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| Publications of Michael S. Gaffrey :chronological combined listing:
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds335658,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Barch, DM and Luby, JL},
Title = {A RESTING STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY STUDY OF THE DEFAULT
MODE NETWORK IN DEPRESSED PRESCHOOLERS},
Journal = {PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY},
Volume = {49},
Pages = {S4-S4},
Publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
Year = {2012},
Month = {September},
Key = {fds335658}
}
@article{fds335673,
Author = {Kemmotsu, N and Villalobos, ME and Gaffrey, MS and Courchesne, E and Müller, R-A},
Title = {Activity and functional connectivity of inferior frontal
cortex associated with response conflict.},
Journal = {Brain research. Cognitive brain research},
Volume = {24},
Number = {2},
Pages = {335-342},
Year = {2005},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.015},
Abstract = {The traditional Stroop test of cognitive interference
requires overt speech responses. One alternative, the
counting Stroop, generates cognitive interference similar to
the traditional Stroop test but allows button press
responses. Previous counting Stroop studies have used
concrete words in the control condition, which may have
masked inferior frontal activation. We studied 7 healthy
young adults using fMRI on a counting Stroop condition, with
a nonlinguistic control condition (geometric shapes). As
expected, we found activation in bilateral inferior frontal
gyri, as well as in lateral and medial prefrontal, inferior
parietal, and extrastriate cortices. Additional functional
connectivity analyses using inferior frontal activation
clusters (right area 44, left area 47) as seed volumes
showed connectivity with superior frontal area 8 and
anterior cingulate gyrus, suggesting that the role of
inferior frontal cortex was related to response conflict and
inhibition. Connectivity with left perisylvian language
areas was not observed, which further underscores the
nonlinguistic nature of inferior frontal activity. We
conclude that bilateral inferior frontal cortex is involved
in response suppression associated with interference in the
counting Stroop task.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.015},
Key = {fds335673}
}
@article{fds349038,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Barch, DM and Luby, JL and Petersen,
SE},
Title = {Amygdala Functional Connectivity Is Associated With Emotion
Regulation and Amygdala Reactivity in 4- to
6-Year-Olds.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {60},
Number = {1},
Pages = {176-185},
Year = {2021},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.01.024},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Emotion dysregulation has been suggested
to be a potent risk factor for multiple psychiatric
conditions. Altered amygdala-prefrontal cortex (PFC)
connectivity has been consistently linked to emotion
dysregulation. Recent data indicate that amygdala-PFC
functional connectivity undergoes a prolonged period of
development, with amygdala reactivity during early childhood
potentially shaping this unfolding process. Little is known
about the relationships between amygdala-PFC functional
connectivity, amygdala reactivity, and emotion regulation
during early childhood. This information is likely critical
for understanding early emotion dysregulation as a
transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology. The current
study examined the relationships between amygdala functional
connectivity, amygdala reactivity, and emotion regulation in
preschoolers.<h4>Method</h4>A total of 66 medication-naive
4- to 6-year-olds participated in a study where
resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging
(rs-fMRI) and parent-reported child emotion regulation
ability data were collected. fMRI data collected during a
face viewing task was also available for 24
children.<h4>Results</h4>Right amygdala-medial PFC (mPFC)
functional connectivity was positively associated with child
emotion regulation ability and negatively associated with
child negative affect and right amygdala reactivity to
facial expressions of emotion. Right amygdala-mPFC
functional connectivity also statistically mediated the
relationship between heightened right amygdala reactivity
and elevated child negative affect.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Study
findings suggest that amygdala-mPFC functional connectivity
during early childhood, and its relationships with amygdala
reactivity and emotion regulation during this highly
sensitive developmental period, may play an important role
in early emotional development. These results inform the
neurodevelopmental biology of emotion regulation and its
potential relationship with risk for psychopathology.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2020.01.024},
Key = {fds349038}
}
@article{fds335648,
Author = {Pagliaccio, D and Luby, JL and Bogdan, R and Agrawal, A and Gaffrey, MS and Belden, AC and Botteron, KN and Harms, MP and Barch,
DM},
Title = {Amygdala functional connectivity, HPA axis genetic
variation, and life stress in children and relations to
anxiety and emotion regulation.},
Journal = {Journal of abnormal psychology},
Volume = {124},
Number = {4},
Pages = {817-833},
Year = {2015},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000094},
Abstract = {Internalizing pathology is related to alterations in
amygdala resting state functional connectivity, potentially
implicating altered emotional reactivity and/or emotion
regulation in the etiological pathway. Importantly, there is
accumulating evidence that stress exposure and genetic
vulnerability impact amygdala structure/function and risk
for internalizing pathology. The present study examined
whether early life stress and genetic profile scores (10
single nucleotide polymorphisms within 4
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis genes: CRHR1, NR3C2,
NR3C1, and FKBP5) predicted individual differences in
amygdala functional connectivity in school-age children (9-
to 14-year-olds; N = 120). Whole-brain regression analyses
indicated that increasing genetic "risk" predicted
alterations in amygdala connectivity to the caudate and
postcentral gyrus. Experience of more stressful and
traumatic life events predicted weakened amygdala-anterior
cingulate cortex connectivity. Genetic "risk" and stress
exposure interacted to predict weakened connectivity between
the amygdala and the inferior and middle frontal gyri,
caudate, and parahippocampal gyrus in those children with
the greatest genetic and environmental risk load.
Furthermore, amygdala connectivity longitudinally predicted
anxiety symptoms and emotion regulation skills at a later
follow-up. Amygdala connectivity mediated effects of life
stress on anxiety and of genetic variants on emotion
regulation. The current results suggest that considering the
unique and interacting effects of biological vulnerability
and environmental risk factors may be key to understanding
the development of altered amygdala functional connectivity,
a potential factor in the risk trajectory for internalizing
pathology.},
Doi = {10.1037/abn0000094},
Key = {fds335648}
}
@article{fds335646,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Barch, DM and Luby, JL},
Title = {Amygdala reactivity to sad faces in preschool children: An
early neural marker of persistent negative
affect.},
Journal = {Developmental cognitive neuroscience},
Volume = {17},
Pages = {94-100},
Year = {2016},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.015},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Elevated negative affect is a highly
salient risk factor for later internalizing disorders. Very
little is known about the early neurobiological correlates
of negative affect and whether they associate with
developmental changes in negative emotion. Such information
may prove critical for identifying children deviating from
normative developmental trajectories of negative affect and
at increased risk for later internalizing disorders. The
current study examined the relationship between amygdala
activity and negative affect measured concurrently and
approximately 12 months later in preschool-age
children.<h4>Method</h4>Amygdala activity was assessed using
functional magnetic resonance imaging in 31 medication-naive
preschool age children. Negative affect was measured using
parent report both at the time of scan and 12 months
later.<h4>Results</h4>Negative affect at baseline was
positively correlated with right amygdala activity to sad
faces, right amygdala activity to happy faces, and left
amygdala activity to happy faces. Right amygdala activity to
sad faces also positively predicted parent-reported negative
affect 12 months later even when negative affect reported at
baseline was controlled.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The current
findings provide preliminary evidence for amygdala activity
as a potential biomarker of persistent negative affect
during early childhood and suggest future work examining the
origins and long-term implications of this relationship is
necessary.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.015},
Key = {fds335646}
}
@article{fds335645,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Barch, DM and Bogdan, R and Farris, K and Petersen, SE and Luby, JL},
Title = {Amygdala Reward Reactivity Mediates the Association Between
Preschool Stress Response and Depression
Severity.},
Journal = {Biological psychiatry},
Volume = {83},
Number = {2},
Pages = {128-136},
Year = {2018},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.020},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Research in adolescents and adults has
suggested that altered neural processing of reward following
early life adversity is a highly promising depressive
intermediate phenotype. However, very little is known about
how stress response, neural processing of reward, and
depression are related in very young children. The present
study examined the concurrent associations between cortisol
response following a stressor, functional brain activity to
reward, and depression severity in children 4 to 6 years
old.<h4>Methods</h4>Medication-naïve children 4 to 6 years
old (N = 52) participated in a study using functional
magnetic resonance imaging to assess neural reactivity to
reward, including gain, loss, and neutral outcomes.
