518957},
Key = {fds359574}
}
@article{fds361812,
Author = {Parikh, N and De Brigard and F and LaBar, KS},
Title = {The Efficacy of Downward Counterfactual Thinking for
Regulating Emotional Memories in Anxious
Individuals.},
Journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
Volume = {12},
Pages = {712066},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712066},
Abstract = {Aversive autobiographical memories sometimes prompt
maladaptive emotional responses and contribute to affective
dysfunction in anxiety and depression. One way to regulate
the impact of such memories is to create a downward
counterfactual thought-a mental simulation of how the event
could have been worse-to put what occurred in a more
positive light. Despite its intuitive appeal, counterfactual
thinking has not been systematically studied for its
regulatory efficacy. In the current study, we compared the
regulatory impact of downward counterfactual thinking,
temporal distancing, and memory rehearsal in 54 adult
participants representing a spectrum of trait anxiety.
Participants recalled regretful experiences and rated them
on valence, arousal, regret, and episodic detail. Two to six
days later, they created a downward counterfactual of the
remembered event, thought of how they might feel about it 10
years from now, or simply rehearsed it. A day later,
participants re-rated the phenomenological characteristics
of the events. Across all participants, downward
counterfactual thinking, temporal distancing, and memory
rehearsal were equally effective at reducing negative affect
associated with a memory. However, in individuals with
higher trait anxiety, downward counterfactual thinking was
more effective than rehearsal for reducing regret, and it
was as effective as distancing in reducing arousal. We
discuss these results in light of the functional theory of
counterfactual thinking and suggest that they motivate
further investigation into downward counterfactual thinking
as a means to intentionally regulate emotional memories in
affective disorders.},
Doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712066},
Key = {fds361812}
}
@article{fds358863,
Author = {Neacsiu, A and Beynel, L and Powers, J and Szabo, S and Appelbaum, L and Lisanby, S and LaBar, K},
Title = {Enhancing Cognitive Restructuring with Concurrent Repetitive
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Transdiagnostic
Randomized Controlled Trial},
Year = {2021},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.18.21250060},
Abstract = {<h4>Introduction</h4> Emotional dysregulation constitutes a
serious public health problem in need of novel
transdiagnostic treatments. <h4>Objective</h4> To this aim,
we developed and tested a one-time intervention that
integrates behavioral skills training with concurrent
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).
<h4>Methods</h4> Forty-six adults who met criteria for at
least one DSM-5 disorder and self-reported low use of
cognitive restructuring (CR) were enrolled in a randomized,
double-blind, sham-controlled trial that used a
between-subjects design. Participants were taught CR and
underwent active rTMS applied at 10 Hz over the right (n=
17) or left (n= 14) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)
or sham rTMS (n= 15) while practicing reframing and
emotional distancing in response to autobiographical
stressors. <h4>Results</h4> Those who received active left
or active right as opposed to sham rTMS exhibited enhanced
regulation ( d s = 0.21 - 0.62) as measured by
psychophysiological indices during the intervention (higher
high-frequency heart rate variability, lower regulation
duration). Those who received active rTMS over the left
DLPFC also self-reported reduced distress througout the
intervention ( d = 0.30), higher likelihood to use CR, and
lower daily distress during the week following the
intervention. The procedures were acceptable and feasible
with few side effects. <h4>Conclusions</h4> These findings
show that engaging frontal circuits simultaneously with
cognitive skills training and rTMS may be clinically
feasible, well-tolerated and may show promise for the
treatment of transdiagnostic emotional dysregulation. Larger
follow up studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of this
novel therapeutic approach.},
Doi = {10.1101/2021.01.18.21250060},
Key = {fds358863}
}
@article{fds351195,
Author = {Parikh, N and LaBar, KS and De Brigard and F},
Title = {Phenomenology of counterfactual thinking is dampened in
anxious individuals.},
Journal = {Cognition & emotion},
Volume = {34},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1737-1745},
Year = {2020},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2020.1802230},
Abstract = {Counterfactual thinking (CFT), or simulating alternative
versions of occurred events, is a common psychological
strategy people use to process events in their lives.
However, CFT is also a core component of ruminative thinking
that contributes to psychopathology. Though prior studies
have tried to distinguish adaptive from maladaptive CFT, our
study provides a novel demonstration that identifies
phenomenological differences across CFT in participants with
varying levels of trait anxiety. Participants
(<i>N </i>= 96) identified negative, regretful memories
from the past 5 years and created a better counterfactual
alternative (upward CFT), a worse counterfactual alternative
(downward CFT), or simply recalled each memory. Participants
with high levels of trait anxiety used more negative
language when describing their mental simulations, reported
lower ratings of composition during upward CFT, and reported
more difficulty in imagining the emotion they would have
felt had negative events turned out to be better.
Additionally, participants with high anxiety thought that
upward CFT was less likely to occur relative to individuals
with low anxiety. These results help to clarify how mental
simulations of aversive life events are altered in anxiety
and serve as a stepping stone to future research uncovering
the mechanisms of ruminative thought patterns.},
Doi = {10.1080/02699931.2020.1802230},
Key = {fds351195}
}
@article{fds351437,
Author = {Powers, JP and Davis, SW and Neacsiu, AD and Beynel, L and Appelbaum,
LG and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Examining the Role of Lateral Parietal Cortex in Emotional
Distancing Using TMS.},
Journal = {Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci},
Volume = {20},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1090-1102},
Year = {2020},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00821-5},
Abstract = {We recently proposed a neurocognitive model of distancing-an
emotion regulation tactic-with a focus on the lateral
parietal cortex. Although this brain area has been
implicated in both cognitive control and self-projection
processes during distancing, fMRI work suggests that these
processes may be dissociable here. This preregistered
(NCT03698591) study tested the contribution of left
temporoparietal junction (TPJ) to distancing using
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. We
hypothesized that inhibiting left TPJ would decrease the
efficiency of distancing but not distraction, another
regulation tactic with similar cognitive control
requirements, thus implicating this region in the
self-projection processes unique to distancing. Active and
sham continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) were applied
to 30 healthy adults in a single-session crossover design.
Tactic efficiency was measured using online reports of
valence and effort. The stimulation target was established
from the group TPJ fMRI activation peak in an independent
sample using the same distancing task, and anatomical MRI
scans were used for individual targeting. Analyses employed
both repeated-measures ANOVA and analytic procedures
tailored to crossover designs. Irrespective of cTBS,
distancing led to greater decreases in negative valence over
time relative to distraction, and distancing effort
decreased over time while distraction effort remained
stable. Exploratory analyses also revealed that active cTBS
made distancing more effortful, but not distraction. Thus,
left TPJ seems to support self-projection processes in
distancing, and these processes may be facilitated by
repeated use. These findings help to clarify the role of
lateral parietal cortex in distancing and inform
applications of distancing and distraction.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13415-020-00821-5},
Key = {fds351437}
}
@article{fds351196,
Author = {Graner, JL and Stjepanović, D and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Extinction learning alters the neural representation of
conditioned fear.},
Journal = {Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {20},
Number = {5},
Pages = {983-997},
Year = {2020},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00814-4},
Abstract = {Extinction learning is a primary means by which conditioned
associations to threats are controlled and is a model system
for emotion dysregulation in anxiety disorders. Recent work
has called for new approaches to track extinction-related
changes in conditioned stimulus (CS) representations. We
applied a multivariate analysis to previously -collected
functional magnetic resonance imaging data on extinction
learning, in which healthy young adult participants (N = 43;
21 males, 22 females) encountered dynamic snake and spider
CSs while passively navigating 3D virtual environments. We
used representational similarity analysis to compare
voxel-wise activation t-statistic maps for the
shock-reinforced CS (CS+) from the late phase of fear
acquisition to the early and late phases of extinction
learning within subjects. These patterns became more
dissimilar from early to late extinction in a priori regions
of interest: subgenual and dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus,
amygdala and hippocampus. A whole-brain searchlight analysis
revealed similar findings in the insula, mid-cingulate
cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, somatosensory
cortex, cerebellum, and visual cortex. High state anxiety
attenuated extinction-related changes to the CS+ patterning
in the amygdala, which suggests an enduring threat
representation. None of these effects generalized to an
unreinforced control cue, nor were they evident in
traditional univariate analyses. Our approach extends
previous neuroimaging work by emphasizing how evoked neural
patterns change from late acquisition through phases of
extinction learning, including those in brain regions not
traditionally implicated in animal models. Finally, the
findings provide additional support for a role of the
amygdala in anxiety-related persistence of conditioned
fears.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13415-020-00814-4},
Key = {fds351196}
}
@article{fds350530,
Author = {Lake, JI and Labar, KS and Meck, WH},
Title = {Corrigendum to "Emotional modulation of interval timing and
time perception" [Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 64 (2016)
403-420].},
Journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews},
Volume = {116},
Pages = {182},
Year = {2020},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.027},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.027},
Key = {fds350530}
}
@article{fds350531,
Author = {Faul, L and Stjepanović, D and Stivers, JM and Stewart, GW and Graner,
JL and Morey, RA and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Proximal threats promote enhanced acquisition and
persistence of reactive fear-learning circuits.},
Journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
Volume = {117},
Number = {28},
Pages = {16678-16689},
Year = {2020},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004258117},
Abstract = {Physical proximity to a traumatic event increases the
severity of accompanying stress symptoms, an effect that is
reminiscent of evolutionarily configured fear responses
based on threat imminence. Despite being widely adopted as a
model system for stress and anxiety disorders,
fear-conditioning research has not yet characterized how
threat proximity impacts the mechanisms of fear acquisition
and extinction in the human brain. We used three-dimensional
(3D) virtual reality technology to manipulate the egocentric
distance of conspecific threats while healthy adult
participants navigated virtual worlds during functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Consistent with
theoretical predictions, proximal threats enhanced fear
acquisition by shifting conditioned learning from cognitive
to reactive fear circuits in the brain and reducing
amygdala-cortical connectivity during both fear acquisition
and extinction. With an analysis of representational pattern
similarity between the acquisition and extinction phases, we
further demonstrate that proximal threats impaired
extinction efficacy via persistent multivariate
representations of conditioned learning in the cerebellum,
which predicted susceptibility to later fear reinstatement.
These results show that conditioned threats encountered in
close proximity are more resistant to extinction learning
and suggest that the canonical neural circuitry typically
associated with fear learning requires additional
consideration of a more reactive neural fear system to fully
account for this effect.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.2004258117},
Key = {fds350531}
}
@article{fds349347,
Author = {Morey, RA and Haswell, CC and Stjepanović, D and Mid-Atlantic MIRECC
Workgroup,, and Dunsmoor, JE and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Neural correlates of conceptual-level fear generalization in
posttraumatic stress disorder.},
Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
Volume = {45},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1380-1389},
Year = {2020},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-0661-8},
Abstract = {Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop when
mechanisms for making accurate distinctions about threat
relevance have gone awry. Generalization across conceptually
related objects has been hypothesized based on clinical
observation in PTSD, but the neural mechanisms remain
unexplored. Recent trauma-exposed military veterans
(n = 46) were grouped into PTSD (n = 23) and
non-PTSD (n = 23). Participants learned to generalize
fear across conceptual categories (animals or tools) of
semantically related items that were partially reinforced by
shock during functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Conditioned fear learning was quantified by shock expectancy
and skin conductance response (SCR). Relative to veteran
controls, PTSD subjects exhibited a stronger neural response
associated with fear generalization to the reinforced object
category in the striatum, anterior cingulate cortex,
amygdala, occipitotemporal cortex, and insula (Z > 2.3;
p < 0.05; whole-brain corrected). Based on SCR, both
groups generalized the shock contingency to the reinforced
conceptual category, but learning was not significantly
different between groups. We found that PTSD was associated
with an enhanced neural response in fronto-limbic, midline,
and occipitotemporal regions to a learned representation of
threat that is based on previously established conceptual
knowledge of the relationship between basic-level exemplars
within a semantic category. Behaviorally, veterans with PTSD
were somewhat slower to differentiate threat and safety
categories as compared with trauma-exposed veteran controls
owing in part to an initial overgeneralized behavioral
response to the safe category. These results have
implications for understanding how fear spreads across
semantically related concepts in PTSD.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41386-020-0661-8},
Key = {fds349347}
}
@article{fds347790,
Author = {Powers, JP and Graner, JL and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Multivariate Patterns of Posterior Cortical Activity
Differentiate Forms of Emotional Distancing.},
Journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
Volume = {30},
Number = {5},
Pages = {2766-2776},
Year = {2020},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz273},
Abstract = {Distancing is an effective tactic for emotion regulation,
which can take several forms depending on the type(s) of
psychological distance being manipulated to modify affect.
We recently proposed a neurocognitive model of emotional
distancing, but it is unknown how its specific forms are
instantiated in the brain. Here, we presented healthy young
adults (N = 34) with aversive pictures during functional
magnetic resonance imaging to directly compare behavioral
performance and brain activity across spatial, temporal, and
objective forms of distancing. We found emotion regulation
performance to be largely comparable across these forms. A
conjunction analysis of activity associated with these forms
yielded a high degree of overlap, encompassing regions of
the default mode and frontoparietal networks as predicted by
our model. A multivariate pattern classification further
revealed distributed patches of posterior cortical
activation that discriminated each form from one another.
These findings not only confirm aspects of our overarching
model but also elucidate a novel role for cortical regions
in and around the parietal lobe in selectively supporting
spatial, temporal, and social cognitive processes to
distance oneself from an emotional encounter. These regions
may provide new targets for brain-based interventions for
emotion dysregulation.},
Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhz273},
Key = {fds347790}
}
@article{fds350343,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Sex differentiation in the human social brain},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {367},
Number = {6484},
Pages = {1338C},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.367.6484.1336-R},
Doi = {10.1126/SCIENCE.367.6484.1336-R},
Key = {fds350343}
}
@article{fds348910,
Author = {Morey, RA and Clarke, EK and Haswell, CC and Phillips, RD and Clausen,
AN and Mufford, MS and Saygin, Z and VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC
Workgroup, and Wagner, HR and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Amygdala Nuclei Volume and Shape in Military Veterans With
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.},
Journal = {Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging},
Volume = {5},
Number = {3},
Pages = {281-290},
Year = {2020},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.11.016},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The amygdala is a subcortical structure involved
in socioemotional and associative fear learning processes
relevant for understanding the mechanisms of posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD). Research in animals indicates that
the amygdala is a heterogeneous structure in which the
basolateral and centromedial divisions are susceptible to
stress. While the amygdala complex is implicated in the
pathophysiology of PTSD, little is known about the specific
contributions of the individual nuclei that constitute the
amygdala complex. METHODS: Military veterans (n = 355),
including military veterans with PTSD (n = 149) and
trauma-exposed control subjects without PTSD (n = 206),
underwent high-resolution T1-weighted anatomical scans.
Automated FreeSurfer segmentation of the amygdala yielded 9
structures: basal, lateral, accessory basal, anterior
amygdaloid, and central, medial, cortical, and paralaminar
nuclei, along with the corticoamygdaloid transition zone.
Subregional volumes were compared between groups using
ordinary-least-squares regression with relevant demographic
and clinical regressors followed by 3-dimensional shape
analysis of whole amygdala. RESULTS: PTSD was associated
with smaller left and right lateral and paralaminar nuclei,
but with larger left and right central, medial, and cortical
nuclei (p < .05, false discovery rate corrected). Shape
analyses revealed lower radial distance in anterior
bilateral amygdala and lower Jacobian determinant in
posterior bilateral amygdala in PTSD compared with control
subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in select amygdala
subnuclear volumes and regional shape distortions are
associated with PTSD in military veterans. Volume
differences of the lateral nucleus and the centromedial
complex associated with PTSD demonstrate a
subregion-specific pattern that is consistent with their
functional roles in fear learning and fear expression
behaviors.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.11.016},
Key = {fds348910}
}
@article{fds350344,
Author = {Sun, D and Gold, AL and Swanson, CA and Haswell, CC and Brown, VM and Stjepanovic, D and VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Workgroup, and LaBar,
KS and Morey, RA},
Title = {Threat-induced anxiety during goal pursuit disrupts
amygdala-prefrontal cortex connectivity in posttraumatic
stress disorder.},
Journal = {Transl Psychiatry},
Volume = {10},
Number = {1},
Pages = {61},
Year = {2020},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0739-4},
Abstract = {To investigate how unpredictable threat during goal pursuit
impacts fronto-limbic activity and functional connectivity
in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we compared
military veterans with PTSD (n = 25) vs. trauma-exposed
control (n = 25). Participants underwent functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while engaged in a
computerized chase-and-capture game task that involved
optimizing monetary rewards obtained from capturing virtual
prey while simultaneously avoiding capture by virtual
predators. The game was played under two alternating
contexts-one involving exposure to unpredictable
task-irrelevant threat from randomly occurring electrical
shocks, and a nonthreat control condition. Activation in and
functional connectivity between the amygdala and
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was tested across
threat and nonthreat task contexts with generalized
psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analyses. PTSD
patients reported higher anxiety than controls across
contexts. Better task performance represented by
successfully avoiding capture by predators under threat
compared with nonthreat contexts was associated with
stronger left amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity in
controls and greater vmPFC activation in PTSD patients. PTSD
symptom severity was negatively correlated with vmPFC
activation in trauma-exposed controls and with right
amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity across all
participants in the threat relative to nonthreat contexts.
The findings showed that veterans with PTSD have disrupted
amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity and greater localized
vmPFC processing under threat modulation of goal-directed
behavior, specifically related to successfully avoiding loss
of monetary rewards. In contrast, trauma survivors without
PTSD relied on stronger threat-modulated left amygdala-vmPFC
functional connectivity during goal-directed behavior, which
may represent a resilience-related functional
adaptation.},
Doi = {10.1038/s41398-020-0739-4},
Key = {fds350344}
}
@article{fds347189,
Author = {Amoroso, CR and Hanna, EK and LaBar, KS and Schaich Borg and J and Sinnott-Armstrong, W and Zucker, NL},
Title = {Disgust Theory Through the Lens of Psychiatric
Medicine},
Journal = {Clinical Psychological Science},
Volume = {8},
Number = {1},
Pages = {3-24},
Year = {2020},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619863769},
Abstract = {The elicitors of disgust are heterogeneous, which makes
attributing one function to disgust challenging. Theorists
have proposed that disgust solves multiple adaptive problems
and comprises multiple functional domains. However, theories
conflict with regard to what the domains are and how they
should be delineated. In this article, we examine clinical
evidence of aberrant disgust symptoms in the contamination
subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder,
blood-injury-injection phobia, and posttraumatic stress
disorder to adjudicate between two prevailing theories of
disgust. We argue that the pattern of disgust sensitivities
in these psychiatric disorders sheds new light on the domain
structure of disgust. Specifically, the supported domain
structure of disgust is likely similar to an adaptationist
model of disgust, with more subdivisions of the domain of
pathogen disgust. We discuss the implications of this
approach for the prevention and treatment of psychiatric
disorders relevant to disgust.},
Doi = {10.1177/2167702619863769},
Key = {fds347189}
}
@article{fds345682,
Author = {Parikh, N and McGovern, B and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Spatial distancing reduces emotional arousal to reactivated
memories.},
Journal = {Psychonomic bulletin & review},
Volume = {26},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1967-1973},
Year = {2019},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01648-z},
Abstract = {Memories are able to update and adapt with new information
about the world after they are reactivated. However, it is
unknown whether the labile period following reactivation
makes episodic memories more amenable to emotion regulation,
an application that holds great clinical promise. Here, we
investigated the efficacy of cognitive reappraisal to down
regulate negative affect in response to reactivated
memories. Healthy young adults (N = 119) rated the
emotionality of negative pictures. After a partial
reactivation of each picture 2 days later, participants
voluntarily engaged in a spatial distancing regulation
tactic by imagining the reactivated object extremely far
away from them. Compared with no-regulation and
no-reactivation controls, self-reported arousal for
regulated pictures dropped significantly 2 days after the
manipulation, despite no significant difference in memory
accuracy or valence. These results open up a new line of
work that capitalizes on reactivation-based lability to
selectively alter enduring arousal responses to emotional
memories.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13423-019-01648-z},
Key = {fds345682}
}
@article{fds346871,
Author = {Xu, B and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Advances in understanding addiction treatment and
recovery.},
Journal = {Science advances},
Volume = {5},
Number = {10},
Pages = {eaaz6596},
Year = {2019},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6596},
Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aaz6596},
Key = {fds346871}
}
@article{fds358864,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {How did we evolve pointing gestures?},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {365},
Number = {6449},
Pages = {135},
Year = {2019},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.365.6449.135-A},
Doi = {10.1126/SCIENCE.365.6449.135-A},
Key = {fds358864}
}
@article{fds345683,
Author = {Kragel, PA and Reddan, MC and LaBar, KS and Wager,
TD},
Title = {Emotion schemas are embedded in the human visual
system.},
Journal = {Science advances},
Volume = {5},
Number = {7},
Pages = {eaaw4358},
Year = {2019},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw4358},
Abstract = {Theorists have suggested that emotions are canonical
responses to situations ancestrally linked to survival. If
so, then emotions may be afforded by features of the sensory
environment. However, few computational models describe how
combinations of stimulus features evoke different emotions.
Here, we develop a convolutional neural network that
accurately decodes images into 11 distinct emotion
categories. We validate the model using more than 25,000
images and movies and show that image content is sufficient
to predict the category and valence of human emotion
ratings. In two functional magnetic resonance imaging
studies, we demonstrate that patterns of human visual cortex
activity encode emotion category-related model output and
can decode multiple categories of emotional experience.
These results suggest that rich, category-specific visual
features can be reliably mapped to distinct emotions, and
they are coded in distributed representations within the
human visual system.},
Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aaw4358},
Key = {fds345683}
}
@article{fds341826,
Author = {Harris, AA and Romer, AL and Hanna, EK and Keeling, LA and LaBar, KS and Sinnott-Armstrong, W and Strauman, TJ and Wagner, HR and Marcus, MD and Zucker, NL},
Title = {The central role of disgust in disorders of food
avoidance.},
Journal = {Int J Eat Disord},
Volume = {52},
Number = {5},
Pages = {543-553},
Year = {2019},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.23047},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Individuals with extreme food avoidance such as
Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) experience
impairing physical and mental health consequences from
nutrition of insufficient variety or/and quantity.
Identifying mechanisms contributing to food avoidance is
essential to develop effective interventions. Anxiety
figures prominently in theoretical models of food avoidance;
however, there is limited evidence that repeated exposures
to foods increases approach behavior in ARFID. Studying
disgust, and relationships between disgust and anxiety, may
offer novel insights, as disgust is functionally associated
with avoidance of contamination from pathogens (as may occur
via ingestion) and is largely resistant to extinction.
METHOD: This exploratory, cross-sectional study included
data from 1,644 adults who completed an online
questionnaire. Participant responses were used to measure
ARFID classification, picky eating, sensory sensitivity,
disgust, and anxiety. Structural equation modeling tested a
measurement model of latent disgust and anxiety factors as
measured by self-reported frequency of disgust and anxiety
reactions. Mediational models were used to explore causal
ordering. RESULTS: A latent disgust factor was more strongly
related to severity of picky eating (B ≈ 0.4) and
ARFID classification (B ≈ 0.6) than the latent anxiety
factor (B ≈ 0.1). Disgust partially mediated the
association between anxiety and picky eating and fully
mediated the association between anxiety and ARFID. Models
testing the reverse causal ordering demonstrated poorer fit.
Findings suggest anxiety may be associated with food
avoidance in part due to increased disgust. CONCLUSIONS:
Disgust may play a prominent role in food avoidance.
Findings may inform novel approaches to treatment.},
Doi = {10.1002/eat.23047},
Key = {fds341826}
}
@article{fds340130,
Author = {Powers, JP and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Regulating emotion through distancing: A taxonomy,
neurocognitive model, and supporting meta-analysis.},
Journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews},
Volume = {96},
Pages = {155-173},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.023},
Abstract = {Distancing is a type of emotion regulation that involves
simulating a new perspective to alter the psychological
distance and emotional impact of a stimulus. The
effectiveness and versatility of distancing relative to
other types of emotion regulation make it a promising tool
for clinical applications. However, the neurocognitive
mechanisms of this tactic are unclear, and inconsistencies
in terminology and methods across studies make it difficult
to synthesize the literature. To promote more effective
research, we propose a taxonomy of distancing within the
broader context of emotion regulation strategies; review the
effects of this tactic; and offer a preliminary
neurocognitive model describing key cognitive processes and
their neural bases. Our model emphasizes three
components-self-projection, affective self-reflection, and
cognitive control. Additionally, we present results from a
supporting meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of
distancing. These efforts are presented within the
overarching goals of supporting effective applications of
distancing in laboratory, clinical, and other real-world
contexts, and advancing understanding of the relevant
high-level cognitive functions in the brain.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.023},
Key = {fds340130}
}
@article{fds345435,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Post, K},
Title = {Chimera states in neural networks},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {364},
Number = {6435},
Pages = {40C},
Year = {2019},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.364.6435.38-r},
Doi = {10.1126/science.364.6435.38-r},
Key = {fds345435}
}
@article{fds358865,
Author = {Sun, D and Gold, A and Swanson, C and Haswell, C and Brown, V and Stjepanovic, D and LaBar, K and Morey, R and VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC
Workgroup},
Title = {Threat-Induced Anxiety During Goal Pursuit Disrupts
Amygdala-Prefrontal Cortex Connectivity in Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder},
Year = {2019},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/614446},
Abstract = {To investigate how unpredictable threat during goal pursuit
impacts fronto-limbic activity and functional connectivity
in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we compared
military veterans with PTSD (n=25) versus trauma-exposed
Control (n=25). Participants underwent functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) while engaged in a computerized
chase-and-capture game task that involved optimizing
monetary rewards obtained from capturing virtual prey while
simultaneously avoiding capture by virtual predators. The
game was played under two alternating contexts – one
involving exposure to unpredictable, task-irrelevant threat
by randomly occurring electrical shocks, and a nonthreat
control condition. Activation in and functional connectivity
between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex
(vmPFC) was tested across threat and nonthreat task contexts
with generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI)
analyses. PTSD patients reported higher anxiety than
controls across contexts. Better task performance
represented by successfully avoiding capture by predators
under threat than nonthreat contexts was associated with
stronger left amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity in
controls and greater vmPFC activation in PTSD patients. PTSD
symptom severity was negatively correlated with vmPFC
activation in trauma-exposed controls and with right
amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity across all
participants in the threat relative to nonthreat contexts.
The findings showed that veterans with PTSD have disrupted
amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity and greater localized
vmPFC processing under threat-modulation of goal-directed
behavior, specifically related to successful task
performance while avoiding loss of monetary rewards. In
contrast, trauma survivors without PTSD rely on stronger
threat-modulated left amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity
during goal-directed behavior, which may represent a
resilience-related functional adaptation.},
Doi = {10.1101/614446},
Key = {fds358865}
}
@article{fds338535,
Author = {Chen, LW and Sun, D and Davis, SL and Haswell, CC and Dennis, EL and Swanson, CA and Whelan, CD and Gutman, B and Jahanshad, N and Iglesias,
JE and Thompson, P and Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Workgroup, and Wagner,
HR and Saemann, P and LaBar, KS and Morey, RA},
Title = {Smaller hippocampal CA1 subfield volume in posttraumatic
stress disorder.},
Journal = {Depress Anxiety},
Volume = {35},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1018-1029},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2018},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22833},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Smaller hippocampal volume in patients with
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents the most
consistently reported structural alteration in the brain.
Subfields of the hippocampus play distinct roles in encoding
and processing of memories, which are disrupted in PTSD. We
examined PTSD-associated alterations in 12 hippocampal
subfields in relation to global hippocampal shape, and
clinical features. METHODS: Case-control cross-sectional
studies of U.S. military veterans (n = 282) from the Iraq
and Afghanistan era were grouped into PTSD (n = 142) and
trauma-exposed controls (n = 140). Participants underwent
clinical evaluation for PTSD and associated clinical
parameters followed by MRI at 3 T. Segmentation with
FreeSurfer v6.0 produced hippocampal subfield volumes for
the left and right CA1, CA3, CA4, DG, fimbria, fissure,
hippocampus-amygdala transition area, molecular layer,
parasubiculum, presubiculum, subiculum, and tail, as well as
hippocampal meshes. Covariates included age, gender, trauma
exposure, alcohol use, depressive symptoms, antidepressant
medication use, total hippocampal volume, and MRI scanner
model. RESULTS: Significantly lower subfield volumes were
associated with PTSD in left CA1 (P = 0.01; d = 0.21;
uncorrected), CA3 (P = 0.04; d = 0.08; uncorrected), and
right CA3 (P = 0.02; d = 0.07; uncorrected) only if
ipsilateral whole hippocampal volume was included as a
covariate. A trend level association of L-CA1 with PTSD (F4,
221 = 3.32, P = 0.07) is present and the other subfield
findings are nonsignificant if ipsilateral whole hippocampal
volume is not included as a covariate. PTSD-associated
differences in global hippocampal shape were nonsignificant.
