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| Publications of Stephen Mitroff :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds332884,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Ericson, JM and Sharpe, B},
Title = {Predicting Airport Screening Officers’ Visual Search
Competency With a Rapid Assessment},
Journal = {Human Factors},
Volume = {60},
Number = {2},
Pages = {201-211},
Year = {2018},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720817743886},
Abstract = {© 2017, © 2017, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Objective: The study’s objective was to assess a new
personnel selection and assessment tool for aviation
security screeners. A mobile app was modified to create a
tool, and the question was whether it could predict
professional screeners’ on-job performance. Background: A
variety of professions (airport security, radiology, the
military, etc.) rely on visual search performance—being
able to detect targets. Given the importance of such
professions, it is necessary to maximize performance, and
one means to do so is to select individuals who excel at
visual search. A critical question is whether it is possible
to predict search competency within a professional search
environment. Method: Professional searchers from the USA
Transportation Security Administration (TSA) completed a
rapid assessment on a tablet-based X-ray simulator (XRAY
Screener, derived from the mobile technology app Airport
Scanner; Kedlin Company). The assessment contained 72 trials
that were simulated X-ray images of bags. Participants
searched for prohibited items and tapped on them with their
finger. Results: Performance on the assessment significantly
related to on-job performance measures for the TSA officers
such that those who were better XRAY Screener performers
were both more accurate and faster at the actual airport
checkpoint. Conclusion: XRAY Screener successfully predicted
on-job performance for professional aviation security
officers. While questions remain about the underlying
cognitive mechanisms, this quick assessment was found to
significantly predict on-job success for a task that relies
on visual search performance. Application: It may be
possible to quickly assess an individual’s visual search
competency, which could help organizations select new hires
and assess their current workforce.},
Doi = {10.1177/0018720817743886},
Key = {fds332884}
}
@article{fds329322,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Sharpe, B},
Title = {Using big data to solve real problems through academic and
industry partnerships},
Journal = {Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences},
Volume = {18},
Pages = {91-96},
Year = {2017},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.09.013},
Abstract = {© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Big data has revolutionized a number of
industries as it provides a powerful tool for asking and
answering questions in novel ways. Academic researchers can
join this trend and use immense and complex datasets to
explore previously intractable questions. Yet, accessing and
analyzing big data can be difficult. The goal of this
chapter is to outline various benefits and challenges of
using big data for academic purposes, and to provide
thoughts on how to succeed. The primary suggestion is for
academics to collaborate with appropriate industry partners
to simultaneously achieve both theoretical and practical
advances.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.09.013},
Key = {fds329322}
}
@article{fds327186,
Author = {Biggs, AT and Clark, K and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Who should be searching? Differences in personality can
affect visual search accuracy},
Journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
Volume = {116},
Pages = {353-358},
Year = {2017},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.045},
Doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.045},
Key = {fds327186}
}
@article{fds331411,
Author = {Ericson, JM and Kravitz, DJ and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Visual Search: You Are Who You Are (+ A Learning
Curve)},
Journal = {Perception},
Pages = {030100661772109-030100661772109},
Year = {2017},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006617721091},
Doi = {10.1177/0301006617721091},
Key = {fds331411}
}
@article{fds323691,
Author = {Chang, BP and Cain, D and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Emergency department crowding associated with differences in
CXR interpretations between emergency physicians and
radiologists.},
Journal = {American Journal of Emergency Medicine},
Volume = {35},
Number = {5},
Pages = {793-794},
Year = {2017},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.12.067},
Doi = {10.1016/j.ajem.2016.12.067},
Key = {fds323691}
}
@article{fds323486,
Author = {Adamo, SH and Cain, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {An individual differences approach to multiple-target visual
search errors: How search errors relate to different
characteristics of attention},
Journal = {Vision Research},
Year = {2016},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.10.010},
Doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2016.10.010},
Key = {fds323486}
}
@article{fds323254,
Author = {Devyatko, D and Appelbaum, LG and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {A Common Mechanism for Perceptual Reversals in
Motion-Induced Blindness, the Troxler Effect, and Perceptual
Filling-In.},
Journal = {Perception},
Year = {2016},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616672577},
Abstract = {Several striking visual phenomena involve a physically
present stimulus that alternates between being perceived and
being "invisible." For example, motion-induced blindness,
the Troxler effect, and perceptual filling-in all consist of
subjective alternations where an item repeatedly changes
from being seen to unseen. In the present study, we explored
whether these three specific visual phenomena share any
commonalities in their alternation rates and patterns to
better understand the mechanisms of each. Data from 69
individuals revealed moderate to strong correlations across
the three phenomena for the number of perceptual
disappearances and the accumulated duration of the
disappearances. Importantly, these effects were not
correlated with eye movement patterns (saccades) assessed
through eye tracking, differences in motion sensitivity as
indexed by dot coherence and speed perception thresholds, or
simple reaction time abilities. Principal component analyses
revealed a single component that explained 67% of the
variance for the number of perceptual reversals and 60% for
the accumulated duration of the disappearances. The temporal
dynamics of illusory disappearances was also compared for
each phenomenon, and normalized durations of disappearances
were well fit by a gamma distribution with similar shape
parameters for each phenomenon, suggesting that they may be
driven by a single oscillatory mechanism.},
Doi = {10.1177/0301006616672577},
Key = {fds323254}
}
@article{fds322022,
Author = {Dowd, EW and Mitroff, SR and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Fear generalization gradients in visuospatial
attention.},
Journal = {Emotion},
Volume = {16},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1011-1018},
Year = {2016},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000197},
Abstract = {Fear learning can be adaptively advantageous, but only if
the learning is integrated with higher-order cognitive
processes that impact goal-directed behaviors. Recent work
has demonstrated generalization (i.e., transfer) of
conditioned fear across perceptual dimensions and conceptual
categories, but it is not clear how fear generalization
influences other cognitive processes. The current study
investigated how associative fear learning impacts
higher-order visuospatial attention, specifically in terms
of attentional bias toward generalized threats (i.e., the
heightened assessment of potentially dangerous stimuli). We
combined discriminative fear conditioning of color stimuli
with a subsequent visual search task, in which targets and
distractors were presented inside colored circles that
varied in perceptual similarity to the fear-conditioned
color. Skin conductance responses validated the
fear-conditioning manipulation. Search response times
indicated that attention was preferentially deployed not
just to the specific fear-conditioned color, but also to
similar colors that were never paired with the aversive
shock. Furthermore, this attentional bias decreased
continuously and symmetrically from the fear-conditioned
value along the color spectrum, indicating a generalization
gradient based on perceptual similarity. These results
support functional accounts of fear learning that promote
broad, defensive generalization of attentional bias toward
threat. (PsycINFO Database Record},
Doi = {10.1037/emo0000197},
Key = {fds322022}
}
@article{fds322023,
Author = {Krasich, K and Ramger, B and Holton, L and Wang, L and Mitroff, SR and Gregory Appelbaum and L},
Title = {Sensorimotor Learning in a Computerized Athletic Training
Battery.},
Journal = {Journal of motor behavior},
Volume = {48},
Number = {5},
Pages = {401-412},
Year = {2016},
Month = {September},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2015.1113918},
Abstract = {Sensorimotor abilities are crucial for performance in
athletic, military, and other occupational activities, and
there is great interest in understanding learning in these
skills. Here, behavioral performance was measured over three
days as twenty-seven participants practiced multiple
sessions on the Nike SPARQ Sensory Station (Nike, Inc.,
Beaverton, Oregon), a computerized visual and motor
assessment battery. Wrist-worn actigraphy was recorded to
monitor sleep-wake cycles. Significant learning was observed
in tasks with high visuomotor control demands but not in
tasks of visual sensitivity. Learning was primarily linear,
with up to 60% improvement, but did not relate to sleep
quality in this normal-sleeping population. These results
demonstrate differences in the rate and capacity for
learning across perceptual and motor domains, indicating
potential targets for sensorimotor training
interventions.},
Doi = {10.1080/00222895.2015.1113918},
Key = {fds322023}
}
@article{fds302524,
Author = {Biggs, AT and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Differences in multiple-target visual search performance
between non-professional and professional searchers due to
decision-making criteria.},
Journal = {British Journal of Psychology},
Volume = {106},
Number = {4},
Pages = {551-563},
Year = {2015},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0007-1269},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12096},
Abstract = {Professional visual searches, such as those conducted by
airport security personnel, often demand highly accurate
performance. As many factors can hinder accuracy, it is
critical to understand the potential influences. Here, we
examined how explicit decision-making criteria might affect
multiple-target search performance. Non-professional
searchers (college undergraduates) and professional
searchers (airport security officers) classified trials as
'safe' or 'dangerous', in one of two conditions. Those in
the 'one = dangerous' condition classified trials as
dangerous if they found one or two targets, and those in the
'one = safe' condition only classified trials as dangerous
if they found two targets. The data suggest an important
role of context that may be mediated by experience;
non-professional searchers were more likely to miss a second
target in the one = dangerous condition (i.e., when
finding a second found target did not change the
classification), whereas professional searchers were more
likely to miss a second in the one = safe
condition.},
Doi = {10.1111/bjop.12096},
Key = {fds302524}
}
@article{fds322519,
Author = {Adamo, SH and Cain, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Satisfaction at last: Evidence for the “satisfaction”
hypothesis for multiple-target search errors},
Journal = {Visual Cognition},
Volume = {23},
Number = {7},
Pages = {821-825},
Year = {2015},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2015.1093248},
Doi = {10.1080/13506285.2015.1093248},
Key = {fds322519}
}
@article{fds302516,
Author = {Biggs, AT and Cain, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Cognitive Training Can Reduce Civilian Casualties in a
Simulated Shooting Environment.},
Journal = {Psychological Science},
Volume = {26},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1164-1176},
Year = {2015},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0956-7976},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797615579274},
Abstract = {Shooting a firearm involves a complex series of cognitive
abilities. For example, locating an item or a person of
interest requires visual search, and firing the weapon (or
withholding a trigger squeeze) involves response execution
(or inhibition). The present study used a simulated shooting
environment to establish a relationship between a particular
cognitive ability and a critical shooting error-response
inhibition and firing on civilians, respectively.