Parent-reported child depression severity and child cortisol
response following stress were also measured.<h4>Results</h4>Greater
caudate and medial prefrontal cortex reactivity to gain
outcomes and increased amygdala reactivity to salient (i.e.,
both gain and loss) outcomes were observed. Higher total
cortisol output following a stressor was associated with
increased depression severity and reduced amygdala
reactivity to salient outcomes. Amygdala reactivity was also
inversely associated with depression severity and was found
to mediate the relationship between cortisol output and
depression severity.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Results suggest that
altered neural processing of reward is already related to
increased cortisol output and depression severity in
preschoolers. These results also demonstrate an important
role for amygdala function as a mediator of this
relationship at a very early age. Our results further
underscore early childhood as an important developmental
period for understanding the neurobiological correlates of
early stress and increased risk for depression.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.020},
Key = {fds335645}
}
@article{fds335667,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Luby, JL and Belden, AC and Hirshberg, JS and Volsch, J and Barch, DM},
Title = {Association between depression severity and amygdala
reactivity during sad face viewing in depressed
preschoolers: an fMRI study.},
Journal = {Journal of affective disorders},
Volume = {129},
Number = {1-3},
Pages = {364-370},
Year = {2011},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.031},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Previous research has indicated that
symptom severity and amygdala reactivity during the viewing
of facial expressions of emotion are related in depression.
However, it remains unclear how early in development this
can be detected.<h4>Methods</h4>A sample of 11 depressed
preschoolers (4.5±0.8; 6 males) participated in an fMRI
experiment where they viewed facial expressions of emotion.
A region of interest approach was used in order to examine
the relationship between amygdala activation and depression
severity. Additional whole-brain analyses were conducted and
the results of these analyses were examined for potential
relationships with depression severity.<h4>Results</h4>Findings
indicated that depressed preschoolers exhibited a
significant positive relationship between depression
severity and right amygdala activity when viewing facial
expressions of negative affect. In addition, we found a
significant positive relationship between degree of
functional activation in the occipital cortex while viewing
faces and level of depression severity.<h4>Limitations</h4>Additional
research including a larger sample of depressed
preschoolers, as well as a healthy comparison group, is
needed to replicate the current findings and examine their
specificity at this age.<h4>Conclusions</h4>This is the
first study directly examining brain function in depressed
preschoolers. The results suggest that, similar to older
children and adults with depression, amygdala responsivity
and degree of depression severity are related as early as
age 3.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.031},
Key = {fds335667}
}
@article{fds335660,
Author = {Shen, MD and Shih, P and Öttl, B and Keehn, B and Leyden, KM and Gaffrey,
MS and Müller, R-A},
Title = {Atypical lexicosemantic function of extrastriate cortex in
autism spectrum disorder: evidence from functional and
effective connectivity.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {62},
Number = {3},
Pages = {1780-1791},
Year = {2012},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.008},
Abstract = {Previous studies have suggested atypically enhanced activity
of visual cortex during language processing in autism
spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it remains unclear whether
visual cortical participation reflects isolated processing
within posterior regions or functional cooperation with
distal brain regions, such as left inferior frontal gyrus
(LIFG). We addressed this question using functional
connectivity MRI (fcMRI) and structural equation modeling in
14 adolescents and adults with ASD and 14 matched typically
developing (TD) participants. Data were analyzed to isolate
low-frequency intrinsic fluctuations, by regressing out
effects of a semantic decision task. For a right
extrastriate seed derived from the strongest cluster of
atypical activation in the ASD group, widespread effects of
increased connectivity in prefrontal and medial frontal
lobes bilaterally were observed for the ASD group, compared
to the TD group. A second analysis for a seed in LIFG,
derived from pooled activation effects in both groups, also
yielded widespread effects of overconnectivity in the ASD
group, especially in temporal lobes. Structural equation
modeling showed that whereas right extrastriate cortex did
not impact function of language regions (left and right IFG,
left middle temporal gyrus) in the TD model, it was an
integral part of a language circuit in the ASD group. These
results suggest that atypical extrastriate activation during
language processing in ASD reflects integrative (not
isolated) processing. Furthermore, our findings are
inconsistent with previous reports of functional
underconnectivity in ASD, probably related to removal of
task effects required to isolate intrinsic low-frequency
fluctuations.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.008},
Key = {fds335660}
}
@article{fds335669,
Author = {Shih, P and Shen, M and Ottl, B and Keehn, B and Gaffrey, MS and Müller,
R-A},
Title = {Atypical network connectivity for imitation in autism
spectrum disorder.},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {48},
Number = {10},
Pages = {2931-2939},
Year = {2010},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.035},
Abstract = {Imitation has been considered as one of the precursors for
sociocommunicative development. Impairments of imitation in
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could be indicative of
dysfunctional underlying neural processes. Neuroimaging
studies have found reduced activation in areas associated
with imitation, but a functional connectivity MRI network
perspective of these regions in autism is unavailable.
Functional and effective connectivity was examined in 14
male participants with ASD and 14 matched typically
developing (TD) participants. We analyzed intrinsic,
low-frequency blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)
fluctuations of three regions in literature found to be
associated with imitation (inferior frontal gyrus [IFG],
inferior parietal lobule [IPL], superior temporal sulcus
[STS]). Direct group comparisons did not show significantly
reduced functional connectivity within the imitation network
in ASD. Conversely, we observed greater connectivity with
frontal regions, particularly superior frontal and anterior
cingulate gyri, in the ASD compared to TD group. Structural
equation modeling of effective connectivity revealed a
significantly reduced effect of IPL on IFG together with an
increased influence of a region in dorsal prefrontal cortex
(dPFC) on IFG in the ASD group. Our results suggest atypical
connectivity of the imitation network with an enhanced role
of dPFC, which may relate to behavioral impairments.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.035},
Key = {fds335669}
}
@article{fds335672,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Kleinhans, NM and Haist, F and Akshoomoff, N and Campbell, A and Courchesne, E and Müller, R-A},
Title = {Atypical [corrected] participation of visual cortex during
word processing in autism: an fMRI study of semantic
decision.},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {45},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1672-1684},
Year = {2007},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.008},
Abstract = {Language delay and impairment are salient features of
autism. More specifically, there is evidence of atypical
semantic organization in autism, but the functional brain
correlates are not well understood. The current study used
functional MRI to examine activation associated with
semantic category decision. Ten high-functioning men with
autism spectrum disorder and 10 healthy control subjects
matched for gender, handedness, age, and nonverbal IQ were
studied. Participants indicated via button press response
whether visually presented words belonged to a target
category (tools, colors, feelings). The control condition
required target letter detection in unpronounceable letter
strings. Significant activation for semantic decision in the
left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 44 and 45) was
found in the control group. Corresponding activation in the
autism group was more limited, with smaller clusters in left
inferior frontal areas 45 and 47. Autistic participants,
however, showed significantly greater activation compared to
controls in extrastriate visual cortex bilaterally (areas 18
and 19), which correlated with greater number of errors on
the semantic task. Our findings suggest an important role of
perceptual components (possibly visual imagery) during
semantic decision, consistent with previous evidence of
atypical lexicosemantic performance in autism. In the
context of similar findings from younger typically
developing children, our results suggest an immature pattern
associated with inefficient processing, presumably due to
atypical experiential embedding of word acquisition in
autism.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.008},
Key = {fds335672}
}
@article{fds337154,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Tillman, R and Barch, DM and Luby,
JL},
Title = {Continuity and stability of preschool depression from
childhood through adolescence and following the onset of
puberty.},
Journal = {Comprehensive psychiatry},
Volume = {86},
Pages = {39-46},
Year = {2018},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.07.010},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>A growing body of research now supports
the validity, clinical significance, and long-term negative
impact of depression occurring during the preschool period.