CONCLUSIONS: The present finding of smaller hippocampal CA1
in PTSD is consistent with model systems in rodents that
exhibit increased anxiety-like behavior from repeated
exposure to acute stress. Behavioral correlations with
hippocampal subfield volume differences in PTSD will
elucidate their relevance to PTSD, particularly behaviors of
associative fear learning, extinction training, and
formation of false memories.},
Doi = {10.1002/da.22833},
Key = {fds338535}
}
@article{fds332658,
Author = {Wing, EA and Iyengar, V and Hess, TM and LaBar, KS and Huettel, SA and Cabeza, R},
Title = {Neural mechanisms underlying subsequent memory for personal
beliefs:An fMRI study.},
Journal = {Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {18},
Number = {2},
Pages = {216-231},
Year = {2018},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-0563-y},
Abstract = {Many fMRI studies have examined the neural mechanisms
supporting emotional memory for stimuli that generate
emotion rather automatically (e.g., a picture of a dangerous
animal or of appetizing food). However, far fewer studies
have examined how memory is influenced by emotion related to
social and political issues (e.g., a proposal for large
changes in taxation policy), which clearly vary across
individuals. In order to investigate the neural substrates
of affective and mnemonic processes associated with personal
opinions, we employed an fMRI task wherein participants
rated the intensity of agreement/disagreement to
sociopolitical belief statements paired with neural face
pictures. Following the rating phase, participants performed
an associative recognition test in which they distinguished
identical versus recombined face-statement pairs. The study
yielded three main findings: behaviorally, the intensity of
agreement ratings was linked to greater subjective emotional
arousal as well as enhanced high-confidence subsequent
memory. Neurally, statements that elicited strong (vs. weak)
agreement or disagreement were associated with greater
activation of the amygdala. Finally, a subsequent memory
analysis showed that the behavioral memory advantage for
statements generating stronger ratings was dependent on the
medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Together, these results
both underscore consistencies in neural systems supporting
emotional arousal and suggest a modulation of
arousal-related encoding mechanisms when emotion is
contingent on referencing personal beliefs.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13415-018-0563-y},
Key = {fds332658}
}
@article{fds350345,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {A brain rhythm for speech integration},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {359},
Number = {6376},
Pages = {650C},
Year = {2018},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.359.6376.648-r},
Doi = {10.1126/science.359.6376.648-r},
Key = {fds350345}
}
@article{fds335694,
Author = {Hall, SA and Brodar, KE and LaBar, KS and Berntsen, D and Rubin,
DC},
Title = {Neural responses to emotional involuntary memories in
posttraumatic stress disorder: Differences in timing and
activity.},
Volume = {19},
Pages = {793-804},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2018},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.009},
Abstract = {Background:Involuntary memories are a hallmark symptom of
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but studies of the
neural basis of involuntary memory retrieval in
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are sparse. The study
of the neural correlates of involuntary memories of
stressful events in PTSD focuses on the voluntary retrieval
of memories that are sometimes recalled as intrusive
involuntary memories, not on involuntary retrieval while
being scanned. Involuntary memory retrieval in controls has
been shown to elicit activity in the parahippocampal gyrus,
precuneus, inferior parietal cortex, and posterior midline
regions. However, it is unknown whether involuntary memories
are supported by the same mechanisms in PTSD. Because
previous work has shown that both behavioral and neural
responsivity is slowed in PTSD, we examined the
spatiotemporal dynamics of the neural activity underlying
negative and neutral involuntary memory retrieval.
Methods:Twenty-one individuals with PTSD and 21 non-PTSD,
trauma-exposed controls performed an involuntary memory
task, while undergoing a functional magnetic resonance
imaging scan. Environmental sounds served as cues for
well-associated pictures of negative and neutral scenes. We
used a finite impulse response model to analyze temporal
differences between groups in neural responses.
Results:Compared with controls, participants with PTSD
reported more involuntary memories, which were more
emotional and more vivid, but which activated a similar
network of regions. However, compared to controls,
individuals with PTSD showed delayed neural responsivity in
this network and increased vmPFC/ACC activity for
negative > neutral stimuli. Conclusions:The similarity
between PTSD and controls in neural substrates underlying
involuntary memories suggests that, unlike voluntary
memories, involuntary memories elicit similar activity in
regions critical for memory retrieval. Further, the delayed
neural responsivity for involuntary memories in PTSD
suggests that factors affecting cognition in PTSD, like
increased fatigue, or avoidance behaviors could do so by
delaying activity in regions necessary for cognitive
processing. Finally, compared to neutral memories, negative
involuntary memories elicit hyperactivity in the vmPFC,
whereas the vmPFC is typically shown to be hypoactive in
PTSD during voluntary memory retrieval. These patterns
suggest that considering both the temporal dynamics of
cognitive processes as well as involuntary cognitive
processes would improve existing neurobiological models of
PTSD.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.009},
Key = {fds335694}
}
@article{fds358146,
Author = {Chen, L and Sun, D and Davis, S and Haswell, C and Dennis, E and Swanson,
C and Whelan, C and Gutman, B and Jahanshad, N and Iglesias, JE and Thompson, P and Wagner, R and Saemann, P and LaBar, K and Morey, R and Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Workgroup},
Title = {Smaller Hippocampal CA-1 Subfield Volume in Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder},
Year = {2018},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/337030},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4> Smaller hippocampal volume in patients
with PTSD represents the most consistently reported
structural alteration in the brain. Subfields of the
hippocampus play distinct roles in encoding and processing
of memories, which are disrupted in PTSD. We examined
PTSD-associated alterations in 12 hippocampal subfields in
relation to global hippocampal shape, and clinical features.
<h4>Methods</h4> Case-control cross-sectional study of US
military veterans (n=282) from the Iraq and Afghanistan era
were grouped into PTSD (n=142) and trauma-exposed controls
(n=140). Participants underwent clinical evaluation for PTSD
and associated clinical parameters followed by MRI at
3-Tesla. Segmentation with Free Surfer v6.0 produced
hippocampal subfield volumes for the left and right CA1,
CA3, CA4, DG, fimbria, fissure, hippocampus-amygdala
transition area, molecular layer, parasubiculum,
presubiculum, subiculum, and tail, as well as hippocampal
meshes. Covariates included age, gender, trauma exposure,
alcohol use, depressive symptoms, antidepressant medication
use, total hippocampal volume, and MRI scanner model.
<h4>Results</h4> Significantly lower subfield volumes were
associated with PTSD in left CA1 ( p =.01; d =.21;
uncorrected), CA3 ( p =.04; d =.08; uncorrected), and right
CA3 ( p =.02; d =.07; uncorrected) only if ipsilateral whole
hippocampal volume was included as a covariate. A trend
level association of L-CA1 with PTSD [F 4, 221 =3.32, p =
0.07] is present and the other subfield findings are
non-significant if ipsilateral whole hippocampal volume is
not included as a covariate. PTSD associated differences in
global hippocampal shape were non-significant.
<h4>Conclusions</h4> The present finding of smaller
hippocampal CA1 in PTSD is consistent with model systems in
rodents that exhibit increased anxiety-like behavior from
repeated exposure to acute stress. Behavioral correlations
with hippocampal subfield volume differences in PTSD will
elucidate their relevance to PTSD, particularly behaviors of
associative fear learning, extinction training, and
formation of false memories.},
Doi = {10.1101/337030},
Key = {fds358146}
}
@article{fds335693,
Author = {Sun, D and Davis, SL and Haswell, CC and Swanson, CA and Mid-Atlantic
MIRECC Workgroup, and LaBar, KS and Fairbank, JA and Morey,
RA},
Title = {Brain Structural Covariance Network Topology in Remitted
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.},
Journal = {Front Psychiatry},
Volume = {9},
Pages = {90},
Year = {2018},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00090},
Abstract = {Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, chronic
disorder with high psychiatric morbidity; however, a
substantial portion of affected individuals experience
remission after onset. Alterations in brain network topology
derived from cortical thickness correlations are associated
with PTSD, but the effects of remitted symptoms on network
topology remain essentially unexplored. In this
cross-sectional study, US military veterans (N = 317)
were partitioned into three diagnostic groups, current PTSD
(CURR-PTSD, N = 101), remitted PTSD with lifetime but no
current PTSD (REMIT-PTSD, N = 35), and trauma-exposed
controls (CONTROL, n = 181). Cortical thickness was
assessed for 148 cortical regions (nodes) and suprathreshold
interregional partial correlations across subjects
constituted connections (edges) in each group. Four
centrality measures were compared with characterize
between-group differences. The REMIT-PTSD and CONTROL groups
showed greater centrality in left frontal pole than the
CURR-PTSD group. The REMIT-PTSD group showed greater
centrality in right subcallosal gyrus than the other two
groups. Both REMIT-PTSD and CURR-PTSD groups showed greater
centrality in right superior frontal sulcus than CONTROL
group. The centrality in right subcallosal gyrus, left
frontal pole, and right superior frontal sulcus may play a
role in remission, current symptoms, and PTSD history,
respectively. The network centrality changes in critical
brain regions and structural networks are associated with
remitted PTSD, which typically coincides with enhanced
functional behaviors, better emotion regulation, and
improved cognitive processing. These brain regions and
associated networks may be candidates for developing novel
therapies for PTSD. Longitudinal work is needed to
characterize vulnerability to chronic PTSD, and resilience
to unremitting PTSD.},
Doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00090},
Key = {fds335693}
}
@article{fds358866,
Author = {Kragel, P and Reddan, M and LaBar, K and Wager, T},
Title = {Emotion Schemas are Embedded in the Human Visual
System},
Year = {2018},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/470237},
Abstract = {Theorists have suggested that emotions are canonical
responses to situations ancestrally linked to survival. If
so, then emotions may be afforded by features of the sensory
environment. However, few computationally explicit models
describe how combinations of stimulus features evoke
different emotions. Here we develop a convolutional neural
network that accurately decodes images into 11 distinct
emotion categories. We validate the model using over 25,000
images and movies and show that image content is sufficient
to predict the category and valence of human emotion
ratings. In two fMRI studies, we demonstrate that patterns
of human visual cortex activity encode emotion
category-related model output and can decode multiple
categories of emotional experience. These results suggest
that rich, category-specific emotion representations are
embedded within the human visual system.},
Doi = {10.1101/470237},
Key = {fds358866}
}
@article{fds330541,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Advances in neuroscience.},
Journal = {Science advances},
Volume = {3},
Number = {11},
Pages = {eaar2953},
Year = {2017},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar2953},
Doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aar2953},
Key = {fds330541}
}
@article{fds318723,
Author = {Li, D and Zucker, NL and Kragel, PA and Covington, VE and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Adolescent development of insula-dependent interoceptive
regulation.},
Journal = {Dev Sci},
Volume = {20},
Number = {5},
Year = {2017},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/desc.12438},
Abstract = {Adolescence is hypothesized to be a critical period for the
maturation of self-regulatory capacities, including those
that depend on interoceptive sensitivity, but the neural
basis of interoceptive regulation in adolescence is unknown.
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and
psychophysiology to study interoceptive regulation in
healthy adolescent females. Participants regulated their gut
activities in response to a virtual roller coaster by deep
breathing aided by visually monitoring their online
electrogastrogram (EGG) activity through a virtual
thermometer (i.e. gut biofeedback), or without biofeedback.
Analyses focused on the insula, given its putative role in
interoception. The bilateral posterior insula showed
increased activation in the no-biofeedback compared to
biofeedback condition, suggesting that the participants
relied more on interoceptive input when exteroceptive
feedback was unavailable. The bilateral dorsal anterior
insula showed activation linearly associated with age during
both induction and regulation, and its activation during
regulation correlated positively with change of EGG in the
tachygastria frequency band from induction to regulation.
Induction-related activation in the bilateral ventral
anterior insula was nonlinearly associated with age and
peaked at mid-adolescence. These results implicate different
developmental trajectories of distinct sub-regions of the
insula in interoceptive processes, with implications for
competing neurobiological theories of female adolescent
development.},
Doi = {10.1111/desc.12438},
Key = {fds318723}
}
@article{fds327386,
Author = {Zucker, NL and Kragel, PA and Wagner, HR and Keeling, L and Mayer, E and Wang, J and Kang, MS and Merwin, R and Simmons, WK and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {The Clinical Significance of Posterior Insular Volume in
Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa.},
Journal = {Psychosom Med},
Volume = {79},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1025-1035},
Year = {2017},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000510},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The diagnostic criterion disturbance in the
experience of the body remains a poorly understood and
persistent feature of anorexia nervosa (AN). Increased
sophistication in understanding the structure of the insular
cortex-a neural structure that receives and integrates
visceral sensations with action and meaning-may elucidate
the nature of this disturbance. We explored age, weight
status, illness severity, and self-reported body
dissatisfaction associations with insular cortex volume.
METHODS: Structural magnetic resonance imaging data were
collected from 21 adolescents with a history of AN and 20
age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched controls. Insular
cortical volumes (bilateral anterior and posterior regions)
were identified using manual tracing. RESULTS: Volumes of
the right posterior insula demonstrated the following: (a) a
significant age by clinical status interaction (β = -0.018
[0.008]; t = 2.32, p = .02) and (b) larger volumes were
associated with longer duration of illness (r = 0.48, p <
.04). In contrast, smaller volumes of the right anterior
insula were associated with longer duration of illness (r =
-0.50, p < .03). The associations of insular volume with
body dissatisfaction were of moderate effect size and also
of opposite direction, but a statistical trend in right
posterior (r = 0.40, p < .10 in right posterior; r = -0.49,
p < .04 in right anterior). CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory
study, findings of atypical structure of the right posterior
insular cortex point to the importance of future work
investigating the role of visceral afferent signaling in
understanding disturbance in body experience in
AN.},
Doi = {10.1097/PSY.0000000000000510},
Key = {fds327386}
}
@article{fds318721,
Author = {Murty, VP and LaBar, KS and Adcock, RA},
Title = {Distinct medial temporal networks encode surprise during
motivation by reward versus punishment.},
Journal = {Neurobiol Learn Mem},
Volume = {134 Pt A},
Number = {Pt A},
Pages = {55-64},
Year = {2016},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.018},
Abstract = {Adaptive motivated behavior requires predictive internal
representations of the environment, and surprising events
are indications for encoding new representations of the
environment. The medial temporal lobe memory system,
including the hippocampus and surrounding cortex, encodes
surprising events and is influenced by motivational state.
Because behavior reflects the goals of an individual, we
investigated whether motivational valence (i.e., pursuing
rewards versus avoiding punishments) also impacts neural and
mnemonic encoding of surprising events. During functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants encountered
perceptually unexpected events either during the pursuit of
rewards or avoidance of punishments. Despite similar levels
of motivation across groups, reward and punishment
facilitated the processing of surprising events in different
medial temporal lobe regions. Whereas during reward
motivation, perceptual surprises enhanced activation in the
hippocampus, during punishment motivation surprises instead
enhanced activation in parahippocampal cortex. Further, we
found that reward motivation facilitated hippocampal
coupling with ventromedial PFC, whereas punishment
motivation facilitated parahippocampal cortical coupling
with orbitofrontal cortex. Behaviorally, post-scan testing
revealed that reward, but not punishment, motivation
resulted in greater memory selectivity for surprising events
encountered during goal pursuit. Together these findings
demonstrate that neuromodulatory systems engaged by
anticipation of reward and punishment target separate
components of the medial temporal lobe, modulating medial
temporal lobe sensitivity and connectivity. Thus, reward and
punishment motivation yield distinct neural contexts for
learning, with distinct consequences for how surprises are
incorporated into predictive mnemonic models of the
environment.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.018},
Key = {fds318721}
}
@article{fds318722,
Author = {Dowd, EW and Mitroff, SR and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Fear generalization gradients in visuospatial
attention.},
Journal = {Emotion (Washington, D.C.)},
Volume = {16},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1011-1018},
Year = {2016},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000197},
Abstract = {Fear learning can be adaptively advantageous, but only if
the learning is integrated with higher-order cognitive
processes that impact goal-directed behaviors. Recent work
has demonstrated generalization (i.e., transfer) of
conditioned fear across perceptual dimensions and conceptual
categories, but it is not clear how fear generalization
influences other cognitive processes. The current study
investigated how associative fear learning impacts
higher-order visuospatial attention, specifically in terms
of attentional bias toward generalized threats (i.e., the
heightened assessment of potentially dangerous stimuli). We
combined discriminative fear conditioning of color stimuli
with a subsequent visual search task, in which targets and
distractors were presented inside colored circles that
varied in perceptual similarity to the fear-conditioned
color. Skin conductance responses validated the
fear-conditioning manipulation. Search response times
indicated that attention was preferentially deployed not
just to the specific fear-conditioned color, but also to
similar colors that were never paired with the aversive
shock. Furthermore, this attentional bias decreased
continuously and symmetrically from the fear-conditioned
value along the color spectrum, indicating a generalization
gradient based on perceptual similarity. These results
support functional accounts of fear learning that promote
broad, defensive generalization of attentional bias toward
threat. (PsycINFO Database Record},
Doi = {10.1037/emo0000197},
Key = {fds318722}
}
@article{fds321836,
Author = {Kragel, PA and Knodt, AR and Hariri, AR and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Decoding Spontaneous Emotional States in the Human
Brain},
Journal = {PLoS Biol},
Volume = {14},
Number = {9},
Pages = {e2000106},
Publisher = {Public Library of Science},
Year = {2016},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2000106},
Abstract = {<title>Author Summary</title> <p>Functional brain imaging
techniques provide a window into neural activity
underpinning diverse cognitive processes, including visual
perception, decision-making, and memory, among many others.
By treating functional imaging data as a pattern-recognition
problem, similar to face- or character-recognition,
researchers have successfully identified patterns of brain
activity that predict specific mental states; for example,
the kind of an object being viewed. Moreover, these methods
are capable of predicting mental states in the absence of
external stimulation. For example, pattern-classifiers
trained on brain responses to visual stimuli can
successfully predict the contents of imagery during sleep.
This research shows that internally mediated brain activity
can be used to infer subjective mental states; however, it
is not known whether more complex emotional mental states
can be decoded from neuroimaging data in the absence of
experimental manipulations. Here we show that brain-based
models of specific emotions can detect individual
differences in mood and emotional traits and are consistent
with self-reports of emotional experience during
intermittent periods of wakeful rest. These findings show
that the brain dynamically fluctuates among multiple
distinct emotional states at rest. More practically, the
results suggest that brain-based models of emotion may help
assess emotional status in clinical settings, particularly
in individuals incapable of providing self-report of their
own emotional experience.</p>},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.2000106},
Key = {fds321836}
}
@article{fds318724,
Author = {Kragel, PA and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Decoding the Nature of Emotion in the Brain.},
Journal = {Trends in cognitive sciences},
Volume = {20},
Number = {6},
Pages = {444-455},
Year = {2016},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.011},
Abstract = {A central, unresolved problem in affective neuroscience is
understanding how emotions are represented in nervous system
activity. After prior localization approaches largely
failed, researchers began applying multivariate statistical
tools to reconceptualize how emotion constructs might be
embedded in large-scale brain networks. Findings from
pattern analyses of neuroimaging data show that affective
dimensions and emotion categories are uniquely represented
in the activity of distributed neural systems that span
cortical and subcortical regions. Results from
multiple-category decoding studies are incompatible with
theories postulating that specific emotions emerge from the
neural coding of valence and arousal. This 'new look' into
emotion representation promises to improve and reformulate
neurobiological models of affect.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.011},
Key = {fds318724}
}
@article{fds318725,
Author = {Gorka, AX and LaBar, KS and Hariri, AR},
Title = {Variability in emotional responsiveness and coping style
during active avoidance as a window onto psychological
vulnerability to stress.},
Journal = {Physiology & behavior},
Volume = {158},
Pages = {90-99},
Year = {2016},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.036},
Abstract = {Individual differences in coping styles are associated with
psychological vulnerability to stress. Recent animal
research suggests that coping styles reflect trade-offs
between proactive and reactive threat responses during
active avoidance paradigms, with proactive responses
associated with better stress tolerance. Based on these
preclinical findings, we developed a novel instructed active
avoidance paradigm to characterize patterns of proactive and
reactive responses using behavioral, motoric, and autonomic
measures in humans. Analyses revealed significant
inter-individual variability not only in the magnitude of
general emotional responsiveness but also the likelihood to
specifically express proactive or reactive responses. In men
but not women, individual differences in general emotional
responsiveness were linked to increased trait anxiety while
proactive coping style was linked to increased trait
aggression. These patterns are consistent with preclinical
findings and suggest that instructed active avoidance
paradigms may be useful in assessing psychological
vulnerability to stress using objective behavioral
measures.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.036},
Key = {fds318725}
}
@article{fds318726,
Author = {Lake, JI and LaBar, KS and Meck, WH},
Title = {Emotional modulation of interval timing and time
perception.},
Journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews},
Volume = {64},
Pages = {403-420},
Year = {2016},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.003},
Abstract = {Like other senses, our perception of time is not veridical,
but rather, is modulated by changes in environmental
context. Anecdotal experiences suggest that emotions can be
powerful modulators of time perception; nevertheless, the
functional and neural mechanisms underlying emotion-induced
temporal distortions remain unclear. Widely accepted
pacemaker-accumulator models of time perception suggest that
changes in arousal and attention have unique influences on
temporal judgments and contribute to emotional distortions
of time perception. However, such models conflict with
current views of arousal and attention suggesting that
current models of time perception do not adequately explain
the variability in emotion-induced temporal distortions.
Instead, findings provide support for a new perspective of
emotion-induced temporal distortions that emphasizes both
the unique and interactive influences of arousal and
attention on time perception over time. Using this
framework, we discuss plausible functional and neural
mechanisms of emotion-induced temporal distortions and how
these temporal distortions may have important implications
for our understanding of how emotions modulate our
perceptual experiences in service of adaptive responding to
biologically relevant stimuli.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.003},
Key = {fds318726}
}
@article{fds318727,
Author = {Kragel, PA and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Somatosensory Representations Link the Perception of
Emotional Expressions and Sensory Experience.},
Journal = {eNeuro},
Volume = {3},
Number = {2},
Pages = {ENEURO.0090-ENEU15.2016},
Year = {2016},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0090-15.2016},
Abstract = {Studies of human emotion perception have linked a
distributed set of brain regions to the recognition of
emotion in facial, vocal, and body expressions. In
particular, lesions to somatosensory cortex in the right
hemisphere have been shown to impair recognition of facial
and vocal expressions of emotion. Although these findings
suggest that somatosensory cortex represents body states
associated with distinct emotions, such as a furrowed brow
or gaping jaw, functional evidence directly linking
somatosensory activity and subjective experience during
emotion perception is critically lacking. Using functional
magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate decoding
techniques, we show that perceiving vocal and facial
expressions of emotion yields hemodynamic activity in right
somatosensory cortex that discriminates among emotion
categories, exhibits somatotopic organization, and tracks
self-reported sensory experience. The findings both support
embodied accounts of emotion and provide mechanistic insight
into how emotional expressions are capable of biasing
subjective experience in those who perceive
them.},
Doi = {10.1523/eneuro.0090-15.2016},
Key = {fds318727}
}
@article{fds318728,
Author = {Lake, JI and Meck, WH and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Discriminative Fear Learners are Resilient to Temporal
Distortions during Threat Anticipation.},
Journal = {Timing & time perception (Leiden, Netherlands)},
Volume = {4},
Number = {1},
Pages = {63-78},
Year = {2016},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-00002063},
Abstract = {Discriminative fear conditioning requires learning to
dissociate between safety cues and cues that predict
negative outcomes yet little is known about what processes
contribute to discriminative fear learning. According to
attentional models of time perception, processes that
distract from timing result in temporal underestimation. If
discriminative fear learning only requires learning what
cues predict what outcomes, and threatening stimuli distract
attention from timing, then better discriminative fear
learning should predict greater temporal distortion on
threat trials. Alternatively, if discriminative fear
learning also reflects a more accurate perceptual experience
of time in threatening contexts, discriminative fear
learning scores would predict less temporal distortion on
threat trials, as time is perceived more veridically.
Healthy young adults completed discriminative fear
conditioning in which they learned to associate one stimulus
(CS+) with aversive electrical stimulation and another
stimulus (CS-) with non-aversive tactile stimulation and
then an ordinal comparison timing task during which CSs were
presented as task-irrelevant distractors Consistent with
predictions, we found an overall temporal underestimation
bias on CS+ relative to CS- trials. Differential skin
conductance responses to the CS+ versus the CS- during
conditioning served as a physiological index of
discriminative fear conditioning and this measure predicted
the magnitude of the underestimation bias, such that
individuals exhibiting greater discriminative fear
conditioning showed less underestimation on CS+ versus CS-
trials. These results are discussed with respect to the
nature of discriminative fear learning and the relationship
between temporal distortions and maladaptive threat
processing in anxiety.},
Doi = {10.1163/22134468-00002063},
Key = {fds318728}
}
@article{fds318729,
Author = {Morey, RA and Dunsmoor, JE and Haswell, CC and Brown, VM and Vora, A and Weiner, J and Stjepanovic, D and Wagner, HR and VA Mid-Atlantic
MIRECC Workgroup, and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Fear learning circuitry is biased toward generalization of
fear associations in posttraumatic stress
disorder.},
Journal = {Transl Psychiatry},
Volume = {5},
Number = {12},
Pages = {e700},
Year = {2015},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.196},
Abstract = {Fear conditioning is an established model for investigating
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, symptom
triggers may vaguely resemble the initial traumatic event,
differing on a variety of sensory and affective dimensions.
We extended the fear-conditioning model to assess
generalization of conditioned fear on fear processing
neurocircuitry in PTSD. Military veterans (n=67) consisting
of PTSD (n=32) and trauma-exposed comparison (n=35) groups
underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during fear
conditioning to a low fear-expressing face while a neutral
face was explicitly unreinforced. Stimuli that varied along
a neutral-to-fearful continuum were presented before
conditioning to assess baseline responses, and after
conditioning to assess experience-dependent changes in
neural activity. Compared with trauma-exposed controls, PTSD
patients exhibited greater post-study memory distortion of
the fear-conditioned stimulus toward the stimulus expressing
the highest fear intensity. PTSD patients exhibited biased
neural activation toward high-intensity stimuli in fusiform
gyrus (P<0.02), insula (P<0.001), primary visual cortex
(P<0.05), locus coeruleus (P<0.04), thalamus (P<0.01), and
at the trend level in inferior frontal gyrus (P=0.07). All
regions except fusiform were moderated by childhood trauma.
Amygdala-calcarine (P=0.01) and amygdala-thalamus (P=0.06)
functional connectivity selectively increased in PTSD
patients for high-intensity stimuli after conditioning. In
contrast, amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (P=0.04)
connectivity selectively increased in trauma-exposed
controls compared with PTSD patients for low-intensity
stimuli after conditioning, representing safety learning. In
summary, fear generalization in PTSD is biased toward
stimuli with higher emotional intensity than the original
conditioned-fear stimulus. Functional brain differences
provide a putative neurobiological model for fear
generalization whereby PTSD symptoms are triggered by threat
cues that merely resemble the index trauma.},
Doi = {10.1038/tp.2015.196},
Key = {fds318729}
}
@article{fds252347,
Author = {Åhs, F and Kragel, PA and Zielinski, DJ and Brady, R and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Medial prefrontal pathways for the contextual regulation of
extinguished fear in humans.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {122},
Pages = {262-271},
Year = {2015},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {1053-8119},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.051},
Abstract = {The maintenance of anxiety disorders is thought to depend,
in part, on deficits in extinction memory, possibly due to
reduced contextual control of extinction that leads to fear
renewal. Animal studies suggest that the neural circuitry
responsible fear renewal includes the hippocampus, amygdala,
and dorsomedial (dmPFC) and ventromedial (vmPFC) prefrontal
cortex. However, the neural mechanisms of context-dependent
fear renewal in humans remain poorly understood. We used
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), combined with
psychophysiology and immersive virtual reality, to elucidate
how the hippocampus, amygdala, and dmPFC and vmPFC interact
to drive the context-dependent renewal of extinguished fear.
Healthy human participants encountered dynamic fear-relevant
conditioned stimuli (CSs) while navigating through 3-D
virtual reality environments in the MRI scanner.
Conditioning and extinction were performed in two different
virtual contexts. Twenty-four hours later, participants were
exposed to the CSs without reinforcement while navigating
through both contexts in the MRI scanner. Participants
showed enhanced skin conductance responses (SCRs) to the
previously-reinforced CS+ in the acquisition context on Day
2, consistent with fear renewal, and sustained responses in
the dmPFC. In contrast, participants showed low SCRs to the
CSs in the extinction context on Day 2, consistent with
extinction recall, and enhanced vmPFC activation to the
non-reinforced CS-. Structural equation modeling revealed
that the dmPFC fully mediated the effect of the hippocampus
on right amygdala activity during fear renewal, whereas the
vmPFC partially mediated the effect of the hippocampus on
right amygdala activity during extinction recall. These
results indicate dissociable contextual influences of the
hippocampus on prefrontal pathways, which, in turn,
determine the level of reactivation of fear
associations.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.051},
Key = {fds252347}
}
@article{fds252350,
Author = {Kragel, PA and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Multivariate neural biomarkers of emotional states are
categorically distinct.},
Journal = {Social cognitive and affective neuroscience},
Volume = {10},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1437-1448},
Year = {2015},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {1749-5016},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv032},
Abstract = {Understanding how emotions are represented neurally is a
central aim of affective neuroscience. Despite decades of
neuroimaging efforts addressing this question, it remains
unclear whether emotions are represented as distinct
entities, as predicted by categorical theories, or are
constructed from a smaller set of underlying factors, as
predicted by dimensional accounts. Here, we capitalize on
multivariate statistical approaches and computational
modeling to directly evaluate these theoretical
perspectives. We elicited discrete emotional states using
music and films during functional magnetic resonance imaging
scanning. Distinct patterns of neural activation predicted
the emotion category of stimuli and tracked subjective
experience. Bayesian model comparison revealed that
combining dimensional and categorical models of emotion best
characterized the information content of activation
patterns. Surprisingly, categorical and dimensional aspects
of emotion experience captured unique and opposing sources
of neural information. These results indicate that diverse
emotional states are poorly differentiated by simple models
of valence and arousal, and that activity within separable
neural systems can be mapped to unique emotion
categories.},
Doi = {10.1093/scan/nsv032},
Key = {fds252350}
}
@article{fds252355,
Author = {Åhs, F and Dunsmoor, JE and Zielinski, D and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Spatial proximity amplifies valence in emotional memory and
defensive approach-avoidance.},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {70},
Pages = {476-485},
Year = {2015},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0028-3932},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.018},
Abstract = {In urban areas, people often have to stand or move in close
proximity to others. The egocentric distance to stimuli is a
powerful determinant of defensive behavior in animals. Yet,
little is known about how spatial proximity to others alters
defensive responses in humans. We hypothesized that the
valence of social cues scales with egocentric distance, such
that proximal social stimuli have more positive or negative
valence than distal stimuli. This would predict enhanced
defensive responses to proximal threat and reduced defensive
responses to proximal reward. We tested this hypothesis
across four experiments using 3-D virtual reality
simulations. Results from Experiment 1 confirmed that
proximal social stimuli facilitate defensive responses, as
indexed by fear-potentiated startle, relative to distal
stimuli. Experiment 2 revealed that interpersonal defensive
boundaries flexibly increase with aversive learning.
Experiment 3 examined whether spatial proximity enhances
memory for aversive experiences. Fear memories for social
threats encroaching on the body were more persistent than
those acquired at greater interpersonal distances, as
indexed by startle. Lastly, Experiment 4 examined how
egocentric distance influenced startle responses to social
threats during defensive approach and avoidance. Whereas
fear-potentiated startle increased with proximity when
participants actively avoided receiving shocks, startle
decreased with proximity when participants tolerated shocks
to receive monetary rewards, implicating opposing gradients
of distance on threat versus reward. Thus, proximity in
egocentric space amplifies the valence of social stimuli
that, in turn, facilitates emotional memory and
approach-avoidance responses. These findings have
implications for understanding the consequences of increased
urbanization on affective interpersonal behavior.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.018},
Key = {fds252355}
}
@article{fds252360,
Author = {Kragel, PA and Zucker, NL and Covington, VE and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Developmental trajectories of cortical-subcortical
interactions underlying the evaluation of trust in
adolescence.},
Journal = {Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci},
Volume = {10},
Number = {2},
Pages = {240-247},
Year = {2015},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {1749-5016},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu050},
Abstract = {Social decision making is guided by the ability to
intuitively judge personal attributes, including analysis of
facial features to infer the trustworthiness of others.