Individual-difference measures demonstrated, perhaps
counterintuitively, that simulated civilian casualties were
not related to motor impulsivity (i.e., an itchy trigger
finger) but rather to an individual's cognitive ability to
withhold an already initiated response (i.e., an itchy
brain). Furthermore, active-response-inhibition training
reduced simulated civilian casualties, which revealed a
causal relationship. This study therefore illustrates the
potential of using cognitive training to possibly improve
shooting performance, which might ultimately provide insight
for military and law-enforcement personnel.},
Doi = {10.1177/0956797615579274},
Key = {fds302516}
}
@article{fds302519,
Author = {Wang, L and Krasich, K and Bel-Bahar, T and Hughes, L and Mitroff, SR and Appelbaum, LG},
Title = {Mapping the structure of perceptual and visual-motor
abilities in healthy young adults.},
Journal = {Acta Psychologica},
Volume = {157},
Pages = {74-84},
Year = {2015},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0001-6918},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/10643 Duke open
access},
Abstract = {The ability to quickly detect and respond to visual stimuli
in the environment is critical to many human activities.
While such perceptual and visual-motor skills are important
in a myriad of contexts, considerable variability exists
between individuals in these abilities. To better understand
the sources of this variability, we assessed perceptual and
visual-motor skills in a large sample of 230 healthy
individuals via the Nike SPARQ Sensory Station, and compared
variability in their behavioral performance to demographic,
state, sleep and consumption characteristics. Dimension
reduction and regression analyses indicated three underlying
factors: Visual-Motor Control, Visual Sensitivity, and Eye
Quickness, which accounted for roughly half of the overall
population variance in performance on this battery.
Inter-individual variability in Visual-Motor Control was
correlated with gender and circadian patters such that
performance on this factor was better for males and for
those who had been awake for a longer period of time before
assessment. The current findings indicate that abilities
involving coordinated hand movements in response to stimuli
are subject to greater individual variability, while visual
sensitivity and occulomotor control are largely stable
across individuals.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.02.005},
Key = {fds302519}
}
@article{fds302517,
Author = {Clark, K and Appelbaum, LG and van den Berg, B and Mitroff, SR and Woldorff, MG},
Title = {Improvement in visual search with practice: mapping
learning-related changes in neurocognitive stages of
processing.},
Journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the
Society for Neuroscience},
Volume = {35},
Number = {13},
Pages = {5351-5359},
Year = {2015},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0270-6474},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/10641 Duke open
access},
Abstract = {Practice can improve performance on visual search tasks; the
neural mechanisms underlying such improvements, however, are
not clear. Response time typically shortens with practice,
but which components of the stimulus-response processing
chain facilitate this behavioral change? Improved search
performance could result from enhancements in various
cognitive processing stages, including (1) sensory
processing, (2) attentional allocation, (3) target
discrimination, (4) motor-response preparation, and/or (5)
response execution. We measured event-related potentials
(ERPs) as human participants completed a five-day
visual-search protocol in which they reported the
orientation of a color popout target within an array of
ellipses. We assessed changes in behavioral performance and
in ERP components associated with various stages of
processing. After practice, response time decreased in all
participants (while accuracy remained consistent), and
electrophysiological measures revealed modulation of several
ERP components. First, amplitudes of the early
sensory-evoked N1 component at 150 ms increased bilaterally,
indicating enhanced visual sensory processing of the array.
Second, the negative-polarity posterior-contralateral
component (N2pc, 170-250 ms) was earlier and larger,
demonstrating enhanced attentional orienting. Third, the
amplitude of the sustained posterior contralateral
negativity component (SPCN, 300-400 ms) decreased,
indicating facilitated target discrimination. Finally,
faster motor-response preparation and execution were
observed after practice, as indicated by latency changes in
both the stimulus-locked and response-locked lateralized
readiness potentials (LRPs). These electrophysiological
results delineate the functional plasticity in key
mechanisms underlying visual search with high temporal
resolution and illustrate how practice influences various
cognitive and neural processing stages leading to enhanced
behavioral performance.},
Doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.1152-14.2015},
Key = {fds302517}
}
@article{fds302518,
Author = {Dowd, EW and Kiyonaga, A and Egner, T and Mitroff,
SR},
Title = {Attentional guidance by working memory differs by paradigm:
an individual-differences approach.},
Journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
Volume = {77},
Number = {3},
Pages = {704-712},
Year = {2015},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {1943-3921},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-015-0847-z},
Abstract = {The contents of working memory (WM) have been repeatedly
found to guide the allocation of visual attention; in a
dual-task paradigm that combines WM and visual search,
actively holding an item in WM biases visual attention
towards memory-matching items during search (e.g., Soto et
al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
and Performance, 31(2), 248-261, 2005). A key debate is
whether such memory-based attentional guidance is automatic
or under strategic control. Generally, two distinct task
paradigms have been employed to assess memory-based
guidance, one demonstrating that attention is involuntarily
captured by memory-matching stimuli even at a cost to search
performance (Soto et al., 2005), and one demonstrating that
participants can strategically avoid memory-matching
distractors to facilitate search performance (Woodman &
Luck, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
and Performance, 33(2), 363-377, 2007). The current study
utilized an individual-differences approach to examine why
the different paradigms--which presumably tap into the same
attentional construct--might support contrasting
interpretations. Participants completed a battery of
cognitive tasks, including two types of attentional guidance
paradigms (see Soto et al., 2005; Woodman & Luck, 2007), a
visual WM task, and an operation span task, as well as
attention-related self-report assessments. Performance on
the two attentional guidance paradigms did not correlate.
Subsequent exploratory regression analyses revealed that
memory-based guidance in each task was differentially
predicted by visual WM capacity for one paradigm, and by
attention-related assessment scores for the other paradigm.
The current results suggest that these two paradigms--which
have previously produced contrasting patterns of
performance--may probe distinct aspects of attentional
guidance.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13414-015-0847-z},
Key = {fds302518}
}
@article{fds302520,
Author = {Biggs, AT and Adamo, SH and Dowd, EW and Mitroff,
SR},
Title = {Examining perceptual and conceptual set biases in
multiple-target visual search.},
Journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
Volume = {77},
Number = {3},
Pages = {844-855},
Year = {2015},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {1943-3921},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-014-0822-0},
Abstract = {Visual search is a common practice conducted countless times
every day, and one important aspect of visual search is that
multiple targets can appear in a single search array. For
example, an X-ray image of airport luggage could contain
both a water bottle and a gun. Searchers are more likely to
miss additional targets after locating a first target in
multiple-target searches, which presents a potential
problem: If airport security officers were to find a water
bottle, would they then be more likely to miss a gun? One
hypothetical cause of multiple-target search errors is that
searchers become biased to detect additional targets that
are similar to a found target, and therefore become less
likely to find additional targets that are dissimilar to the
first target. This particular hypothesis has received
theoretical, but little empirical, support. In the present
study, we tested the bounds of this idea by utilizing "big
data" obtained from the mobile application Airport Scanner.
Multiple-target search errors were substantially reduced
when the two targets were identical, suggesting that the
first-found target did indeed create biases during
subsequent search. Further analyses delineated the nature of
the biases, revealing both a perceptual set bias (i.e., a
bias to find additional targets with features similar to
those of the first-found target) and a conceptual set bias
(i.e., a bias to find additional targets with a conceptual
relationship to the first-found target). These biases are
discussed in terms of the implications for visual-search
theories and applications for professional visual
searchers.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13414-014-0822-0},
Key = {fds302520}
}
@article{fds322520,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Biggs, AT and Adamo, SH and Dowd, EW and Winkle, J and Clark, K},
Title = {What can 1 billion trials tell us about visual
search?},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and
Performance},
Volume = {41},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-5},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association Inc.},
Year = {2015},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000012},
Abstract = {Mobile technology (e.g., smartphones and tablets) has
provided psychologists with a wonderful opportunity: through
careful design and implementation, mobile applications can
be used to crowd source data collection. By garnering
massive amounts of data from a wide variety of individuals,
it is possible to explore psychological questions that have,
to date, been out of reach. Here we discuss 2 examples of
how data from the mobile game Airport Scanner (Kedlin Co.,
http://www.airportscannergame.com) can be used to address
questions about the nature of visual search that pose
intractable problems for laboratory-based research. Airport
Scanner is a successful mobile game with millions of unique
users and billions of individual trials, which allows for
examining nuanced visual search questions. The goals of the
current Observation Report were to highlight the growing
opportunity that mobile technology affords psychological
research and to provide an example roadmap of how to
successfully collect usable data.},
Doi = {10.1037/xhp0000012},
Key = {fds322520}
}
@article{fds302515,
Author = {Biggs, AT and Adamo, SH and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Mo' money, mo' problems: Monetary motivation can exacerbate
the attentional blink.},
Journal = {Perception},
Volume = {44},
Number = {4},
Pages = {410-422},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0301-0066},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7916},
Abstract = {The attentional blink (AB) is a compelling psychological
phenomenon wherein observers are less likely to identify a
second target (T2) when it appears approximately 200 ms
after a first target (T1) in a rapidly presented stream of
items. The present investigation examined how monetary
motivation could impact the AB when participants were
differentially motivated to identify T1 versus T2.