However, the prospective continuity of depressive symptoms
and risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) from childhood
through adolescence for preschoolers experiencing this
highly impairing disorder remains unexplored. Such
information is likely to be critical for understanding the
developmental continuity of preschool depression and whether
it continues to be a salient risk factor for an MDD
diagnosis following the transition into adolescence and the
onset of biological changes associated with it (i.e.,
puberty).<h4>Methods</h4>Subjects were participants in the
Preschool Depression Study conducted at the Early Emotional
Development Program at Washington University School of
Medicine in St. Louis. Subjects and their parents completed
baseline assessments that included comprehensive measures of
psychopathology and development at baseline and up to 9
follow-up assessments between 2003 and 2017. N = 279
subjects had diagnostic and clinical data available for the
preschool period and the early pubertal and/or later
pubertal periods and were included in the analyses. There
were N = 275 subjects assessed during the early pubertal
period and N = 184 subjects assessed during the later
pubertal period.<h4>Results</h4>Preschool depression was a
highly salient predictor of prepubertal and mid-to-post
pubertal MDD. Across all modeled time points children with a
history of preschool depression continued to demonstrate
elevated levels of depressive symptoms from childhood
through adolescence, suggesting a heightened trajectory of
depressive symptoms relative to their same age
peers.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Findings from the current study
suggest that children with a history of preschool depression
follow a trajectory of depression severity elevated relative
to their same age peers from childhood through adolescence
but with a similar shape over time. They also support the
homotypic continuity of preschool depression into
adolescence and the onset of puberty.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.07.010},
Key = {fds337154}
}
@article{fds356800,
Author = {Donohue, MR and Tillman, R and Barch, DM and Luby, J and Gaffrey,
MS},
Title = {Cortical thinning in preschoolers with maladaptive
guilt.},
Journal = {Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging},
Volume = {305},
Pages = {111195},
Year = {2020},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111195},
Abstract = {Maladaptive guilt is a central symptom of preschool-onset
depression associated with severe psychopathology in
adolescence and adulthood. Although studies have found that
maladaptive guilt is associated with structural alterations
in the anterior insula (AI) and dorsomedial prefrontal
cortex (dmPFC) in middle childhood and adolescence, no study
has examined structural neural correlates of maladaptive
guilt in preschool, when this symptom first emerges. This
study examined a pooled sample of 3-to 6-year-old children
(N = 76; 40.8% female) from two studies, both which used
the same type of magnetic resonance imaging scanner and
conducted diagnostic interviews for depression that included
clinician ratings of whether children met criteria for
maladaptive guilt. Preschoolers with maladaptive guilt
displayed significantly thinner dmPFC than children without
this symptom. Neither children's depressive severity nor
their vegetative or other emotional symptoms of depression
were associated with dmPFC thickness, suggesting that dmPFC
thinning is specific to maladaptive guilt. Neither AI gray
matter volume or thickness nor dmPFC gray matter volume
differed between children with and without maladaptive
guilt. This study is the first to identify a structural
biomarker for a specific depressive symptom in preschool.
Findings may inform neurobiological models of the
development of depression and aid in detection of this
symptom.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111195},
Key = {fds356800}
}
@article{fds335661,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Luby, JL and Botteron, K and Repovš, G and Barch,
DM},
Title = {Default mode network connectivity in children with a history
of preschool onset depression.},
Journal = {Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied
disciplines},
Volume = {53},
Number = {9},
Pages = {964-972},
Year = {2012},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02552.x},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Atypical Default Mode Network (DMN)
functional connectivity has been previously reported in
depressed adults. However, there is relatively little data
informing the developmental nature of this phenomenon. The
current case-control study examined the DMN in a unique
prospective sample of school-age children with a previous
history of preschool depression.<h4>Methods</h4>DMN
functional connectivity was assessed using resting state
functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging data and
the posterior cingulate (PCC) as a seed region of interest.
Thirty-nine medication naïve school age children (21 with a
history of preschool depression and 18 healthy peers) and
their families who were ascertained as preschoolers and
prospectively assessed over at least 4 annual waves as part
of a federally funded study of preschool depression were
included.<h4>Results</h4> Decreased connectivity between
the PCC and regions within the middle temporal gyrus (MTG),
inferior parietal lobule, and cerebellum was found in
children with known depression during the preschool period.
Increased connectivity between the PCC and regions within
the subgenual and anterior cingulate cortices and anterior
MTG bilaterally was also found in these children.
Additionally, a clinically relevant 'brain-behavior'
relationship between atypical functional connectivity of the
PCC and disruptions in emotion regulation was
identified.<h4>Conclusions</h4>To our knowledge, this is the
first study to examine the DMN in children known to have
experienced the onset of a clinically significant depressive
syndrome during preschool. Results suggest that a history of
preschool depression is associated with atypical DMN
connectivity. However, longitudinal studies are needed to
clarify whether the current findings of atypical DMN
connectivity are a precursor or a consequence of preschool
depression.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02552.x},
Key = {fds335661}
}
@article{fds335654,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Barch, DM and Singer, J and Shenoy, R and Luby,
JL},
Title = {Disrupted amygdala reactivity in depressed 4- to 6-year-old
children.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {52},
Number = {7},
Pages = {737-746},
Year = {2013},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.04.009},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Disrupted amygdala activity in depressed
adolescents and adults while viewing facial expressions of
emotion has been reported. However, few data are available
to inform the developmental nature of this phenomenon, an
issue that studies of the earliest known forms of depression
might elucidate. The current study addressed this question
by examining functional brain activity and its relationships
to emotion regulation in depressed 4- to 6-year-old children
and their healthy peers.<h4>Method</h4>A total of 54
medication-naive 4- to 6-year-olds (23 depressed and 31
healthy) participated in a case-control study using
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Imaging data
were used to compare functional brain activity in children
with and without depression during emotion face
processing.<h4>Results</h4>A right-lateralized pattern of
elevated amygdala, thalamus, inferior frontal gyrus, and
angular gyrus activity during face processing was found in
depressed 4- to 6-year-olds. In addition, relationships
between increased amygdala activity during face processing
and disruptions in parent-reported emotion regulation and
negative affect were found. No between-group differences
specific to emotion face type were identified.<h4>Conclusion</h4>To
our knowledge, this is the earliest evidence of alterations
in functional brain activity in depression using fMRI.
Results suggest that, similar to findings in older depressed
groups, depression at this age is associated with disrupted
amygdala functioning during face processing. The findings
also raise the intriguing possibility that disrupted
amygdala function is a depression-related biomarker that
spans development. Additional studies will be needed to
clarify whether the current findings are a precursor to or a
consequence of very early childhood depression.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2013.04.009},
Key = {fds335654}
}
@article{fds355724,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS},
Title = {Editorial: Shedding Light on the Early Neurobiological Roots
of Infant Temperament and Risk for Anxiety.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {60},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1069-1071},
Year = {2021},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.008},
Abstract = {Temperament refers to early-appearing variations in
emotional reactivity and regulation that show moderate
stability across time and settings. The association of some
features of early temperament with later emerging childhood
psychiatric disorders has been well established. For
example, a temperamental predisposition toward experiencing
increased negative affect in the presence of novelty during
early childhood has been linked to later anxiety
disorders.<sup>1</sup> Accumulating research directed at
understanding the mechanistic links between temperament and
psychopathology indicates that, at least for most disorders,
the 2 constructs cannot be viewed as simply different points
along a shared continuum. That is, temperament as a risk
factor for psychopathology has been suggested to depend on a
number of other internal as well as external
factors,<sup>2</sup> and these factors likely exert their
influence at least in part by shaping the early course of
brain development.<sup>3</sup> However, until recently, the
associations between very early features of temperament and
brain development have remained relatively understudied
owing to the practical and technical challenges of using
neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic
resonance imaging during this highly sensitive developmental
period. Nevertheless, with advances in each of these areas,
early functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence is
beginning to provide an exciting new window into these
relationships.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.008},
Key = {fds355724}
}
@article{fds335665,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Shenoy, R and Luby, JL},
Title = {Effects of Stimulants and SSRIs on Brain Function in
Children: Emerging Clues from fMRI Studies.},
Journal = {Child & adolescent psychopharmacology news},
Volume = {16},
Number = {5},
Pages = {3-10},
Year = {2011},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/capn.2011.16.5.3},
Doi = {10.1521/capn.2011.16.5.3},
Key = {fds335665}
}
@article{fds335671,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Kleinhans, NM and Haist, F and Akshoomoff, N and Campbell, A and Courchesne, E and Müller, RA},
Title = {Erratum to "Atypical participation of visual cortex during
word processing in autism: An fMRI study of semantic
decision" [Neuropsychologia 45 (2007) 1672-1684]
(DOI:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.008)},
Journal = {Neuropsychologia},
Volume = {45},
Number = {11},
Pages = {2644},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2007},
Month = {June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.014},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.014},
Key = {fds335671}
}
@article{fds335670,
Author = {Gallo, FJ and Klein-Tasman, BP and Gaffrey, MS and Curran,
P},
Title = {Expecting the worst: observations of reactivity to sound in
young children with Williams syndrome.},
Journal = {Research in developmental disabilities},
Volume = {29},
Number = {6},
Pages = {567-581},
Year = {2008},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2007.09.003},
Abstract = {The study examined behavioral reactions to sound, including
startle eye blinks, in young children with Williams syndrome
(WS) using video-based observational techniques.