Although the neural basis for trustworthiness evaluation is
well characterized in adults, less is known about its
development during adolescence. We used event-related
functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine age-related
changes in neural activation and functional connectivity
during the evaluation of trust in faces in a sample of
adolescent females. During scanning, participants viewed
masked presentations of faces and rated their
trustworthiness. Parametric modeling of trust ratings
revealed enhanced activation in amygdala and insula to
untrustworthy faces, effects which peaked during
mid-adolescence. Analysis of amygdala functional
connectivity demonstrated enhanced amygdala-insula coupling
during the evaluation of untrustworthy faces. This boost in
connectivity was attenuated during mid-adolescence,
suggesting a functional transition within face-processing
circuits. Together, these findings underscore adolescence as
a period of reorganization in neural circuits underlying
socioemotional behavior.},
Doi = {10.1093/scan/nsu050},
Key = {fds252360}
}
@article{fds252348,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Therapeutic affect reduction, emotion regulation, and
emotional memory reconsolidation: A neuroscientific
quandary.},
Journal = {The Behavioral and brain sciences},
Volume = {38},
Pages = {e10},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0140-525X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x14000193},
Abstract = {Lane et al. emphasize the role of emotional arousal as a
precipitating factor for successful psychotherapy. However,
as therapy ensues, the arousal diminishes. How can the
unfolding therapeutic process generate long-term memories
for reconsolidated emotional material without the benefit of
arousal? Studies investigating memory for emotionally
regulated material provide some clues regarding the neural
pathways that may underlie therapy-based memory
reconsolidation.},
Doi = {10.1017/s0140525x14000193},
Key = {fds252348}
}
@article{fds252369,
Author = {Dunsmoor, JE and Kragel, PA and Martin, A and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Aversive learning modulates cortical representations of
object categories.},
Journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
Volume = {24},
Number = {11},
Pages = {2859-2872},
Year = {2014},
Month = {November},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23709642},
Abstract = {Experimental studies of conditioned learning reveal activity
changes in the amygdala and unimodal sensory cortex
underlying fear acquisition to simple stimuli. However,
real-world fears typically involve complex stimuli
represented at the category level. A consequence of
category-level representations of threat is that aversive
experiences with particular category members may lead one to
infer that related exemplars likewise pose a threat, despite
variations in physical form. Here, we examined the effect of
category-level representations of threat on human brain
activation using 2 superordinate categories (animals and
tools) as conditioned stimuli. Hemodynamic activity in the
amygdala and category-selective cortex was modulated by the
reinforcement contingency, leading to widespread fear of
different exemplars from the reinforced category.
Multivariate representational similarity analyses revealed
that activity patterns in the amygdala and object-selective
cortex were more similar among exemplars from the threat
versus safe category. Learning to fear animate objects was
additionally characterized by enhanced functional coupling
between the amygdala and fusiform gyrus. Finally,
hippocampal activity co-varied with object typicality and
amygdala activation early during training. These findings
provide novel evidence that aversive learning can modulate
category-level representations of object concepts, thereby
enabling individuals to express fear to a range of related
stimuli.},
Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bht138},
Key = {fds252369}
}
@article{fds252361,
Author = {Dunsmoor, JE and Ahs, F and Zielinski, DJ and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Extinction in multiple virtual reality contexts diminishes
fear reinstatement in humans.},
Journal = {Neurobiology of learning and memory},
Volume = {113},
Pages = {157-164},
Year = {2014},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1074-7427},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2014.02.010},
Abstract = {Although conditioned fear can be effectively extinguished by
unreinforced exposure to a threat cue, fear responses tend
to return when the cue is encountered some time after
extinction (spontaneous recovery), in a novel environment
(renewal), or following presentation of an aversive stimulus
(reinstatement). As extinction represents a
context-dependent form of new learning, one possible
strategy to circumvent the return of fear is to conduct
extinction across several environments. Here, we tested the
effectiveness of multiple context extinction in a two-day
fear conditioning experiment using 3-D virtual reality
technology to create immersive, ecologically-valid context
changes. Fear-potentiated startle served as the dependent
measure. All three experimental groups initially acquired
fear in a single context. A multiple extinction group then
underwent extinction in three contexts, while a second group
underwent extinction in the acquisition context and a third
group underwent extinction in a single different context.
All groups returned 24h later to test for return of fear in
the extinction context (spontaneous recovery) and a novel
context (renewal and reinstatement/test). Extinction in
multiple contexts attenuated reinstatement of fear but did
not reduce spontaneous recovery. Results from fear renewal
were tendential. Our findings suggest that multi-context
extinction can reduce fear relapse following an aversive
event--an event that often induces return of fear in
real-world settings--and provides empirical support for
conducting exposure-based clinical treatments across a
variety of environments.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2014.02.010},
Key = {fds252361}
}
@article{fds252367,
Author = {Smoski, MJ and LaBar, KS and Steffens, DC},
Title = {Relative effectiveness of reappraisal and distraction in
regulating emotion in late-life depression.},
Journal = {Am J Geriatr Psychiatry},
Volume = {22},
Number = {9},
Pages = {898-907},
Year = {2014},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1064-7481},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24021222},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The present study compares the effectiveness of
two strategies, reappraisal and distraction, in reducing
negative affect in older adults induced by focusing on
personally relevant negative events and stressors.
PARTICIPANTS: 30 adults with major depressive disorger (MDD)
and 40 never-depressed (ND) comparison participants ages 60
years and over (mean age = 69.7 years). DESIGN AND
MEASUREMENTS: Participants underwent three affect induction
trials, each followed by a different emotion regulation
strategy: distraction, reappraisal, and a no-instruction
control condition. Self-reported affect was recorded pre-
and post-affect induction, and at one-minute intervals
during regulation. RESULTS: Across groups, participants
reported greater reductions in negative affect with
distraction than reappraisal or the no-instruction control
condition. An interaction between group and regulation
condition indicated that distraction was more effective in
reducing negative affect in the MDD group than the ND group.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that distraction is an
especially effective strategy for reducing negative affect
in older adults with MDD. Finding ways to incorporate
distraction skills into psychotherapeutic interventions for
late-life MDD may improve their effectiveness, especially
for short-term improvement of affect following
rumination.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.070},
Key = {fds252367}
}
@article{fds252363,
Author = {Dew, ITZ and Ritchey, M and LaBar, KS and Cabeza,
R},
Title = {Prior perceptual processing enhances the effect of emotional
arousal on the neural correlates of memory
retrieval.},
Journal = {Neurobiology of learning and memory},
Volume = {112},
Pages = {104-113},
Year = {2014},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24380867},
Abstract = {A fundamental idea in memory research is that items are more
likely to be remembered if encoded with a semantic, rather
than perceptual, processing strategy. Interestingly, this
effect has been shown to reverse for emotionally arousing
materials, such that perceptual processing enhances memory
for emotional information or events. The current fMRI study
investigated the neural mechanisms of this effect by testing
how neural activations during emotional memory retrieval are
influenced by the prior encoding strategy. Participants
incidentally encoded emotional and neutral pictures under
instructions to attend to either semantic or perceptual
properties of each picture. Recognition memory was tested 2
days later. fMRI analyses yielded three main findings.
First, right amygdalar activity associated with emotional
memory strength was enhanced by prior perceptual processing.
Second, prior perceptual processing of emotional pictures
produced a stronger effect on recollection- than
familiarity-related activations in the right amygdala and
left hippocampus. Finally, prior perceptual processing
enhanced amygdalar connectivity with regions strongly
associated with retrieval success, including
hippocampal/parahippocampal regions, visual cortex, and
ventral parietal cortex. Taken together, the results specify
how encoding orientations yield alterations in brain systems
that retrieve emotional memories.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2013.12.012},
Key = {fds252363}
}
@article{fds252366,
Author = {Hoscheidt, SM and LaBar, KS and Ryan, L and Jacobs, WJ and Nadel,
L},
Title = {Encoding negative events under stress: high subjective
arousal is related to accurate emotional memory despite
misinformation exposure.},
Journal = {Neurobiology of learning and memory},
Volume = {112},
Pages = {237-247},
Year = {2014},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24055594},
Abstract = {Stress at encoding affects memory processes, typically
enhancing, or preserving, memory for emotional information.
These effects have interesting implications for eyewitness
accounts, which in real-world contexts typically involve
encoding an aversive event under stressful conditions
followed by potential exposure to misinformation. The
present study investigated memory for a negative event
encoded under stress and subsequent misinformation
endorsement. Healthy young adults participated in a
between-groups design with three experimental sessions
conducted 48 h apart. Session one consisted of a
psychosocial stress induction (or control task) followed by
incidental encoding of a negative slideshow. During session
two, participants were asked questions about the slideshow,
during which a random subgroup was exposed to
misinformation. Memory for the slideshow was tested during
the third session. Assessment of memory accuracy across
stress and no-stress groups revealed that stress induced
just prior to encoding led to significantly better memory
for the slideshow overall. The classic misinformation effect
was also observed - participants exposed to misinformation
were significantly more likely to endorse false information
during memory testing. In the stress group, however, memory
accuracy and misinformation effects were moderated by
arousal experienced during encoding of the negative event.
Misinformed-stress group participants who reported that the
negative slideshow elicited high arousal during encoding
were less likely to endorse misinformation for the most
aversive phase of the story. Furthermore, these individuals
showed better memory for components of the aversive
slideshow phase that had been directly misinformed. Results
from the current study provide evidence that stress and high
subjective arousal elicited by a negative event act
concomitantly during encoding to enhance emotional memory
such that the most aversive aspects of the event are well
remembered and subsequently more resistant to misinformation
effects.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.008},
Key = {fds252366}
}
@article{fds252359,
Author = {Lake, JI and LaBar, KS and Meck, WH},
Title = {Hear it playing low and slow: how pitch level differentially
influences time perception.},
Journal = {Acta psychologica},
Volume = {149},
Pages = {169-177},
Year = {2014},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0001-6918},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.03.010},
Abstract = {Variations in both pitch and time are important in conveying
meaning through speech and music, however, research is scant
on perceptual interactions between these two domains. Using
an ordinal comparison procedure, we explored how different
pitch levels of flanker tones influenced the perceived
duration of empty interstimulus intervals (ISIs).
Participants heard monotonic, isochronous tone sequences
(ISIs of 300, 600, or 1200 ms) composed of either one or
five standard ISIs flanked by 500 Hz tones, followed by a
final interval (FI) flanked by tones of either the same (500
Hz), higher (625 Hz), or lower (400 Hz) pitch. The FI varied
in duration around the standard ISI duration. Participants
were asked to determine if the FI was longer or shorter in
duration than the preceding intervals. We found that an
increase in FI flanker tone pitch level led to the
underestimation of FI durations while a decrease in FI
flanker tone pitch led to the overestimation of FI
durations. The magnitude of these pitch-level effects
decreased as the duration of the standard interval was
increased, suggesting that the effect was driven by
differences in mode-switch latencies to start/stop timing.
Temporal context (One vs. Five Standard ISIs) did not have a
consistent effect on performance. We propose that the
interaction between pitch and time may have important
consequences in understanding the ways in which meaning and
emotion are communicated.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.03.010},
Key = {fds252359}
}
@article{fds252356,
Author = {Morey, R and Haswell, CC and Vora, A and Brown, VM and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Fear Learning Circuitry in PTSD is Biased Toward
Generalization of Conditioned Response},
Journal = {BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY},
Volume = {75},
Number = {9},
Pages = {14S-14S},
Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
Year = {2014},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0006-3223},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000334101800044&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {fds252356}
}
@article{fds252357,
Author = {Kragel, PA and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Advancing emotion theory with multivariate pattern
classification.},
Journal = {Emotion review : journal of the International Society for
Research on Emotion},
Volume = {6},
Number = {2},
Pages = {160-174},
Year = {2014},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {1754-0739},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073913512519},
Abstract = {Characterizing how activity in the central and autonomic
nervous systems corresponds to distinct emotional states is
one of the central goals of affective neuroscience. Despite
the ease with which individuals label their own experiences,
identifying specific autonomic and neural markers of
emotions remains a challenge. Here we explore how
multivariate pattern classification approaches offer an
advantageous framework for identifying emotion specific
biomarkers and for testing predictions of theoretical models
of emotion. Based on initial studies using multivariate
pattern classification, we suggest that central and
autonomic nervous system activity can be reliably decoded
into distinct emotional states. Finally, we consider future
directions in applying pattern classification to understand
the nature of emotion in the nervous system.},
Doi = {10.1177/1754073913512519},
Key = {fds252357}
}
@article{fds252365,
Author = {Green, SR and Kragel, PA and Fecteau, ME and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Development and validation of an unsupervised scoring system
(Autonomate) for skin conductance response
analysis.},
Journal = {International journal of psychophysiology : official journal
of the International Organization of Psychophysiology},
Volume = {91},
Number = {3},
Pages = {186-193},
Year = {2014},
Month = {March},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24184342},
Abstract = {The skin conductance response (SCR) is increasingly being
used as a measure of sympathetic activation concurrent with
neuroscience measurements. We present a method of automated
analysis of SCR data in the contexts of event-related
cognitive tasks and nonspecific responding to complex
stimuli. The primary goal of the method is to accurately
measure the classical trough-to-peak amplitude of SCR in a
fashion closely matching manual scoring. To validate the
effectiveness of the method in event-related paradigms,
three archived datasets were analyzed by two manual raters,
the fully-automated method (Autonomate), and three
alternative software packages. Further, the ability of the
method to score non-specific responses to complex stimuli
was validated against manual scoring. Results indicate high
concordance between fully-automated and computer-assisted
manual scoring methods. Given that manual scoring is error
prone, subject to bias, and time consuming, the automated
method may increase the efficiency and accuracy of SCR data
analysis.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.015},
Key = {fds252365}
}
@article{fds252362,
Author = {Brown, VM and Strauss, JL and LaBar, KS and Gold, AL and McCarthy, G and Morey, RA},
Title = {Acute effects of trauma-focused research procedures on
participant safety and distress.},
Journal = {Psychiatry Res},
Volume = {215},
Number = {1},
Pages = {154-158},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0165-1781},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/10979 Duke open
access},
Abstract = {The ethical conduct of research on posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) requires assessing the risks to study
participants. Some previous findings suggest that patients
with PTSD report higher distress compared to non-PTSD
participants after trauma-focused research. However, the
impact of study participation on participant risk, such as
suicidal/homicidal ideation and increased desire to use
drugs or alcohol, has not been adequately investigated.
Furthermore, systematic evaluation of distress using pre-
and post-study assessments, and the effects of study
procedures involving exposure to aversive stimuli, are
lacking. Individuals with a history of PTSD (n=68) and
trauma-exposed non-PTSD controls (n=68) responded to five
questions about risk and distress before and after
participating in research procedures including a PTSD
diagnostic interview and a behavioral task with aversive
stimuli consisting of mild electrical shock. The desire to
use alcohol or drugs increased modestly with study
participation among the subgroup (n=48) of participants with
current PTSD. Participation in these research procedures was
not associated with increased distress or participant risk,
nor did study participation interact with lifetime PTSD
diagnosis. These results suggest some increase in distress
with active PTSD but a participant risk profile that
supports a favorable risk-benefit ratio for conducting
research in individuals with PTSD.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.038},
Key = {fds252362}
}
@article{fds252358,
Author = {Stanton, SJ and Reeck, C and Huettel, SA and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Effects of induced moods on economic choices},
Journal = {Judgment and Decision Making},
Volume = {9},
Number = {2},
Pages = {167-175},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1930-2975},
Abstract = {Emotions can shape decision processes by altering valuation
signals, risk perception, and strategic orientation.
Although multiple theories posit a role for affective
processes in mediating the influence of frames on decision
making, empirical studies have yet to demonstrate that
manipulated affect modulates framing phenomena. The present
study asked whether induced affective states alter gambling
propensity and the influence of frames on decision making.
In a between-subjects design, we induced mood (happy, sad,
or neutral) in subjects (N=91) via films that were
interleaved with the framing task. Happy mood induction
increased gambling and apparently accentuated framing
effects compared to sad mood induction, although the effect
on framing could have resulted from the fact that the
increased tendency to gamble made the framing measure more
sensitive. Happy mood induction increased gambling, but not
framing magnitude, compared to neutral mood induction.
Subjects experiencing a sad mood induction did not exhibit
behavioral differences from those experiencing a neutral
mood. For those subjects who experienced the happy mood
induction, both gambling propensity and framing magnitude
were positively correlated with the magnitude of the change
in their mood valence. We discuss the broader implications
of mood effects on real-world economic decisions. ©
2013.},
Key = {fds252358}
}
@article{fds252368,
Author = {Brown, VM and LaBar, KS and Haswell, CC and Gold, AL and Mid-Atlantic
MIRECC Workgroup, and McCarthy, G and Morey, RA},
Title = {Altered resting-state functional connectivity of basolateral
and centromedial amygdala complexes in posttraumatic stress
disorder.},
Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology},
Volume = {39},
Number = {2},
Pages = {351-359},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929546},
Abstract = {The amygdala is a major structure that orchestrates
defensive reactions to environmental threats and is
implicated in hypervigilance and symptoms of heightened
arousal in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The
basolateral and centromedial amygdala (CMA) complexes are
functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning
and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in
amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with
cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent
military veterans with PTSD (n=20) and matched
trauma-exposed controls (n=22) underwent a resting-state
fMRI scan to measure task-free synchronous blood-oxygen
level dependent activity. Whole-brain voxel-wise functional
connectivity of basolateral and CMA seeds was compared
between groups. The PTSD group had stronger functional
connectivity of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) complex with
the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsomedial
prefrontal cortex, and dorsal ACC than the trauma-exposed
control group (p<0.05; corrected). The trauma-exposed
control group had stronger functional connectivity of the
BLA complex with the left inferior frontal gyrus than the
PTSD group (p<0.05; corrected). The CMA complex lacked
connectivity differences between groups. We found PTSD
modulates BLA complex connectivity with prefrontal cortical
targets implicated in cognitive control of emotional
information, which are central to explanations of core PTSD
symptoms. PTSD differences in resting-state connectivity of
BLA complex could be biasing processes in target regions
that support behaviors central to prevailing laboratory
models of PTSD such as associative fear learning. Further
research is needed to investigate how differences in
functional connectivity of amygdala complexes affect target
regions that govern behavior, cognition, and affect in
PTSD.},
Doi = {10.1038/npp.2013.197},
Key = {fds252368}
}
@article{fds220643,
Author = {Hoscheidt, S. M. and LaBar, K. S. and Ryan, L. and Jacobs, W. J. and Nadel, L},
Title = {Encoding events under stress: high subjective arousal is
related to accurate emotional memory despite misinformation
exposure},
Journal = {Neurobiology of Learning and Memory},
Volume = {in press},
Year = {2014},
Key = {fds220643}
}
@article{fds220650,
Author = {Stanton, S. J. and Reeck, C. and Huettel, S. A. and LaBar, K.
S},
Title = {Affective states and cognitive contexts: Induced moods alter
the influence of frames on economic choices},
Journal = {Judgment and Decision Making},
Volume = {in press},
Year = {2014},
Key = {fds220650}
}
@article{fds220651,
Author = {Kragel, P. A. and LaBar, K. S},
Title = {Advancing emotion theory by multivariate pattern
classification},
Journal = {Emotion Review},
Volume = {in press},
Year = {2014},
Key = {fds220651}
}
@article{fds220652,
Author = {Green, S. R. and Kragel, P. A. and Fecteau, M. E. and LaBar, K.
S},
Title = {Development and validation of an unsupervised scoring system
(Autonomate) for skin conductance analysis},
Journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
Volume = {in press},
Year = {2014},
Key = {fds220652}
}
@article{fds287922,
Author = {Ritchey, M and Wing, EA and LaBar, KS and Cabeza,
R},
Title = {Neural similarity between encoding and retrieval is related
to memory via hippocampal interactions.},
Journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
Volume = {23},
Number = {12},
Pages = {2818-2828},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22967731},
Abstract = {A fundamental principle in memory research is that memory is
a function of the similarity between encoding and retrieval
operations. Consistent with this principle, many
neurobiological models of declarative memory assume that
memory traces are stored in cortical regions, and the
hippocampus facilitates the reactivation of these traces
during retrieval. The present investigation tested the novel
prediction that encoding-retrieval similarity can be
observed and related to memory at the level of individual
items. Multivariate representational similarity analysis was
applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging data
collected during encoding and retrieval of emotional and
neutral scenes. Memory success tracked fluctuations in
encoding-retrieval similarity across frontal and posterior
cortices. Importantly, memory effects in posterior regions
reflected increased similarity between item-specific
representations during successful recognition. Mediation
analyses revealed that the hippocampus mediated the link
between cortical similarity and memory success, providing
crucial evidence for hippocampal-cortical interactions
during retrieval. Finally, because emotional arousal is
known to modulate both perceptual and memory processes,
similarity effects were compared for emotional and neutral
scenes. Emotional arousal was associated with enhanced
similarity between encoding and retrieval patterns. These
findings speak to the promise of pattern similarity measures
for evaluating memory representations and
hippocampal-cortical interactions.},
Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhs258},
Key = {fds287922}
}
@article{fds252371,
Author = {Kragel, PA and Labar, KS},
Title = {Multivariate pattern classification reveals autonomic and
experiential representations of discrete
emotions.},
Journal = {Emotion (Washington, D.C.)},
Volume = {13},
Number = {4},
Pages = {681-690},
Year = {2013},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23527508},
Abstract = {Defining the structural organization of emotions is a
central unresolved question in affective science. In
particular, the extent to which autonomic nervous system
activity signifies distinct affective states remains
controversial. Most prior research on this topic has used
univariate statistical approaches in attempts to classify
emotions from psychophysiological data. In the present
study, electrodermal, cardiac, respiratory, and gastric
activity, as well as self-report measures were taken from
healthy subjects during the experience of fear, anger,
sadness, surprise, contentment, and amusement in response to
film and music clips. Information pertaining to affective
states present in these response patterns was analyzed using
multivariate pattern classification techniques. Overall
accuracy for classifying distinct affective states was 58.0%
for autonomic measures and 88.2% for self-report measures,
both of which were significantly above chance. Further,
examining the error distribution of classifiers revealed
that the dimensions of valence and arousal selectively
contributed to decoding emotional states from self-report,
whereas a categorical configuration of affective space was
evident in both self-report and autonomic measures. Taken
together, these findings extend recent multivariate
approaches to study emotion and indicate that pattern
classification tools may improve upon univariate approaches
to reveal the underlying structure of emotional experience
and physiological expression.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0031820},
Key = {fds252371}
}
@article{fds252370,
Author = {Dunsmoor, JE and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Effects of discrimination training on fear generalization
gradients and perceptual classification in
humans.},
Journal = {Behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {127},
Number = {3},
Pages = {350-356},
Year = {2013},
Month = {June},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421709},
Abstract = {To examine the effect of discriminative fear conditioning on
the shape of the generalization gradient, two groups of
participants first learned to discriminate between two color
stimuli, one paired with an electrical shock (conditional
stimulus, CS+) and the other explicitly unpaired (CS-). The
CS+ was held constant as an intermediate (ambiguous) value
along the blue-green color dimension while the CS- varied
between groups as opposite endpoints along the blue-green
color dimension. Postdiscrimination testing, using spectral
wavelengths above and below the CS+, revealed opposing
asymmetric gradients of conditioned skin conductance
responses across training groups that skewed in a direction
opposite the CS-. Moreover, perceptual ratings for the color
of the CS+ were affected by discriminative conditioning,
with the color value of the blue or green CS- inducing a
shift in the frequency for ratings of the ambiguous CS+ as
either "green" or "blue," respectively. These results extend
findings on gradient shifts in the animal literature and
suggest that postdiscrimination testing provides a more
comprehensive estimate of the effects of discriminative fear
conditioning than testing responses solely to the
conditioned stimuli.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0031933},
Key = {fds252370}
}
@article{fds252395,
Author = {Zucker, N and Moskovich, A and Bulik, CM and Merwin, R and Gaddis, K and Losh, M and Piven, J and Wagner, HR and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Perception of affect in biological motion cues in anorexia
nervosa.},
Journal = {Int J Eat Disord},
Volume = {46},
Number = {1},
Pages = {12-22},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23109257},
Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Nonverbal motion cues (a clenched fist) convey
essential information about the intentions of the actor.
Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) have demonstrated
impairment in deciphering intention from facial affective
cues, but it is unknown whether such deficits extend to
deciphering affect from body motion cues. METHOD: We
examined the capacities of adults with AN (n = 21) or those
weight restored for ≥12 months (WR; n = 20) to perceive
affect in biological motion cues relative to healthy
controls (HC; n = 23). RESULTS: Overall, individuals with AN
evidenced greater deficit in discriminating affect from
biological motion cues than WR or HC. Follow-up analyses
showed that individuals with AN differed especially across
two of the five conditions--deviating most from normative
data when discriminating sadness and more consistently
discriminating anger relative to WR or HC. DISCUSSION:
Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to
some puzzling interpersonal features of AN.},
Doi = {10.1002/eat.22062},
Key = {fds252395}
}
@article{fds252399,
Author = {Morey, RA and Gold, AL and LaBar, KS and Beall, SK and Brown, VM and Haswell, CC and Nasser, JD and Wagner, HR and McCarthy, G and Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Workgroup},
Title = {Amygdala volume changes in posttraumatic stress disorder in
a large case-controlled veterans group.},
Journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry},
Volume = {69},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1169-1178},
Year = {2012},
Month = {November},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23117638},
Abstract = {CONTEXT: Smaller hippocampal volumes are well established in
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the relatively few
studies of amygdala volume in PTSD have produced equivocal
results. OBJECTIVE: To assess a large cohort of recent
military veterans with PTSD and trauma-exposed control
subjects, with sufficient power to perform a definitive
assessment of the effect of PTSD on volumetric changes in
the amygdala and hippocampus and of the contribution of
illness duration, trauma load, and depressive symptoms.
DESIGN: Case-controlled design with structural magnetic
resonance imaging and clinical diagnostic assessments. We
controlled statistically for the important potential
confounds of alcohol use, depression, and medication use.
SETTING: Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, which is
located in proximity to major military bases. PATIENTS:
Ambulatory patients (n = 200) recruited from a registry of
military service members and veterans serving after
September 11, 2001, including a group with current PTSD (n =
99) and a trauma-exposed comparison group without PTSD (n =
101). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Amygdala and hippocampal volumes
computed from automated segmentation of high-resolution
structural 3-T magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Smaller
volume was demonstrated in the PTSD group compared with the
non-PTSD group for the left amygdala (P = .002), right
amygdala (P = .01), and left hippocampus (P = .02) but not
for the right hippocampus (P = .25). Amygdala volumes were
not associated with PTSD chronicity, trauma load, or
severity of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results
provide clear evidence of an association between a smaller
amygdala volume and PTSD. The lack of correlation between
trauma load or illness chronicity and amygdala volume
suggests that a smaller amygdala represents a vulnerability
to developing PTSD or the lack of a dose-response
relationship with amygdala volume. Our results may trigger a
renewed impetus for investigating structural differences in
the amygdala, its genetic determinants, its environmental
modulators, and the possibility that it reflects an
intrinsic vulnerability to PTSD.},
Doi = {10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.50},
Key = {fds252399}
}
@article{fds252398,
Author = {Murty, VP and Labar, KS and Adcock, RA},
Title = {Threat of punishment motivates memory encoding via amygdala,
not midbrain, interactions with the medial temporal
lobe.},
Journal = {J Neurosci},
Volume = {32},
Number = {26},
Pages = {8969-8976},
Year = {2012},
Month = {June},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745496},
Abstract = {Neural circuits associated with motivated declarative
encoding and active threat avoidance have both been
described, but the relative contribution of these systems to
punishment-motivated encoding remains unknown. The current
study used functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans
to examine mechanisms of declarative memory enhancement when
subjects were motivated to avoid punishments that were
contingent on forgetting. A motivational cue on each trial
informed participants whether they would be punished or not
for forgetting an upcoming scene image. Items associated
with the threat of shock were better recognized 24 h later.
Punishment-motivated enhancements in subsequent memory were
associated with anticipatory activation of right amygdala
and increases in its functional connectivity with
parahippocampal and orbitofrontal cortices. On a
trial-by-trial basis, right amygdala activation during the
motivational cue predicted hippocampal activation during
encoding of the subsequent scene; across participants, the
strength of this interaction predicted memory advantages due
to motivation. Of note, punishment-motivated learning was
not associated with activation of dopaminergic midbrain, as
would be predicted by valence-independent models of
motivation to learn. These data are consistent with the view
that motivation by punishment activates the amygdala, which
in turn prepares the medial temporal lobe for memory
formation. The findings further suggest a brain system for
declarative learning motivated by punishment that is
distinct from that for learning motivated by
reward.},
Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0094-12.2012},
Key = {fds252398}
}
@article{fds252397,
Author = {Reeck, C and LaBar, KS and Egner, T},
Title = {Neural mechanisms mediating contingent capture of attention
by affective stimuli.},
Journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},
Volume = {24},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1113-1126},
Year = {2012},
Month = {May},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360642},
Abstract = {Attention is attracted exogenously by physically salient
stimuli, but this effect can be dampened by endogenous
attention settings, a phenomenon called "contingent
capture." Emotionally salient stimuli are also thought to
exert a strong exogenous influence on attention, especially
in anxious individuals, but whether and how top-down
attention can ameliorate bottom-up capture by affective
stimuli is currently unknown. Here, we paired a novel
spatial cueing task with fMRI to investigate contingent
capture as a function of the affective salience of bottom-up
cues (face stimuli) and individual differences in trait
anxiety. In the absence of top-down cues, exogenous stimuli
validly cueing targets facilitated attention in low-anxious
participants, regardless of affective salience. However,
although high-anxious participants exhibited similar
facilitation following neutral exogenous cues, this
facilitation was completely absent following affectively
negative exogenous cues. Critically, these effects were
contingent on endogenous attentional settings, such that
explicit top-down cues presented before the appearance of
exogenous stimuli removed anxious individuals' sensitivity
to affectively salient stimuli. fMRI analyses revealed a
network of brain regions underlying this variability in
affective contingent capture across individuals, including
the fusiform face area (FFA), posterior ventrolateral
frontal cortex, and SMA. Importantly, activation in the
posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex and the SMA fully
mediated the effects observed in FFA, demonstrating a
critical role for these frontal regions in mediating
attentional orienting and interference resolution processes
when engaged by affectively salient stimuli.},
Doi = {10.1162/jocn_a_00211},
Key = {fds252397}
}
@article{fds252376,
Author = {Brown, VM and Haswell, CC and Gold, AL and McCarthy, G and LaBar, KS and Morey, RA},
Title = {Resting State Connectivity Between Amygdalar Subregions and
the Prefrontal Cortex is Disrupted in PTSD},
Journal = {BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY},
Volume = {71},
Number = {8},
Pages = {307S-307S},
Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
Year = {2012},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0006-3223},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000302466001285&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {fds252376}
}
@article{fds252400,
Author = {Graham, R and Labar, KS},
Title = {Neurocognitive mechanisms of gaze-expression interactions in
face processing and social attention.},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {50},
Number = {5},
Pages = {553-566},
Year = {2012},
Month = {April},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285906},
Abstract = {The face conveys a rich source of non-verbal information
used during social communication. While research has
revealed how specific facial channels such as emotional
expression are processed, little is known about the
prioritization and integration of multiple cues in the face
during dyadic exchanges. Classic models of face perception
have emphasized the segregation of dynamic vs. static facial
features along independent information processing pathways.