Participants completed one of three conditions where the
only difference across conditions was a motivational
manipulation: a standard AB task (control condition), a
motivated condition with T1 worth double the points of T2,
or a motivated condition with T1 worth half the points of T2
(points in the motivated conditions were linked to a
possible monetary bonus). Motivation had an expected
influence on overall performance as both motivated
conditions had higher overall T1 accuracy relative to the
control condition. More specific to the question at hand,
the AB was exacerbated (ie T2 performance was worse shortly
after T1) when T1 was worth more than T2. This finding
suggests that participants overallocated attentional
resources to T1 processing at the expense of T2 processing,
and it supports current theories of the AB.},
Doi = {10.1068/p7916},
Key = {fds302515}
}
@article{fds302522,
Author = {Biggs, AT and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Improving the Efficacy of Security Screening Tasks: A Review
of Visual Search Challenges and Ways to Mitigate Their
Adverse Effects},
Journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},
Volume = {29},
Number = {1},
Pages = {142-148},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0888-4080},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3083},
Doi = {10.1002/acp.3083},
Key = {fds302522}
}
@article{fds322522,
Author = {Adamo, SH and Cain, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Targets Need Their Own Personal Space: Effects of Clutter on
Multiple-Target Search Accuracy.},
Journal = {Perception},
Volume = {44},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1203-1214},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006615594921},
Abstract = {Visual search is an essential task for many lifesaving
professions; airport security personnel search baggage X-ray
images for dangerous items and radiologists examine
radiographs for tumors. Accuracy is critical for such
searches; however, there are potentially negative influences
that can affect performance; for example, the displays can
be cluttered and can contain multiple targets. Previous
research has demonstrated that clutter can hurt search
performance and a second target is less likely to be
detected in a multiple-target search after a first target
has been found, which raises a concern-how does clutter
affect multiple-target search performance? The current study
explored clutter in a multiple-target search paradigm, where
there could be one or two targets present, and targets
appeared in varying levels of clutter. There was a
significant interaction between clutter and target number:
Increasing levels of clutter did not affect single-target
detection but did reduce detection of a second target.
Multiple-target search accuracy is known to be sensitive to
contextual influences, and the current results reveal a
specific effect wherein clutter disproportionally affected
multiple-target search accuracy. These results suggest that
the detection and processing of a first target might enhance
the masking effects of clutter around a second
target.},
Doi = {10.1177/0301006615594921},
Key = {fds322522}
}
@article{fds326209,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Biggs, AT and Adamo, SH and Dowd, EW and Winkle, J and Clark, K},
Title = {What Can 1 Billion Trials Tell Us About Visual
Search?},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and
Performance},
Volume = {41},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-5},
Publisher = {American Psychological Association Inc.},
Year = {2014},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000012},
Abstract = {Mobile technology (e.g., smartphones and tablets) has
provided psychologists with a wonderful opportunity: through
careful design and implementation, mobile applications can
be used to crowd source data collection. By garnering
massive amounts of data from a wide variety of individuals,
it is possible to explore psychological questions that have,
to date, been out of reach. Here we discuss 2 examples of
how data from the mobile game Airport Scanner (Kedlin Co.,
http://www.airportscannergame.com) can be used to address
questions about the nature of visual search that pose
intractable problems for laboratory-based research. Airport
Scanner is a successful mobile game with millions of unique
users and billions of individual trials, which allows for
examining nuanced visual search questions. The goals of the
current Observation Report were to highlight the growing
opportunity that mobile technology affords psychological
research and to provide an example roadmap of how to
successfully collect usable data. (PsycINFO Database
Record},
Doi = {10.1037/xhp0000012},
Key = {fds326209}
}
@article{fds302525,
Author = {Biggs, AT and Adamo, SH and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Rare, but obviously there: effects of target frequency and
salience on visual search accuracy.},
Journal = {Acta Psychologica},
Volume = {152},
Pages = {158-165},
Year = {2014},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0001-6918},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.08.005},
Abstract = {Accuracy can be extremely important for many visual search
tasks. However, numerous factors work to undermine
successful search. Several negative influences on search
have been well studied, yet one potentially influential
factor has gone almost entirely unexplored-namely, how is
search performance affected by the likelihood that a
specific target might appear? A recent study demonstrated
that when specific targets appear infrequently (i.e., once
in every thousand trials) they were, on average, not often
found. Even so, some infrequently appearing targets were
actually found quite often, suggesting that the targets'
frequency is not the only factor at play. Here, we
investigated whether salience (i.e., the extent to which an
item stands out during search) could explain why some
infrequent targets are easily found whereas others are
almost never found. Using the mobile application Airport
Scanner, we assessed how individual target frequency and
salience interacted in a visual search task that included a
wide array of targets and millions of trials. Target
frequency and salience were both significant predictors of
search accuracy, although target frequency explained more of
the accuracy variance. Further, when examining only the
rarest target items (those that appeared on less than 0.15%
of all trials), there was a significant relationship between
salience and accuracy such that less salient items were less
likely to be found. Beyond implications for search theory,
these data suggest significant vulnerability for real-world
searches that involve targets that are both infrequent and
hard-to-spot.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.08.005},
Key = {fds302525}
}
@article{fds253046,
Author = {Cain, MS and Biggs, AT and Darling, EF and Mitroff,
SR},
Title = {A little bit of history repeating: Splitting up
multiple-target visual searches decreases second-target miss
errors.},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied},
Volume = {20},
Number = {2},
Pages = {112-125},
Year = {2014},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {1076-898X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xap0000014},
Abstract = {Visual searches with several targets in a display have been
shown to be particularly prone to miss errors in both
academic laboratory searches and professional searches such
as radiology and baggage screening. Specifically, finding 1
target in a display can reduce the likelihood of detecting
additional targets. This phenomenon was originally referred
to as "satisfaction of search," but is referred to here as
"subsequent search misses" (SSMs). SSM errors have been
linked to a variety of causes, and recent evidence supports
a working memory deficit wherein finding a target consumes
working memory resources that would otherwise aid subsequent
search for additional targets (Cain & Mitroff, 2013). The
current study demonstrated that dividing 1 multiple-target
search into several single-target searches, separated by
three to five unrelated trials, effectively freed the
working memory resources used by the found target and
eliminated SSM errors. This effect was demonstrated with
both university community participants and with professional
visual searchers from the Transportation Security
Administration, suggesting it may be a generally applicable
technique for improving multiple-target visual search
accuracy.},
Doi = {10.1037/xap0000014},
Key = {fds253046}
}
@article{fds253051,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Biggs, AT},
Title = {The ultra-rare-item effect: visual search for exceedingly
rare items is highly susceptible to error.},
Journal = {Psychological Science},
Volume = {25},
Number = {1},
Pages = {284-289},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24270463},
Abstract = {Accuracy is paramount in radiology and security screening,
yet many factors undermine success. Target prevalence is a
particularly worrisome factor, as targets are rarely present
(e.g., the cancer rate in mammography is ~0.5%), and low
target prevalence has been linked to increased search
errors. More troubling is the fact that specific target
types can have extraordinarily low frequency rates (e.g.,
architectural distortions in mammography-a specific marker
of potential cancer-appear in fewer than 0.05% of cases). By
assessing search performance across millions of trials from
the Airport Scanner smartphone application, we demonstrated
that the detection of ultra-rare items was disturbingly
poor. A logarithmic relationship between target detection
and target frequency (adjusted R (2) = .92) revealed that
ultra-rare items had catastrophically low detection rates
relative to targets with higher frequencies. Extraordinarily
low search performance for these extraordinarily rare
targets-what we term the ultra-rare-item effect-is troubling
given that radiological and security-screening searches are
primarily ultra-rare-item searches. },
Doi = {10.1177/0956797613504221},
Key = {fds253051}
}
@article{fds253056,
Author = {Clark, K and Cain, MS and Adcock, RA and Mitroff,
SR},
Title = {Context matters: The structure of task goals affects
accuracy in multiple-target visual search},
Journal = {Applied Ergonomics},
Volume = {45},
Number = {3},
Pages = {528-533},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0003-6870},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23957930},
Abstract = {Career visual searchers such as radiologists and airport
security screeners strive to conduct accurate visual
searches, but despite extensive training, errors still
occur. A key difference between searches in radiology and
airport security is the structure of the search task:
Radiologists typically scan a certain number of medical
images (fixed objective), and airport security screeners
typically search X-rays for a specified time period (fixed
duration). Might these structural differences affect
accuracy? We compared performance on a search task
administered either under constraints that approximated
radiology or airport security. Some displays contained more
than one target because the presence of multiple targets is
an established source of errors for career searchers, and
accuracy for additional targets tends to be especially
sensitive to contextual conditions. Results indicate that
participants searching within the fixed objective framework
produced more multiple-target search errors; thus, adopting
a fixed duration framework could improve accuracy for career
searchers. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and The Ergonomics
Society.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.apergo.2013.07.008},
Key = {fds253056}
}
@article{fds253050,
Author = {Biggs, AT and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Different predictors of multiple-target search accuracy
between nonprofessional and professional visual
searchers.},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology},
Volume = {67},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1335-1348},
Year = {2014},
ISSN = {1747-0218},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24266390},
Abstract = {Visual search, locating target items among distractors,
underlies daily activities ranging from critical tasks
(e.g., looking for dangerous objects during security
screening) to commonplace ones (e.g., finding your friends
in a crowded bar). Both professional and nonprofessional
individuals conduct visual searches, and the present
investigation is aimed at understanding how they perform
similarly and differently. We administered a multiple-target
visual search task to both professional (airport security
officers) and nonprofessional participants (members of the
Duke University community) to determine how search abilities
differ between these populations and what factors might
predict accuracy. There were minimal overall accuracy
differences, although the professionals were generally
slower to respond. However, the factors that predicted
accuracy varied drastically between groups; variability in
search consistency-how similarly an individual searched from
trial to trial in terms of speed-best explained accuracy for
professional searchers (more consistent professionals were
more accurate), whereas search speed-how long an individual
took to complete a search when no targets were present-best
explained accuracy for nonprofessional searchers (slower
nonprofessionals were more accurate). These findings suggest
that professional searchers may utilize different search
strategies from those of nonprofessionals, and that search
consistency, in particular, may provide a valuable tool for
enhancing professional search accuracy.},
Doi = {10.1080/17470218.2013.859715},
Key = {fds253050}
}
@article{fds253055,
Author = {Adamo, SH and Cain, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Self-induced attentional blink: a cause of errors in
multiple-target search.},
Journal = {Psychological Science},
Volume = {24},
Number = {12},
Pages = {2569-2574},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24142814},
Abstract = {Satisfaction of search (which we refer to as subsequent
search misses)-a decrease in accuracy at detecting a second
target after a first target has been found in a visual
search-underlies real-world search errors (e.g., tumors may
be missed in an X-ray if another tumor already has been
found), but little is known about this phenomenon's
cognitive underpinnings. In the present study, we examined
subsequent search misses in terms of another, more
extensively studied phenomenon: the attentional blink, a
decrease in accuracy when a second target appears 200 to 500
ms after a first target is detected in a temporal stream.