Participants were 21 children with WS and 20 children with
other developmental disabilities of mixed etiology between
the ages of 2.5 and 6. Groups were matched for chronological
age and developmental level. All children participated in a
semi-structured play interaction including exposure to mild
intensity sounds as emitted from conventional toys. Overall,
90% of the children in the WS group were observed to exhibit
overt behavioral reactivity to mild intensity sounds,
compared to only 20% in the mixed etiology group.
Examination of the temporal sequence indicated that children
with WS generally exhibited these behaviors before exposure
to sound stimuli, suggesting a relation to anticipatory
anxiety. Children with WS also exhibited significantly
greater acoustic startle eye blinks, often viewed as an
indication of heightened emotional state. Taken together,
the current findings confirm the presence of heightened
reactivity to sound in WS, behaviors previously investigated
using parent report alone. The observed behaviors and their
potential relation to anxiety are also discussed.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.ridd.2007.09.003},
Key = {fds335670}
}
@article{fds374967,
Author = {Bagdasarov, A and Roberts, K and Brunet, D and Michel, CM and Gaffrey,
MS},
Title = {Exploring the Association Between EEG Microstates During
Resting-State and Error-Related Activity in Young
Children.},
Journal = {Brain topography},
Year = {2023},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10548-023-01030-2},
Abstract = {The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection
in the electroencephalography (EEG) waveform at
frontal-central scalp sites that occurs after error
commission. The relationship between the ERN and broader
patterns of brain activity measured across the entire scalp
that support error processing during early childhood is
unclear. We examined the relationship between the ERN and
EEG microstates - whole-brain patterns of dynamically
evolving scalp potential topographies that reflect periods
of synchronized neural activity - during both a go/no-go
task and resting-state in 90, 4-8-year-old children. The
mean amplitude of the ERN was quantified during the -64 to
108 millisecond (ms) period of time relative to error
commission, which was determined by data-driven microstate
segmentation of error-related activity. We found that
greater magnitude of the ERN associated with greater global
explained variance (GEV; i.e., the percentage of total
variance in the data explained by a given microstate) of an
error-related microstate observed during the same -64 to 108
ms period (i.e., error-related microstate 3), and to greater
anxiety risk as measured by parent-reported behavioral
inhibition. During resting-state, six data-driven
microstates were identified. Both greater magnitude of the
ERN and greater GEV values of error-related microstate 3
associated with greater GEV values of resting-state
microstate 4, which showed a frontal-central scalp
topography. Source localization results revealed overlap
between the underlying neural generators of error-related
microstate 3 and resting-state microstate 4 and canonical
brain networks (e.g., ventral attention) known to support
the higher-order cognitive processes involved in error
processing. Taken together, our results clarify how
individual differences in error-related and intrinsic brain
activity are related and enhance our understanding of
developing brain network function and organization
supporting error processing during early
childhood.},
Doi = {10.1007/s10548-023-01030-2},
Key = {fds374967}
}
@article{fds335653,
Author = {Pagliaccio, D and Luby, JL and Gaffrey, MS and Belden, AC and Botteron,
KN and Harms, MP and Barch, DM},
Title = {Functional brain activation to emotional and nonemotional
faces in healthy children: evidence for developmentally
undifferentiated amygdala function during the school-age
period.},
Journal = {Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {13},
Number = {4},
Pages = {771-789},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-013-0167-5},
Abstract = {The amygdala is a key region in emotion processing. In
particular, fMRI studies have demonstrated that the amygdala
is active during the viewing of emotional faces. Previous
research has consistently found greater amygdala responses
to fearful than to neutral faces in adults, convergent with
a focus in the animal literature on the amygdala's role in
fear processing. Studies have shown that the amygdala also
responds differentially to other facial emotion types in
adults. Yet the literature regarding when this differential
amygdala responsivity develops is limited and mixed. Thus,
the goal of the present study was to examine amygdala
responses to emotional and neutral faces in a relatively
large sample of healthy school-age children (N = 52).
Although the amygdala was active in response to emotional
and neutral faces, the results did not support the
hypothesis that the amygdala responds differentially to
emotional faces in 7- to 12-year-old children. Nonetheless,
amygdala activity was correlated with the severity of
subclinical depression symptoms and with emotional
regulation skills. Additionally, sex differences were
observed in frontal, temporal, and visual regions, as well
as effects of pubertal development in visual regions. These
findings suggest important differences in amygdala
reactivity in childhood.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13415-013-0167-5},
Key = {fds335653}
}
@article{fds335657,
Author = {Barch, DM and Gaffrey, MS and Botteron, KN and Belden, AC and Luby,
JL},
Title = {Functional brain activation to emotionally valenced faces in
school-aged children with a history of preschool-onset major
depression.},
Journal = {Biological psychiatry},
Volume = {72},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1035-1042},
Year = {2012},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.009},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Recent research has demonstrated that
clinical depression can emerge as early as the preschool
period. Here, we examine brain function in children with a
history of preschool-onset depression (PO-MDD) in comparison
with healthy children.<h4>Methods</h4>Participants were
medication naïve school-aged children (ages 7-11) with
PO-MDD (n = 22) or no psychiatric history (n = 16) followed
longitudinally as part of the Preschool Depression Study. We
used functional magnetic resonance imaging measures of blood
oxygen level-dependent signal to examine functional brain
activity in response to emotionally valenced faces (sad,
fearful, angry, happy, neutral) following a negative mood
induction provided to all children.<h4>Results</h4>In
categorical group comparisons, children with PO-MDD
demonstrated increased activity in parietal cortex in
response to sad faces but no differences in brain activity
in a priori regions of interest (e.g., amygdala). However,
in dimensional analyses, the severity of depression symptoms
at the baseline preschool assessment predicted increased
responses to sad faces in amygdala, hippocampal, parietal,
and orbital frontal regions.<h4>Conclusions</h4>School-aged
children with a history of PO-MDD showed patterns of
functional brain responses to emotionally evocative stimuli
similar to patterns found in adults and adolescents with
major depression. These patterns were most strongly related
to the severity of depression during the preschool period,
suggesting that the magnitude of early symptoms may be
particularly important for understanding altered brain
function. These findings suggest that an early episode of
depression before age 6 may be associated with enduring
brain change or may represent a biomarker that was present
even before the preschool episode.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.009},
Key = {fds335657}
}
@article{fds335664,
Author = {Luking, KR and Repovs, G and Belden, AC and Gaffrey, MS and Botteron,
KN and Luby, JL and Barch, DM},
Title = {Functional connectivity of the amygdala in
early-childhood-onset depression.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {50},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1027-41.e3},
Year = {2011},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.07.019},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Adult major depressive disorder (MDD) is
associated with reduced cortico-limbic functional
connectivity thought to indicate decreased top-down control
of emotion. However, it is unclear whether such connectivity
alterations are also present in early-childhood-onset
MDD.<h4>Method</h4>A total of 51 children 7 through 11 years
of age who had been prospectively studied since preschool
age, completed resting state functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) and were assigned to one of four groups: 1)
C-MDD (N = 13), those children with a personal history of
early-childhood-onset MDD; 2) M-MDD (N = 11), those with a
maternal history of affective disorders; 3) CM-MDD (N = 13),
those with both maternal and early-childhood-onset MDD; or
4) CON (N = 14), those without either a personal or maternal
history of MDD. We used seed-based resting state functional
connectivity (rsfcMRI) analysis in an independent sample of
adults to identify networks showing both positive (e.g.,
limbic regions) and negative (e.g., dorsal frontal/parietal
regions) connectivity with the amygdala. These regions were
then used in region-of-interest-based analyses of our child
sample.<h4>Results</h4>We found a significant interaction
between maternal affective disorder history and the child's
MDD history for both positive and negative rsfcMRI networks.