Here we review recent behavioral and neuroscientific
evidence suggesting that within the dynamic stream,
concurrent changes in eye gaze and emotional expression can
yield early independent effects on face judgments and covert
shifts of visuospatial attention. These effects are
partially segregated within initial visual afferent
processing volleys, but are subsequently integrated in
limbic regions such as the amygdala or via reentrant visual
processing volleys. This spatiotemporal pattern may help to
resolve otherwise perplexing discrepancies across behavioral
studies of emotional influences on gaze-directed attentional
cueing. Theoretical explanations of gaze-expression
interactions are discussed, with special consideration of
speed-of-processing (discriminability) and contextual
(ambiguity) accounts. Future research in this area promises
to reveal the mental chronometry of face processing and
interpersonal attention, with implications for understanding
how social referencing develops in infancy and is impaired
in autism and other disorders of social cognition.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.019},
Key = {fds252400}
}
@article{fds252401,
Author = {Dunsmoor, JE and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Brain activity associated with omission of an aversive event
reveals the effects of fear learning and
generalization.},
Journal = {Neurobiology of learning and memory},
Volume = {97},
Number = {3},
Pages = {301-312},
Year = {2012},
Month = {March},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387662},
Abstract = {During fear learning, anticipation of an impending aversive
stimulus increases defensive behaviors. Interestingly,
omission of the aversive stimulus often produces another
response around the time the event was expected. This
omission response suggests that the subject detected a
mismatch between what was predicted and what actually
occurred, thereby providing an indirect measure of cognitive
expectancy. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance
imaging to investigate whether omission-related brain
activity reflects fear expectancy during learning and
generalization of conditioned fear. During conditioning, a
face expressing a moderate amount of fear (conditioned
stimulus, CS+) signaled delivery of an aversive shock
unconditioned stimulus (US), whereas the same face with a
neutral expression was unreinforced. In a subsequent
generalization test, subjects were presented with faces
expressing more or less fear intensity than the CS+.
Psychophysiological results revealed an increase in the skin
conductance response (SCR) during learning when the US was
omitted. Omission-related SCRs were also observed during the
generalization test following the offset of high- but not
low-intensity face expressions. Neuroimaging results
revealed omission-related neural activity during learning in
the anterior cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, insula, and
striatum. These same regions also showed omission-related
responses during the generalization test following highly
expressive fearful faces. Finally, regression analysis on
omission responses during the generalization test revealed
correlations in offset-related SCRs and neural activity in
the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal
cortex. Thus, converging psychophysiological and neural
activity upon omission of aversive stimulation provides a
novel metric of US expectancy, even to generalized cues that
had no prior history of reinforcement.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.nlm.2012.02.003},
Key = {fds252401}
}
@article{fds252402,
Author = {Morey, RA and McCarthy, G and Selgrade, ES and Seth, S and Nasser, JD and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Neural systems for guilt from actions affecting self versus
others.},
Journal = {Neuroimage},
Volume = {60},
Number = {1},
Pages = {683-692},
Year = {2012},
Month = {March},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230947},
Abstract = {Guilt is a core emotion governing social behavior by
promoting compliance with social norms or self-imposed
standards. The goal of this study was to contrast guilty
responses to actions that affect self versus others, since
actions with social consequences are hypothesized to yield
greater guilty feelings due to adopting the perspective and
subjective emotional experience of others. Sixteen
participants were presented with brief hypothetical
scenarios in which the participant's actions resulted in
harmful consequences to self (guilt-self) or to others
(guilt-other) during functional MRI. Participants felt more
intense guilt for guilt-other than guilt-self and
guilt-neutral scenarios. Guilt scenarios revealed distinct
regions of activity correlated with intensity of guilt,
social consequences of actions, and the interaction of guilt
by social consequence. Guilt intensity was associated with
activation of the dorsomedial PFC, superior frontal gyrus,
supramarginal gyrus, and anterior inferior frontal gyrus.
Guilt accompanied by social consequences was associated with
greater activation than without social consequences in the
ventromedial and dorsomedial PFC, precuneus, posterior
cingulate, and posterior superior temporal sulcus. Finally,
the interaction analysis highlighted select regions that
were more strongly correlated with guilt intensity as a
function of social consequence, including the left anterior
inferior frontal gyrus, left ventromedial PFC, and left
anterior inferior parietal cortex. Our results suggest these
regions intensify guilt where harm to others may incur a
greater social cost.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.069},
Key = {fds252402}
}
@article{fds252389,
Author = {Dunsmoor, JE and Martin, A and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Role of conceptual knowledge in learning and retention of
conditioned fear.},
Journal = {Biological psychology},
Volume = {89},
Number = {2},
Pages = {300-305},
Year = {2012},
Month = {February},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22118937},
Abstract = {Associating sensory cues with aversive outcomes is a
relatively basic process shared across species. Yet
higher-order cognitive processes likely contribute to
associative fear learning in many circumstances, especially
in humans. Here we ask whether fears can be acquired based
on conceptual knowledge of object categories, and whether
such concept-based fear conditioning leads to enhanced
memory representations for conditioned objects. Participants
were presented with a heterogeneous collection of images of
animals and tools. Objects from one category were reinforced
by an electrical shock, whereas the other category was never
reinforced. Results confirmed concept-based fear learning
through subjective report of shock expectancy, heightened
skin conductance responses, and enhanced 24h recognition
memory for items from the conditioned category. These
results provide novel evidence that conditioned fear can
generalize through knowledge of object concepts, and sheds
light on the persistent nature of fear memories and
category-based fear responses symptomatic of some anxiety
disorders.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.11.002},
Key = {fds252389}
}
@article{fds252405,
Author = {Prince, SE and Thomas, LA and Kragel, PA and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Fear-relevant outcomes modulate the neural correlates of
probabilistic classification learning.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {59},
Number = {1},
Pages = {695-707},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21827859},
Abstract = {Although much work has implicated the contributions of
frontostriatal and medial temporal lobe (MTL) systems during
probabilistic classification learning, the impact of emotion
on these learning circuits is unknown. We used a modified
version of the weather prediction task in which two
participant groups were scanned with identical neutral cue
cards probabilistically linked to either emotional
(snake/spider) or neutral (mushroom/flower) outcomes. Owing
to the differences in visual information shown as outcomes,
analyses were restricted to the cue phase of the trials.
Learning rates did not differ between the two groups,
although the Emotional group was more likely to use complex
strategies and to respond more slowly during initial
learning. The Emotional group had reduced frontostriatal and
MTL activation relative to the Neutral group, especially for
participants who scored higher on snake/spider phobia
questionnaires. Accurate performance was more tied to medial
prefrontal activity in the Emotional group early in
training, and to MTL activity in the Neutral group later in
training. Trial-by-trial fluctuations in functional
connectivity between the caudate and MTL were also reduced
in the Emotional group compared to the Neutral group. Across
groups, reaction time indexed a switch in learning systems,
with faster trials mediated by the caudate and slower trials
mediated by the MTL and frontal lobe. The extent to which
the caudate was activated early in training predicted later
performance improvements. These results reveal insights into
how emotional outcomes modulate procedural learning systems,
and the dynamics of MTL-striatal engagement across training
trials.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.027},
Key = {fds252405}
}
@article{fds252396,
Author = {Ritchey, M and Wing, E and LaBar, KS and Cabeza, R},
Title = {Cortical reactivation predicts memory success for individual
items via hippocampal interactions},
Journal = {Cerebral Cortex},
Volume = {in press},
Pages = {2818-2828},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds252396}
}
@article{fds252416,
Author = {Dennis, NA and Cabeza, R and Need, AC and Waters-Metenier, S and Goldstein, DB and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism and
hippocampal activation during episodic encoding and
retrieval tasks.},
Journal = {Hippocampus},
Volume = {21},
Number = {9},
Pages = {980-989},
Year = {2011},
Month = {September},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20865733},
Abstract = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin
which has been shown to regulate cell survival and
proliferation, as well as synaptic growth and hippocampal
long-term potentiation. A naturally occurring single
nucleotide polymorphism in the human BDNF gene (val66met)
has been associated with altered intercellular trafficking
and regulated secretion of BDNF in met compared to val
carriers. Additionally, previous studies have found a
relationship between the BDNF val66met genotype and
functional activity in the hippocampus during episodic and
working memory tasks in healthy young adults. Specifically,
studies have found that met carriers exhibit both poorer
performance and reduced neural activity within the medial
temporal lobe (MTL) when performing episodic memory tasks.
However, these studies have not been well replicated and
have not considered the role of behavioral differences in
the interpretation of neural differences. The current study
sought to control for cognitive performance in investigating
the role of the BDNF val66met genotype on neural activity
associated with episodic memory. Across item and relational
memory tests, met carriers exhibited increased MTL
activation during both encoding and retrieval stages,
compared to noncarriers. The results suggest that met
carriers are able to recruit MTL activity to support
successful memory processes, and reductions in cognitive
performance observed in prior studies are not a ubiquitous
effect associated with variants of the BDNF val66met
genotype.},
Doi = {10.1002/hipo.20809},
Key = {fds252416}
}
@article{fds252388,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Cracking the almond (Commentary on Prévost et
al.).},
Journal = {The European journal of neuroscience},
Volume = {34},
Number = {1},
Pages = {133},
Year = {2011},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722206},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07730.x},
Key = {fds252388}
}
@article{fds252406,
Author = {Cain, MS and Dunsmoor, JE and LaBar, KS and Mitroff,
SR},
Title = {Anticipatory anxiety hinders detection of a second target in
dual-target search.},
Journal = {Psychological science},
Volume = {22},
Number = {7},
Pages = {866-871},
Year = {2011},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670427},
Abstract = {Professional visual searches (e.g., baggage screenings,
military searches, radiological examinations) are often
conducted in high-pressure environments and require focus on
multiple visual targets. Yet laboratory studies of visual
search tend to be conducted in emotionally neutral settings
with only one possible target per display. In the experiment
reported here, we looked to better emulate high-pressure
search conditions by presenting searchers with arrays that
contained between zero and two targets while inducing
anticipatory anxiety via a threat-of-shock paradigm. Under
conditions of anticipatory anxiety, dual-target performance
was negatively affected, but single-target performance and
time on task were unaffected. These results suggest that
multiple-target searches may be a more sensitive instrument
to measure the effect of environmental factors on visual
cognition than single-target searches are. Further, the
effect of anticipatory anxiety was modulated by individual
differences in state anxiety levels of participants prior to
the experiment. These results have implications for both the
laboratory study of visual search and the management and
assessment of professional searchers.},
Doi = {10.1177/0956797611412393},
Key = {fds252406}
}
@article{fds252415,
Author = {Smoski, MJ and Salsman, N and Wang, L and Smith, V and Lynch, TR and Dager,
SR and LaBar, KS and Linehan, MM},
Title = {Functional imaging of emotion reactivity in opiate-dependent
borderline personality disorder.},
Journal = {Personal Disord},
Volume = {2},
Number = {3},
Pages = {230-241},
Year = {2011},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22448769},
Abstract = {Opiate dependence (OD) and borderline personality disorder
(BPD), separately and together, are significant public
health problems with poor treatment outcomes. BPD is
associated with difficulties in emotion regulation, and
brain-imaging studies in BPD individuals indicate
differential activation in prefrontal cingulate cortices and
their interactions with limbic regions. Likewise, a similar
network is implicated in drug cue responsivity in substance
abusers. The present, preliminary study used functional MRI
to examine activation of this network in comorbid OD/BPD
participants when engaged in an "oddball" task that required
attention to a target in the context of emotionally negative
distractors. Twelve male OD/BPD participants and 12 male
healthy controls participated. All OD/BPD participants were
taking the opiate replacement medication Suboxone, and a
subset of participants was positive for substances of abuse
on scan day. Relative to controls, OD/BPD participants
demonstrated reduced activation to negative stimuli in the
amygdala and anterior cingulate. Unlike previous studies
that demonstrated hyperresponsivity in neural regions
associated with affective processing in individuals with BPD
versus healthy controls, comorbid OD/BPD participants were
hyporesponsive to emotional cues. Future studies that also
include BPD-only and OD-only groups are necessary to help
clarify the individual and potentially synergistic effects
of these two conditions.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0022228},
Key = {fds252415}
}
@article{fds304685,
Author = {Zucker, NL and Green, S and Morris, JP and Kragel, P and Pelphrey, KA and Bulik, CM and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Hemodynamic signals of mixed messages during a social
exchange.},
Journal = {Neuroreport},
Volume = {22},
Number = {9},
Pages = {413-418},
Year = {2011},
Month = {June},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21602650},
Abstract = {This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to
characterize hemodynamic activation patterns recruited when
the participants viewed mixed social communicative messages
during a common interpersonal exchange. Mixed messages were
defined as conflicting sequences of biological motion and
facial affect signals that are unexpected within a
particular social context (e.g. observing the reception of a
gift). Across four social vignettes, valenced facial
expressions were crossed with rejecting and accepting
gestures in a virtual avatar responding to presentation of a
gift from the participant. The results indicate that
conflicting facial affect and gesture activated superior
temporal sulcus, a region implicated in expectancy
violations, as well as inferior frontal gyrus and putamen.
Scenarios conveying rejection differentially activated the
insula and putamen, regions implicated in embodied
cognition, and motivated learning, as well as frontoparietal
cortex. Characterizing how meaning is inferred from
integration of conflicting nonverbal communicative cues is
essential to understand nuances and complexities of human
exchange.},
Doi = {10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283455c23},
Key = {fds304685}
}
@article{fds252413,
Author = {Hayes, JP and LaBar, KS and McCarthy, G and Selgrade, E and Nasser, J and Dolcos, F and VISN 6 Mid-Atlantic MIRECC workgroup, and Morey,
RA},
Title = {Reduced hippocampal and amygdala activity predicts memory
distortions for trauma reminders in combat-related
PTSD.},
Journal = {J Psychiatr Res},
Volume = {45},
Number = {5},
Pages = {660-669},
Year = {2011},
Month = {May},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21047644},
Abstract = {Neurobiological models of posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) suggest that altered activity in the medial temporal
lobes (MTL) during encoding of traumatic memories contribute
to the development and maintenance of the disorder. However,
there is little direct evidence in the PTSD literature to
support these models. The goal of the present study was to
examine MTL activity during trauma encoding in combat
veterans using the subsequent memory paradigm. Fifteen
combat veterans diagnosed with PTSD and 14 trauma-exposed
control participants viewed trauma-related and neutral
pictures while undergoing event-related fMRI. Participants
returned one week after scanning for a recognition memory
test. Region-of-interest (ROI) and voxel-wise whole brain
analyses were conducted to examine the neural correlates of
successful memory encoding. Patients with PTSD showed
greater false alarm rates for novel lures than the
trauma-exposed control group, suggesting reliance on
gist-based representations in lieu of encoding contextual
details. Imaging analyses revealed reduced activity in the
amygdala and hippocampus in PTSD patients during successful
encoding of trauma-related stimuli. Reduction in left
hippocampal activity was associated with high arousal
symptoms on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS).
The behavioral false alarm rate for traumatic stimuli
co-varied with activity in the bilateral precuneus. These
results support neurobiological theories positing reduced
hippocampal activity under conditions of high stress and
arousal. Reduction in MTL activity for successfully encoded
stimuli and increased precuneus activity may underlie
reduced stimulus-specific encoding and greater gist memory
in patients with PTSD, leading to maintenance of the
disorder.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.007},
Key = {fds252413}
}
@article{fds252391,
Author = {Stanton, SJ and Mullette-Gillman, OA and McLaurin, RE and Kuhn, CM and LaBar, KS and Platt, ML and Huettel, SA},
Title = {Low- and high-testosterone individuals exhibit decreased
aversion to economic risk.},
Journal = {Psychol Sci},
Volume = {22},
Number = {4},
Pages = {447-453},
Year = {2011},
Month = {April},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393575},
Abstract = {Testosterone is positively associated with risk-taking
behavior in social domains (e.g., crime, physical
aggression). However, the scant research linking
testosterone to economic risk preferences presents
inconsistent findings. We examined the relationship between
endogenous testosterone and individuals' economic
preferences (i.e., risk preference, ambiguity preference,
and loss aversion) in a large sample (N = 298) of men and
women. We found that endogenous testosterone levels have a
significant U-shaped association with individuals' risk and
ambiguity preferences, but not loss aversion. Specifically,
individuals with low or high levels of testosterone (more
than 1.5 SD from the mean for their gender) were risk and
ambiguity neutral, whereas individuals with intermediate
levels of testosterone were risk and ambiguity averse. This
relationship was highly similar in men and women. In
contrast to received wisdom regarding testosterone and risk,
the present data provide the first robust evidence for a
nonlinear association between economic preferences and
levels of endogenous testosterone.},
Doi = {10.1177/0956797611401752},
Key = {fds252391}
}
@article{fds252407,
Author = {Dunsmoor, JE and Prince, SE and Murty, VP and Kragel, PA and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Neurobehavioral mechanisms of human fear
generalization.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {55},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1878-1888},
Year = {2011},
Month = {April},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256233},
Abstract = {While much research has elucidated the neurobiology of fear
learning, the neural systems supporting the generalization
of learned fear are unknown. Using functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI), we show that regions involved in
the acquisition of fear support the generalization of fear
to stimuli that are similar to a learned threat, but vary in
fear intensity value. Behaviorally, subjects retrospectively
misidentified a learned threat as a more intense stimulus
and expressed greater skin conductance responses (SCR) to
generalized stimuli of high intensity. Brain activity
related to intensity-based fear generalization was observed
in the striatum, insula, thalamus/periacqueductal gray, and
subgenual cingulate cortex. The psychophysiological
expression of generalized fear correlated with amygdala
activity, and connectivity between the amygdala and
extrastriate visual cortex was correlated with individual
differences in trait anxiety. These findings reveal the
brain regions and functional networks involved in flexibly
responding to stimuli that resemble a learned threat. These
regions may comprise an intensity-based fear generalization
circuit that underlies retrospective biases in threat value
estimation and overgeneralization of fear in anxiety
disorders.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.041},
Key = {fds252407}
}
@article{fds252411,
Author = {Winecoff, A and Labar, KS and Madden, DJ and Cabeza, R and Huettel,
SA},
Title = {Cognitive and neural contributors to emotion regulation in
aging.},
Journal = {Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci},
Volume = {6},
Number = {2},
Pages = {165-176},
Year = {2011},
Month = {April},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20385663},
Abstract = {Older adults, compared to younger adults, focus on emotional
well-being. While the lifespan trajectory of emotional
processing and its regulation has been characterized
behaviorally, few studies have investigated the underlying
neural mechanisms. Here, older adults (range: 59-73 years)
and younger adults (range: 19-33 years) participated in a
cognitive reappraisal task during functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. On each trial,
participants viewed positive, negative or neutral pictures
and either naturally experienced the image ('Experience'
condition) or attempted to detach themselves from the image
('Reappraise' condition). Across both age groups, cognitive
reappraisal activated prefrontal regions similar to those
reported in prior studies of emotion regulation, while
emotional experience activated the bilateral amygdala.
Psychophysiological interaction analyses revealed that the
left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and amygdala demonstrated
greater inverse connectivity during the 'Reappraise'
condition relative to the 'Experience' condition. The only
regions exhibiting significant age differences were the left
IFG and the left superior temporal gyrus, for which greater
regulation-related activation was observed in younger
adults. Controlling for age, increased performance on
measures of cognition predicted greater regulation-related
decreases in amygdala activation. Thus, while older and
younger adults use similar brain structures for emotion
regulation and experience, the functional efficacy of those
structures depends on underlying cognitive
ability.},
Doi = {10.1093/scan/nsq030},
Key = {fds252411}
}
@article{fds252412,
Author = {Ritchey, M and LaBar, KS and Cabeza, R},
Title = {Level of processing modulates the neural correlates of
emotional memory formation.},
Journal = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},
Volume = {23},
Number = {4},
Pages = {757-771},
Year = {2011},
Month = {April},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20350176},
Abstract = {Emotion is known to influence multiple aspects of memory
formation, including the initial encoding of the memory
trace and its consolidation over time. However, the neural
mechanisms whereby emotion impacts memory encoding remain
largely unexplored. The present study used a
levels-of-processing manipulation to characterize the impact
of emotion on encoding with and without the influence of
elaborative processes. Participants viewed emotionally
negative, neutral, and positive scenes under two conditions:
a shallow condition focused on the perceptual features of
the scenes and a deep condition that queried their semantic
meaning. Recognition memory was tested 2 days later. Results
showed that emotional memory enhancements were greatest in
the shallow condition. fMRI analyses revealed that the right
amygdala predicted subsequent emotional memory in the
shallow more than deep condition, whereas the right
ventrolateral PFC demonstrated the reverse pattern.
Furthermore, the association of these regions with the
hippocampus was modulated by valence: the
amygdala-hippocampal link was strongest for negative
stimuli, whereas the prefrontal-hippocampal link was
strongest for positive stimuli. Taken together, these
results suggest two distinct activation patterns underlying
emotional memory formation: an amygdala component that
promotes memory during shallow encoding, especially for
negative information, and a prefrontal component that
provides extra benefits during deep encoding, especially for
positive information.},
Doi = {10.1162/jocn.2010.21487},
Key = {fds252412}
}
@article{fds252394,
Author = {Murty, VP and Ritchey, M and Adcock, RA and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Reprint of: fMRI studies of successful emotional memory
encoding: a quantitative meta-analysis.},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {49},
Number = {4},
Pages = {695-705},
Year = {2011},
Month = {March},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21414466},
Abstract = {Over the past decade, fMRI techniques have been increasingly
used to interrogate the neural correlates of successful
emotional memory encoding. These investigations have
typically aimed to either characterize the contributions of
the amygdala and medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system,
replicating results in animals, or delineate the neural
correlates of specific behavioral phenomena. It has remained
difficult, however, to synthesize these findings into a
systems neuroscience account of how networks across the
whole-brain support the enhancing effects of emotion on
memory encoding. To this end, the present study employed a
meta-analytic approach using activation likelihood estimates
to assess the anatomical specificity and reliability of
event-related fMRI activations related to successful memory
encoding for emotional versus neutral information. The
meta-analysis revealed consistent clusters within bilateral
amygdala, anterior hippocampus, anterior and posterior
parahippocampal gyrus, the ventral visual stream, left
lateral prefrontal cortex and right ventral parietal cortex.
The results within the amygdala and MTL support a wealth of
findings from the animal literature linking these regions to
arousal-mediated memory effects. The consistency of findings
in cortical targets, including the visual, prefrontal, and
parietal cortices, underscores the importance of generating
hypotheses regarding their participation in emotional memory
formation. In particular, we propose that the amygdala
interacts with these structures to promote enhancements in
perceptual processing, semantic elaboration, and attention,
which serve to benefit subsequent memory for emotional
material. These findings may motivate future research on
emotional modulation of widespread neural systems and the
implications of this modulation for cognition.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.031},
Key = {fds252394}
}
@article{fds252417,
Author = {Hallahan, B and Newell, J and Soares, JC and Brambilla, P and Strakowski, SM and Fleck, DE and Kieseppä, T and Altshuler, LL and Fornito, A and Malhi, GS and McIntosh, AM and Yurgelun-Todd, DA and Labar, KS and Sharma, V and MacQueen, GM and Murray, RM and McDonald,
C},
Title = {Structural magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar disorder:
an international collaborative mega-analysis of individual
adult patient data.},
Journal = {Biological psychiatry},
Volume = {69},
Number = {4},
Pages = {326-335},
Year = {2011},
Month = {February},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21030008},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>There is substantial inconsistency in
results of brain structural magnetic resonance imaging
studies in adult bipolar disorder. This is likely consequent
upon limited statistical power of studies together with
their clinical and methodological heterogeneity. The current
study was undertaken to perform an international
collaborative mega-analysis of regional volumetric
measurements of individual patient and healthy subject data,
to optimize statistical power, detect case-control
differences, assess the association of psychotropic
medication usage with brain structural variation, and detect
other possible sources of heterogeneity.<h4>Methods</h4>Eleven
international research groups contributed published and
unpublished data on 321 individuals with bipolar disorder I
and 442 healthy subjects. We used linear mixed effects
regression models to evaluate differences in brain structure
between patient groups.<h4>Results</h4>Individuals with
bipolar disorder had increased right lateral ventricular,
left temporal lobe, and right putamen volumes. Bipolar
patients taking lithium displayed significantly increased
hippocampal and amygdala volume compared with patients not
treated with lithium and healthy comparison subjects.
Cerebral volume reduction was significantly associated with
illness duration in bipolar individuals.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The
application of mega-analysis to bipolar disorder imaging
identified lithium use and illness duration as substantial
and consistent sources of heterogeneity, with lithium use
associated with regionally specific increased brain
volume.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.029},
Key = {fds252417}
}
@article{fds252403,
Author = {Lake, JI and Labar, KS},
Title = {Unpredictability and uncertainty in anxiety: a new direction
for emotional timing research.},
Journal = {Frontiers in integrative neuroscience},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {55},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21954380},
Doi = {10.3389/fnint.2011.00055},
Key = {fds252403}
}
@article{fds252404,
Author = {Dunsmoor, JE and Ahs, F and Labar, KS},
Title = {Neurocognitive mechanisms of fear conditioning and
vulnerability to anxiety.},
Journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {35},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21519378},
Doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2011.00035},
Key = {fds252404}
}
@article{fds252408,
Author = {Huff, NC and Hernandez, JA and Fecteau, ME and Zielinski, DJ and Brady,
R and Labar, KS},
Title = {Revealing context-specific conditioned fear memories with
full immersion virtual reality.},
Journal = {Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {75},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22069384},
Abstract = {The extinction of conditioned fear is known to be
context-specific and is often considered more contextually
bound than the fear memory itself (Bouton, 2004). Yet,
recent findings in rodents have challenged the notion that
contextual fear retention is initially generalized. The
context-specificity of a cued fear memory to the learning
context has not been addressed in the human literature
largely due to limitations in methodology. Here we adapt a
novel technology to test the context-specificity of cued
fear conditioning using full immersion 3-D virtual reality
(VR). During acquisition training, healthy participants
navigated through virtual environments containing dynamic
snake and spider conditioned stimuli (CSs), one of which was
paired with electrical wrist stimulation. During a 24-h
delayed retention test, one group returned to the same
context as acquisition training whereas another group
experienced the CSs in a novel context. Unconditioned
stimulus expectancy ratings were assayed on-line during fear
acquisition as an index of contingency awareness. Skin
conductance responses time-locked to CS onset were the
dependent measure of cued fear, and skin conductance levels
during the interstimulus interval were an index of context
fear. Findings indicate that early in acquisition training,
participants express contingency awareness as well as
differential contextual fear, whereas differential cued fear
emerged later in acquisition. During the retention test,
differential cued fear retention was enhanced in the group
who returned to the same context as acquisition training
relative to the context shift group. The results extend
recent rodent work to illustrate differences in cued and
context fear acquisition and the contextual specificity of
recent fear memories. Findings support the use of full
immersion VR as a novel tool in cognitive neuroscience to
bridge rodent models of contextual phenomena underlying
human clinical disorders.},
Doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00075},
Key = {fds252408}
}
@article{fds252414,
Author = {Dunsmoor, JE and White, AJ and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Conceptual similarity promotes generalization of higher
order fear learning.},
Journal = {Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {156-160},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330378},
Abstract = {We tested the hypothesis that conceptual similarity promotes
generalization of conditioned fear. Using a sensory
preconditioning procedure, three groups of subjects learned
an association between two cues that were conceptually
similar, unrelated, or mismatched. Next, one of the cues was
paired with a shock. The other cue was then reintroduced to
test for fear generalization, as measured by the skin
conductance response. Results showed enhanced fear
generalization that correlated with trait anxiety levels in
the group that learned an association between conceptually
similar stimuli. These findings suggest that conceptual
representations of conditional stimuli influence human fear
learning processes.},
Doi = {10.1101/lm.2016411},
Key = {fds252414}
}
@article{fds184854,
Author = {Stanton, S. J. and Mullette-Gillman, O. A. and McLaurin, R. E. and Kuhn, C. M. and LaBar, K. S. and Platt, M. L. and Huettel, S.