Participants searched for T-shaped targets among L-shaped
distractors in a spatial visual search, and despite large
methodological differences between self-paced spatial visual
searches and attentional blink tasks, an
attentional-blink-like effect accounted for
subsequent-search-miss errors. This finding provides
evidence that accuracy is negatively affected shortly after
a first target is fixated in a self-paced, self-guided
visual search. },
Doi = {10.1177/0956797613497970},
Key = {fds253055}
}
@article{fds253059,
Author = {Dowd, EW and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Attentional guidance by working memory overrides salience
cues in visual search.},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and
Performance},
Volume = {39},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1786-1796},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565744},
Abstract = {Many factors influence visual search, including how much
targets stand out (i.e., their visual salience) and whether
they are currently relevant (i.e., Are they in working
memory?). Although these are two known influences on search
performance, it is unclear how they interact to guide
attention. The present study explored this interplay by
having participants hold an item in memory for a subsequent
test while simultaneously conducting a multiple-target
visual search. Importantly, the memory item could match one
or neither of two targets from the search. In Experiment 1,
when the memory item did not match either target,
participants found a high-salience target first,
demonstrating a baseline salience effect. This effect was
exaggerated when a high-salience target was in working
memory and completely reversed when a low-salience target
was in memory, demonstrating a powerful influence of working
memory guidance. Experiment 2 amplified the salience effect
by including very high-salience, "pop-out"-like targets. Yet
this salience effect was still attenuated when the memory
item matched a less salient target. Experiment 3 confirmed
these were memory-based effects and not priming.
Collectively, these findings illustrate the influential role
of working memory in guiding visual attention, even in the
face of competing bottom-up salience cues.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0032548},
Key = {fds253059}
}
@article{fds253052,
Author = {Jackson, TH and Mitroff, SR and Clark, K and Proffit, WR and Lee, JY and Nguyen, TT},
Title = {Face symmetry assessment abilities: Clinical implications
for diagnosing asymmetry.},
Journal = {American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics},
Volume = {144},
Number = {5},
Pages = {663-671},
Year = {2013},
Month = {November},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24182582},
Abstract = {INTRODUCTION: An accurate assessment of face symmetry is
necessary for the development of a dentofacial diagnosis in
orthodontics, and an understanding of individual differences
in perception of face symmetry between patients and
providers is needed to facilitate successful treatment.
METHODS: Orthodontists, general dentists, and control
participants completed a series of tasks to assess symmetry.
Judgments were made on pairs of upright faces (similar to
the longitudinal assessment of photographic patient
records), inverted faces, and dot patterns. Participants
completed questionnaires regarding clinical practice,
education level, and self-confidence ratings for symmetry
assessment abilities. RESULTS: Orthodontists showed
expertise compared with controls (P <0.001), whereas
dentists showed no advantage over controls. Orthodontists
performed better than dentists, however, in only the most
difficult face symmetry judgments (P = 0.006). For both
orthodontists and dentists, accuracy increased significantly
when assessing symmetry in upright vs inverted faces (t =
3.7, P = 0.001; t = 2.7, P = 0.02, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: Orthodontists showed expertise in assessing
face symmetry compared with both laypersons and general
dentists, and they were more accurate when judging upright
than inverted faces. When using accurate longitudinal
photographic records to assess changing face symmetry,
orthodontists are likely to be incorrect in less than 15% of
cases, suggesting that assistance from some additional
technology is infrequently needed for diagnosis.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.06.020},
Key = {fds253052}
}
@article{fds253045,
Author = {Harris, JA and Barack, DL and McMahon, AR and Mitroff, SR and Woldorff,
MG},
Title = {Object-Category Processing, Perceptual Awareness, and the
Role of Attention during Motion-Induced Blindness},
Pages = {97-106},
Year = {2013},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-398451-7.00008-7},
Abstract = {Perceptual information represented in the brain, whether a
viewer is aware of it or not, holds the potential to
influence subsequent behavior. Here we tracked a
well-established event-related-potential (ERP) measure of
visual-object-category processing, the face-specific
ventrolateral-occipital N170 response, across conditions of
perceptual awareness. To manipulate perceptual awareness, we
employed the motion-induced-blindness (MIB) paradigm, in
which covertly attended, static, visual-target stimuli that
are superimposed on a globally moving array of distractors
perceptually disappear and reappear. Subjects responded with
a button press when the target images (faces and houses)
actually physically occurred (and thus perceptually
appeared) and when they perceptually reappeared after an MIB
episode. A comparison of the face-specific N170 ERP activity
(face-vs-house responses) revealed robust face-selective ERP
activity for physically appearing images and no such
activity for perceptual reappearances following MIB
episodes, suggesting that face-specific processing had
continued uninterrupted during MIB. In addition,
electrophysiological activity preceding an actual appearance
of a target image, collapsed across face and house image
types, was compared to that preceding the perceptual
reappearance of a continuously present image (following
MIB). This comparison revealed a parietally distributed
positive-polarity response that preceded only reappearances
following MIB. Such a result suggests a possible role of
parietally mediated attentional capture by the
present-but-suppressed target in the reestablishment of
perceptual awareness at the end of an MIB episode. The
present results provide insight into the level of visual
processing that can occur in the absence of awareness, as
well as into the mechanisms underlying MIB and its influence
on perceptual awareness. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-398451-7.00008-7},
Key = {fds253045}
}
@article{fds253071,
Author = {Cain, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Memory for found targets interferes with subsequent
performance in multiple-target visual search.},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and
Performance},
Volume = {39},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1398-1408},
Year = {2013},
Month = {October},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23163788},
Abstract = {Multiple-target visual searches--when more than 1 target can
appear in a given search display--are commonplace in
radiology, airport security screening, and the military.
Whereas 1 target is often found accurately, additional
targets are more likely to be missed in multiple-target
searches. To better understand this decrement in 2nd-target
detection, here we examined 2 potential forms of
interference that can arise from finding a 1st target:
interference from the perceptual salience of the 1st target
(a now highly relevant distractor in a known location) and
interference from a newly created memory representation for
the 1st target. Here, we found that removing found targets
from the display or making them salient and easily
segregated color singletons improved subsequent search
accuracy. However, replacing found targets with random
distractor items did not improve subsequent search accuracy.