Specifically, when compared with CON, we found reduced
connectivity between the amygdala and the "negative network"
in children with C-MDD, M-MDD, and CM-MDD. Children with
either C-MDD or a maternal history of MDD (but not CM-MDD)
displayed reduced connectivity between the amygdala and the
"positive network."<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our finding of an
attenuated relationship between the amygdala, a region
affected in MDD and involved in emotion processing, and
cognitive control regions is consistent with a hypothesis of
altered regulation of emotional processing in C-MDD,
suggesting developmental continuity of this alteration into
early childhood.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2011.07.019},
Key = {fds335664}
}
@article{fds335649,
Author = {Pagliaccio, D and Luby, JL and Bogdan, R and Agrawal, A and Gaffrey, MS and Belden, AC and Botteron, KN and Harms, MP and Barch,
DM},
Title = {HPA axis genetic variation, pubertal status, and sex
interact to predict amygdala and hippocampus responses to
negative emotional faces in school-age children.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {109},
Pages = {1-11},
Year = {2015},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.017},
Abstract = {Accumulating evidence suggests a role for stress exposure,
particularly during early life, and for variation in genes
involved in stress response pathways in neural responsivity
to emotional stimuli. Understanding how individual
differences in these factors predict differences in
emotional responsivity may be important for understanding
both normative emotional development and for understanding
the mechanisms underlying internalizing disorders, like
anxiety and depression, that have often been related to
increased amygdala and hippocampus responses to negatively
valenced emotional stimuli. The present study examined
whether stress exposure and genetic profile scores (10
single nucleotide polymorphisms within four
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis genes: CRHR1, NR3C2,
NR3C1, and FKBP5) predict individual differences in amygdala
and hippocampus responses to fearful vs. neutral faces in
school-age children (7-12 year olds; N = 107). Experience of
more stressful and traumatic life events predicted greater
left amygdala responses to negative emotional stimuli.
Genetic profile scores interacted with sex and pubertal
status to predict amygdala and hippocampus responses.
Specifically, genetic profile scores were a stronger
predictor of amygdala and hippocampus responses among
pubertal vs. prepubertal children where they positively
predicted responses to fearful faces among pubertal girls
and positively predicted responses to neutral faces among
pubertal boys. The current results suggest that genetic and
environmental stress-related factors may be important in
normative individual differences in responsivity to negative
emotional stimuli, a potential mechanism underlying
internalizing disorders. Further, sex and pubertal
development may be key moderators of the effects of
stress-system genetic variation on amygdala and hippocampus
responsivity, potentially relating to sex differences in
stress-related psychopathology.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.017},
Key = {fds335649}
}
@article{fds335662,
Author = {Luby, JL and Barch, DM and Belden, A and Gaffrey, MS and Tillman, R and Babb, C and Nishino, T and Suzuki, H and Botteron,
KN},
Title = {Maternal support in early childhood predicts larger
hippocampal volumes at school age.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America},
Volume = {109},
Number = {8},
Pages = {2854-2859},
Year = {2012},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118003109},
Abstract = {Early maternal support has been shown to promote specific
gene expression, neurogenesis, adaptive stress responses,
and larger hippocampal volumes in developing animals. In
humans, a relationship between psychosocial factors in early
childhood and later amygdala volumes based on prospective
data has been demonstrated, providing a key link between
early experience and brain development. Although much
retrospective data suggests a link between early
psychosocial factors and hippocampal volumes in humans, to
date there has been no prospective data to inform this
potentially important public health issue. In a longitudinal
study of depressed and healthy preschool children who
underwent neuroimaging at school age, we investigated
whether early maternal support predicted later hippocampal
volumes. Maternal support observed in early childhood was
strongly predictive of hippocampal volume measured at school
age. The positive effect of maternal support on hippocampal
volumes was greater in nondepressed children. These findings
provide prospective evidence in humans of the positive
effect of early supportive parenting on healthy hippocampal
development, a brain region key to memory and stress
modulation.},
Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118003109},
Key = {fds335662}
}
@article{fds376291,
Author = {Bagdasarov, A and Brunet, D and Michel, CM and Gaffrey,
MS},
Title = {Microstate Analysis of Continuous Infant EEG: Tutorial and
Reliability.},
Journal = {Brain topography},
Year = {2024},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10548-024-01043-5},
Abstract = {Microstate analysis of resting-state EEG is a unique
data-driven method for identifying patterns of scalp
potential topographies, or microstates, that reflect stable
but transient periods of synchronized neural activity
evolving dynamically over time. During infancy - a critical
period of rapid brain development and plasticity -
microstate analysis offers a unique opportunity for
characterizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of brain
activity. However, whether measurements derived from this
approach (e.g., temporal properties, transition
probabilities, neural sources) show strong psychometric
properties (i.e., reliability) during infancy is unknown and
key information for advancing our understanding of how
microstates are shaped by early life experiences and whether
they relate to individual differences in infant abilities. A
lack of methodological resources for performing microstate
analysis of infant EEG has further hindered adoption of this
cutting-edge approach by infant researchers. As a result, in
the current study, we systematically addressed these
knowledge gaps and report that most microstate-based
measurements of brain organization and functioning except
for transition probabilities were stable with four minutes
of video-watching resting-state data and highly internally
consistent with just one minute. In addition to these
results, we provide a step-by-step tutorial, accompanying
website, and open-access data for performing microstate
analysis using a free, user-friendly software called
Cartool. Taken together, the current study supports the
reliability and feasibility of using EEG microstate analysis
to study infant brain development and increases the
accessibility of this approach for the field of
developmental neuroscience.},
Doi = {10.1007/s10548-024-01043-5},
Key = {fds376291}
}
@article{fds367505,
Author = {Fowler, CH and Gaffrey, MS},
Title = {Reduced cortical surface area globally and in reward-related
cortex is associated with elevated depressive symptoms in
preschoolers.},
Journal = {Journal of affective disorders},
Volume = {319},
Pages = {286-293},
Year = {2022},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.075},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Elevated depressive symptoms in early
childhood strongly predict depression onset in youth.
Nevertheless, little is known about the neural correlates of
these symptoms, information that is key for understanding
the early development of depression. As a result, the
present study conducted a novel investigation of the
association between cortical structure and depressive
symptoms in preschoolers.<h4>Methods</h4>Forty-six preschool
age children (M<sub>age</sub> = 5.90, SD = 0.75), some
(N = 15) at high risk for depression, participated in the
study. Data included parent-report of child depressive
symptoms and measures of child whole brain and regional
cortical structure acquired via 3T MRI.<h4>Results</h4>After
adjustment for maternal depression, socio-economic status,
child age, child sex, and intracranial volume, reduced total
cortical surface area and reduced surface area of the
lateral orbitofrontal cortex were associated with elevated
depressive symptoms. Cortical thickness was not associated
with depressive symptoms.<h4>Limitations</h4>The present
data are cross-sectional, limiting any causal
interpretations.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Results suggest that
reduced cortical surface area, rather than thickness, is a
neural correlate of depressive symptoms in preschoolers.