A.},
Title = {High and low testosterone individuals exhibit decreased
aversion to economic risk},
Journal = {Psycyhological Science},
Volume = {22},
Pages = {447-453},
Year = {2011},
Key = {fds184854}
}
@article{fds252409,
Author = {Murty, VP and LaBar, KS and Hamilton, DA and Adcock,
RA},
Title = {Is all motivation good for learning? Dissociable influences
of approach and avoidance motivation in declarative
memory.},
Journal = {Learn Mem},
Volume = {18},
Number = {11},
Pages = {712-717},
Year = {2011},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22021253},
Abstract = {The present study investigated the effects of approach
versus avoidance motivation on declarative learning. Human
participants navigated a virtual reality version of the
Morris water task, a classic spatial memory paradigm,
adapted to permit the experimental manipulation of
motivation during learning. During this task, participants
were instructed to navigate to correct platforms while
avoiding incorrect platforms. To manipulate motivational
states participants were either rewarded for navigating to
correct locations (approach) or punished for navigating to
incorrect platforms (avoidance). Participants' skin
conductance levels (SCLs) were recorded during navigation to
investigate the role of physiological arousal in motivated
learning. Behavioral results revealed that, overall,
approach motivation enhanced and avoidance motivation
impaired memory performance compared to nonmotivated spatial
learning. This advantage was evident across several
performance indices, including accuracy, learning rate, path
length, and proximity to platform locations during probe
trials. SCL analysis revealed three key findings. First,
within subjects, arousal interacted with approach
motivation, such that high arousal on a given trial was
associated with performance deficits. In addition, across
subjects, high arousal negated or reversed the benefits of
approach motivation. Finally, low-performing, highly aroused
participants showed SCL responses similar to those of
avoidance-motivation participants, suggesting that for these
individuals, opportunities for reward may evoke states of
learning similar to those typically evoked by threats of
punishment. These results provide a novel characterization
of how approach and avoidance motivation influence
declarative memory and indicate a critical and selective
role for arousal in determining how reinforcement influences
goal-oriented learning.},
Doi = {10.1101/lm.023549.111},
Key = {fds252409}
}
@article{fds252410,
Author = {Zucker, NL and Green, S and Morris, JP and Kragel, P and Pelphrey, KA and Bulik, CM and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Neural signaling of mixed messages during a social
exchange},
Journal = {Neuroreport},
Volume = {22},
Number = {9},
Pages = {413-418},
Year = {2011},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21602650},
Abstract = {This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to
characterize hemodynamic activation patterns recruited when
the participants viewed mixed social communicative messages
during a common interpersonal exchange. Mixed messages were
defined as conflicting sequences of biological motion and
facial affect signals that are unexpected within a
particular social context (e.g. observing the reception of a
gift). Across four social vignettes, valenced facial
expressions were crossed with rejecting and accepting
gestures in a virtual avatar responding to presentation of a
gift from the participant. The results indicate that
conflicting facial affect and gesture activated superior
temporal sulcus, a region implicated in expectancy
violations, as well as inferior frontal gyrus and putamen.
Scenarios conveying rejection differentially activated the
insula and putamen, regions implicated in embodied
cognition, and motivated learning, as well as frontoparietal
cortex. Characterizing how meaning is inferred from
integration of conflicting nonverbal communicative cues is
essential to understand nuances and complexities of human
exchange.},
Doi = {10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283455c23},
Key = {fds252410}
}
@article{fds252420,
Author = {Murty, VP and Ritchey, M and Adcock, RA and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {fMRI studies of successful emotional memory encoding: A
quantitative meta-analysis.},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {48},
Number = {12},
Pages = {3459-3469},
Year = {2010},
Month = {October},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20688087},
Abstract = {Over the past decade, fMRI techniques have been increasingly
used to interrogate the neural correlates of successful
emotional memory encoding. These investigations have
typically aimed to either characterize the contributions of
the amygdala and medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system,
replicating results in animals, or delineate the neural
correlates of specific behavioral phenomena. It has remained
difficult, however, to synthesize these findings into a
systems neuroscience account of how networks across the
whole-brain support the enhancing effects of emotion on
memory encoding. To this end, the present study employed a
meta-analytic approach using activation likelihood estimates
to assess the anatomical specificity and reliability of
event-related fMRI activations related to successful memory
encoding for emotional versus neutral information. The
meta-analysis revealed consistent clusters within bilateral
amygdala, anterior hippocampus, anterior and posterior
parahippocampal gyrus, the ventral visual stream, left
lateral prefrontal cortex and right ventral parietal cortex.
The results within the amygdala and MTL support a wealth of
findings from the animal literature linking these regions to
arousal-mediated memory effects. The consistency of findings
in cortical targets, including the visual, prefrontal, and
parietal cortices, underscores the importance of generating
hypotheses regarding their participation in emotional memory
formation. In particular, we propose that the amygdala
interacts with these structures to promote enhancements in
perceptual processing, semantic elaboration, and attention,
which serve to benefit subsequent memory for emotional
material. These findings may motivate future research on
emotional modulation of widespread neural systems and the
implications of this modulation for cognition.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.030},
Key = {fds252420}
}
@article{fds252419,
Author = {Huff, NC and Zeilinski, DJ and Fecteau, ME and Brady, R and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Human fear conditioning conducted in full immersion
3-dimensional virtual reality.},
Journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE},
Volume = {42},
Number = {42},
Pages = {1993},
Year = {2010},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20736913},
Abstract = {Fear conditioning is a widely used paradigm in non-human
animal research to investigate the neural mechanisms
underlying fear and anxiety. A major challenge in conducting
conditioning studies in humans is the ability to strongly
manipulate or simulate the environmental contexts that are
associated with conditioned emotional behaviors. In this
regard, virtual reality (VR) technology is a promising tool.
Yet, adapting this technology to meet experimental
constraints requires special accommodations. Here we address
the methodological issues involved when conducting fear
conditioning in a fully immersive 6-sided VR environment and
present fear conditioning data. In the real world, traumatic
events occur in complex environments that are made up of
many cues, engaging all of our sensory modalities. For
example, cues that form the environmental configuration
include not only visual elements, but aural, olfactory, and
even tactile. In rodent studies of fear conditioning animals
are fully immersed in a context that is rich with novel
visual, tactile and olfactory cues. However, standard
laboratory tests of fear conditioning in humans are
typically conducted in a nondescript room in front of a flat
or 2D computer screen and do not replicate the complexity of
real world experiences. On the other hand, a major
limitation of clinical studies aimed at reducing
(extinguishing) fear and preventing relapse in anxiety
disorders is that treatment occurs after participants have
acquired a fear in an uncontrolled and largely unknown
context. Thus the experimenters are left without information
about the duration of exposure, the true nature of the
stimulus, and associated background cues in the environment.
In the absence of this information it can be difficult to
truly extinguish a fear that is both cue and
context-dependent. Virtual reality environments address
these issues by providing the complexity of the real world,
and at the same time allowing experimenters to constrain
fear conditioning and extinction parameters to yield
empirical data that can suggest better treatment options
and/or analyze mechanistic hypotheses. In order to test the
hypothesis that fear conditioning may be richly encoded and
context specific when conducted in a fully immersive
environment, we developed distinct virtual reality 3-D
contexts in which participants experienced fear conditioning
to virtual snakes or spiders. Auditory cues co-occurred with
the CS in order to further evoke orienting responses and a
feeling of "presence" in subjects. Skin conductance response
served as the dependent measure of fear acquisition, memory
retention and extinction.},
Doi = {10.3791/1993},
Key = {fds252419}
}
@article{fds252424,
Author = {Stanton, SJ and Labar, KS and Saini, EK and Kuhn, CM and Beehner,
JC},
Title = {Stressful politics: voters' cortisol responses to the
outcome of the 2008 United States Presidential
election.},
Journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology},
Volume = {35},
Number = {5},
Pages = {768-774},
Year = {2010},
Month = {June},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19962831},
Abstract = {Social subordination can be biologically stressful; when
mammals lose dominance contests they have acute increases in
the stress hormone cortisol. However, human studies of the
effect of dominance contest outcomes on cortisol changes
have had inconsistent results. Moreover, human studies have
been limited to face-to-face competitions and have
heretofore never examined cortisol responses to shifts in
political dominance hierarchies. The present study
investigated voters' cortisol responses to the outcome of
the 2008 United States Presidential election. 183
participants at two research sites (Michigan and North
Carolina) provided saliva samples at several time points
before and after the announcement of the winner on Election
Night. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure levels of
cortisol in the saliva samples. In North Carolina, John
McCain voters (losers) had increases in post-outcome
cortisol levels, whereas Barack Obama voters (winners) had
stable post-outcome cortisol levels. The present research
provides novel evidence that societal shifts in political
dominance can impact biological stress responses in voters
whose political party becomes socio-politically
subordinate.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.10.018},
Key = {fds252424}
}
@article{fds252423,
Author = {Dennis, NA and Need, AC and LaBar, KS and Waters-Metenier, S and Cirulli, ET and Kragel, J and Goldstein, DB and Cabeza,
R},
Title = {COMT val108/158 met genotype affects neural but not
cognitive processing in healthy individuals.},
Journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
Volume = {20},
Number = {3},
Pages = {672-683},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641018},
Abstract = {The relationship between cognition and a functional
polymorphism in the catechol-O-methlytransferase (COMT)
gene, val108/158met, is one of debate in the literature.
Furthermore, based on the dopaminergic differences
associated with the COMT val108/158met genotype, neural
differences during cognition may be present, regardless of
genotypic differences in cognitive performance. To
investigate these issues the current study aimed to 1)
examine the effects of COMT genotype using a large sample of
healthy individuals (n = 496-1218) and multiple cognitive
measures, and using a subset of the sample (n = 22), 2)
examine whether COMT genotype effects medial temporal lobe
(MTL) and frontal activity during successful relational
memory processing, and 3) investigate group differences in
functional connectivity associated with successful
relational memory processing. Results revealed no
significant group difference in cognitive performance
between COMT genotypes in any of the 19 cognitive measures.
However, in the subset sample, COMT val homozygotes
exhibited significantly decreased MTL and increased
prefrontal activity during both successful relational
encoding and retrieval, and reduced connectivity between
these regions compared with met homozygotes. Taken together,
the results suggest that although the COMT val108/158met
genotype has no effect on cognitive behavioral measures in
healthy individuals, it is associated with differences in
neural process underlying cognitive output.},
Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhp132},
Key = {fds252423}
}
@article{fds252425,
Author = {Graham, R and Friesen, CK and Fichtenholtz, HM and Labar,
KS},
Title = {Modulation of reflexive orienting to gaze direction by
facial expressions},
Journal = {Visual Cognition},
Volume = {18},
Number = {3},
Pages = {331-368},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1350-6285},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280802689281},
Abstract = {Facial expression and gaze perception are thought to share
brain mechanisms but behavioural interactions, especially
from gaze-cueing paradigms, are inconsistent. We conducted a
series of gaze-cueing studies using dynamic facial cues to
examine orienting across different emotional expression and
task conditions, including face inversion. Across
experiments, at a short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) we
observed both an expression effect (i.e., faster responses
when the face was emotional versus neutral) and a cue
validity effect (i.e., faster responses when the target was
gazed-at), but no interaction between validity and emotion.
Results from face inversion suggest that the emotion effect
may have been due to both facial expression and stimulus
motion. At longer SOAs, validity and emotion interacted such
that cueing by emotional faces, fearful faces in particular,
was enhanced relative to neutral faces. These results
converge with a growing body of evidence that suggests that
gaze and expression are initially processed independently
and interact at later stages to direct attentional
orienting. © 2009.},
Doi = {10.1080/13506280802689281},
Key = {fds252425}
}
@article{fds252422,
Author = {Botzung, A and Rubin, DC and Miles, A and Cabeza, R and Labar,
KS},
Title = {Mental hoop diaries: emotional memories of a college
basketball game in rival fans.},
Volume = {30},
Number = {6},
Pages = {2130-2137},
Publisher = {Society for Neuroscience},
Year = {2010},
Month = {February},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20147540},
Abstract = {The rivalry between the men's basketball teams of Duke
University and the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
(UNC) is one of the most storied traditions in college
sports. A subculture of students at each university form
social bonds with fellow fans, develop expertise in college
basketball rules, team statistics, and individual players,
and self-identify as a member of a fan group. The present
study capitalized on the high personal investment of these
fans and the strong affective tenor of a Duke-UNC basketball
game to examine the neural correlates of emotional memory
retrieval for a complex sporting event. Male fans watched a
competitive, archived game in a social setting. During a
subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging session,
participants viewed video clips depicting individual plays
of the game that ended with the ball being released toward
the basket. For each play, participants recalled whether or
not the shot went into the basket. Hemodynamic signal
changes time locked to correct memory decisions were
analyzed as a function of emotional intensity and valence,
according to the fan's perspective. Results showed
intensity-modulated retrieval activity in midline cortical
structures, sensorimotor cortex, the striatum, and the
medial temporal lobe, including the amygdala. Positively
valent memories specifically recruited processing in dorsal
frontoparietal regions, and additional activity in the
insula and medial temporal lobe for positively valent shots
recalled with high confidence. This novel paradigm reveals
how brain regions implicated in emotion, memory retrieval,
visuomotor imagery, and social cognition contribute to the
recollection of specific plays in the mind of a sports
fan.},
Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2481-09.2010},
Key = {fds252422}
}
@article{fds252418,
Author = {Botzung, A and Labar, KS and Kragel, P and Miles, A and Rubin,
DC},
Title = {Component Neural Systems for the Creation of Emotional
Memories during Free Viewing of a Complex, Real-World
Event.},
Volume = {4},
Pages = {34},
Publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
Year = {2010},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508750},
Abstract = {To investigate the neural systems that contribute to the
formation of complex, self-relevant emotional memories,
dedicated fans of rival college basketball teams watched a
competitive game while undergoing functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI). During a subsequent recognition
memory task, participants were shown video clips depicting
plays of the game, stemming either from previously-viewed
game segments (targets) or from non-viewed portions of the
same game (foils). After an old-new judgment, participants
provided emotional valence and intensity ratings of the
clips. A data driven approach was first used to decompose
the fMRI signal acquired during free viewing of the game
into spatially independent components. Correlations were
then calculated between the identified components and
post-scanning emotion ratings for successfully encoded
targets. Two components were correlated with intensity
ratings, including temporal lobe regions implicated in
memory and emotional functions, such as the hippocampus and
amygdala, as well as a midline fronto-cingulo-parietal
network implicated in social cognition and self-relevant
processing. These data were supported by a general linear
model analysis, which revealed additional valence effects in
fronto-striatal-insular regions when plays were divided into
positive and negative events according to the fan's
perspective. Overall, these findings contribute to our
understanding of how emotional factors impact distributed
neural systems to successfully encode dynamic,
personally-relevant event sequences.},
Doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2010.00034},
Key = {fds252418}
}
@article{fds252421,
Author = {Hayes, JP and Morey, RA and Petty, CM and Seth, S and Smoski, MJ and McCarthy, G and Labar, KS},
Title = {Staying cool when things get hot: emotion regulation
modulates neural mechanisms of memory encoding.},
Journal = {Front Hum Neurosci},
Volume = {4},
Pages = {230},
Year = {2010},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212840},
Abstract = {During times of emotional stress, individuals often engage
in emotion regulation to reduce the experiential and
physiological impact of negative emotions. Interestingly,
emotion regulation strategies also influence memory encoding
of the event. Cognitive reappraisal is associated with
enhanced memory while expressive suppression is associated
with impaired explicit memory of the emotional event.
However, the mechanism by which these emotion regulation
strategies affect memory is unclear. We used event-related
fMRI to investigate the neural mechanisms that give rise to
memory formation during emotion regulation. Twenty-five
participants viewed negative pictures while alternately
engaging in cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression,
or passive viewing. As part of the subsequent memory design,
participants returned to the laboratory two weeks later for
a surprise memory test. Behavioral results showed a
reduction in negative affect and a retention advantage for
reappraised stimuli relative to the other conditions.
Imaging results showed that successful encoding during
reappraisal was uniquely associated with greater
co-activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus, amygdala,
and hippocampus, suggesting a possible role for elaborative
encoding of negative memories. This study provides
neurobehavioral evidence that engaging in cognitive
reappraisal is advantageous to both affective and mnemonic
processes.},
Doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2010.00230},
Key = {fds252421}
}
@article{fds252386,
Author = {Morey, RA and Petty, CM and Xu, Y and Hayes, JP and Wagner, HR and Lewis,
DV and Labar, KS and Styner, M and McCarthy, G},
Title = {Rebuttal to Hasan and Pedraza in comments and controversies:
"Improving the reliability of manual and automated methods
for hippocampal and amygdala volume measurements".},
Journal = {Neuroimage},
Volume = {48},
Number = {3},
Pages = {499-500},
Year = {2009},
Month = {November},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19616634},
Abstract = {Here we address the critiques offered by Hasan and Pedraza
to our recently published manuscript comparing the
performance of two automated segmentation programs,
FSL/FIRST and FreeSurfer (Morey R, Petty C, Xu Y, Pannu
Hayes J, Wagner H, Lewis D, LaBar K, Styner M, McCarthy G.
(2009): A comparison of automated segmentation and manual
tracing for quantifying of hippocampal and amygdala volumes.
Neuroimage 45:855-866). We provide an assessment and
discussion of their specific critiques. Hasan and Pedraza
bring up some important points concerning our omission of
sample demographic features and inclusion of left and right
hemisphere volumes as independent measures in correlational
analyses. We present additional data on demographic
attributes of our sample and correlations analyzed
separately on left and right hemispheres of the amygdala and
hippocampus. While their commentary aids the reader to more
critically asses our study, it falls short of substantiating
that our omissions ought to lead readers to significantly
revise their interpretations. Further research will help to
disentangle the advantages and limitations of the various
freely-available automated segmentation software
packages.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.013},
Key = {fds252386}
}
@article{fds252429,
Author = {Stanton, SJ and Beehner, JC and Saini, EK and Kuhn, CM and Labar,
KS},
Title = {Dominance, politics, and physiology: voters' testosterone
changes on the night of the 2008 United States presidential
election.},
Journal = {PLoS One},
Volume = {4},
Number = {10},
Pages = {e7543},
Year = {2009},
Month = {October},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844583},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Political elections are dominance competitions.
When men win a dominance competition, their testosterone
levels rise or remain stable to resist a circadian decline;
and when they lose, their testosterone levels fall. However,
it is unknown whether this pattern of testosterone change
extends beyond interpersonal competitions to the vicarious
experience of winning or losing in the context of political
elections. Women's testosterone responses to dominance
competition outcomes are understudied, and to date, a clear
pattern of testosterone changes in response to winning and
losing dominance competitions has not emerged.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The present study
investigated voters' testosterone responses to the outcome
of the 2008 United States Presidential election. 183
participants provided multiple saliva samples before and
after the winner was announced on Election Night. The
results show that male Barack Obama voters (winners) had
stable post-outcome testosterone levels, whereas
testosterone levels dropped in male John McCain and Robert
Barr voters (losers). There were no significant effects in
female voters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The findings
indicate that male voters exhibit biological responses to
the realignment of a country's dominance hierarchy as if
they participated in an interpersonal dominance
contest.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0007543},
Key = {fds252429}
}
@article{fds252428,
Author = {Huff, NC and Hernandez, JA and Blanding, NQ and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Delayed extinction attenuates conditioned fear renewal and
spontaneous recovery in humans.},
Journal = {Behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {123},
Number = {4},
Pages = {834-843},
Year = {2009},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19634943},
Abstract = {This study investigated whether the retention interval after
an aversive learning experience influences the return of
fear after extinction training. After fear conditioning,
participants underwent extinction training either 5 min or 1
day later and in either the same room (same context) or a
different room (context shift). The next day, conditioned
fear was tested in the original room. When extinction took
place immediately, fear renewal was robust and prolonged for
context-shift participants, and spontaneous recovery was
observed in the same-context participants. Delayed
extinction, by contrast, yielded a brief form of fear
renewal that reextinguished within the testing session for
context-shift participants, and there was no spontaneous
recovery in the same-context participants. The authors
conclude that the passage of time allows for memory
consolidation processes to promote the formation of distinct
yet flexible emotional memory traces that confer an ability
to recall extinction, even in an alternate context, and
minimize the return of fear. Furthermore, immediate
extinction can yield spontaneous recovery and prolong fear
renewal. These findings have potential implications for
ameliorating fear relapse in anxiety disorders.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0016511},
Key = {fds252428}
}
@article{fds252426,
Author = {Dunsmoor, JE and Mitroff, SR and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Generalization of conditioned fear along a dimension of
increasing fear intensity.},
Journal = {Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)},
Volume = {16},
Number = {7},
Pages = {460-469},
Year = {2009},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19553384},
Abstract = {The present study investigated the extent to which fear
generalization in humans is determined by the amount of fear
intensity in nonconditioned stimuli relative to a
perceptually similar conditioned stimulus. Stimuli consisted
of graded emotionally expressive faces of the same identity
morphed between neutral and fearful endpoints. Two
experimental groups underwent discriminative fear
conditioning between a face stimulus of 55% fear intensity
(conditioned stimulus, CS+), reinforced with an electric
shock, and a second stimulus that was unreinforced (CS-). In
Experiment 1 the CS- was a relatively neutral face stimulus,
while in Experiment 2 the CS- was the most fear-intense
stimulus. Before and following fear conditioning, skin
conductance responses (SCR) were recorded to different morph
values along the neutral-to-fear dimension. Both
experimental groups showed gradients of generalization
following fear conditioning that increased with the fear
intensity of the stimulus. In Experiment 1 a peak shift in
SCRs extended to the most fear-intense stimulus. In
contrast, generalization to the most fear-intense stimulus
was reduced in Experiment 2, suggesting that discriminative
fear learning procedures can attenuate fear generalization.
Together, the findings indicate that fear generalization is
broadly tuned and sensitive to the amount of fear intensity
in nonconditioned stimuli, but that fear generalization can
come under stimulus control. These results reveal a novel
form of fear generalization in humans that is not merely
based on physical similarity to a conditioned exemplar, and
may have implications for understanding generalization
processes in anxiety disorders characterized by heightened
sensitivity to nonthreatening stimuli.},
Doi = {10.1101/lm.1431609},
Key = {fds252426}
}
@article{fds252432,
Author = {Morey, RA and Dolcos, F and Petty, CM and Cooper, DA and Hayes, JP and LaBar, KS and McCarthy, G},
Title = {The role of trauma-related distractors on neural systems for
working memory and emotion processing in posttraumatic
stress disorder.},
Journal = {J Psychiatr Res},
Volume = {43},
Number = {8},
Pages = {809-817},
Year = {2009},
Month = {May},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19091328},
Abstract = {The relevance of emotional stimuli to threat and survival
confers a privileged role in their processing. In PTSD, the
ability of trauma-related information to divert attention is
especially pronounced. Information unrelated to the trauma
may also be highly distracting when it shares perceptual
features with trauma material. Our goal was to study how
trauma-related environmental cues modulate working memory
networks in PTSD. We examined neural activity in
participants performing a visual working memory task while
distracted by task-irrelevant trauma and non-trauma
material. Recent post-9/11 veterans were divided into a PTSD
group (n=22) and a trauma-exposed control group (n=20) based
on the Davidson trauma scale. Using fMRI, we measured
hemodynamic change in response to emotional (trauma-related)
and neutral distraction presented during the active
maintenance period of a delayed-response working memory
task. The goal was to examine differences in functional
networks associated with working memory (dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex and lateral parietal cortex) and emotion
processing (amygdala, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and
fusiform gyrus). The PTSD group showed markedly different
neural activity compared to the trauma-exposed control group
in response to task-irrelevant visual distractors. Enhanced
activity in ventral emotion processing regions was
associated with trauma distractors in the PTSD group,
whereas activity in brain regions associated with working
memory and attention regions was disrupted by distractor
stimuli independent of trauma content. Neural evidence for
the impact of distraction on working memory is consistent
with PTSD symptoms of hypervigilance and general
distractibility during goal-directed cognitive
processing.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.10.014},
Key = {fds252432}
}
@article{fds252430,
Author = {Pannu Hayes and J and Labar, KS and Petty, CM and McCarthy, G and Morey,
RA},
Title = {Alterations in the neural circuitry for emotion and
attention associated with posttraumatic stress
symptomatology.},
Journal = {Psychiatry Res},
Volume = {172},
Number = {1},
Pages = {7-15},
Year = {2009},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0165-1781},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19237269},
Abstract = {Information processing models of posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) suggest that PTSD is characterized by
preferential allocation of attentional resources to
potentially threatening stimuli. However, few studies have
examined the neural pattern underlying attention and emotion
in association with PTSD symptomatology. In the present
study, combat veterans with PTSD symptomatology engaged in
an emotional oddball task while undergoing functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Veterans were classified
into a high or low symptomatology group based on their
scores on the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS). Participants
discriminated infrequent target stimuli (circles) from
frequent standards (squares) while emotional and neutral
distractors were presented infrequently and irregularly.
Results revealed that participants with greater PTSD
symptomatology showed enhanced neural activity in
ventral-limbic and dorsal regions for emotional stimuli and
attenuated activity in dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal
regions for attention targets. In the anterior cingulate
gyrus, participants with fewer PTSD symptoms showed
equivalent responses to attentional and emotional stimuli
while the high symptom group showed greater activation for
negative emotional stimuli. Taken together, the results
suggest that hyperresponsive ventral-limbic activity coupled
with altered dorsal-attention and anterior cingulate
function may be a neural marker of attention bias in
PTSD.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.05.005},
Key = {fds252430}
}
@article{fds252431,
Author = {Morey, RA and Petty, CM and Xu, Y and Hayes, JP and Wagner, HR and Lewis,
DV and LaBar, KS and Styner, M and McCarthy, G},
Title = {A comparison of automated segmentation and manual tracing
for quantifying hippocampal and amygdala
volumes.},
Journal = {Neuroimage},
Volume = {45},
Number = {3},
Pages = {855-866},
Year = {2009},
Month = {April},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19162198},
Abstract = {Large databases of high-resolution structural MR images are
being assembled to quantitatively examine the relationships
between brain anatomy, disease progression, treatment
regimens, and genetic influences upon brain structure.
Quantifying brain structures in such large databases cannot
be practically accomplished by expert neuroanatomists using
hand-tracing. Rather, this research will depend upon
automated methods that reliably and accurately segment and
quantify dozens of brain regions. At present, there is
little guidance available to help clinical research groups
in choosing such tools. Thus, our goal was to compare the
performance of two popular and fully automated tools,
FSL/FIRST and FreeSurfer, to expert hand tracing in the
measurement of the hippocampus and amygdala. Volumes derived
from each automated measurement were compared to hand
tracing for percent volume overlap, percent volume
difference, across-sample correlation, and 3-D group-level
shape analysis. In addition, sample size estimates for
conducting between-group studies were computed for a range
of effect sizes. Compared to hand tracing, hippocampal
measurements with FreeSurfer exhibited greater volume
overlap, smaller volume difference, and higher correlation
than FIRST, and sample size estimates with FreeSurfer were
closer to hand tracing. Amygdala measurement with FreeSurfer
was also more highly correlated to hand tracing than FIRST,
but exhibited a greater volume difference than FIRST. Both
techniques had comparable volume overlap and similar sample
size estimates. Compared to hand tracing, a 3-D shape
analysis of the hippocampus showed FreeSurfer was more
accurate than FIRST, particularly in the head and tail.
However, FIRST more accurately represented the amygdala
shape than FreeSurfer, which inflated its anterior and
posterior surfaces.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.033},
Key = {fds252431}
}
@article{fds252427,
Author = {Fichtenholtz, HM and Hopfinger, JB and Graham, R and Detwiler, JM and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Event-related potentials reveal temporal staging of dynamic
facial expression and gaze shift effects on attentional
orienting.},
Journal = {Social neuroscience},
Volume = {4},
Number = {4},
Pages = {317-331},
Year = {2009},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19274577},
Abstract = {Multiple sources of information from the face guide
attention during social interaction. The present study
modified the Posner cueing paradigm to investigate how
dynamic changes in emotional expression and eye gaze in
faces affect the neural processing of subsequent target
stimuli. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while
participants viewed centrally presented face displays in
which gaze direction (left, direct, right) and facial
expression (fearful, neutral) covaried in a fully crossed
design. Gaze direction was not predictive of peripheral
target location. ERP analysis revealed several sequential
effects, including: (1) an early enhancement of target
processing following fearful faces (P1); (2) an interaction
between expression and gaze (N1), with enhanced target
processing following fearful faces with rightward gaze; and
(3) an interaction between gaze and target location (P3),
with enhanced processing for invalidly cued left visual
field targets. Behaviorally, participants responded faster
to targets following fearful faces and targets presented in
the right visual field, in concordance with the P1 and N1
effects, respectively. The findings indicate that two
nonverbal social cues-facial expression and gaze
direction-modulate attentional orienting across different
temporal stages of processing. Results have implications for
understanding the mental chronometry of shared attention and
social referencing.},
Doi = {10.1080/17470910902809487},
Key = {fds252427}
}
@article{fds252433,
Author = {Thomas, LA and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Fear relevancy, strategy use, and probabilistic learning of
cue-outcome associations.},
Journal = {Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)},
Volume = {15},
Number = {10},
Pages = {777-784},
Year = {2008},
Month = {October},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832564},
Abstract = {The goal of this study was to determine how the fear
relevancy of outcomes during probabilistic classification
learning affects behavior and strategy use. Novel variants
of the "weather prediction" task were created, in which cue
cards predicted either looming fearful or neutral outcomes
in a between-groups design. Strategy use was examined by
goodness-of-fit estimates of response patterns across trial
blocks to mathematical models of simple, complex, and
nonidentifiable strategies. Participants in the emotional
condition who were fearful of the outcomes had greater skin
conductance responses compared with controls and performed
worse, used suboptimal strategies, and had less insight into
the predictive cue features during initial learning. In
contrast, nonfearful participants in the emotional condition
used more optimal strategies than the other groups by the
end of the two training days. Results have implications for
understanding how individual differences in fear relevancy
alter the impact of emotion on feedback-based
learning.},
Doi = {10.1101/lm.1048808},
Key = {fds252433}
}
@article{fds252436,
Author = {Wang, L and LaBar, KS and Smoski, M and Rosenthal, MZ and Dolcos, F and Lynch, TR and Krishnan, RR and McCarthy, G},
Title = {Prefrontal mechanisms for executive control over emotional
distraction are altered in major depression.},
Journal = {Psychiatry Res},
Volume = {163},
Number = {2},
Pages = {143-155},
Year = {2008},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0165-1781},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18455373},
Abstract = {A dysfunction in the interaction between executive function
and mood regulation has been proposed as the pathophysiology
of depression. However, few studies have investigated the
alteration in brain systems related to executive control
over emotional distraction in depression. To address this
issue, 19 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and
20 healthy controls were scanned using functional magnetic
resonance imaging. Participants performed an emotional
oddball task in which infrequently presented circle targets
required detection while sad and neutral pictures were
irrelevant novel distractors. Hemodynamic responses were
compared for targets, sad distractors, and for targets that
followed sad or neutral distractors (Target-after-Sad and
Target-after-Neutral). Patients with MDD revealed attenuated
activation overall to targets in executive brain regions.