Removing and highlighting found targets likely reduced both
a target's visual salience and its memory load, whereas
replacing a target removed its visual salience but not its
representation in memory. Collectively, the current
experiments suggest that the working memory load of a found
target has a larger effect on subsequent search accuracy
than does its perceptual salience.},
Doi = {10.1037/a0030726},
Key = {fds253071}
}
@article{fds253048,
Author = {Cain, MS and Adamo, SH and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {A taxonomy of errors in multiple-target visual
search},
Journal = {Visual Cognition},
Volume = {21},
Number = {7},
Pages = {899-921},
Year = {2013},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {1350-6285},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2013.843627},
Abstract = {Multiple-target visual searches are especially error prone;
once one target is found, additional targets are likely to
be missed. This phenomenon, often called satisfaction of
search (which we refer to here as subsequent search misses;
SSMs), is well known in radiology, despite no existing
consensus about the underlying cause(s). Taking a cognitive
laboratory approach, we propose that there are multiple
causes of SSMs and present a taxonomy of SSMs based on
searchers' eye movements during a multiple-target search
task, including both previously identified and novel sources
of SSMs. The types and distributions of SSMs revealed
effects of working memory load, search strategy, and
additional causal factors, suggesting that there is no
single cause of SSMs. A multifaceted approach is likely
needed to understand the psychological causes of SSMs and
then to mitigate them in applied settings such as radiology
and baggage screening. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.},
Doi = {10.1080/13506285.2013.843627},
Key = {fds253048}
}
@article{fds253058,
Author = {Appelbaum, LG and Cain, MS and Darling, EF and Mitroff,
SR},
Title = {Action video game playing is associated with improved visual
sensitivity, but not alterations in visual sensory
memory.},
Journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
Volume = {75},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1161-1167},
Year = {2013},
Month = {August},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23709062},
Abstract = {Action video game playing has been experimentally linked to
a number of perceptual and cognitive improvements. These
benefits are captured through a wide range of psychometric
tasks and have led to the proposition that action video game
experience may promote the ability to extract statistical
evidence from sensory stimuli. Such an advantage could arise
from a number of possible mechanisms: improvements in visual
sensitivity, enhancements in the capacity or duration for
which information is retained in visual memory, or
higher-level strategic use of information for decision
making. The present study measured the capacity and time
course of visual sensory memory using a partial report
performance task as a means to distinguish between these
three possible mechanisms. Sensitivity measures and
parameter estimates that describe sensory memory capacity
and the rate of memory decay were compared between
individuals who reported high evels and low levels of action
video game experience. Our results revealed a uniform
increase in partial report accuracy at all stimulus-to-cue
delays for action video game players but no difference in
the rate or time course of the memory decay. The present
findings suggest that action video game playing may be
related to enhancements in the initial sensitivity to visual
stimuli, but not to a greater retention of information in
iconic memory buffers. },
Doi = {10.3758/s13414-013-0472-7},
Key = {fds253058}
}
@article{fds220620,
Author = {Mitroff, S. R. and Friesen, P. and Bennett, D. and Yoo, H. and Reichow, A.},
Title = {Enhancing ice hockey skills through stroboscopic visual
training—A pilot study},
Journal = {Athletic Training & Sports Health Care},
Volume = {5},
Pages = {261-264},
Year = {2013},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/19425864-20131030-02},
Doi = {10.3928/19425864-20131030-02},
Key = {fds220620}
}
@article{fds253053,
Author = {Cain, MS and Adamo, SH and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {A taxonomy of errors in multiple-target visual
search},
Journal = {Visual Cognition},
Year = {2013},
ISSN = {1350-6285},
Key = {fds253053}
}
@article{fds253054,
Author = {Jackson, TH and Clark, K and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Enhanced facial symmetry assessment in orthodontists},
Journal = {Visual Cognition},
Volume = {21},
Number = {7},
Pages = {838-852},
Year = {2013},
ISSN = {1350-6285},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2013.832450},
Abstract = {Assessing facial symmetry is an evolutionarily important
process, which suggests that individual differences in this
ability should exist. As existing data are inconclusive, the
current study explored whether a group trained in facial
symmetry assessment, orthodontists, possessed enhanced
abilities. Symmetry assessment was measured using face and
nonface stimuli among orthodontic residents and two control
groups: university participants with no symmetry training
and airport security luggage screeners, a group previously
shown to possess expert visual search skills unrelated to
facial symmetry. Orthodontic residents were more accurate at
assessing symmetry in both upright and inverted faces
compared to both control groups, but not for nonface
stimuli. These differences are not likely due to
motivational biases or a speed-accuracy tradeoff-orthodontic
residents were slower than the university participants but
not the security screeners. Understanding such individual
differences in facial symmetry assessment may inform the
perception of facial attractiveness. © 2013 Taylor &
Francis.},
Doi = {10.1080/13506285.2013.832450},
Key = {fds253054}
}
@article{fds253057,
Author = {Biggs, AT and Cain, MS and Clark, K and Darling, EF and Mitroff,
SR},
Title = {Assessing visual search performance differences between
Transportation Security Administration Officers and
nonprofessional visual searchers},
Journal = {Visual Cognition},
Volume = {21},
Number = {3},
Pages = {330-352},
Year = {2013},
ISSN = {1350-6285},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2013.790329},
Abstract = {Some visual searches depend upon accuracy (e.g., radiology,
airport security screening), and it is important for both
theoretical and applied reasons to understand what factors
best predict performance. The current study administered a
visual search task to both professional (Transportation
Security Administration Officers) and nonprofessional
(members of Duke University) searchers to examine group
differences in which factors predict accuracy. Search
speed-time taken to terminate search-was the primary
predictor for nonprofessional searchers (accounting for 59%
of their accuracy variability) and for the least experienced
professional searchers (37% of variability). In contrast,
consistency-how similarly (in terms of search speed) an
individual spent searching from trial to trial-was the
primary predictor for the most experienced professional
visual searchers (39% of variability). These results inform
cognitive theory by illuminating factors that differentially
affect search performance between participants, and
real-world issues by identifying search behaviours
(consistency in particular) important to experienced
professional searchers. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis
Group, LLC.},
Doi = {10.1080/13506285.2013.790329},
Key = {fds253057}
}
@article{fds253076,
Author = {Appelbaum, LG and Cain, MS and Schroeder, JE and Darling, EF and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Stroboscopic visual training improves information encoding
in short-term memory.},
Journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
Volume = {74},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1681-1691},
Year = {2012},
Month = {November},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22810559},
Abstract = {The visual system has developed to transform an
undifferentiated and continuous flow of information into
discrete and manageable representations, and this ability
rests primarily on the uninterrupted nature of the input.
Here we explore the impact of altering how visual
information is accumulated over time by assessing how
intermittent vision influences memory retention. Previous
work has shown that intermittent, or stroboscopic, visual
training (i.e., practicing while only experiencing snapshots
of vision) can enhance visual-motor control and visual
cognition, yet many questions remain unanswered about the
mechanisms that are altered. In the present study, we used a
partial-report memory paradigm to assess the possible
changes in visual memory following training under
stroboscopic conditions. In Experiment 1, the memory task
was completed before and immediately after a training phase,
wherein participants engaged in physical activities (e.g.,
playing catch) while wearing either specialized stroboscopic
eyewear or transparent control eyewear. In Experiment 2, an
additional group of participants underwent the same
stroboscopic protocol but were delayed 24 h between
training and assessment, so as to measure retention. In
comparison to the control group, both stroboscopic groups
(immediate and delayed retest) revealed enhanced retention
of information in short-term memory, leading to better
recall at longer stimulus-to-cue delays (640-2,560 ms).
These results demonstrate that training under stroboscopic
conditions has the capacity to enhance some aspects of
visual memory, that these faculties generalize beyond the
specific tasks that were trained, and that trained
improvements can be maintained for at least a
day.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13414-012-0344-6},
Key = {fds253076}
}
@article{fds253073,
Author = {Donohue, SE and Darling, EF and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Links between multisensory processing and
autism.},
Journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
Volume = {222},
Number = {4},
Pages = {377-387},
Year = {2012},
Month = {October},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22923209},
Abstract = {Autism spectrum disorder is typically associated with social
deficits and is often specifically linked to difficulty with
processing faces and other socially relevant stimuli.
Emerging research has suggested that children with autism
might also have deficits in basic perceptual abilities
including multisensory processing (e.g., simultaneously
processing visual and auditory inputs). The current study
examined the relationship between multisensory temporal
processing (assessed via a simultaneity judgment task
wherein participants were to report whether a visual
stimulus and an auditory stimulus occurred at the same time
or at different times) and self-reported symptoms of autism
(assessed via the Autism Spectrum Quotient questionnaire).
Data from over 100 healthy adults revealed a relationship
between these two factors as multisensory timing perception
correlated with symptoms of autism. Specifically, a stronger
bias to perceive auditory stimuli occurring before visual
stimuli as simultaneous was associated with greater levels
of autistic symptoms. Additional data and analyses confirm
that this relationship is specific to multisensory
processing and symptoms of autism. These results provide
insight into the nature of multisensory processing while
also revealing a continuum over which perceptual abilities
correlate with symptoms of autism and that this continuum is
not just specific to clinical populations but is present
within the general population.},
Doi = {10.1007/s00221-012-3223-4},
Key = {fds253073}
}
@article{fds253074,
Author = {Cain, MS and Vul, E and Clark, K and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {A bayesian optimal foraging model of human visual
search.},
Journal = {Psychological Science},
Volume = {23},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1047-1054},
Year = {2012},
Month = {September},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22868494},
Abstract = {Real-world visual searches often contain a variable and
unknown number of targets. Such searches present difficult
metacognitive challenges, as searchers must decide when to
stop looking for additional targets, which results in high
miss rates in multiple-target searches. In the study
reported here, we quantified human strategies in
multiple-target search via an ecological optimal foraging
model and investigated whether searchers adapt their
strategies to complex target-distribution statistics.