Findings highlight the importance of surface area in reward
processing regions (i.e., lateral orbitofrontal cortex) in
particular. The present results provide novel insight into
early emerging associations between brain structure and
features of depression in young children and underscore
early childhood as an important developmental period for
understanding depression.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.075},
Key = {fds367505}
}
@article{fds335659,
Author = {Belden, AC and Gaffrey, MS and Luby, JL},
Title = {Relational aggression in children with preschool-onset
psychiatric disorders.},
Journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry},
Volume = {51},
Number = {9},
Pages = {889-901},
Year = {2012},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.06.018},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>The role of preschool-onset (PO)
psychiatric disorders as correlates and/or risk factors for
relational aggression during kindergarten or first grade was
tested in a sample of 146 preschool-age children (age 3 to
5.11 years).<h4>Method</h4>Axis-I diagnoses and symptom
scores were derived using the Preschool Age Psychiatric
Assessment. Children's roles in relational aggression as
aggressor, victim, aggressive-victim, or
nonaggressor/nonvictim were determined at preschool and
again 24 months later at elementary school
entry.<h4>Results</h4>Preschoolers diagnosed with PO
psychiatric disorders were three times as likely as the
healthy preschoolers to be classified aggressors, victims,
or aggressive-victims. Children diagnosed with PO
disruptive, depressive, and/or anxiety disorders were at
least six times as likely as children without PO psychiatric
disorders to become aggressive-victims during elementary
school after covarying for other key risk
factors.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Findings suggested that PO
psychiatric disorders differentiated preschool and
school-age children's roles in relational aggression based
on teacher report. Recommendations for future research and
preventative intervention aimed at minimizing the
development of relational aggression in early childhood by
identifying and targeting PO psychiatric disorders are
made.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2012.06.018},
Key = {fds335659}
}
@article{fds335651,
Author = {Bogdan, R and Agrawal, A and Gaffrey, MS and Tillman, R and Luby,
JL},
Title = {Serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR)
genotype and stressful life events interact to predict
preschool-onset depression: a replication and developmental
extension.},
Journal = {Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied
disciplines},
Volume = {55},
Number = {5},
Pages = {448-457},
Year = {2014},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12142},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Scientific enthusiasm about gene ×
environment interactions, spurred by the 5-HTTLPR (serotonin
transporter-linked polymorphic region) × SLEs (stressful
life events) interaction predicting depression, have
recently been tempered by sober realizations of small
effects and meta-analyses reaching opposing conclusions.
These mixed findings highlight the need for further
research. Converging evidence suggests that the effects of
5-HTTLPR genotype may be neurodevelopmental in origin, but
we are not aware of empirical studies that have investigated
whether the 5-HTTLPR genotype × SLE interaction predicts
preschool-onset depression (PO-MDD), the earliest validated
form of depression.<h4>Methods</h4>Children (n = 234) aged
3-5 were recruited for a longitudinal study designed to
examine PO-MDD. In a comprehensive baseline assessment, the
child's primary caregivers completed questionnaires and were
interviewed about their child's behaviors, psychiatric
symptoms, and exposure to SLEs.<h4>Results</h4>A 5-HTTLPR ×
SLEs interaction emerged, such that children homozygous for
the short allele were more susceptible to depression in the
context of elevated SLE than long allele carriers. In
contrast, at low SLE exposure, short allele homozygotes had
fewer depressive symptoms. The data were best fit by a
plasticity model with a substantial reduction in fit by
diathesis-stress models.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Extending
studies in adult and adolescent populations, these data
suggest that 5-HTTLPR genotype may provide plasticity to
environmental influence, for better or worse. Specifically,
children homozygous for the short allele were more
susceptible to the depressogenic effects of SLEs but
benefitted, in the form of reduced depressive symptoms, in
the context of relatively benign environmental conditions
(i.e. relatively low SLE exposure). These data highlight the
importance of examining gene × environment interactions
across development, environment, and outcome but should be
interpreted cautiously given the small sample
size.},
Doi = {10.1111/jcpp.12142},
Key = {fds335651}
}
@article{fds335663,
Author = {van der Fluit, F and Gaffrey, MS and Klein-Tasman,
BP},
Title = {Social Cognition in Williams Syndrome: Relations between
Performance on the Social Attribution Task and Cognitive and
Behavioral Characteristics.},
Journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
Volume = {3},
Pages = {197},
Year = {2012},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00197},
Abstract = {Williams syndrome (WS) is a developmental disorder of
genetic origin, with characteristic cognitive and
personality profiles. Studies of WS point to an outgoing and
gregarious personality style, often contrasted with autism
spectrum disorders; however, recent research has uncovered
underlying social reciprocity difficulties in people with
WS. Social information processing difficulties that underlie
these social reciprocity difficulties have been sparsely
examined. Participants in the current study included 24
children with WS ages 8 through 15. A lab-based measure of
social perception and social cognition was administered
(Social Attribution Test), as well as an intellectual
functioning measure (KBIT-II) and parent reports of
communication and reciprocal social skills (Social
Communication Questionnaire, Social Responsiveness Scale).
Relations between social cognition, cognitive abilities, and
social-communication were examined. Results demonstrated
relations between parent-reported social reciprocity and the
typicality of the responses provided in the lab-based
measure, even once variability in intellectual functioning
was taken into account. Specifically, those individuals who
produced narratives in response to the social attribution
task (SAT) that were more similar to those described in
previous studies of typically developing individuals were
also reported to have fewer social reciprocity difficulties
in the real world setting as reported by parents. In
addition, a significant improvement in performance on the
SAT was seen with added scaffolding, particularly for
participants with stronger intellectual functioning. These
findings indicate that difficulties interpreting the social
dynamics between others in ambiguous situations may
contribute to the social relationship difficulties observed
in people with WS, above and beyond the role of intellectual
functioning. Exploratory analyses indicated that performance
by individuals with stronger intellectual functioning is
improved with additional structure to a greater degree than
for those with weaker intellectual functioning.