Behaviorally, MDD patients were slower in response to
Target-after-Sad than Target-after-Neutra stimuli. Patients
also revealed a reversed activation pattern from controls in
response to this contrast in the left anterior cingulate,
insula, right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and bilateral
middle frontal gyrus. Those patients who engaged the right
IFG more during Target-after-Neutral stimuli responded
faster to targets, confirming a role of this region in
coping with emotional distraction. The results provide
direct evidence of an alteration in the neural systems that
interplay cognition with mood in MDD.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.10.004},
Key = {fds252436}
}
@article{fds252393,
Author = {St, JP and Rubin, DC and LaBar, KS and Cabeza, R},
Title = {The short and long of it: neural correlates of
temporal-order memory for autobiographical
events.},
Volume = {20},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1327-1341},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Year = {2008},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0898-929X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284345},
Abstract = {Previous functional neuroimaging studies of temporal-order
memory have investigated memory for laboratory stimuli that
are causally unrelated and poor in sensory detail. In
contrast, the present functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) study investigated temporal-order memory for
autobiographical events that were causally interconnected
and rich in sensory detail. Participants took photographs at
many campus locations over a period of several hours, and
the following day they were scanned while making
temporal-order judgments to pairs of photographs from
different locations. By manipulating the temporal lag
between the two locations in each trial, we compared the
neural correlates associated with reconstruction processes,
which we hypothesized depended on recollection and
contribute mainly to short lags, and distance processes,
which we hypothesized to depend on familiarity and
contribute mainly to longer lags. Consistent with our
hypotheses, parametric fMRI analyses linked shorter lags to
activations in regions previously associated with
recollection (left prefrontal, parahippocampal, precuneus,
and visual cortices), and longer lags with regions
previously associated with familiarity (right prefrontal
cortex). The hemispheric asymmetry in prefrontal cortex
activity fits very well with evidence and theories regarding
the contributions of the left versus right prefrontal cortex
to memory (recollection vs. familiarity processes) and
cognition (systematic vs. heuristic processes). In sum,
using a novel photo-paradigm, this study provided the first
evidence regarding the neural correlates of temporal-order
for autobiographical events.},
Doi = {10.1162/jocn.2008.20091},
Key = {fds252393}
}
@article{fds252435,
Author = {Doty, TJ and Payne, ME and Steffens, DC and Beyer, JL and Krishnan, KRR and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Age-dependent reduction of amygdala volume in bipolar
disorder.},
Journal = {Psychiatry Res},
Volume = {163},
Number = {1},
Pages = {84-94},
Year = {2008},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0165-1781},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18407469},
Abstract = {The amygdala is hypothesized to play a critical role in mood
regulation, yet its involvement in bipolar disorder remains
unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare
measurements of amygdala volumes in a relatively large
sample of bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls
ranging in age from 18 to 49 years. Subjects comprised 54
adult patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder
and 41 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and education.
Magnetic resonance imaging (1.5 T) was performed to obtain
volumetric measurements of the amygdala using a manual
region-of-interest tracing method with software that allowed
simultaneous visualization of the amygdala in three
orthogonal planes. The anterior head of the hippocampus was
removed in the sagittal plane prior to amygdala volumetry
measurement. Multiple regression analysis was computed on
amygdala volume measurements as a function of diagnosis,
age, sex, and cerebral volume. Bipolar patients showed an
age-related reduction of amygdala volume, but controls did
not. Among bipolar subjects, amygdala volume was unrelated
to medication history. There were no significant hemispheric
or sex interactions with the main effects. Results support a
role for amygdala dysfunction in bipolar disorder which
appears most robustly in older relative to younger adult
patients. Differential aging effects in bipolar disorder may
compromise amygdala integrity and contribute to mood
dysregulation.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.08.003},
Key = {fds252435}
}
@article{fds252434,
Author = {Morey, RA and Petty, CM and Cooper, DA and Labar, KS and McCarthy,
G},
Title = {Neural systems for executive and emotional processing are
modulated by symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in
Iraq War veterans.},
Journal = {Psychiatry Res},
Volume = {162},
Number = {1},
Pages = {59-72},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0165-1781},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18093809},
Abstract = {The symptom-provocation paradigms generally used in
neuroimaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
have placed high demands on emotion processing but lacked
cognitive processing, thereby limiting the ability to assess
alterations in neural systems that subserve executive
functions and their interactions with emotion processing.
Thirty-nine veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan underwent
functional magnetic resonance imaging while exposed to
emotional combat-related and neutral civilian scenes
interleaved with an executive processing task. Contrast
activation maps were regressed against PTSD symptoms as
measured by the Davidson Trauma Scale. Activation for
emotional compared with neutral stimuli was highly
positively correlated with level of PTSD symptoms in ventral
frontolimbic regions, notably the ventromedial prefrontal
cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, and ventral anterior
cingulate gyrus. Conversely, activation for the executive
task was negatively correlated with PTSD symptoms in the
dorsal executive network, notably the middle frontal gyrus,
dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus, and inferior parietal
lobule. Thus, there is a strong link between the
subjectively assessed behavioral phenomenology of PTSD and
objective neurobiological markers. These findings extend the
largely symptom provocation-based functional neuroanatomy to
provide evidence that interrelated executive and emotional
processing systems of the brain are differentially affected
by PTSD symptomatology in recently deployed war
veterans.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.07.007},
Key = {fds252434}
}
@article{fds252437,
Author = {Daselaar, SM and Rice, HJ and Greenberg, DL and Cabeza, R and LaBar, KS and Rubin, DC},
Title = {The spatiotemporal dynamics of autobiographical memory:
neural correlates of recall, emotional intensity, and
reliving.},
Volume = {18},
Number = {1},
Pages = {217-229},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17548799},
Abstract = {We sought to map the time course of autobiographical memory
retrieval, including brain regions that mediate
phenomenological experiences of reliving and emotional
intensity. Participants recalled personal memories to
auditory word cues during event-related functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants pressed a button when
a memory was accessed, maintained and elaborated the memory,
and then gave subjective ratings of emotion and reliving. A
novel fMRI approach based on timing differences capitalized
on the protracted reconstructive process of autobiographical
memory to segregate brain areas contributing to initial
access and later elaboration and maintenance of episodic
memories. The initial period engaged hippocampal,
retrosplenial, and medial and right prefrontal activity,
whereas the later period recruited visual, precuneus, and
left prefrontal activity. Emotional intensity ratings were
correlated with activity in several regions, including the
amygdala and the hippocampus during the initial period.
Reliving ratings were correlated with activity in visual
cortex and ventromedial and inferior prefrontal regions
during the later period. Frontopolar cortex was the only
brain region sensitive to emotional intensity across both
periods. Results were confirmed by time-locked averages of
the fMRI signal. The findings indicate dynamic recruitment
of emotion-, memory-, and sensory-related brain regions
during remembering and their dissociable contributions to
phenomenological features of the memories.},
Doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhm048},
Key = {fds252437}
}
@article{fds252445,
Author = {Fichtenholtz, HM and Hopfinger, JB and Graham, R and Detwiler, JM and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Happy and fearful emotion in cues and targets modulate
event-related potential indices of gaze-directed attentional
orienting.},
Journal = {Social cognitive and affective neuroscience},
Volume = {2},
Number = {4},
Pages = {323-333},
Year = {2007},
Month = {December},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18626515},
Abstract = {The goal of the present study was to characterize the
effects of valence in facial cues and object targets on
event-related potential (ERPs) indices of gaze-directed
orienting. Participants were shown faces at fixation that
concurrently displayed dynamic gaze shifts and expression
changes from neutral to fearful or happy emotions.
Emotionally-salient target objects subsequently appeared in
the periphery and were spatially congruent or incongruent
with the gaze direction. ERPs were time-locked to target
presentation. Three sequential ERP components were modulated
by happy emotion, indicating a progression from an
expression effect to a gaze-by-expression interaction to a
target emotion effect. These effects included larger P1
amplitude over contralateral occipital sites for targets
following happy faces, larger centrally distributed N1
amplitude for targets following happy faces with leftward
gaze, and faster P3 latency for positive targets. In
addition, parietally distributed P3 amplitude was reduced
for validly cued targets following fearful expressions.
Results are consistent with accounts of attentional
broadening and motivational approach by happy emotion, and
facilitation of spatially directed attention in the presence
of fearful cues. The findings have implications for
understanding how socioemotional signals in faces interact
with each other and with emotional features of objects in
the environment to alter attentional processes.},
Doi = {10.1093/scan/nsm026},
Key = {fds252445}
}
@article{fds252438,
Author = {Zucker, NL and Losh, M and Bulik, CM and LaBar, KS and Piven, J and Pelphrey, KA},
Title = {Anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorders: guided
investigation of social cognitive endophenotypes.},
Journal = {Psychol Bull},
Volume = {133},
Number = {6},
Pages = {976-1006},
Year = {2007},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0033-2909},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17967091},
Abstract = {Death by suicide occurs in a disproportionate percentage of
individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), with a standardized
mortality ratio indicating a 57-fold greater risk of death
from suicide relative to an age-matched cohort. Longitudinal
studies indicate impaired social functioning increases risk
for fatal outcomes, while social impairment persists
following recovery. Study of social cognition in AN may
elucidate impaired processes that may influence therapeutic
efficacy. Symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are
overrepresented in those who evidence a chronic course.
Relative to that in AN, social information processing in ASD
is well characterized and may inform systematic study in AN.
This article (a) reviews impaired interpersonal processes in
AN, (b) compares the phenotype of AN with that of ASD, (c)
highlights deficits of social cognitive disturbance in ASD
relative to AN, and (d) proposes a new framework to
understand the interaction of individuals with AN with their
social context.},
Doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.133.6.976},
Key = {fds252438}
}
@article{fds252443,
Author = {Thomas, LA and De Bellis, MD and Graham, R and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Development of emotional facial recognition in late
childhood and adolescence.},
Journal = {Developmental science},
Volume = {10},
Number = {5},
Pages = {547-558},
Year = {2007},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1363-755X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17683341},
Abstract = {The ability to interpret emotions in facial expressions is
crucial for social functioning across the lifespan. Facial
expression recognition develops rapidly during infancy and
improves with age during the preschool years. However, the
developmental trajectory from late childhood to adulthood is
less clear. We tested older children, adolescents and adults
on a two-alternative forced-choice discrimination task using
morphed faces that varied in emotional content. Actors
appeared to pose expressions that changed incrementally
along three progressions: neutral-to-fear, neutral-to-anger,
and fear-to-anger. Across all three morph types, adults
displayed more sensitivity to subtle changes in emotional
expression than children and adolescents. Fear morphs and
fear-to-anger blends showed a linear developmental
trajectory, whereas anger morphs showed a quadratic trend,
increasing sharply from adolescents to adults. The results
provide evidence for late developmental changes in emotional
expression recognition with some specificity in the time
course for distinct emotions.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00614.x},
Key = {fds252443}
}
@article{fds252440,
Author = {Pelphrey, KA and Morris, JP and McCarthy, G and Labar,
KS},
Title = {Perception of dynamic changes in facial affect and identity
in autism.},
Journal = {Social cognitive and affective neuroscience},
Volume = {2},
Number = {2},
Pages = {140-149},
Year = {2007},
Month = {June},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174910},
Abstract = {Despite elegant behavioral descriptions of abnormalities for
processing emotional facial expressions and biological
motion in autism, identification of the neural mechanisms
underlying these abnormalities remains a critical and
largely unmet challenge. We compared brain activity with
dynamic and static facial expressions in participants with
and without high-functioning autism using event-related
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and three
classes of face stimuli-emotion morphs (fearful and angry),
identity morphs and static images (fearful, angry and
neutral). We observed reduced activity in the amygdala (AMY)
and fusiform gyrus (FFG) to dynamic emotional expressions in
people with autism. There was also a lack of modulation by
dynamic compared with static emotional expressions of social
brain regions including the AMY, posterior superior temporal
sulcus (STS) region and FFG. We observed equivalent emotion
and identity morph-evoked activity in participants with and
without autism in a region corresponding to the expected
location of the more generally motion-sensitive area MT or
V5. We conclude that dysfunctions in key components of the
human face processing system including the AMY, FFG and
posterior STS region are present in individuals with
high-functioning autism, and this dysfunction might
contribute to the deficits in processing emotional facial
expressions.},
Doi = {10.1093/scan/nsm010},
Key = {fds252440}
}
@article{fds252442,
Author = {Graham, R and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Garner interference reveals dependencies between emotional
expression and gaze in face perception.},
Journal = {Emotion (Washington, D.C.)},
Volume = {7},
Number = {2},
Pages = {296-313},
Year = {2007},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {1528-3542},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17516809},
Abstract = {The relationship between facial expression and gaze
processing was investigated with the Garner selective
attention paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants performed
expression judgments without interference from gaze, but
expression interfered with gaze judgments. Experiment 2
replicated these results across different emotions. In both
experiments, expression judgments occurred faster than gaze
judgments, suggesting that expression was processed before
gaze could interfere. In Experiments 3 and 4, the difficulty
of the emotion discrimination was increased in two different
ways. In both cases, gaze interfered with emotion judgments
and vice versa. Furthermore, increasing the difficulty of
the emotion discrimination resulted in gaze and expression
interactions. Results indicate that expression and gaze
interactions are modulated by discriminability. Whereas
expression generally interferes with gaze judgments, gaze
direction modulates expression processing only when facial
emotion is difficult to discriminate.},
Doi = {10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.296},
Key = {fds252442}
}
@article{fds252444,
Author = {Dillon, DG and Ritchey, M and Johnson, BD and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Dissociable effects of conscious emotion regulation
strategies on explicit and implicit memory.},
Journal = {Emotion (Washington, D.C.)},
Volume = {7},
Number = {2},
Pages = {354-365},
Year = {2007},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {1528-3542},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17516813},
Abstract = {The authors manipulated emotion regulation strategies at
encoding and administered explicit and implicit memory
tests. In Experiment 1, participants used reappraisal to
enhance and decrease the personal relevance of unpleasant
and neutral pictures. In Experiment 2, decrease cues were
replaced with suppress cues that directed participants to
inhibit emotion-expressive behavior. Across experiments,
using reappraisal to enhance the personal relevance of
pictures improved free recall. By contrast, attempting to
suppress emotional displays tended to impair recall,
especially compared to the enhance condition. Using
reappraisal to decrease the personal relevance of pictures
had different effects depending on picture type. Paired with
unpleasant pictures, the decrease cue tended to improve
recall. Paired with neutral stimuli, the decrease cue tended
to impair recall. Emotion regulation did not affect
perceptual priming. Results highlight dissociable effects of
emotion regulation on explicit and implicit memory, as well
as dissociations between regulation strategies with respect
to explicit memory.},
Doi = {10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.354},
Key = {fds252444}
}
@article{fds252373,
Author = {Morey, RA and Petty, CM and Cooper, DA and Labar, KS and McCarthy,
G},
Title = {Neural systems for executive and emotional processing are
modulated by level of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
in Iraq war veterans},
Journal = {BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY},
Volume = {61},
Number = {8},
Pages = {182S-182S},
Publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC},
Year = {2007},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0006-3223},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000245698100584&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {fds252373}
}
@article{fds252439,
Author = {Schmajuk, NA and Larrauri, JA and Labar, KS},
Title = {Reinstatement of conditioned fear and the hippocampus: an
attentional-associative model.},
Journal = {Behavioural brain research},
Volume = {177},
Number = {2},
Pages = {242-253},
Year = {2007},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0166-4328},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17178163},
Abstract = {An existing attentional-associative model of classical
conditioning [Schmajuk N, Lam Y, Gray JA. Latent inhibition:
a neural network approach. J Exp Psychol: Anim Behav Process
1996;22:321-49] is applied to the description of
reinstatement in animals and humans. According to the model,
inhibitory associations between the context (CX) and
unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed during extinction,
which help preserve the association between the conditioned
stimulus (CS) and the US. However, summation and retardation
tests fail to reveal these associations because (a) the CX
is not attended or (b) a CX-CS configural stimulus formed
during extinction is both poorly attended and weakly active
during testing. When US presentations and testing occur in
the same context, reinstatement is the consequence of a
decreased CX inhibition and the increased attention to the
CS, which activates the remaining CS-US association. When US
presentations occur in the context of extinction but the CS
is tested in a different context, reinstatement results from
an increased attention to the CS and the combination of
CS-CX and CX-US excitatory associations. The assumption that
associations between CSs are impaired following neurotoxic
hippocampal lesions or in amnesia, is sufficient to describe
absence of reinstatement in those cases. However, additional
assumptions might be needed to describe the effect of
hippocampal lesions on other postextinction
manipulations.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.026},
Key = {fds252439}
}
@article{fds252441,
Author = {Labar, KS},
Title = {Beyond Fear Emotional Memory Mechanisms in the Human
Brain.},
Journal = {Current directions in psychological science},
Volume = {16},
Number = {4},
Pages = {173-177},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0963-7214},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18604284},
Abstract = {Neurobiological accounts of emotional memory have been
derived largely from animal models investigating the
encoding and retention of memories for events that signal
threat. This literature has implicated the amygdala, a
structure in the brain's temporal lobe, in the learning and
consolidation of fear memories. Its role in fear
conditioning has been confirmed, but the human amygdala also
interacts with cortical regions to mediate other aspects of
emotional memory. These include the encoding and
consolidation of pleasant and unpleasant arousing events
into long-term memory, the narrowing of focus on central
emotional information, the retrieval of prior emotional
events and contexts, and the subjective experience of
recollection and emotional intensity during retrieval. Along
with other mechanisms that do not involve the amygdala,
these functions ensure that significant life events leave a
lasting impression in memory.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00498.x},
Key = {fds252441}
}
@article{fds252447,
Author = {Graham, R and Devinsky, O and Labar, KS},
Title = {Quantifying deficits in the perception of fear and anger in
morphed facial expressions after bilateral amygdala
damage.},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {45},
Number = {1},
Pages = {42-54},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-3932},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16806315},
Abstract = {Amygdala damage has been associated with impairments in
perceiving facial expressions of fear. However, deficits in
perceiving other emotions, such as anger, and deficits in
perceiving emotion blends have not been definitively
established. One possibility is that methods used to index
expression perception are susceptible to heuristic use,
which may obscure impairments. To examine this, we adapted a
task used to examine categorical perception of morphed
facial expressions [Etcoff, N. L., & Magee, J. J. (1992).
Categorical perception of facial expressions. Cognition,
44(3), 227-240]. In one version of the task, expressions
were categorized with unlimited time constraints. In the
other, expressions were presented with limited exposure
durations to tap more automatic aspects of processing. Three
morph progressions were employed: neutral to anger, neutral
to fear, and fear to anger. Both tasks were administered to
a participant with bilateral amygdala damage (S.P.), age-
and education-matched controls, and young controls. The
second task was also administered to unilateral temporal
lobectomy patients. In the first version, S.P. showed
impairments relative to normal controls on the
neutral-to-anger and fear-to-anger morphs, but not on the
neutral-to-fear morph. However, reaction times suggested
that speed-accuracy tradeoffs could account for results. In
the second version, S.P. showed impairments on all morph
types relative to all other subject groups. A third
experiment showed that this deficit did not extend to the
perception of morphed identities. These results imply that
when heuristics use is discouraged on tasks utilizing subtle
emotion transitions, deficits in the perception of anger and
anger/fear blends, as well as fear, are evident with
bilateral amygdala damage.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.021},
Key = {fds252447}
}
@article{fds252385,
Author = {Wang, L and LaBar, KS and McCarthy, G},
Title = {Mood alters amygdala activation to sad distractors during an
attentional task.},
Journal = {Biol Psychiatry},
Volume = {60},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1139-1146},
Year = {2006},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0006-3223},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16713587},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: A behavioral hallmark of mood disorders is
biased perception and memory for sad events. The amygdala is
poised to mediate internal mood and external event
processing because of its connections with both the internal
milieu and the sensory world. There is little evidence
showing that the amygdala's response to sad sensory stimuli
is functionally modulated by mood state, however. METHODS:
We investigated the impact of mood on amygdala activation
evoked by sad and neutral pictures presented as distractors
during an attentional oddball task. Healthy adults underwent
functional magnetic resonance imaging during task runs that
were preceded by sad or happy movie clips. Happy and sad
mood induction was conducted within-subjects on consecutive
days in counterbalanced order. RESULTS: Amygdala activation
to sad distractors was enhanced after viewing sad movies
relative to happy ones and was correlated with reaction time
costs to detect attentional targets. The activation was
higher in female subjects in the right hemisphere. The
anterior cingulate, ventromedial and orbital prefrontal
cortex, insula, and other posterior regions also showed
enhanced responses to sad distractors during sad mood.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal brain mechanisms that
integrate emotional input and current mood state, with
implications for understanding cognitive distractibility in
depression.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.021},
Key = {fds252385}
}
@article{fds252446,
Author = {Dillon, DG and Cooper, JJ and Grent-'t-Jong, T and Woldorff, MG and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Dissociation of event-related potentials indexing arousal
and semantic cohesion during emotional word
encoding.},
Journal = {Brain Cogn},
Volume = {62},
Number = {1},
Pages = {43-57},
Year = {2006},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0278-2626},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678953},
Abstract = {Event-related potential (ERP) studies have shown that
emotional stimuli elicit greater amplitude late
positive-polarity potentials (LPPs) than neutral stimuli.
This effect has been attributed to arousal, but emotional
stimuli are also more semantically coherent than
uncategorized neutral stimuli. ERPs were recorded during
encoding of positive, negative, uncategorized neutral, and
categorized neutral words. Differences in LPP amplitude
elicited by emotional versus uncategorized neutral stimuli
were evident from 450 to 1000 ms. From 450 to 700 ms, LPP
effects at midline and right hemisphere frontal electrodes
indexed arousal, whereas LPP effects at left hemisphere
centro-parietal electrodes indexed semantic cohesion. This
dissociation helps specify the processes underlying
emotional stimulus encoding, and suggests the need to
control for semantic cohesion in emotional information
processing studies.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.bandc.2006.03.008},
Key = {fds252446}
}
@article{fds252372,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Integrating psychophysiology and fMRI to study attention and
learning},
Journal = {PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY},
Volume = {43},
Pages = {S12-S12},
Publisher = {BLACKWELL PUBLISHING},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0048-5772},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000239965400048&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {fds252372}
}
@article{fds252384,
Author = {Graham, R and Devinsky, O and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Sequential ordering of morphed faces and facial expressions
following temporal lobe damage.},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {44},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1398-1405},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-3932},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16464481},
Abstract = {A card ordering task was developed to evaluate the role of
the temporal lobe in perceiving subtle featural
displacements of faces that contribute to judgments of
facial expression and identity. Individuals with varying
degrees of temporal lobe damage and healthy controls were
required to manually sort cards depicting morphs of facial
expressions or facial identities so that the cards were
sequentially ordered from one morph endpoint to another.
Four morph progressions were used--three emotion morphs
(neutral-to-anger, neutral-to-fear, and fear-to-anger) and
an identity morph. Five exemplars were given per morph type.
Debriefing verified that participants were using
feature-level cues to sort the cards. A patient with
bilateral amygdala damage due to epilepsy did not differ in
her sorting abilities from unilateral temporal lobectomy
patients or controls. In contrast, a post-encephalitic
patient with widespread left temporal lobe damage showed
impairments that were most marked on the fear-to-anger and
identity sorts. These results show that amygdala-damaged
individuals can use information contained in facial
expressions to solve tasks that rely on feature-level
analysis, which recruits processing in other temporal lobe
regions involved in making fine featural
distinctions.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.12.010},
Key = {fds252384}
}
@article{fds252448,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Cabeza, R},
Title = {Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory.},
Journal = {Nature reviews. Neuroscience},
Volume = {7},
Number = {1},
Pages = {54-64},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1471-003X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371950},
Abstract = {Emotional events often attain a privileged status in memory.
Cognitive neuroscientists have begun to elucidate the
psychological and neural mechanisms underlying emotional
retention advantages in the human brain. The amygdala is a
brain structure that directly mediates aspects of emotional
learning and facilitates memory operations in other regions,
including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
Emotion-memory interactions occur at various stages of
information processing, from the initial encoding and
consolidation of memory traces to their long-term retrieval.
Recent advances are revealing new insights into the
reactivation of latent emotional associations and the
recollection of personal episodes from the remote
past.},
Doi = {10.1038/nrn1825},
Key = {fds252448}
}
@article{fds252390,
Author = {Zorawski, M and Blanding, NQ and Kuhn, CM and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Effects of stress and sex on acquisition and consolidation
of human fear conditioning.},
Journal = {Learn Mem},
Volume = {13},
Number = {4},
Pages = {441-450},
Year = {2006},
ISSN = {1072-0502},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847304},
Abstract = {We examined the relationship between stress hormone
(cortisol) release and acquisition and consolidation of
conditioned fear learning in healthy adults. Participants
underwent acquisition of differential fear conditioning, and
consolidation was assessed in a 24-h delayed extinction
test. The acquisition phase was immediately followed by an
11-min psychosocial stress period (arithmetic test combined
with a public speech). Salivary cortisol was sampled at
various time points before and after acquisition and
retention of fear conditioning. Results showed two effects
of endogenous cortisol. Post-acquisition cortisol correlated
with fear acquisition in male but not female participants.
In addition, post-acquisition cortisol correlated with
consolidation of fear but only in those participants with
high cortisol levels. We conclude that in the short term, a
robust and sexually dimorphic relationship exists between
fear learning and stress hormone levels. For those
participants whose fear learning is accompanied by high
stress hormone levels, a long-term relationship exists
between cortisol release and memory consolidation. These
short-term and long-term effects may relate to the
differential involvement of mineralocorticoid and
glucocorticoid receptor subtypes, respectively. The findings
have implications for understanding the role of stress, sex,
and hormones in different stages of fear learning and
memory.},
Doi = {10.1101/lm.189106},
Key = {fds252390}
}
@article{fds252449,
Author = {Dillon, DG and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Startle modulation during conscious emotion regulation is
arousal-dependent.},
Journal = {Behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {119},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1118-1124},
Year = {2005},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0735-7044},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16187839},
Abstract = {Conscious regulation of negative emotion has been shown to
affect human eyeblink startle responses, but whether these
results depend on modulation of arousal- or valence-based
processes is unknown. The authors presented participants
with negative, neutral, and positive pictures and directed
them to enhance, maintain, and suppress emotional responses.
On emotional picture trials, startle responses decreased as
a function of cue in the following order: enhance > maintain
> suppress. Analysis of negative and positive picture trials
separately revealed similar patterns of startle modulation
by emotion regulation. There were no effects of emotion
regulation on neutral trials. Results indicate that arousal,
not valence, may be critical to startle modulation via
conscious emotion regulation.},
Doi = {10.1037/0735-7044.119.4.1118},
Key = {fds252449}
}
@article{fds252452,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Phelps, EA},
Title = {Reinstatement of conditioned fear in humans is context
dependent and impaired in amnesia.},
Journal = {Behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {119},
Number = {3},
Pages = {677-686},
Year = {2005},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0735-7044},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998188},
Abstract = {A contextual reinstatement procedure was developed to assess
the contributions of environmental cues and hippocampal
function in the recovery of conditioned fear following
extinction in humans. Experiment 1 showed context
specificity in the recovery of extinguished skin conductance
responses after presentations of an auditory unconditioned
stimulus. Experiment 2 demonstrated that fear recovery did
not generalize to an explicitly unpaired conditioned
stimulus. Experiment 3 replicated the context dependency of
fear recovery with a shock as an unconditioned stimulus. Two
amnesic patients failed to recover fear responses following
reinstatement in the same context, despite showing initial
fear acquisition. These results extend the known functions
of the human hippocampus and highlight the importance of
environmental contexts in regulating the expression of
latent fear associations.},
Doi = {10.1037/0735-7044.119.3.677},
Key = {fds252452}
}
@article{fds252455,
Author = {Zorawski, M and Cook, CA and Kuhn, CM and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Sex, stress, and fear: individual differences in conditioned
learning.},
Journal = {Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci},
Volume = {5},
Number = {2},
Pages = {191-201},
Year = {2005},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {1530-7026},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16180625},
Abstract = {It has long been recognized that humans vary in their
conditionability, yet the factors that contribute to
individual variation in emotional learning remain to be
delineated. The goal of the present study was to investigate
the relationship among sex, stress hormones, and fear
conditioning in humans. Forty-five healthy adults (22
females) underwent differential delay conditioning, using
fear-relevant conditioned stimuli and a shock unconditioned
stimulus. Salivary cortisol samples were taken at baseline
and after acquisition training and a 24-h-delayed retention
test. The results showed that acquisition of conditioning
significantly correlated with postacquisition cortisol
levels in males, but not in females. This sex-specific
relationship was found despite similar overall levels of
conditioning, unconditioned responding, and cortisol. There
was no effect of postacquisition cortisol on consolidation
of fear learning in either sex. These findings have
implications for the understanding of individual differences
in fear acquisition and risk factors for the development of
affective disorders.},
Doi = {10.3758/cabn.5.2.191},
Key = {fds252455}
}
@article{fds252383,
Author = {Wang, L and McCarthy, G and Song, AW and Labar, KS},
Title = {Amygdala activation to sad pictures during high-field (4
tesla) functional magnetic resonance imaging.},
Journal = {Emotion},
Volume = {5},
Number = {1},
Pages = {12-22},
Year = {2005},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1528-3542},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15755216},
Abstract = {Fear-related processing in the amygdala has been well
documented, but its role in signaling other emotions remains
controversial. The authors recovered signal loss in the
amygdala at high-field strength using an inward spiral pulse
sequence and probed its response to pictures varying in
their degree of portrayed sadness. These pictures were
presented as intermittent task-irrelevant distractors during
a concurrent visual oddball task. Relative to neutral
distractors, sad distractors elicited greater activation
along ventral brain regions, including the amygdala,
fusiform gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus. In contrast,
oddball targets engaged dorsal sectors of frontal, parietal,
and cingulate cortices. The amygdala's role in emotional
evaluation thus extends to images of grief and despair as
well as to those depicting violence and threat.},
Doi = {10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.12},
Key = {fds252383}
}
@article{fds252450,
Author = {Dolcos, F and LaBar, KS and Cabeza, R},
Title = {Remembering one year later: role of the amygdala and the
medial temporal lobe memory system in retrieving emotional
memories.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {102},
Number = {7},
Pages = {2626-2631},
Year = {2005},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15703295},
Abstract = {The memory-enhancing effect of emotion can be powerful and
long-lasting. Most studies investigating the neural bases of
this phenomenon have focused on encoding and early
consolidation processes, and hence little is known regarding
the contribution of retrieval processes, particularly after
lengthy retention intervals. To address this issue, we used
event-related functional MRI to measure neural activity
during the retrieval of emotional and neutral pictures after
a retention interval of 1 yr. Retrieval activity for
emotional and neutral pictures was separately analyzed for
successfully (hits) vs. unsuccessfully (misses) retrieved
items and for responses based on recollection vs.
familiarity. Recognition performance was better for
emotional than for neutral pictures, and this effect was
found only for recollection-based responses. Successful
retrieval of emotional pictures elicited greater activity
than successful retrieval of neutral pictures in the
amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. Moreover, in
the amygdala and hippocampus, the emotion effect was greater
for recollection than for familiarity, whereas in the
entorhinal cortex, it was similar for both forms of
retrieval. These findings clarify the role of the amygdala
and the medial temporal lobe memory regions in recollection
and familiarity of emotional memory after lengthy retention
intervals.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.0409848102},
Key = {fds252450}
}
@article{fds318730,
Author = {Zorawski, M and Cook, CA and Kuhn, CM and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Sex, stress, and fear: Individual differences in conditioned
learning},
Journal = {JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE},
Pages = {61-61},
Publisher = {M I T PRESS},
Year = {2005},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds318730}
}
@article{fds252375,
Author = {Pelphrey, KA and Morris, JP and McCarthy, G and LaBar,
KS},
Title = {Perception of dynamic changes in facial expressions of
emotion in autism},
Journal = {JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE},
Pages = {63-63},
Publisher = {M I T PRESS},
Year = {2005},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0898-929X},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000227878700250&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {fds252375}
}
@article{fds252377,
Author = {Graham, R and LaBar, KS},
Title = {The Garner paradigm reveals asymmetric dependencies between
facial emotional expression and gaze processing},
Journal = {JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE},
Pages = {144-144},
Publisher = {M I T PRESS},
Year = {2005},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0898-929X},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000227878700622&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {fds252377}
}
@article{fds252454,
Author = {Thomas, LA and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Emotional arousal enhances word repetition
priming.},
Journal = {Cognition & emotion},
Volume = {19},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1027-1047},
Year = {2005},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0269-9931},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930500172440},
Abstract = {Three experiments were conducted to determine if emotional
content increases repetition priming magnitude. In the study
phase of Experiment 1, participants rated high-arousing
negative (taboo) words and neutral words for concreteness.