Separate groups of individuals searched displays with the
number of targets per trial sampled from different geometric
distributions but with the same overall target prevalence.
As predicted by optimal foraging theory, results showed that
individuals searched longer when they expected more targets
to be present and adjusted their expectations on-line during
each search by taking into account the higher-order,
across-trial target distributions. However, compared with
modeled ideal observers, participants systematically
responded as if the target distribution were more uniform
than it was, which suggests that training could improve
multiple-target search performance.},
Doi = {10.1177/0956797612440460},
Key = {fds253074}
}
@article{fds253075,
Author = {Donohue, SE and James, B and Eslick, AN and Mitroff,
SR},
Title = {Cognitive pitfall! Videogame players are not immune to
dual-task costs.},
Journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
Volume = {74},
Number = {5},
Pages = {803-809},
Year = {2012},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22669792},
Abstract = {With modern technological advances, we often find ourselves
dividing our attention between multiple tasks. While this
may seem a productive way to live, our attentional capacity
is limited, and this yields costs in one or more of the many
tasks that we try to do. Some people believe that they are
immune to the costs of multitasking and commonly engage in
potentially dangerous behavior, such as driving while
talking on the phone. But are some groups of individuals
indeed immune to dual-task costs? This study examines
whether avid action videogame players, who have been shown
to have heightened attentional capacities, are particularly
adept multitaskers. Participants completed three visually
demanding experimental paradigms (a driving videogame, a
multiple-object-tracking task, and a visual search), with
and without answering unrelated questions via a speakerphone
(i.e., with and without a dual-task component). All of the
participants, videogame players and nonvideogame players
alike, performed worse while engaging in the additional dual
task for all three paradigms. This suggests that extensive
videogame experience may not offer immunity from dual-task
costs.},
Doi = {10.3758/s13414-012-0323-y},
Key = {fds253075}
}
@article{fds253060,
Author = {Clark, K and Cain, MS and Adamo, SH and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Overcoming hurdles in translating visual search research
between the lab and the field.},
Journal = {Nebraska Symposium on Motivation},
Volume = {59},
Pages = {147-181},
Year = {2012},
ISSN = {0146-7875},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23437633},
Abstract = {Research in visual search can be vital to improving
performance in careers such as radiology and airport
security screening. In these applied, or "field," searches,
accuracy is critical, and misses are potentially fatal;
however, despite the importance of performing optimally,
radiological and airport security searches are nevertheless
flawed. Extensive basic research in visual search has
revealed cognitive mechanisms responsible for successful
visual search as well as a variety of factors that tend to
inhibit or improve performance. Ideally, the knowledge
gained from such laboratory-based research could be directly
applied to field searches, but several obstacles stand in
the way of straightforward translation; the tightly
controlled visual searches performed in the lab can be
drastically different from field searches. For example, they
can differ in terms of the nature of the stimuli, the
environment in which the search is taking place, and the
experience and characteristics of the searchers themselves.
The goal of this chapter is to discuss these differences and
how they can present hurdles to translating lab-based
research to field-based searches. Specifically, most search
tasks in the lab entail searching for only one target per
trial, and the targets occur relatively frequently, but
field searches may contain an unknown and unlimited number
of targets, and the occurrence of targets can be rare.
Additionally, participants in lab-based search experiments
often perform under neutral conditions and have no formal
training or experience in search tasks; conversely, career
searchers may be influenced by the motivation to perform
well or anxiety about missing a target, and they have
undergone formal training and accumulated significant
experience searching. This chapter discusses recent work
that has investigated the impacts of these differences to
determine how each factor can influence search performance.
Knowledge gained from the scientific exploration of search
can be applied to field searches but only when considering
and controlling for the differences between lab and
field.},
Key = {fds253060}
}
@article{fds253067,
Author = {Appelbaum, LG and Cain, MS and Darling, EF and Stanton, SJ and Nguyen,
MT and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Corrigendum to " What is the identity of a sports
spectator?" [Personality and Individual Differences 52
(2012) 422-427]},
Journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
Volume = {52},
Number = {7},
Pages = {862-},
Year = {2012},
ISSN = {0191-8869},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.021},
Doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.021},
Key = {fds253067}
}
@article{fds253068,
Author = {Adamo, SH and Cain, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Self-induced attentional blink: A cause of errors in
multiple-target visual search},
Journal = {Visual Cognition},
Volume = {20},
Number = {9},
Pages = {1004-1007},
Year = {2012},
ISSN = {1350-6285},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2012.726448},
Doi = {10.1080/13506285.2012.726448},
Key = {fds253068}
}
@article{fds253070,
Author = {Salazar, E and Cain, MS and Darling, EF and Mitroff, SR and Carin,
L},
Title = {Inferring latent structure from mixed real and categorical
relational data},
Journal = {Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Machine
Learning, ICML 2012},
Volume = {2},
Pages = {1039-1046},
Address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},
Year = {2012},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10161/8953 Duke open
access},
Abstract = {We consider analysis of relational data (a matrix), in which
the rows correspond to subjects (e.g., people) and the
columns correspond to attributes. The elements of the matrix
may be a mix of real and categorical. Each subject and
attribute is characterized by a latent binary feature
vector, and an inferred matrix maps each row-column pair of
binary feature vectors to an observed matrix element. The
latent binary features of the rows are modeled via a
multivariate Gaussian distribution with low-rank covariance
matrix, and the Gaussian random variables are mapped to
latent binary features via a probit link. The same type
construction is applied jointly to the columns. The model
infers latent, low-dimensional binary features associated
with each row and each column, as well correlation structure
between all rows and between all columns. Copyright 2012 by
the author(s)/owner(s).},
Key = {fds253070}
}
@article{fds253072,
Author = {Smith, TQ and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Stroboscopic training enhances anticipatory
timing},
Journal = {International Journal of Excerise Science},
Volume = {5},
Number = {4},
Pages = {344-353},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds253072}
}
@article{fds253077,
Author = {Appelbaum, LG and Cain, MS and Darling, EF and Stanton, SJ and Nguyen,
MT and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {What is the identity of a sports spectator?},
Journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
Volume = {52},
Number = {3},
Pages = {422-427},
Year = {2012},
ISSN = {0191-8869},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.048},
Abstract = {Despite the prominence of sports in contemporary society,
little is known about the identity and personality traits of
sports spectators. With a sample of 293 individuals, we
examine four broad categories of factors that may explain
variability in the reported amount of time spent watching
sports. Using individual difference regression techniques,
we explore the relationship between sports spectating and
physiological measures (e.g., testosterone and cortisol),
clinical self-report scales (ADHD and autism), personality
traits (e.g., NEO "Big Five"), and pastime activities (e.g.,
video game playing). Our results indicate that individuals
who report higher levels of sports spectating tend to have
higher levels of extraversion, and in particular excitement
seeking and gregariousness. These individuals also engage
more in complementary pastime activities, including
participating in sports and exercise activities, watching
TV/movies, and playing video games. Notably, no differences
were observed in the clinical self-report scales, indicating
no differences in reported symptoms of ADHD or autism for
spectators and non-spectators. Likewise, no relationship was
seen between baseline concentrations of testosterone or
cortisol and sports spectating in our sample. These results
provide an assessment of the descriptive personality
dimensions of frequent sports spectators and provide a basic
taxonomy of how these traits are expressed across the
population. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.048},
Key = {fds253077}
}
@article{fds253081,
Author = {Wu, W and Tiesinga, PH and Tucker, TR and Mitroff, SR and Fitzpatrick,
D},
Title = {Dynamics of population response to changes of motion
direction in primary visual cortex.},
Journal = {The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the
Society for Neuroscience},
Volume = {31},
Number = {36},
Pages = {12767-12777},
Year = {2011},
Month = {September},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900556},
Abstract = {The visual system is thought to represent the direction of
moving objects in the relative activity of large populations
of cortical neurons that are broadly tuned to the direction
of stimulus motion, but how changes in the direction of a
moving stimulus are represented in the population response
remains poorly understood. Here we take advantage of the
orderly mapping of direction selectivity in ferret primary
visual cortex (V1) to explore how abrupt changes in the
direction of a moving stimulus are encoded in population
activity using voltage-sensitive dye imaging. For stimuli
moving in a constant direction, the peak of the V1
population response accurately represented the direction of
stimulus motion, but following abrupt changes in motion
direction, the peak transiently departed from the direction
of stimulus motion in a fashion that varied with the
direction offset angle and was well predicted from the
response to the component directions. We conclude that
cortical dynamics and population coding mechanisms combine
to place constraints on the accuracy with which abrupt
changes in direction of motion can be represented by
cortical circuits.},
Doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4307-10.2011},
Key = {fds253081}
}
@article{fds253080,
Author = {Cain, MS and Dunsmoor, JE and LaBar, KS and Mitroff,
SR},
Title = {Anticipatory anxiety hinders detection of a second target in
dual-target search.},
Journal = {Psychological Science},
Volume = {22},
Number = {7},
Pages = {866-871},
Year = {2011},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670427},
Abstract = {Professional visual searches (e.g., baggage screenings,
military searches, radiological examinations) are often
conducted in high-pressure environments and require focus on
multiple visual targets. Yet laboratory studies of visual
search tend to be conducted in emotionally neutral settings
with only one possible target per display. In the experiment
reported here, we looked to better emulate high-pressure
search conditions by presenting searchers with arrays that
contained between zero and two targets while inducing
anticipatory anxiety via a threat-of-shock paradigm. Under
conditions of anticipatory anxiety, dual-target performance
was negatively affected, but single-target performance and
time on task were unaffected. These results suggest that
multiple-target searches may be a more sensitive instrument