Interventions that specifically target these social
information processing of individuals with WS would likely
be beneficial.},
Doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00197},
Key = {fds335663}
}
@article{fds351011,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Markert, S and Yu, C},
Title = {Social origins of self-regulated attention during infancy
and their disruption in autism spectrum disorder:
Implications for early intervention.},
Journal = {Development and psychopathology},
Volume = {32},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1362-1374},
Year = {2020},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420000796},
Abstract = {To understand the complex relationships between autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) and other frequently comorbid
conditions, a growing number of studies have investigated
the emergence of ASD during infancy. This research has
suggested that symptoms of ASD and highly related comorbid
conditions emerge from complex interactions between
neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities and early environments,
indicating that developing treatments to prevent ASD is
highly challenging. However, it also suggests that
attenuating the negative effects of ASD on future
development once identified is possible. The present paper
builds on this by conceptualizing developmental delays in
nonsocial skills as the potential product of altered
caregiver-infant interactions following the emergence of ASD
during infancy. And, following emerging findings from
caregiver-infant dyadic head-mounted eye-tracking (D-ET)
research, it also suggests that a multiple pathway model of
joint attention can provide mechanistic insights into how
ASD alters the ability of caregiver and infant to create a
context for infant learning. The potential for this view to
inform early intervention is further discussed and
illustrated through D-ET data collected prior to and
following a brief, parent-mediated intervention for infant
ASD. While promising, further research informing how a
multiple pathway model of joint attention can inform ASD
early intervention is needed.},
Doi = {10.1017/s0954579420000796},
Key = {fds351011}
}
@article{fds364990,
Author = {Bagdasarov, A and Roberts, K and Bréchet, L and Brunet, D and Michel,
CM and Gaffrey, MS},
Title = {Spatiotemporal dynamics of EEG microstates in four- to
eight-year-old children: Age- and sex-related
effects.},
Journal = {Developmental cognitive neuroscience},
Volume = {57},
Pages = {101134},
Year = {2022},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101134},
Abstract = {The ultrafast spatiotemporal dynamics of large-scale neural
networks can be examined using resting-state
electroencephalography (EEG) microstates, representing
transient periods of synchronized neural activity that
evolve dynamically over time. In adults, four canonical
microstates have been shown to explain most topographic
variance in resting-state EEG. Their temporal structures are
age-, sex- and state-dependent, and are susceptible to
pathological brain states. However, no studies have assessed
the spatial and temporal properties of EEG microstates
exclusively during early childhood, a critical period of
rapid brain development. Here we sought to investigate EEG
microstates recorded with high-density EEG in a large sample
of 103, 4-8-year-old children. Using data-driven k-means
cluster analysis, we show that the four canonical
microstates reported in adult populations already exist in
early childhood. Using multiple linear regressions, we
demonstrate that the temporal dynamics of two microstates
are associated with age and sex. Source localization
suggests that attention- and cognitive control-related
networks govern the topographies of the age- and
sex-dependent microstates. These novel findings provide
unique insights into functional brain development in
children captured with EEG microstates.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101134},
Key = {fds364990}
}
@article{fds335647,
Author = {Sylvester, CM and Hudziak, JJ and Gaffrey, MS and Barch, DM and Luby,
JL},
Title = {Stimulus-Driven Attention, Threat Bias, and Sad Bias in
Youth with a History of an Anxiety Disorder or
Depression.},
Journal = {Journal of abnormal child psychology},
Volume = {44},
Number = {2},
Pages = {219-231},
Year = {2016},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9988-8},
Abstract = {Attention biases towards threatening and sad stimuli are
associated with pediatric anxiety and depression,
respectively. The basic cognitive mechanisms associated with
attention biases in youth, however, remain unclear. Here, we
tested the hypothesis that threat bias (selective attention
for threatening versus neutral stimuli) but not sad bias
relies on stimulus-driven attention. We collected measures
of stimulus-driven attention, threat bias, sad bias, and
current clinical symptoms in youth with a history of an
anxiety disorder and/or depression (ANX/DEP; n = 40) as well
as healthy controls (HC; n = 33). Stimulus-driven attention
was measured with a non-emotional spatial orienting task,
while threat bias and sad bias were measured at a short time
interval (150 ms) with a spatial orienting task using
emotional faces and at a longer time interval (500 ms) using
a dot-probe task. In ANX/DEP but not HC, early attention
bias towards threat was negatively correlated with later
attention bias to threat, suggesting that early threat
vigilance was associated with later threat avoidance. Across
all subjects, stimulus-driven orienting was not correlated
with early threat bias but was negatively correlated with
later threat bias, indicating that rapid stimulus-driven
orienting is linked to later threat avoidance. No parallel
relationships were detected for sad bias. Current symptoms
of depression but not anxiety were related to decreased
stimulus-driven attention. Together, these results are
consistent with the hypothesis that threat bias but not sad
bias relies on stimulus-driven attention. These results
inform the design of attention bias modification programs
that aim to reverse threat biases and reduce symptoms
associated with pediatric anxiety and depression.},
Doi = {10.1007/s10802-015-9988-8},
Key = {fds335647}
}
@article{fds356799,
Author = {Fowler, CH and Bogdan, R and Gaffrey, MS},
Title = {Stress-induced cortisol response is associated with right
amygdala volume in early childhood.},
Journal = {Neurobiology of stress},
Volume = {14},
Pages = {100329},
Year = {2021},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100329},
Abstract = {Rodent research suggests that dysregulation of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the resulting
cortisol stress response can alter the structure of the
hippocampus and amygdala. Because early-life changes in
brain structure can produce later functional impairment and
potentially increase risk for psychiatric disorder, it is
critical to understand the relationship between the cortisol
stress response and brain structure in early childhood.
However, no study to date has characterized the concurrent
association between cortisol stress response and hippocampal
and amygdala volume in young children. In the present study,
42 young children (<i>M</i> <sub><i>age</i></sub> = 5.97,
<i>SD</i> = 0.76), completed a frustration task and
cortisol response to stress was measured. Children also
underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), providing
structural scans from which their hippocampal and amygdala
volumes were extracted. Greater cortisol stress response was
associated with reduced right amygdala volume, controlling
for whole brain volume, age, sex, and number of cortisol
samples. There were no significant associations between
cortisol stress response and bilateral hippocampus or left
amygdala volumes. The association between right amygdala
volume and cortisol stress response raises the non-mutually
exclusive possibilities that the function of the HPA axis
may shape amygdala structure and/or that amygdala structure
may shape HPA axis function. As both cortisol stress
response and amygdala volume have been associated with risk
for psychopathology, it is possible that the relationship
between cortisol stress response and amygdala volume is part
of a broader pathway contributing to psychiatric
risk.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100329},
Key = {fds356799}
}
@article{fds335652,
Author = {Pagliaccio, D and Luby, JL and Bogdan, R and Agrawal, A and Gaffrey, MS and Belden, AC and Botteron, KN and Harms, MP and Barch,
DM},
Title = {Stress-system genes and life stress predict cortisol levels
and amygdala and hippocampal volumes in children.},
Journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the
American College of Neuropsychopharmacology},
Volume = {39},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1245-1253},
Year = {2014},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.327},
Abstract = {Depression has been linked to increased cortisol reactivity
and differences in limbic brain volumes, yet the mechanisms
underlying these alterations are unclear. One main
hypothesis is that stress causes these effects. This is
supported by animal studies showing that chronic stress or
glucocorticoid administration can lead to alterations in
hippocampal and amygdala structures. Relatedly, life stress
is cited as one of the major risk factors for depression and
candidate gene studies have related variation in
stress-system genes to increased prevalence and severity of
depression. The present study tested the hypothesis that
genetic profile scores combining variance across 10 single
nucleotide polymorphisms from four stress-system genes
(CRHR1, NR3C2, NR3C1, and FKBP5) and early life stress would
predict increases in cortisol levels during laboratory
stressors in 120 preschool-age children (3-5 years old), as
well as hippocampal and amygdala volumes assessed with MRI
in these same children at school age (7-12 years old). We
found that stress-system genetic profile scores positively
predicted cortisol levels while the number of
stressful/traumatic life events experienced by 3-5 years old
negatively predicted cortisol levels. The interaction of
genetic profile scores and early life stress predicted left
hippocampal and left amygdala volumes. Cortisol partially
mediated the effects of genetic variation and life stress on
limbic brain volumes, particularly on left amygdala volume.
These results suggest that stress-related genetic and early
environmental factors contribute to variation in stress
cortisol reactivity and limbic brain volumes in children,
phenotypes associated with depression in
adulthood.},
Doi = {10.1038/npp.2013.327},
Key = {fds335652}
}
@article{fds335656,
Author = {Suzuki, H and Botteron, KN and Luby, JL and Belden, AC and Gaffrey, MS and Babb, CM and Nishino, T and Miller, MI and Ratnanather, JT and Barch,
DM},
Title = {Structural-functional correlations between hippocampal
volume and cortico-limbic emotional responses in depressed
children.},
Journal = {Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience},
Volume = {13},
Number = {1},
Pages = {135-151},
Year = {2013},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-012-0121-y},
Abstract = {Although hippocampal atrophy and altered functional brain
responses to emotional stimuli have been found in major
depressive disorder (MDD), the relationship between the two
is not yet well understood. The present study focused on
children with and without a history of preschool onset MDD
(PO-MDD) and directly examined the relations between
hippocampal volume and functional brain activation to
affect-eliciting stimuli. Children completed annual
diagnostic assessments starting at preschool. When children
were school-aged, high-resolution structural MRI and
task-related functional MRI data were acquired from N = 64
nonmedicated children. During fMRI, subjects were shown
emotional faces. Results from the total sample indicated
that smaller bilateral hippocampal volumes were associated
with greater cortico-limbic (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus,
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) activation to sad or
negative faces versus neutral faces. Left hippocampal volume
was negatively associated with the cortico-limbic activation
in both the PO-MDD and healthy children. Right hippocampal
volume was negatively correlated with amygdala responses in
the PO-MDD group, but not in the healthy comparison group.