In the test phase, they made lexical decision judgements for
the studied words intermixed with novel words (half taboo,
half neutral) and pseudowords. In Experiment 2, low-arousing
negative (LAN) words were substituted for the taboo words,
and in Experiment 3 all three word types were used. Results
showed significant priming in all experiments, as indicated
by faster reaction times for studied words than for novel
words. A priming × emotion interaction was found in
Experiments 1 and 3, with greater priming for taboo relative
to neutral words. The LAN words in Experiments 2 and 3
showed no difference in priming magnitude relative to the
other word types. These results show selective enhancement
of word repetition priming by emotional arousal.},
Doi = {10.1080/02699930500172440},
Key = {fds252454}
}
@article{fds44189,
Author = {Dolcos, F. and LaBar, K. S. and Cabeza, R.},
Title = {Remembering one year later: Role of the amygdala and medial
temporal lobe system in retrieving emotional
memories},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
USA},
Volume = {102},
Pages = {2626-2631},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds44189}
}
@article{fds252451,
Author = {Greenberg, DL and Rice, HJ and Cooper, JJ and Cabeza, R and Rubin, DC and Labar, KS},
Title = {Co-activation of the amygdala, hippocampus and inferior
frontal gyrus during autobiographical memory
retrieval.},
Volume = {43},
Number = {5},
Pages = {659-674},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2005},
ISSN = {0028-3932},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15721179},
Abstract = {Functional MRI was used to investigate the role of medial
temporal lobe and inferior frontal lobe regions in
autobiographical recall. Prior to scanning, participants
generated cue words for 50 autobiographical memories and
rated their phenomenological properties using our
autobiographical memory questionnaire (AMQ). During
scanning, the cue words were presented and participants
pressed a button when they retrieved the associated memory.
The autobiographical retrieval task was interleaved in an
event-related design with a semantic retrieval task
(category generation). Region-of-interest analyses showed
greater activation of the amygdala, hippocampus, and right
inferior frontal gyrus during autobiographical retrieval
relative to semantic retrieval. In addition, the left
inferior frontal gyrus showed a more prolonged duration of
activation in the semantic retrieval condition. A targeted
correlational analysis revealed pronounced functional
connectivity among the amygdala, hippocampus, and right
inferior frontal gyrus during autobiographical retrieval but
not during semantic retrieval. These results support
theories of autobiographical memory that hypothesize
co-activation of frontotemporal areas during recollection of
episodes from the personal past.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.09.002},
Key = {fds252451}
}
@article{fds252453,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Torpey, DC and Cook, CA and Johnson, SR and Warren, LH and Burke, JR and Welsh-Bohmer, KA},
Title = {Emotional enhancement of perceptual priming is preserved in
aging and early-stage Alzheimer's disease.},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {43},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1824-1837},
Year = {2005},
ISSN = {0028-3932},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16154458},
Abstract = {Perceptual priming for emotionally-negative and neutral
scenes was tested in early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD)
patients and healthy younger, middle-aged and older adults.
In the study phase, participants rated the scenes for their
arousal properties. In the test phase, studied and novel
scenes were initially presented subliminally, and the
exposure duration was gradually increased until a valence
categorization was made. The difference in exposure duration
required to categorize novel versus studied items was the
dependent measure of priming. Aversive content increased the
magnitude of priming, an effect that was preserved in
healthy aging and AD. Results from an immediate recognition
memory test showed that the priming effects could not be
attributable to enhanced explicit memory for the aversive
scenes. These findings implicate a dissociation between the
modulatory effect of emotion across implicit and explicit
forms of memory in aging and early-stage
AD.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.018},
Key = {fds252453}
}
@article{fds252392,
Author = {Cabeza, R and Prince, SE and Daselaar, SM and Greenberg, DL and Budde,
M and Dolcos, F and LaBar, KS and Rubin, DC},
Title = {Brain activity during episodic retrieval of autobiographical
and laboratory events: an fMRI study using a novel photo
paradigm.},
Volume = {16},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1583-1594},
Publisher = {MIT Press - Journals},
Year = {2004},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0898-929X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15622612},
Abstract = {Functional neuroimaging studies of episodic memory retrieval
generally measure brain activity while participants remember
items encountered in the laboratory ("controlled laboratory
condition") or events from their own life ("open
autobiographical condition"). Differences in activation
between these conditions may reflect differences in
retrieval processes, memory remoteness, emotional content,
retrieval success, self-referential processing,
visual/spatial memory, and recollection. To clarify the
nature of these differences, a functional MRI study was
conducted using a novel "photo paradigm," which allows
greater control over the autobiographical condition,
including a measure of retrieval accuracy. Undergraduate
students took photos in specified campus locations
("controlled autobiographical condition"), viewed in the
laboratory similar photos taken by other participants
(controlled laboratory condition), and were then scanned
while recognizing the two kinds of photos. Both conditions
activated a common episodic memory network that included
medial temporal and prefrontal regions. Compared with the
controlled laboratory condition, the controlled
autobiographical condition elicited greater activity in
regions associated with self-referential processing (medial
prefrontal cortex), visual/spatial memory (visual and
parahippocampal regions), and recollection (hippocampus).
The photo paradigm provides a way of investigating the
functional neuroanatomy of real-life episodic memory under
rigorous experimental control.},
Doi = {10.1162/0898929042568578},
Key = {fds252392}
}
@article{fds252381,
Author = {Talarico, JM and LaBar, KS and Rubin, DC},
Title = {Emotional intensity predicts autobiographical memory
experience.},
Volume = {32},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1118-1132},
Publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
Year = {2004},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0090-502X},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15813494},
Abstract = {College students generated autobiographical memories from
distinct emotional categories that varied in valence
(positive vs. negative) and intensity (high vs. low). They
then rated various perceptual, cognitive, and emotional
properties for each memory. The distribution of these
emotional memories favored a vector model over a circumplex
model. For memories of all specific emotions, intensity
accounted for significantly more variance in
autobiographical memory characteristics than did valence or
age of the memory. In two additional experiments, we
examined multiple memories of emotions of high intensity and
positive or negative valence and of positive valence and
high or low intensity. Intensity was a more consistent
predictor of autobiographical memory properties than was
valence or the age of the memory in these experiments as
well. The general effects of emotion on autobiographical
memory properties are due primarily to intensity differences
in emotional experience, not to benefits or detriments
associated with a specific valence.},
Doi = {10.3758/bf03196886},
Key = {fds252381}
}
@article{fds252382,
Author = {Labar, KS and Cook, CA and Torpey, DC and Welsh-Bohmer,
KA},
Title = {Impact of healthy aging on awareness and fear
conditioning.},
Journal = {Behav Neurosci},
Volume = {118},
Number = {5},
Pages = {905-915},
Year = {2004},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0735-7044},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15506873},
Abstract = {Fear conditioning has provided a useful model system for
studying associative emotional learning, but the impact of
healthy aging has gone relatively unexplored. The present
study investigated fear conditioning across the adult life
span in humans. A delay discrimination task was employed
using visual conditioned stimuli and an auditory
unconditioned stimulus. Awareness of the reinforcement
contingencies was assessed in a postexperimental interview.
Compared with young adult participants, middle-aged and
older adults displayed reductions in unconditioned
responding, discriminant conditioning, and contingency
awareness. When awareness and overall arousability were
taken into consideration, there were no residual effects of
aging on conditioning. These results highlight the
importance of considering the influence of declarative
knowledge when interpreting age-associated changes in
discriminative conditioned learning.},
Doi = {10.1037/0735-7044.118.5.905},
Key = {fds252382}
}
@article{fds252459,
Author = {Dolcos, F and LaBar, KS and Cabeza, R},
Title = {Dissociable effects of arousal and valence on prefrontal
activity indexing emotional evaluation and subsequent
memory: an event-related fMRI study.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {23},
Number = {1},
Pages = {64-74},
Year = {2004},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1053-8119},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15325353},
Abstract = {Prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity associated with emotional
evaluation and subsequent memory was investigated with
event-related functional MRI (fMRI). Participants were
scanned while rating the pleasantness of emotionally
positive, negative, and neutral pictures, and memory for the
pictures was tested after scanning. Emotional evaluation was
measured by comparing activity during the picture rating
task relative to baseline, and successful encoding was
measured by comparing activity for subsequently remembered
versus forgotten pictures (Dm effect). The effect of arousal
on these measures was indicated by greater activity for both
positive and negative pictures than for neutral ones, and
the effect of valence was indicated by differences in
activity between positive and negative pictures. The study
yielded three main results. First, consistent with the
valence hypothesis, specific regions in left dorsolateral
PFC were more activated for positive than for negative
picture evaluation, whereas regions in right ventrolateral
PFC showed the converse pattern. Second, dorsomedial PFC
activity was sensitive to emotional arousal, whereas
ventromedial PFC activity was sensitive to positive valence,
consistent with evidence linking these regions,
respectively, to emotional processing and self-awareness or
appetitive behavior. Finally, successful encoding (Dm)
activity in left ventrolateral and dorsolateral PFC was
greater for arousing than for neutral pictures. This finding
suggests that the enhancing effect of emotion on memory
formation is partly due to an augmentation of PFC-mediated
strategic, semantic, and working memory operations. These
results underscore the critical role of PFC in emotional
evaluation and memory, and disentangle the effects of
arousal and valence across PFC regions associated with
different cognitive functions.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.015},
Key = {fds252459}
}
@article{fds252456,
Author = {Dolcos, F and LaBar, KS and Cabeza, R},
Title = {Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal
lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional
events.},
Journal = {Neuron},
Volume = {42},
Number = {5},
Pages = {855-863},
Year = {2004},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0896-6273},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15182723},
Abstract = {Emotional events are remembered better than neutral events
possibly because the amygdala enhances the function of
medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system (modulation
hypothesis). Although this hypothesis has been supported by
much animal research, evidence from humans has been scarce
and indirect. We investigated this issue using event-related
fMRI during encoding of emotional and neutral pictures.
Memory performance after scanning showed a retention
advantage for emotional pictures. Successful encoding
activity in the amygdala and MTL memory structures was
greater and more strongly correlated for emotional than for
neutral pictures. Moreover, a double dissociation was found
along the longitudinal axis of the MTL memory system:
activity in anterior regions predicted memory for emotional
items, whereas activity in posterior regions predicted
memory for neutral items. These results provide direct
evidence for the modulation hypothesis in humans and reveal
a functional specialization within the MTL regarding the
effects of emotion on memory formation.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00289-2},
Key = {fds252456}
}
@article{fds252460,
Author = {Fichtenholtz, HM and Dean, HL and Dillon, DG and Yamasaki, H and McCarthy, G and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Emotion-attention network interactions during a visual
oddball task.},
Journal = {Brain research. Cognitive brain research},
Volume = {20},
Number = {1},
Pages = {67-80},
Year = {2004},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0926-6410},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15130591},
Abstract = {Emotional and attentional functions are known to be
distributed along ventral and dorsal networks in the brain,
respectively. However, the interactions between these
systems remain to be specified. The present study used
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
to investigate how attentional focus can modulate the neural
activity elicited by scenes that vary in emotional content.
In a visual oddball task, aversive and neutral scenes were
presented intermittently among circles and squares. The
squares were frequent standard events, whereas the other
novel stimulus categories occurred rarely. One experimental
group [N=10] was instructed to count the circles, whereas
another group [N=12] counted the emotional scenes. A main
effect of emotion was found in the amygdala (AMG) and
ventral frontotemporal cortices. In these regions,
activation was significantly greater for emotional than
neutral stimuli but was invariant to attentional focus. A
main effect of attentional focus was found in dorsal
frontoparietal cortices, whose activity signaled
task-relevant target events irrespective of emotional
content. The only brain region that was sensitive to both
emotion and attentional focus was the anterior cingulate
gyrus (ACG). When circles were task-relevant, the ACG
responded equally to circle targets and distracting
emotional scenes. The ACG response to emotional scenes
increased when they were task-relevant, and the response to
circles concomitantly decreased. These findings support and
extend prominent network theories of emotion-attention
interactions that highlight the integrative role played by
the anterior cingulate.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.01.006},
Key = {fds252460}
}
@article{fds252479,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Crupain, MJ and Voyvodic, JT and McCarthy,
G},
Title = {Dynamic perception of facial affect and identity in the
human brain.},
Journal = {Cereb Cortex},
Volume = {13},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1023-1033},
Year = {2003},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {1047-3211},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12967919},
Abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to
compare brain activation to static facial displays versus
dynamic changes in facial identity or emotional expression.
Static images depicted prototypical fearful, angry and
neutral expressions. Identity morphs depicted identity
changes from one person to another, always with neutral
expressions. Emotion morphs depicted expression changes from
neutral to fear or anger, creating the illusion that the
actor was 'getting scared' or 'getting angry' in real-time.
Brain regions implicated in processing facial affect,
including the amygdala and fusiform gyrus, showed greater
responses to dynamic versus static emotional expressions,
especially for fear. Identity morphs activated a dorsal
fronto-cingulo-parietal circuit and additional ventral
areas, including the amygdala, that also responded to the
emotion morphs. Activity in the superior temporal sulcus
discriminated emotion morphs from identity morphs, extending
its known role in processing biologically relevant motion.
The results highlight the importance of temporal cues in the
neural coding of facial displays.},
Doi = {10.1093/cercor/13.10.1023},
Key = {fds252479}
}
@article{fds252465,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Emotional memory functions of the human amygdala.},
Journal = {Current neurology and neuroscience reports},
Volume = {3},
Number = {5},
Pages = {363-364},
Year = {2003},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {1528-4042},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12914677},
Doi = {10.1007/s11910-003-0015-z},
Key = {fds252465}
}
@article{fds252462,
Author = {Paller, KA and Ranganath, C and Gonsalves, B and LaBar, KS and Parrish,
TB and Gitelman, DR and Mesulam, M-M and Reber, PJ},
Title = {Neural correlates of person recognition.},
Journal = {Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)},
Volume = {10},
Number = {4},
Pages = {253-260},
Year = {2003},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {1072-0502},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12888543},
Abstract = {Rapidly identifying known individuals is an essential skill
in human society. To elucidate the neural basis of this
skill, we monitored brain activity while experimental
participants demonstrated their ability to recognize people
on the basis of viewing their faces. Each participant first
memorized the faces of 20 individuals who were not known to
the participants in advance. Each face was presented along
with a voice simulating the individual speaking their name
and a biographical fact. Following this learning procedure,
the associated verbal information could be recalled
accurately in response to each face. These learned faces
were subsequently viewed together with new faces in a memory
task. Subjects made a yes-no recognition decision in
response to each face while also covertly retrieving the
person-specific information associated with each learned
face. Brain activity that accompanied this retrieval of
person-specific information was contrasted to that when new
faces were processed. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
in 10 participants showed that several brain regions were
activated during blocks of learned faces, including left
hippocampus, left middle temporal gyrus, left insula, and
bilateral cerebellum. Recordings of event-related brain
potentials in 10 other participants tracked the time course
of face processing and showed that learned faces engaged
neural activity responsible for person recognition 300-600
msec after face onset. Collectively, these results suggest
that the visual input of a recently learned face can rapidly
trigger retrieval of associated person-specific information
through reactivation of distributed cortical networks linked
via hippocampal connections.},
Doi = {10.1101/lm.57403},
Key = {fds252462}
}
@article{fds252374,
Author = {Rachbauer, D and Labar, KS and Doppelmayr, M and Klimesch,
W},
Title = {Increased event-related theta activity during emotional
scene encoding},
Journal = {BRAIN AND COGNITION},
Volume = {51},
Number = {2},
Pages = {186-187},
Publisher = {ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE},
Year = {2003},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0278-2626},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000182360600026&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Key = {fds252374}
}
@article{fds252457,
Author = {Knuttinen, M-G and Parrish, TB and Weiss, C and LaBar, KS and Gitelman,
DR and Power, JM and Mesulam, M-M and Disterhoft,
JF},
Title = {Electromyography as a recording system for eyeblink
conditioning with functional magnetic resonance
imaging.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {17},
Number = {2},
Pages = {977-987},
Year = {2002},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {1053-8119},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12377171},
Abstract = {This study was designed to develop a suitable method of
recording eyeblink responses while conducting functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Given the complexity of
this behavioral setup outside of the magnet, this study
sought to adapt and further optimize an approach to eyeblink
conditioning that would be suitable for conducting
event-related fMRI experiments. This method involved the
acquisition of electromyographic (EMG) signals from the
orbicularis oculi of the right eye, which were subsequently
amplified and converted into an optical signal outside of
the head coil. This optical signal was converted back into
an electrical signal once outside the magnet room.
Electromyography (EMG)-detected eyeblinks were used to
measure responses in a delay eyeblink conditioning paradigm.
Our results indicate that: (1) electromyography is a
sensitive method for the detection of eyeblinks during fMRI;
(2) minimal interactions or artifacts of the EMG signal were
created from the magnetic resonance pulse sequence; and (3)
no electromyography-related artifacts were detected in the
magnetic resonance images. Furthermore, an analysis of the
functional data showed areas of activation that have
previously been shown in positron emission tomography
studies of human eyeblink conditioning. Our results support
the strength of this behavioral setup as a suitable method
to be used in association with fMRI.},
Doi = {10.1006/nimg.2002.1199},
Key = {fds252457}
}
@article{fds252463,
Author = {Yamasaki, H and LaBar, KS and McCarthy, G},
Title = {Dissociable prefrontal brain systems for attention and
emotion.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {99},
Number = {17},
Pages = {11447-11451},
Year = {2002},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12177452},
Abstract = {The prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a variety of
attentional, executive, and mnemonic mental operations, yet
its functional organization is still highly debated. The
present study used functional MRI to determine whether
attentional and emotional functions are segregated into
dissociable prefrontal networks in the human brain. Subjects
discriminated infrequent and irregularly presented
attentional targets (circles) from frequent standards
(squares) while novel distracting scenes, parametrically
varied for emotional arousal, were intermittently presented.
Targets differentially activated middle frontal gyrus,
posterior parietal cortex, and posterior cingulate gyrus.
Novel distracters activated inferior frontal gyrus,
amygdala, and fusiform gyrus, with significantly stronger
activation evoked by the emotional scenes. The anterior
cingulate gyrus was the only brain region with equivalent
responses to attentional and emotional stimuli. These
results show that attentional and emotional functions are
segregated into parallel dorsal and ventral streams that
extend into prefrontal cortex and are integrated in the
anterior cingulate. These findings may have implications for
understanding the neural dynamics underlying emotional
distractibility on attentional tasks in affective
disorders.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.182176499},
Key = {fds252463}
}
@article{fds252464,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Gitelman, DR and Parrish, TB and Mesulam,
MM},
Title = {Functional changes in temporal lobe activity during
transient global amnesia.},
Journal = {Neurology},
Volume = {58},
Number = {4},
Pages = {638-641},
Year = {2002},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0028-3878},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11865146},
Abstract = {The integrity of temporal lobe activity during and after
recovery from transient global amnesia (TGA) was assessed in
a case study using functional MRI. TGA was associated with
scene-encoding deficits in a temporolimbic circuit that
recovered over time. Frontoparietal areas recruited during
the amnesic state may signify a compensatory reliance on
visuospatial or working memory strategies. Reduction of
extrastriate cortex responses over repeated testing sessions
possibly indicates intact visual priming in
TGA.},
Doi = {10.1212/wnl.58.4.638},
Key = {fds252464}
}
@article{fds12143,
Author = {Knuttinen, M.G. and Weiss, C. and Parrish, T.B. and LaBar, K.S. and Gitelman, D.R. and Power, J.M. and Mesulam, M.M. and Disterhoft,
J.F.},
Title = {Event-Related fMRI of Delay Eyeblink Conditioning},
Journal = {Neurolmage},
Volume = {17},
Pages = {977-987},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds12143}
}
@article{fds252477,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Gitelman, DR and Mesulam, MM and Parrish,
TB},
Title = {Impact of signal-to-noise on functional MRI of the human
amygdala.},
Journal = {Neuroreport},
Volume = {12},
Number = {16},
Pages = {3461-3464},
Year = {2001},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0959-4965},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11733691},
Abstract = {The impact of signal-to-noise (SNR) on fMRI of the amygdala
was investigated during a picture encoding task. The SNR
value required to observe reliable activation was determined
by computer simulations. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)
sensitivity maps were generated to indicate brain regions
with sufficient SNR to test the statistical hypotheses. The
results showed that the medial aspect of the amygdala had
insufficient SNR to detect a 1% peak BOLD signal change for
a t-test comparison in a majority of subjects. None of these
subjects showed activation in regions with unacceptable SNR
values, indicating a low false positive rate. Furthermore,
hemispheric asymmetries in the BOLD sensitivity maps
mirrored asymmetries in the activation patterns.
Impoverished SNR was also found in the basal forebrain and
orbitofrontal cortex. These findings emphasize the
importance of considering SNR when interpreting fMRI results
in the limbic forebrain.},
Doi = {10.1097/00001756-200111160-00017},
Key = {fds252477}
}
@article{fds252478,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Gitelman, DR and Parrish, TB and Kim, YH and Nobre, AC and Mesulam, MM},
Title = {Hunger selectively modulates corticolimbic activation to
food stimuli in humans.},
Journal = {Behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {115},
Number = {2},
Pages = {493-500},
Year = {2001},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0735-7044},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11345973},
Abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to
determine whether visual responses to food in the human
amygdala and related corticolimbic structures would be
selectively altered by changes in states of hunger.
Participants viewed images of motivationally relevant (food)
and motivationally irrelevant (tool) objects while
undergoing fMRI in alternately hungry and satiated
conditions. Food-related visual stimuli elicited greater
responses in the amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus. and
anterior fusiform gyrus when participants were in a hungry
state relative to a satiated state. The state-dependent
activation of these brain structures did not generalize to
the motivationally irrelevant objects. These results support
the hypothesis that the amygdala and associated
inferotemporal regions are involved in the integration of
subjective interoceptive states with relevant sensory cues
processed along the ventral visual stream.},
Doi = {10.1037/0735-7044.115.2.493},
Key = {fds252478}
}
@article{fds252380,
Author = {Parrish, TB and Gitelman, DR and LaBar, KS and Mesulam,
MM},
Title = {Impact of signal-to-noise on functional MRI.},
Journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine},
Volume = {44},
Number = {6},
Pages = {925-932},
Year = {2000},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0740-3194},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11108630},
Abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has recently
been adopted as an investigational tool in the field of
neuroscience. The signal changes induced by brain
activations are small ( approximately 1-2%) at 1.5T.
Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the time
series used to calculate the functional maps is critical. In
this study, the minimum SNR required to detect an expected
MR signal change is determined using computer simulations
for typical fMRI experimental designs. These SNR results are
independent of manufacturer, site environment, field
strength, coil type, or type of cognitive task used.
Sensitivity maps depicting the minimum detectable signal
change can be constructed. These sensitivity maps can be
used as a mask of the activation map to help remove false
positive activations as well as identify regions of the
brain where it is not possible to confidently reject the
null hypothesis due to a low SNR.},
Doi = {10.1002/1522-2594(200012)44:6<925::aid-mrm14>3.0.co;2-m},
Key = {fds252380}
}
@article{fds252475,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Mesulam, M and Gitelman, DR and Weintraub,
S},
Title = {Emotional curiosity: modulation of visuospatial attention by
arousal is preserved in aging and early-stage Alzheimer's
disease.},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {38},
Number = {13},
Pages = {1734-1740},
Year = {2000},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0028-3932},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11099731},
Abstract = {Previous studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease, even
in its early stages, decreases novelty-seeking behaviors
(curiosity) and impairs the shifting of spatial attention to
extrapersonal targets. In this study, early-stage probable
Alzheimer's disease patients (PRAD) and young and aging
controls were shown pairs of visual scenes, some of which
contained emotionally-arousing material, while eye movements
were recorded under free viewing conditions. In all three
subject groups, emotionally-arousing scenes attracted more
viewing time and also became the preferential target of the
initial visual orientation. Our findings suggest that the
arousing properties of sensory stimuli may overcome some of
the AD-related impairments in the distribution of attention
to extrapersonal targets. These results may have
implications for interventions aimed at improving the
cognitive symptoms of PRAD.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00077-4},
Key = {fds252475}
}
@article{fds252476,
Author = {Gitelman, DR and Parrish, TB and LaBar, KS and Mesulam,
MM},
Title = {Real-time monitoring of eye movements using infrared
video-oculography during functional magnetic resonance
imaging of the frontal eye fields.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {11},
Number = {1},
Pages = {58-65},
Year = {2000},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1053-8119},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10686117},
Abstract = {Monitoring eye movements is a critical aspect of
experimental design for studies of spatial attention and
visual perception. However, obtaining online eye-movement
recordings has been technologically difficult during
functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies. Previous
approaches to monitoring eye movements either have distorted
the MR images or have shown MR-related interference in the
recordings. We report a technique using long-range infrared
video-oculography to record eye movements without causing
artifacts in the MR images. Analysis of the MR signal from a
phantom obtained with the eye-movement equipment turned on
or off confirmed the absence of significant additional noise
in the MR time series. Eye movements of three subjects were
monitored while they performed tasks of covert and overt
shifts of spatial attention. Activation of the frontal eye
fields during the covert task was seen even when the
eye-movement recordings demonstrated no significant
difference in saccadic eye movements between the baseline
and the active conditions.},
Doi = {10.1006/nimg.1999.0517},
Key = {fds252476}
}
@article{fds252472,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Gitelman, DR and Parrish, TB and Mesulam,
M},
Title = {Neuroanatomic overlap of working memory and spatial
attention networks: a functional MRI comparison within
subjects.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {10},
Number = {6},
Pages = {695-704},
Year = {1999},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1053-8119},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600415},
Abstract = {Frontal and posterior parietal activations have been
reported in numerous studies of working memory and
visuospatial attention. To directly compare the brain
regions engaged by these two cognitive functions, the same
set of subjects consecutively participated in tasks of
working memory and spatial attention while undergoing
functional MRI (fMRI). The working memory task required the
subject to maintain an on-line representation of foveally
displayed letters against a background of distracters. The
spatial attention task required the subject to shift visual
attention covertly in response to a centrally presented
directional cue. The spatial attention task had no working
memory requirement, and the working memory task had no
covert spatial attention requirement. Subjects' ability to
maintain central fixation was confirmed outside the MRI
scanner using infrared oculography. According to cognitive
conjunction analysis, the set of activations common to both
tasks included the intraparietal sulcus, ventral precentral
sulcus, supplementary motor area, frontal eye fields,
thalamus, cerebellum, left temporal neocortex, and right
insula. Double-subtraction analyses yielded additional
activations attributable to verbal working memory in
premotor cortex, left inferior prefrontal cortex, right
inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, and right cerebellum.
Additional activations attributable to covert spatial
attention included the occipitotemporal junction and
extrastriate cortex. The use of two different tasks in the
same set of subjects allowed us to provide an unequivocal
demonstration that the neural networks subserving spatial
attention and working memory intersect at several
frontoparietal sites. These findings support the view that
major cognitive domains are represented by partially
overlapping large-scale neural networks. The presence of
this overlap also suggests that spatial attention and
working memory share common cognitive features related to
the dynamic shifting of attentional resources.},
Doi = {10.1006/nimg.1999.0503},
Key = {fds252472}
}
@article{fds252474,
Author = {Gitelman, DR and Nobre, AC and Parrish, TB and LaBar, KS and Kim, YH and Meyer, JR and Mesulam, M},
Title = {A large-scale distributed network for covert spatial
attention: further anatomical delineation based on stringent
behavioural and cognitive controls.},
Journal = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
Volume = {122 ( Pt 6)},
Pages = {1093-1106},
Year = {1999},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0006-8950},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10356062},
Abstract = {Functional MRI was used to examine cerebral activations in
12 subjects while they performed a spatial attention task.
This study applied more stringent behavioural and cognitive
controls than previously used for similar experiments: (i)
subjects were included only if they showed evidence of
attentional shifts while performing the task in the magnet;
(ii) the experimental task and baseline condition were
designed to eliminate the contributions of motor output,
visual fixation, inhibition of eye movements, working memory
and the conditional (no-go) component of responding.
Activations were seen in all three hypothesized cortical
epicentres forming a network for spatial attention: the
lateral premotor cortex (frontal eye fields), the posterior
parietal cortex and the cingulate cortex. Subcortical
activations were seen in the basal ganglia and the thalamus.