to measure the effect of environmental factors on visual
cognition than single-target searches are. Further, the
effect of anticipatory anxiety was modulated by individual
differences in state anxiety levels of participants prior to
the experiment. These results have implications for both the
laboratory study of visual search and the management and
assessment of professional searchers.},
Doi = {10.1177/0956797611412393},
Key = {fds253080}
}
@article{fds253082,
Author = {Clark, K and Fleck, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Enhanced change detection performance reveals improved
strategy use in avid action video game players.},
Journal = {Acta Psychologica},
Volume = {136},
Number = {1},
Pages = {67-72},
Year = {2011},
Month = {January},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21062660},
Abstract = {Recent research has shown that avid action video game
players (VGPs) outperform non-video game players (NVGPs) on
a variety of attentional and perceptual tasks. However, it
remains unknown exactly why and how such differences arise;
while some prior research has demonstrated that VGPs'
improvements stem from enhanced basic perceptual processes,
other work indicates that they can stem from enhanced
attentional control. The current experiment used a
change-detection task to explore whether top-down strategies
can contribute to VGPs' improved abilities. Participants
viewed alternating presentations of an image and a modified
version of the image and were tasked with detecting and
localizing the changed element. Consistent with prior claims
of enhanced perceptual abilities, VGPs were able to detect
the changes while requiring less exposure to the change than
NVGPs. Further analyses revealed this improved change
detection performance may result from altered strategy use;
VGPs employed broader search patterns when scanning scenes
for potential changes. These results complement prior
demonstrations of VGPs' enhanced bottom-up perceptual
benefits by providing new evidence of VGPs' potentially
enhanced top-down strategic benefits.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.10.003},
Key = {fds253082}
}
@article{fds253078,
Author = {Cain, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Distractor filtering in media multitaskers.},
Journal = {Perception},
Volume = {40},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1183-1192},
Year = {2011},
ISSN = {0301-0066},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308888},
Abstract = {A growing amount of modern media is consumed simultaneously,
a phenomenon known as 'media multitasking'. Individuals who
regularly engage in this activity, heavy media multitaskers
(HMMs), are more affected by irrelevant information that can
intrude into a primary task than are light media
multitaskers (LMMs--Ophir et al, 2009 Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 15583). However,
the locus of this deficit is unknown, as previous research
is consistent with both memory and attentional explanations.
Here, we isolated attentional processes by employing a
singleton distractor task with low working-memory demands.
In this task, LMMs used top-down information to improve
their performance, yet HMMs did not. This difference in
performance in an established attentional capture task
argues for the presence of attentional differences in HMMs
and is consistent with the idea that HMMs maintain a wider
attentional scope than LMMs, even when instructed
otherwise.},
Doi = {10.1068/p7017},
Key = {fds253078}
}
@article{fds253079,
Author = {Appelbaum, LG and Schroeder, JE and Cain, MS and Mitroff,
SR},
Title = {Improved Visual Cognition through Stroboscopic
Training.},
Journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
Volume = {2},
Number = {276},
Pages = {276},
Year = {2011},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22059078},
Abstract = {Humans have a remarkable capacity to learn and adapt, but
surprisingly little research has demonstrated generalized
learning in which new skills and strategies can be used
flexibly across a range of tasks and contexts. In the
present work we examined whether generalized learning could
result from visual-motor training under stroboscopic visual
conditions. Individuals were assigned to either an
experimental condition that trained with stroboscopic
eyewear or to a control condition that underwent identical
training with non-stroboscopic eyewear. The training
consisted of multiple sessions of athletic activities during
which participants performed simple drills such as throwing
and catching. To determine if training led to generalized
benefits, we used computerized measures to assess perceptual
and cognitive abilities on a variety of tasks before and
after training. Computer-based assessments included measures
of visual sensitivity (central and peripheral motion
coherence thresholds), transient spatial attention (a useful
field of view - dual task paradigm), and sustained attention
(multiple-object tracking). Results revealed that
stroboscopic training led to significantly greater re-test
improvement in central visual field motion sensitivity and
transient attention abilities. No training benefits were
observed for peripheral motion sensitivity or peripheral
transient attention abilities, nor were benefits seen for
sustained attention during multiple-object tracking. These
findings suggest that stroboscopic training can effectively
improve some, but not all aspects of visual perception and
attention.},
Doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00276},
Key = {fds253079}
}
@article{fds253087,
Author = {Costello, MC and Madden, DJ and Shepler, AM and Mitroff, SR and Leber,
AB},
Title = {Age-related preservation of top-down control over
distraction in visual search.},
Journal = {Experimental Aging Research},
Volume = {36},
Number = {3},
Pages = {249-272},
Year = {2010},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20544447},
Abstract = {Visual search studies have demonstrated that older adults
can have preserved or even increased top-down control over
distraction. However, the results are mixed as to the extent
of this age-related preservation. The present experiment
assesses group differences in younger and older adults
during visual search, with a task featuring two conditions
offering varying degrees of top-down control over
distraction. After controlling for generalized slowing, the
analyses revealed that the age groups were equally capable
of utilizing top-down control to minimize distraction.
Furthermore, for both age groups, the distraction effect was
manifested in a sustained manner across the reaction time
distribution.},
Doi = {10.1080/0361073X.2010.484719},
Key = {fds253087}
}
@article{fds304704,
Author = {Costello, MC and Madden, DJ and Mitroff, SR and Whiting,
WL},
Title = {Age-related decline of visual processing components in
change detection.},
Journal = {Psychology and Aging},
Volume = {25},
Number = {2},
Pages = {356-368},
Year = {2010},
Month = {June},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20545420},
Abstract = {Previous research has suggested that an age-related decline
in change detection may be due to older adults using a more
conservative response criterion. However, this finding may
reflect methodological limitations of the traditional change
detection design, in which displays are presented
continuously until a change is detected. Across 2
experiments, the authors assessed adult age differences in a
version of change detection that required a response after
each pair of pre- and postchange displays, thus reducing the
potential contribution of response criterion. Older adults
performed worse than younger adults, committing more errors
and requiring a greater number of display cycles for correct
detection. These age-related performance declines were
substantially reduced after controlling statistically for
elementary perceptual speed. Search strategy was largely
similar for the 2 age groups, but perceptual speed was less
successful in accounting for age-related variance in
detectability when a more precise spatial localization of
change was required (Experiment 2). Thus, the negative
effect of aging in the present tasks lies in a reduction of
detection efficiency due largely to processing speed, though
some strategy-level effects may also contribute. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights
reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/a0017625},
Key = {fds304704}
}
@article{fds304703,
Author = {Donohue, SE and Woldorff, MG and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Video game players show more precise multisensory temporal
processing abilities.},
Journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
Volume = {72},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1120-1129},
Year = {2010},
Month = {May},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20436205},
Abstract = {Recent research has demonstrated enhanced visual attention
and visual perception in individuals with extensive
experience playing action video games. These benefits
manifest in several realms, but much remains unknown about
the ways in which video game experience alters perception
and cognition. In the present study, we examined whether
video game players' benefits generalize beyond vision to
multisensory processing by presenting auditory and visual
stimuli within a short temporal window to video game players
and non-video game players. Participants performed two
discrimination tasks, both of which revealed benefits for
video game players: In a simultaneity judgment task, video
game players were better able to distinguish whether simple
visual and auditory stimuli occurred at the same moment or
slightly offset in time, and in a temporal-order judgment
task, they revealed an enhanced ability to determine the
temporal sequence of multisensory stimuli. These results
suggest that people with extensive experience playing video
games display benefits that extend beyond the visual
modality to also impact multisensory processing.},
Doi = {10.3758/APP.72.4.1120},
Key = {fds304703}
}
@article{fds253085,
Author = {Fleck, MS and Samei, E and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Generalized "satisfaction of search": adverse influences on
dual-target search accuracy.},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied},
Volume = {16},
Number = {1},
Pages = {60-71},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20350044},
Abstract = {The successful detection of a target in a radiological
search can reduce the detectability of a second target, a
phenomenon termed satisfaction of search (SOS). Given the
potential consequences, here we investigate the generality
of SOS with the goal of simultaneously informing radiology,
cognitive psychology, and nonmedical searches such as
airport luggage screening. Ten experiments utilizing
nonmedical searches and untrained searchers suggest that SOS
is affected by a diverse array of factors, including (1) the
relative frequency of different target types, (2) external
pressures (reward and time), and (3) expectations about the
number of targets present. Collectively, these experiments
indicate that SOS arises when searchers have a biased
expectation about the low likelihood of specific targets or
events, and when they are under pressure to perform
efficiently. This first demonstration of SOS outside of
radiology implicates a general heuristic applicable to many
kinds of searches. In an example like airport luggage
screening, the current data suggest that the detection of an
easy-to-spot target (e.g., a water bottle) might reduce
detection of a hard-to-spot target (e.g., a box
cutter).},
Doi = {10.1037/a0018629},
Key = {fds253085}
}
@article{fds253065,
Author = {Hubal, R and Mitroff, SR and Cain, MS and Scott, B and DeWitt,
R},
Title = {Simulating a vigilance task: Extensible technology for
baggage security assessment and training},
Journal = {2010 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for
Homeland Security, HST 2010},
Pages = {543-548},
Year = {2010},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/THS.2010.5654982},
Abstract = {A number of homeland security occupations require vigilance
to potentially subtle events in the environment, with high
stakes for missing infrequent but consequential items.