These findings suggest that there may be important
interrelationships between reduced hippocampal volume and
hyperactivation of brain responses in children, both those
with and those without a history of PO-MDD.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13415-012-0121-y},
Key = {fds335656}
}
@article{fds335668,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Luby, JL and Repovš, G and Belden, AC and Botteron, KN and Luking, KR and Barch, DM},
Title = {Subgenual cingulate connectivity in children with a history
of preschool-depression.},
Journal = {Neuroreport},
Volume = {21},
Number = {18},
Pages = {1182-1188},
Year = {2010},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834127eb},
Abstract = {The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) presents
altered functional connections with other regions of the
brain in individuals with depression. However, the
developmental nature of this phenomenon remains largely
unexplored. Functional connections of the sgACC were
examined in 36 school age children, 17 with a history of
preschool onset major depressive disorder (PO-MDD). The
sgACC exhibited increased connections with cognitive control
regions in healthy children and increased connections with
thalamic and parietal regions in the PO-MDD group. A
significant correlation between dysregulated emotional
behavior and connectivity of the sgACC and dorsal medial
prefrontal cortex was also found. These findings demonstrate
that atypical sgACC functional connections are evident as
early as school age in children with a history of PO-MDD and
suggest an association with a very early episode of
depression.},
Doi = {10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834127eb},
Key = {fds335668}
}
@article{fds335666,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Belden, AC and Luby, JL},
Title = {The 2-week duration criterion and severity and course of
early childhood depression: implications for
nosology.},
Journal = {Journal of affective disorders},
Volume = {133},
Number = {3},
Pages = {537-545},
Year = {2011},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.056},
Abstract = {<h4>Background</h4>Although validity for DSM-IV MDD symptom
criteria in preschoolers has been demonstrated, whether the
2-week duration criterion is an appropriate threshold of
clinical significance at this age remains unclear. The
current study aimed to begin addressing this
question.<h4>Method</h4>Three hundred and six preschoolers
were recruited from community sites and followed
longitudinally for 2 years. A subsample including healthy
preschoolers (N=77) and those with MDD (N=74) were examined.
The MDD group was further divided based upon meeting (DSM,
N=24) or failing to meet (<DSM, N=50) the DSM-IV 2-week
duration criterion. Groups were compared on parent and
teacher report measures of symptom severity and functional
impairment at baseline and 2-year follow-up.<h4>Limitations</h4>A
larger sample of depressed preschoolers and refined measures
of duration are needed to replicate the current
study.<h4>Results</h4>Preschoolers with MDD differed
significantly from controls on the majority of measures
examined regardless of duration status and time of
assessment. Further, the DSM group significantly differed
from the<DSM group at baseline on measures of MDD symptom
severity and impairment. No differences in the risk of a MDD
diagnosis at follow-up were found on the basis of duration
group status.<h4>Conclusions</h4>DSM-IV duration criterion
failed to capture all clinically affected preschoolers at
baseline or confer greater predictive validity for a
depression diagnosis 2 years later. Findings suggest that
preschoolers meeting all DSM-IV MDD criteria except for
episode duration exhibit a clinically significant form of
depression and experience a 2-year MDD outcome similar to
those meeting full criterion.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.056},
Key = {fds335666}
}
@article{fds337475,
Author = {Somerville, LH and Bookheimer, SY and Buckner, RL and Burgess, GC and Curtiss, SW and Dapretto, M and Elam, JS and Gaffrey, MS and Harms, MP and Hodge, C and Kandala, S and Kastman, EK and Nichols, TE and Schlaggar,
BL and Smith, SM and Thomas, KM and Yacoub, E and Van Essen and DC and Barch,
DM},
Title = {The Lifespan Human Connectome Project in Development: A
large-scale study of brain connectivity development in 5-21
year olds.},
Journal = {NeuroImage},
Volume = {183},
Pages = {456-468},
Year = {2018},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.050},
Abstract = {Recent technological and analytical progress in brain
imaging has enabled the examination of brain organization
and connectivity at unprecedented levels of detail. The
Human Connectome Project in Development (HCP-D) is
exploiting these tools to chart developmental changes in
brain connectivity. When complete, the HCP-D will comprise
approximately ∼1750 open access datasets from
1300 + healthy human participants, ages 5-21 years,
acquired at four sites across the USA. The participants are
from diverse geographical, ethnic, and socioeconomic
backgrounds. While most participants are tested once, others
take part in a three-wave longitudinal component focused on
the pubertal period (ages 9-17 years). Brain imaging
sessions are acquired on a 3 T Siemens Prisma platform and
include structural, functional (resting state and
task-based), diffusion, and perfusion imaging, physiological
monitoring, and a battery of cognitive tasks and
self-reports. For minors, parents additionally complete a
battery of instruments to characterize cognitive and
emotional development, and environmental variables relevant
to development. Participants provide biological samples of
blood, saliva, and hair, enabling assays of pubertal
hormones, health markers, and banked DNA samples. This paper
outlines the overarching aims of the project, the approach
taken to acquire maximally informative data while minimizing
participant burden, preliminary analyses, and discussion of
the intended uses and limitations of the
dataset.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.050},
Key = {fds337475}
}
@article{fds335655,
Author = {Gaffrey, MS and Luby, JL and Barch, DM},
Title = {Towards the study of functional brain development in
depression: an Interactive Specialization
approach.},
Journal = {Neurobiology of disease},
Volume = {52},
Pages = {38-48},
Year = {2013},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.012},
Abstract = {Depression is a significant and impairing mood disorder with
onset possible as early as age 3 and into adulthood. Given
this varying pattern of age of onset, identifying the
relationship between brain development and depression across
the lifespan has proven elusive. This review identifies some
of the factors that may have limited the advancement of our
knowledge in this area and discusses how synthesizing
established models of depression and normative brain
development may help to overcome them. More specifically, it
is suggested that current neurobiological models of
depression fail to account for the developmental variance
associated with early neural network development and the
potential influence of experience on this process. The
utility of applying an established framework of normative
brain development to this topic is described and its
potential utility for conceptualizing the influence of
depression on brain function across the life span is
addressed. Future directions including longitudinal
neuroimaging studies of early onset depression and groups at
risk for this disorder are proposed.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.012},
Key = {fds335655}
}
@article{fds335650,
Author = {Luby, JL and Gaffrey, MS and Tillman, R and April, LM and Belden,
AC},
Title = {Trajectories of preschool disorders to full DSM depression
at school age and early adolescence: continuity of preschool
depression.},
Journal = {The American journal of psychiatry},
Volume = {171},
Number = {7},
Pages = {768-776},
Year = {2014},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13091198},
Abstract = {<h4>Objective</h4>Preschool-onset depression, a
developmentally adapted form of depression arising between
ages 3 and 6, has demonstrated numerous validated features,
including characteristic alterations in stress reactivity
and brain function. This syndrome is characterized by
subthreshold DSM criteria for major depressive disorder,
raising questions about its clinical significance. To
clarify the utility and public health significance of the
preschool-onset depression construct, the authors
investigated diagnostic outcomes of preschool children at
school age and in adolescence.<h4>Method</h4>In a
longitudinal prospective study of preschool children, the
authors assessed the likelihood of meeting full criteria for
major depressive disorder at age 6 or later as a function of
preschool depression, other preschool axis I disorders,
maternal history of depression, nonsupportive parenting, and
traumatic life events.<h4>Results</h4>Preschool-onset
depression emerged as a robust predictor of major depressive
disorder in later childhood even after accounting for the
effect of maternal history of depression and other risk
factors. Preschool-onset conduct disorder also predicted
major depression in later childhood, but this association
was partially mediated by nonsupportive parenting, reducing
by 21% the effect of preschool conduct disorder in
predicting major depression.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Study
findings provide evidence that this preschool depressive
syndrome is a robust risk factor for developing full
criteria for major depression in later childhood, over and
above other established risk factors. The results suggest
that attention to preschool depression and conduct disorder
in addition to maternal history of depression and exposure
to trauma may be important in identifying young children at
highest risk for later major depression and applying early
interventions.},
Doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13091198},
Key = {fds335650}
}
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