Although the task required attention to be equally shifted
to the left and to the right, eight of 10 subjects showed a
greater area of activation in the right parietal cortex,
consistent with the specialization of the right hemisphere
for spatial attention. Other areas of significant activation
included the posterior temporo-occipital cortex and the
anterior insula. The temporo-occipital activation was within
a region broadly defined as MT+ (where MT is the middle
temporal area) which contains the human equivalent of area
MT in the macaque monkey. This temporo-occipital area
appears to constitute a major component of the functional
network activated by this spatial attention task. Its
activation may reflect the 'inferred' shift of the
attentional focus across the visual scene.},
Doi = {10.1093/brain/122.6.1093},
Key = {fds252474}
}
@article{fds252473,
Author = {Kim, YH and Gitelman, DR and Nobre, AC and Parrish, TB and LaBar, KS and Mesulam, MM},
Title = {The large-scale neural network for spatial attention
displays multifunctional overlap but differential
asymmetry.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {9},
Number = {3},
Pages = {269-277},
Year = {1999},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {1053-8119},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10075897},
Abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to
determine the brain regions activated by two types of covert
visuospatial attentional shifts: one based on exogenous
spatial priming and the other on foveally presented cues
which endogenously regulated the direction of spatial
expectancy. Activations were seen in the cortical and
subcortical components of a previously characterized
attentional network, namely, the frontal eye fields,
posterior parietal cortex, the cingulate gyrus, the putamen,
and the thalamus. Additional activations occurred in the
anterior insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,
temporo-occipital cortex in the middle and inferior temporal
gyri, the supplementary motor area, and the cerebellum.
Direct comparisons showed a nearly complete overlap in the
location of activations resulting from the two tasks.
However, the spatial priming task displayed a more
pronounced rightward asymmetry of parietal activation, and a
conjunction analysis showed that the area of posterior
parietal cortex jointly activated by both tasks was more
extensive in the right hemisphere. Furthermore, the
posterior parietal and temporo-occipital activations were
more pronounced in the task of endogenous attentional
shifts. The results show that both exogenous (based on
spatial priming) and endogenous (based on expectancy cueing)
shifts of attention are subserved by a common network of
cortical and subcortical regions. However, the differences
between the two tasks, especially in the degree of rightward
asymmetry, suggests that the pattern of activation within
this network may show variations that reflect the specific
attributes of the attentional task.},
Doi = {10.1006/nimg.1999.0408},
Key = {fds252473}
}
@article{fds252469,
Author = {Phelps, EA and Labar, KS and Anderson, AK and O'Connor, KJ and Fulbright, RK and Spencer, DD},
Title = {Specifying the contributions of the human amygdala to
emotional memory: A case study},
Journal = {Neurocase},
Volume = {4},
Number = {6},
Pages = {527-540},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {1998},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1355-4794},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neucas/4.6.527},
Abstract = {We examined emotional memory in patient SP, a 54-year-old
woman with bilateral damage to the amygdala. Consistent with
previous case studies, SP showed deficits on tests of fear
conditioning and recognition memory for arousing stimuli.
SP's performance on several emotional episodic memory tasks
was examined. We found that bilateral damage to the amygdala
only leads to deficits on a subset of emotional episodic
memory tasks. Specifically, the amygdala does not seem to be
involved when episodic memory performance benefits from the
valence of the stimuli. However, when episodic memory
benefits from arousal, damage to the amygdala leads to a
deficit in performance. Based on our results, we postulate
that the amygdala is not involved when emotion enhances
episodic memory primarily by contributing an organizing
principle such as a schema or category. We expect the
effects of amygdala damage to be limited to memory tasks
affected by the neuromodulatory changes that occur with
arousal. The effects of arousal on episodic memory would be
most apparent in the rate of forgetting for arousing
stimuli, the recall of arousing stimuli that have a weak
central theme, and the recognition of details or events
associated with arousing stimuli.},
Doi = {10.1093/neucas/4.6.527},
Key = {fds252469}
}
@article{fds252458,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Gatenby, JC and Gore, JC and LeDoux, JE and Phelps,
EA},
Title = {Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear
acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI
study.},
Journal = {Neuron},
Volume = {20},
Number = {5},
Pages = {937-945},
Year = {1998},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0896-6273},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9620698},
Abstract = {Echoplanar functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was
used in normal human subjects to investigate the role of the
amygdala in conditioned fear acquisition and extinction. A
simple discrimination procedure was employed in which
activation to a visual cue predicting shock (CS+) was
compared with activation to another cue presented alone
(CS-). CS+ and CS- trial types were intermixed in a
pseudorandom order. Functional images were acquired with an
asymmetric spin echo pulse sequence from three coronal
slices centered on the amygdala. Activation of the
amygdala/periamygdaloid cortex was observed during
conditioned fear acquisition and extinction. The extent of
activation during acquisition was significantly correlated
with autonomic indices of conditioning in individual
subjects. Consistent with a recent electrophysiological
recording study in the rat (Quirk et al., 1997), the profile
of the amygdala response was temporally graded, although
this dynamic was only statistically reliable during
extinction. These results provide further evidence for the
conservation of amygdala function across species and
implicate an amygdalar contribution to both acquisition and
extinction processes during associative emotional learning
tasks.},
Doi = {10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80475-4},
Key = {fds252458}
}
@article{fds252470,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Phelps, EA},
Title = {Arousal-mediated memory consolidation: Role of the Medial
Temporal Lobe in Humans},
Journal = {Psychological Science},
Volume = {9},
Number = {6},
Pages = {490-493},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {1998},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00090},
Abstract = {Although the influence of emotional arousal on declarative
memory has been documented behaviorally, the mechanisms
underlying arousal-memory interactions and their
representation in the human brain remain uncertain. One
route through which arousal achieves its effects on memory
performance is by regulating consolidation processes. Animal
research has revealed that the amygdala strengthens
hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation in a limited time
window following participation in an arousing task. To
examine whether this integrative function of
amygdalo-hippocampal structures extends to the human brain,
we tested unilateral-temporal-lobectomy patients on an
adaptation of a classic paradigm in which levels of
physiological arousal at encoding modulate retention over
time. Subjects rated emotionally arousing (taboo) and
neutral words on an arousal scale while their skin
conductance responses (SCRs) were monitored. Recall for the
words was assessed immediately and after a 1-hr delay. Both
temporal-lobectomy patients and control subjects generated
enhanced SCRs and arousal ratings for the arousing words at
the time of encoding. However, only control subjects
exhibited an increase in memory for the arousing words over
time. This group difference in the effect of arousal on the
rate of forgetting suggests that the role of medial temporal
lobe structures in memory consolidation for arousing events
is conserved across species.},
Doi = {10.1111/1467-9280.00090},
Key = {fds252470}
}
@article{fds252471,
Author = {LaBar, KS and Disterhoft, JF},
Title = {Conditioning, awareness, and the hippocampus.},
Journal = {Hippocampus},
Volume = {8},
Number = {6},
Pages = {620-626},
Year = {1998},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1050-9631},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9882019},
Abstract = {For the past 50 years, psychologists have wrestled with
questions regarding the relationship between conscious
awareness and human conditioned behavior. A recent proposal
that the hippocampus mediates awareness during trace
conditioning (Clark, Squire, Science 1998;280:77-81) has
extended the awareness-conditioning debate to the
neuroscience arena. In the following commentary, we raise
specific theoretical and methodological issues regarding the
Clark and Squire study and place their finding into a
broader context. Throughout our discussion, we consider the
difficulties in assessing subjective awareness, the
importance of establishing necessary and sufficient
conditions for cognitive mediation effects, the influence of
conditioned response modality, and the nature of hippocampal
requirements across conditioning protocols. It is clear that
trace eyeblink conditioning is a hippocampal-dependent task,
but whether awareness is a necessary component of trace
conditioning is not definitively proven. We propose that
future functional neuroimaging studies and behavioral
experiments using on-line measures of awareness may help
clarify the relationship among classical conditioning,
awareness, and the hippocampus.},
Doi = {10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(1998)8:6<620::aid-hipo4>3.0.co;2-6},
Key = {fds252471}
}
@article{fds252468,
Author = {Phelps, EA and LaBar, KS and Spencer, DD},
Title = {Memory for emotional words following unilateral temporal
lobectomy.},
Journal = {Brain and cognition},
Volume = {35},
Number = {1},
Pages = {85-109},
Year = {1997},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0278-2626},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9339304},
Abstract = {We recently reported that patients who had received
unilateral temporal lobectomy, including the amygdala and
hippocampus, show impaired acquisition in a fear
conditioning task (LaBar, LeDoux, Spencer, & Phelps, 1995),
indicating a deficit in emotional memory. In the present
paper, we examined performance of these patients on two
verbal, emotional memory tasks in an effort to determine the
extent of this deficit. In Experiment 1, subjects were asked
to recall emotional and non-emotional words. In Experiment
2, subjects were asked to recall neutral words which were
embedded in emotional and non-emotional sentence contexts.
Both temporal lobectomy subjects and normal controls showed
enhanced recall for emotional words (Experiment 1) and
enhanced recall for neutral words embedded in emotional
sentence contexts (Experiment 2). These results suggest that
the deficit seen in emotional memory following unilateral
temporal lobectomy is not a global deficit and may be
limited to specific circumstances where emotion influences
memory performance. Several hypotheses concerning the
discrepancy between the present studies and the fear
conditioning results (LaBar et al., 1995) are
discussed.},
Doi = {10.1006/brcg.1997.0929},
Key = {fds252468}
}
@article{fds252461,
Author = {Hyder, F and Phelps, EA and Wiggins, CJ and Labar, KS and Blamire, AM and Shulman, RG},
Title = {"Willed action": a functional MRI study of the human
prefrontal cortex during a sensorimotor task.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {94},
Number = {13},
Pages = {6989-6994},
Year = {1997},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0027-8424},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9192679},
Abstract = {Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine human brain
activity within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a
sensorimotor task that had been proposed to require
selection between several responses, a cognitive concept
termed "willed action" in a positron emission tomography
(PET) study by Frith et al. [Frith, C. D., Friston, K.,
Liddle, P. F. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) Proc. R. Soc.
London Ser. B 244, 241-246]. We repeated their sensorimotor
task, in which the subject chooses to move either of two
fingers after a stimulus, by fMRI experiments in a 2.1-T
imaging spectrometer. Echo-planar images were acquired from
four coronal slices in the prefrontal cortex from nine
healthy subjects. Slices were 5 mm thick, centers separated
by 7 mm, with nominal in-plane spatial resolution of 9.6 x
5.0 mm2 for mean data. Our mean results are in agreement
with the PET results in that we saw similar bilateral
activations. The present results are compared with our
previously published fMRI study of a verbal fluency task,
which had also been proposed by Frith et al. to elicit a
"willed action" response. We find a clear separation of
activation foci in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
for the sensorimotor (Brodmann area 46) and verbal fluency
(Brodmann area 45) tasks. Hence, assigning a particular
activated region to "willed action" is not supported by the
fMRI data when examined closely because identical regions
are not activated with different modalities. Similar
modality linked activations can be observed in the original
PET study but the greater resolution of the fMRI data makes
the modality linkages more definite.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.94.13.6989},
Key = {fds252461}
}
@article{fds252467,
Author = {LaBar, KS and LeDoux, JE},
Title = {Partial disruption of fear conditioning in rats with
unilateral amygdala damage: Correspondence with unilateral
temporal lobectomy in humans.},
Journal = {Behavioral Neuroscience},
Volume = {110},
Number = {5},
Pages = {991-997},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},
Year = {1996},
ISSN = {0735-7044},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8919001},
Abstract = {Conditioned fear in rats was assessed for the effects of
pretraining amygdala lesions (unilateral vs. bilateral)
across unconditioned stimulus (US) modalities (white noise
vs. shock). In contrast to sham controls, unilateral
amygdala lesions significantly reduced conditioned freezing
responses, whereas bilateral amygdala lesions resulted in a
nearly complete lack of freezing to both the conditioned
stimulus (CS) and the context. The lesion effects were more
pronounced for CS conditioning but were consistent across US
modalities. It was concluded that white noise can serve as
an effective US and that unilateral amygdala lesions
attenuate but do not eliminate conditioned fear in rats. The
results support our interpretation of a recent fear
conditioning study in humans (K. S. LaBar, J. E. LeDoux, D.
D. Spencer, & E. A. Phelps, 1995).},
Doi = {10.1037//0735-7044.110.5.991},
Key = {fds252467}
}
@article{fds252466,
Author = {LaBar, KS and LeDoux, JE and Spencer, DD and Phelps,
EA},
Title = {Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal
lobectomy in humans.},
Journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the
Society for Neuroscience},
Volume = {15},
Number = {10},
Pages = {6846-6855},
Year = {1995},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0270-6474},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7472442},
Abstract = {Classical fear conditioning was used in the present study as
a model for investigating emotional learning and memory in
human subjects with lesions to the medial temporal lobe.
Animal studies have revealed a critical role for medial
temporal lobe structures, particularly the amygdala, in
simple and complex associative emotional responding. Whether
these structures perform similar functions in humans is
unknown. On both simple and conditional discrimination
tasks, unilateral temporal lobectomy subjects showed
impaired conditioned response acquisition relative to
control subjects. This impairment could not be accounted for
by deficits in nonassociative sensory or autonomic
performance factors, or by differences in declarative memory
for the experimental parameters. These results show that
temporal lobe structures in humans, as in other mammals, are
important components in an emotional memory
network.},
Doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.15-10-06846.1995},
Key = {fds252466}
}
%% Books
@book{fds212739,
Author = {Purves, D. and Cabeza, R. and Huettel, S. A. and LaBar, K. S. and Platt, M. L. and Woldorff, M. G},
Title = {Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience},
Series = {2nd Edition},
Publisher = {Sinauer},
Address = {Sunderland, MA},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds212739}
}
@book{fds139828,
Author = {Purves, D. and Brannon, E. M. and Cabeza, R. and Huettel, S. A. and LaBar, K. S. and Platt, M. L. and Woldorff, M.
G.},
Title = {Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience},
Publisher = {Sinauer Press},
Address = {Sunderland, MA},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds139828}
}
%% Chapters in Books
@misc{fds355720,
Author = {Faul, L and LaBar, K},
Title = {Emotional Memory in the Human Brain},
Booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of the Neurobiology of Learning and
Memory},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Editor = {Carew, TJ},
Year = {2020},
Month = {September},
ISBN = {9780190069162},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190069162.013.2},
Doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190069162.013.2},
Key = {fds355720}
}
@misc{fds252345,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Emotion},
Volume = {2},
Pages = {619-624},
Booktitle = {Brain Mapping: An Encyclopedic Reference},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2015},
Month = {February},
ISBN = {9780123973160},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397025-1.00055-5},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-397025-1.00055-5},
Key = {fds252345}
}
@misc{fds252346,
Author = {Byrne, JH and LaBar, KS and LeDoux, JE and Schafe, GE and Thompson,
RF},
Title = {Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms},
Volume = {3rd Ed.},
Pages = {591-637},
Booktitle = {From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and
Molecular Neuroscience: Third Edition},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Year = {2014},
Month = {July},
ISBN = {9780123971791},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397179-1.00020-8},
Abstract = {Previous chapters in this book described the various
components of nerve cells and their biophysical and
biochemical properties as well as the ways in which neurons
are connected to each other to process information and
generate behavior. This chapter describes the ways in which
these components and properties of the nervous system are
used to mediate two of its most important functions:
learning and memory. Neuroscientists are beginning to have a
reasonably detailed cellular and molecular theory of simple
forms or aspects of learning and memory. The field is
experiencing great synergism from the fusion of two research
traditions. The "bottom-up" approach begins by exploring
neuronal modifications that seem to be promising candidate
mechanisms for supporting plasticity in circuits that
control a behavior(s) of interest. (This approach was
described in Chapter 18.) The "top-down" approach described
in this chapter starts with the behavioral facts and laws,
identifies the critical circuits, and then localizes the
neuronal mechanisms responsible for changes in the modified
circuits.},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-397179-1.00020-8},
Key = {fds252346}
}
@misc{fds252353,
Author = {Yamasaki, H and Labar, KS and McCarthy, G},
Title = {Dissociable Prefrontal Brain Systems for Attention and
Emotion},
Pages = {43-52},
Booktitle = {Social Neuroscience: Key Readings},
Publisher = {PSYCHOLOGY PRESS},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780203496190},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203496190},
Abstract = {The prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a variety of
attentional, executive, and mnemonic mental operations, yet
its functional organization is still highly debated. The
present study used functional MRI to determine whether
attentional and emotional functions are segregated into
dissociable prefrontal networks in the human brain. Subjects
discriminated infrequent and irregularly presented
attentional targets (circles) from frequent standards
(squares) while novel distracting scenes, parametrically
varied for emotional arousal, were intermittently presented.
Targets differentially activated middle frontal gyrus,
posterior parietal cortex, and posterior cingulate gyrus.
Novel distracters activated inferior frontal gyrus,
amygdala, and fusiform gyrus, with significantly stronger
activation evoked by the emotional scenes. The anterior
cingulate gyrus was the only brain region with equivalent
responses to attentional and emotional stimuli. These
results show that attentional and emotional functions are
segregated into parallel dorsal and ventral streams that
extend into prefrontal cortex and are integrated in the
anterior cingulate. These findings may have implications for
understanding the neural dynamics underlying emotional
distractibility on attentional tasks in affective
disorders.},
Doi = {10.4324/9780203496190},
Key = {fds252353}
}
@misc{fds184857,
Author = {Dunsmoor, J. E. and LaBar, K. S.},
Title = {Neural basis of human fear learning},
Pages = {419-443},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Human Affective Neuroscience},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Address = {Cambridge, England},
Editor = {P. Vuilleumier and J. L. Armony},
Year = {2013},
Key = {fds184857}
}
@misc{fds252354,
Author = {Fichtenholtz, HM and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Emotional Influences on Visuospatial Attention},
Pages = {250-266},
Booktitle = {The Neuroscience of Attention: Attentional Control and
Selection},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {G. R. Mangun},
Year = {2012},
Month = {May},
ISBN = {9780195334364},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334364.003.0012},
Abstract = {This chapter focuses on how emotional processing in the
amygdala and related limbic regions interact with
frontoparietal attentional control systems and the visual
processing stream. Such effects have been elucidated by
studying neurologic patients with brain damage, as well as
by functional brain imaging methods in healthy individuals.
A systematic treatment of attentional biases in affective
disorders is beyond the scope of this chapter, although it
mentions some studies that investigate how anxiety as a
trait marker moderates emotion-attention interactions. It
also considers the time course of emotional influences on
visual processing that have been revealed by event-related
potential (ERP) studies in humans.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334364.003.0012},
Key = {fds252354}
}
@misc{fds252351,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Imaging emotional influences on learning and
memory},
Pages = {331-348},
Booktitle = {Neuroimaging of Human Memory: Linking Cognitive Processes to
Neural Systems},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2012},
Month = {March},
ISBN = {9780199217298},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217298.003.0018},
Abstract = {This chapter discusses relevant psychological and
neurobiological theories on emotion and emotional memory. It
also illustrates how neuroimaging research has validated and
extended the animal models and has led to new insights into
mechanisms of emotional memory in humans.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217298.003.0018},
Key = {fds252351}
}
@misc{fds252352,
Author = {Huff, NC and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Generalization and specialization of conditioned
learning},
Pages = {3-30},
Booktitle = {Generalization of Knowledge: Multidisciplinary
Perspectives},
Publisher = {PSYCHOLOGY PRESS},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {M. T. Banich and D. Caccamise},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780203848036},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203848036},
Doi = {10.4324/9780203848036},
Key = {fds252352}
}
@misc{fds345436,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Emotion-Cognition Interactions},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {469-476},
Booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience},
Publisher = {Elsevier Science},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {G. Koob and R. F. Thompson and M. LeMoal},
Year = {2010},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780080453965},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-045396-5.00056-7},
Abstract = {Limbic forebrain regions are anatomically positioned to
integrate cortical and subcortical processing streams that
mediate cognitive and emotional functions. Feedback
projections to sensory cortices bias perceptual systems to
process stimuli of high significance. The amygdala is
critical for learning contingencies in the environment that
predict emotional outcomes and for modulating explicit
memory processes in the hippocampus. The anterior cingulate
gyrus and ventromedial and orbital prefrontal cortices serve
as interfaces that link emotional information processing and
attentional control systems to guide goal-directed behavior.
Dysregulation of the balance between affective and cognitive
systems is a hallmark of anxiety and mood
disorders.},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-045396-5.00056-7},
Key = {fds345436}
}
@misc{fds375275,
Author = {LaBar, KS},
Title = {Emotion–Cognition Interactions},
Volume = {1},
Pages = {V1-469-V1-476},
Booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience, Three-Volume Set,
1-3},
Year = {2010},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780080914558},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-045396-5.00056-7},
Abstract = {Limbic forebrain regions are anatomically positioned to
integrate cortical and subcortical processing streams that
mediate cognitive and emotional functions. Feedback
projections to sensory cortices bias perceptual systems to
process stimuli of high significance. The amygdala is
critical for learning contingencies in the environment that
predict emotional outcomes and for modulating explicit
memory processes in the hippocampus. The anterior cingulate
gyrus and ventromedial and orbital prefrontal cortices serve
as interfaces that link emotional information processing and
attentional control systems to guide goal-directed behavior.
Dysregulation of the balance between affective and cognitive
systems is a hallmark of anxiety and mood
disorders.},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-045396-5.00056-7},
Key = {fds375275}
}
@misc{fds167725,
Author = {LaBar, K. S},
Title = {Memory (emotional)},
Pages = {250-252},
Booktitle = {The Oxford Companion to Emotion and the Affective
Sciences},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {Sander, D. and Scherer, K. R.},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds167725}
}
@misc{fds139829,
Author = {Byrne, J. H. and LaBar, K. S. and LeDoux, J. E. and Schafe, G. E. and Sweatt, J. D. and Thompson, R. F},
Title = {Learning and memory: Basic mechanisms},
Series = {2nd Edition},
Pages = {539-608},
Booktitle = {From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and
Molecular Neuroscience},
Publisher = {Elsevier Science (USA)},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {J. H. Byrne and J. L. Roberts},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds139829}
}
@misc{fds139831,
Author = {K.S. LaBar},
Title = {Imaging emotional influences on learning and
memory},
Pages = {331-348},
Booktitle = {Neuroimaging of Human Memory: Linking Cognitive Processes to
Neural Systems},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {F. Roesler and C. Ranganath and B. Roder and R. H.
Kluwe},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds139831}
}
@misc{fds139832,
Author = {LaBar, K. S. and Warren, L. H.},
Title = {Methodological approaches to studying the human
amygdala},
Pages = {155-176},
Booktitle = {The Human Amygdala},
Publisher = {Guilford Press},
Address = {New York},
Editor = {E. A. Phelps and P. J. Whalen},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds139832}
}
@misc{fds252364,
Author = {Dolcos, F and LaBar, KS and Cabeza, R},
Title = {The Memory Enhancing Effect of Emotion: Functional
Neuroimaging Evidence},
Pages = {105-134},
Booktitle = {Memory and Emotion: Interdisciplinary Perspectives},
Publisher = {BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781405139816},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470756232.ch6},
Abstract = {Emotional events are usually remembered better than neutral
events. The anatomical and functional correlates of this
phenomenon have been investigated in both animals and
humans, with approaches ranging from neuropsychological and
pharmacological to electrophysiological and functional
neuroimaging. The present chapter reviews this evidence,
focusing in particular on functional neuroimaging studies in
humans, which have examined the effects of emotion on
memory-related activity during both encoding and retrieval.
The available evidence emphasizes the role of the amygdala,
the medial temporal lobe memory system, and the prefrontal
cortex. The chapter ends with a discussion of open issues
and future directions. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing
Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1002/9780470756232.ch6},
Key = {fds252364}
}
@misc{fds340131,
Author = {LaBar, KS and LeDoux, JE},
Title = {Fear and anxiety pathways},
Pages = {133-154},
Booktitle = {Understanding Autism: From Basic Neuroscience to
Treatment},
Publisher = {Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press},
Editor = {S. Moldin and J. L. Rubenstein},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780849327322},
Key = {fds340131}
}
@misc{fds44193,
Author = {Phelps, E. A. and LaBar, K. S.},
Title = {Emotion and social cognition: Role of the
amygdala},
Volume = {2},
Pages = {421-453},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition},
Publisher = {Cambridge, MA: MIT Press},
Editor = {R. Cabeza and A. Kingstone},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds44193}
}
@misc{fds44195,
Author = {Dolcos, F. and LaBar, K. S. and Cabeza, R.},
Title = {The memory-enhancing effect of emotion: Functional
neuroimaging evidence},
Pages = {in press},
Booktitle = {Memory and Emotion: Interdisciplinary Perspectives},
Publisher = {New York: Blackwell},
Editor = {R. Uttl and N. Sugimoto},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds44195}
}
@misc{fds26964,
Author = {Brown, T.H. and Byrne, J.H. and LaBar, K.S. and LeDoux, J.E. and Lindquist, D.H. and Thompson, R.F. and Tyler,
T.J.},
Title = {Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms},
Pages = {499-574},
Booktitle = {From Molecules to Networks: An Introduction to Cellular and
Molecular Neuroscience},
Publisher = {New York: Elsevier Science (USA)},
Editor = {J. H. Byrne and J.L. Roberts},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds26964}
}
@misc{fds26965,
Author = {K.S. LaBar and LeDoux, J.E.},
Title = {Emotional Learning Circuits in Animals and
Humans},
Pages = {52-65},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Affective Sciences},
Publisher = {New York; Oxford University Press},
Editor = {R.J. Davidson and K. Scherer and H.H. Goldsmith},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds26965}
}
@misc{fds26963,
Author = {LaBar, K. S. and LeDoux, J. E.},
Title = {Emotion and the brain: An overview},
Series = {2nd Edition},
Pages = {711-724},
Booktitle = {Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology},
Publisher = {New York: McGraw-Hill},
Editor = {T. E. Feinberg and M. J. Farah},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds26963}
}
@misc{fds26199,
Author = {K.S. LaBar and Le Doux and J.E.},
Title = {Coping with Danger: The Neural Basis of Defensive Behaviors
and Fearful Feelings},
Pages = {139-154},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Physiology, Section 7: The Endocrine System,
Vol. IV: Coping with the Environment: Neural and Endocrine
Mechanisms},
Publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
Editor = {B.S. McEwen},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds26199}
}
@misc{fds26197,
Author = {K.S. LaBar and LeDoux, J.E.},
Title = {I jmeccanismi cerebrali dell'emozione e dell'apprendimento
emotivo},
Pages = {215-229},
Booktitle = {Frontiere della Vita,Vol. III},
Publisher = {Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Treccani},
Editor = {E.Bizzi, P. Calissano and V. Volterra},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds26197}
}
@misc{fds26198,
Author = {Beggs, J.M. and Brown, T.H. and Crow, T.J. and LaBar, K.S. and LeDoux, J.E. and Thompson, R.F.},
Title = {Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms},
Pages = {1411-1454},
Booktitle = {Fundamental Neuroscience},
Editor = {M.J. Zigmond and F.E. Bloom and S.C. Landis and J.L. Roberts and L.R.
Squire},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds26198}
}
@misc{fds21907,
Author = {LaBar, K.S. and LeDoux, J.E.},
Title = {Emotion and the brain: An overview},
Pages = {675-689},
Booktitle = {Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology},
Publisher = {New York: McGraw-Hill},
Editor = {T.E. Feinberg and M.J. Farah},
Year = {1997},
Key = {fds21907}
}
%% Reprinted Articles
@article{fds199738,
Author = {Murty, V. P. and Ritchey, M. and Adcock, R. A. and LaBar, K.
S.},
Title = {fMRI studies of successful emotional memory encoding: A
quantitative meta-analysis},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {49},
Pages = {3459-3469},
Editor = {Hamman, S. B.},
Year = {2011},
Key = {fds199738}
}
%% Other
@misc{fds11193,
Author = {Parrish, T.B. and Gitelman, D.R. and LaBar, K.S. and Mesulam,
M.M.},
Title = {"Signal to Noise Influence on Clinical fMRI"},
Journal = {Neurolmage},
Volume = {11},
Number = {S532},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds11193}
}
@misc{fds11194,
Author = {Thompson, C.K. and Fix, S.C. and Gitelman, D.R. and LaBar, K.S. and Parrish, T.B. and Mesulam, M.M.},
Title = {"A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Study"},
Journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Suppl.
S},
Volume = {53},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds11194}
}
@misc{fds11195,
Author = {Gitelman, D.R. and Parrish, T.B. and LaBar, K.S. and Mesulam,
M.M.},
Title = {"Frontal Eye Field and Collicular Asymmetries in Visual
Exploration"},
Journal = {Society for Neuroscience Abstracts},
Volume = {25},
Number = {287},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds11195}
}
@misc{fds11196,
Author = {K.S. Labar and Gitelman, D.R. and Parrish, T.B. and Kim, Y.H. and Nobre, A.C. and Mesulam, M.M.},
Title = {"Motivational State Selectivity Modulates Amygdala
Activation to Appetitive Visual Stimuli"},
Journal = {Neurolmage},
Volume = {9},
Number = {S765},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds11196}
}
@misc{fds11197,
Author = {K.S. Labar and Mesulam, M.M. and Weintraub, S.},
Title = {"Emotional Curiosity: Arousal Modulation of Visual
Exploration and its Preservation in Aging and Early-Stage
Alzheimer's Disease"},
Journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Suppl.
S},
Volume = {73},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds11197}
}
@misc{fds11198,
Author = {K.S. Labar and Rabinovici, G.D. and Ranganath, C. and Gitelman, D.R. and Parrish, T.B. and Paller, K.A. and Mesulam, M.M.},
Title = {"Spatiotemporal Dynamics of a Neural Network for Emotional
Picture Encoding Revealed by Parallel Evoked Potential and
fMRI Measurements"},
Journal = {Society for Neuroscience Abstracts},
Volume = {25},
Number = {2146},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds11198}
}
@misc{fds11199,
Author = {O'Connor, K.J. and LaBar, K.S. and Phelps, E.A.},
Title = {"Impaired Contextual Fear Conditioning in
Amnesics"},
Journal = {Journal of Neuroscience, Suppl. S},
Volume = {19},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds11199}
}
@misc{fds11200,
Author = {Paller, K.A. and Ranganath, C. and LaBar, K.S. and Parrish, T.B. and Gitelman, D.R. and Bozic, V.S. and Mesulam, M.M.},
Title = {"Neural Correlates of Memory for Faces: Differential Frontal
Activity for Retrieval Success vs. Retrieval
Effort"},
Journal = {Neurolmage},
Volume = {9},
Number = {S962},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds11200}
}
@misc{fds11201,
Author = {Paller, K.A. and Ranganath, C. and LaBar, K.S. and Parrish, T.B. and Gitelman, D.R. and Bozic, V.S. and Whalen, T.E. and Mesulam,
M.M.},
Title = {"Neural Correlates of Memory for Faces: Hemodynamic and
Electrophysiological Differences Between Retrieval Success
and Retrieval Effort"},
Journal = {Society for Neuroscience Abstracts},
Volume = {25},
Number = {648},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds11201}
}
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