Sustained vigilance can be required for long periods of time
or when sleep-deprived or physically inactive, compounding
the difficulty of this task. Research on sustained vigilance
has largely focused on tasks such as driving, air traffic
control, medical screening, and military specialties, but
the findings closely apply also to other homeland
security-related occupations. A research area that has
received relatively little attention, but is of critical
importance to homeland security, involves the role of
individual differences in vigilance. Prior research suggests
that certain individuals are better than others at searching
for rarely present targets over long time periods, yet what
is driving this effect remains unclear. Further, it is not
known whether or not sustained vigilance can be improved
through training. This research team is studying two
research questions: Are there individual differences in the
inherent ability to sustain vigilance? and What are the most
effective approaches for training and improving sustained
vigilance for rare items or events?. The intent is to employ
tasks (primarily visual identification and gross motor
tests) that readily translate to the relevant homeland
security occupations requiring sustained vigilance. © 2010
IEEE.},
Doi = {10.1109/THS.2010.5654982},
Key = {fds253065}
}
@article{fds253084,
Author = {Donohue, SE and Woldorff, MG and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Multisensory benefits of playing video games},
Journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
Volume = {72},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1120-1129},
Year = {2010},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20436205},
Abstract = {Recent research has demonstrated enhanced visual attention
and visual perception in individuals with extensive
experience playing action video games. These benefits
manifest in several realms, but much remains unknown about
the ways in which video game experience alters perception
and cognition. In the present study, we examined whether
video game players' benefits generalize beyond vision to
multisensory processing by presenting auditory and visual
stimuli within a short temporal window to video game players
and non-video game players. Participants performed two
discrimination tasks, both of which revealed benefits for
video game players: In a simultaneity judgment task, video
game players were better able to distinguish whether simple
visual and auditory stimuli occurred at the same moment or
slightly offset in time, and in a temporal-order judgment
task, they revealed an enhanced ability to determine the
temporal sequence of multisensory stimuli. These results
suggest that people with extensive experience playing video
games display benefits that extend beyond the visual
modality to also impact multisensory processing.},
Doi = {10.3758/APP.72.4.1120},
Key = {fds253084}
}
@article{fds253086,
Author = {Costello, MC and Madden, DJ and Mitroff, SR and Whiting,
WL},
Title = {Age-related decline of visual processing components in
change detection},
Journal = {Psychology & Aging},
Volume = {25},
Number = {2},
Pages = {256-268},
Year = {2010},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20545420},
Abstract = {Previous research has suggested that an age-related decline
in change detection may be due to older adults using a more
conservative response criterion. However, this finding may
reflect methodological limitations of the traditional change
detection design, in which displays are presented
continuously until a change is detected. Across 2
experiments, the authors assessed adult age differences in a
version of change detection that required a response after
each pair of pre- and postchange displays, thus reducing the
potential contribution of response criterion. Older adults
performed worse than younger adults, committing more errors
and requiring a greater number of display cycles for correct
detection. These age-related performance declines were
substantially reduced after controlling statistically for
elementary perceptual speed. Search strategy was largely
similar for the 2 age groups, but perceptual speed was less
successful in accounting for age-related variance in
detectability when a more precise spatial localization of
change was required (Experiment 2). Thus, the negative
effect of aging in the present tasks lies in a reduction of
detection efficiency due largely to processing speed, though
some strategy-level effects may also contribute. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights
reserved).},
Doi = {10.1037/a0017625},
Key = {fds253086}
}
@article{fds253088,
Author = {Jordan, KE and Clark, K and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {See an object, hear an object file: Object correspondence
transcends sensory modality},
Journal = {Visual Cognition},
Volume = {18},
Number = {4},
Pages = {492-503},
Year = {2010},
ISSN = {1350-6285},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280903338911},
Abstract = {An important task of perceptual processing is to parse
incoming information into distinct units and to keep track
of those units over time as the same, persisting
representations. Within the study of visual perception,
maintaining such persisting object representations is helped
by "object files"-episodic representations that store (and
update) information about objects' properties and track
objects over time and motion via spatiotemporal information.
Although object files are typically discussed as visual,
here we demonstrate that object-file correspondence can be
computed across sensory modalities. An object file can be
initially formed with visual input and later accessed with
corresponding auditory information, suggesting that object
files may be able to operate at a multimodal level of
perceptual processing. © 2010 Psychology Press, an imprint
of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa
business.},
Doi = {10.1080/13506280903338911},
Key = {fds253088}
}
@article{fds253089,
Author = {Wang, S-H and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Preserved visual representations despite change blindness in
infants.},
Journal = {Developmental Science},
Volume = {12},
Number = {5},
Pages = {681-687},
Year = {2009},
Month = {September},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19702760},
Abstract = {Combining theoretical hypotheses of infant cognition and
adult perception, we present evidence that infants can
maintain visual representations despite their failure to
detect a change. Infants under 12 months typically fail to
notice a change to an object's height in a covering event.
The present experiments demonstrated that 11-month-old
infants can nevertheless maintain a viable representation of
both the pre- and post-change heights despite their 'change
blindness'. These results suggest that infants, like adults,
can simultaneously maintain multiple representations, even
if they do not optimally use them.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00800.x},
Key = {fds253089}
}
@article{fds253083,
Author = {Dunsmoor, JE and Mitroff, SR and LaBar, KS},
Title = {Generalization of conditioned fear along a dimension of
increasing fear intensity.},
Journal = {Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)},
Volume = {16},
Number = {7},
Pages = {460-469},
Year = {2009},
Month = {July},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19553384},
Abstract = {The present study investigated the extent to which fear
generalization in humans is determined by the amount of fear
intensity in nonconditioned stimuli relative to a
perceptually similar conditioned stimulus. Stimuli consisted
of graded emotionally expressive faces of the same identity
morphed between neutral and fearful endpoints. Two
experimental groups underwent discriminative fear
conditioning between a face stimulus of 55% fear intensity
(conditioned stimulus, CS+), reinforced with an electric
shock, and a second stimulus that was unreinforced (CS-). In
Experiment 1 the CS- was a relatively neutral face stimulus,
while in Experiment 2 the CS- was the most fear-intense
stimulus. Before and following fear conditioning, skin
conductance responses (SCR) were recorded to different morph
values along the neutral-to-fear dimension. Both
experimental groups showed gradients of generalization
following fear conditioning that increased with the fear
intensity of the stimulus. In Experiment 1 a peak shift in
SCRs extended to the most fear-intense stimulus. In
contrast, generalization to the most fear-intense stimulus
was reduced in Experiment 2, suggesting that discriminative
fear learning procedures can attenuate fear generalization.
Together, the findings indicate that fear generalization is
broadly tuned and sensitive to the amount of fear intensity
in nonconditioned stimuli, but that fear generalization can
come under stimulus control. These results reveal a novel
form of fear generalization in humans that is not merely
based on physical similarity to a conditioned exemplar, and
may have implications for understanding generalization
processes in anxiety disorders characterized by heightened
sensitivity to nonthreatening stimuli.},
Doi = {10.1101/lm.1431609},
Key = {fds253083}
}
@article{fds253090,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Arita, JT and Fleck, MS},
Title = {Staying in bounds: Contextual constraints on object-file
coherence.},
Journal = {Visual Cognition},
Volume = {17},
Number = {1-2},
Pages = {195-211},
Year = {2009},
ISSN = {1350-6285},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19498955},
Abstract = {Coherent visual perception necessitates the ability to track
distinct objects as the same entities over time and motion.
Calculations of such object persistence appear to be fairly
automatic and constrained by specific rules. We explore the
nature of object persistence here within the object-file
framework; object files are mid-level visual representations
that track entities over time and motion as the same
persisting objects and store and update information about
the objects. We present three new findings. First, objects
files are constrained by the principle of "boundedness";
persisting entities should maintain a single closed contour.
Second, object files are constrained by the principle of
"containment"; all the parts and properties of a persisting
object should reside within, and be connected to, the object
itself. Third, object files are sensitive to the context in
which an object appears; the very same physical entity that
can instantiate object-file formation in one experimental
context cannot in another. This contextual influence
demonstrates for the first time that object files are
sensitive to more than just the physical properties
contained within any given visual display.},
Doi = {10.1080/13506280802103457},
Key = {fds253090}
}
@article{fds253064,
Author = {Cheries, EW and Mitroff, SR and Wynn, K and Scholl,
BJ},
Title = {Cohesion as a constraint on object persistence in
infancy.},
Journal = {Developmental Science},
Volume = {11},
Number = {3},
Pages = {427-432},
Year = {2008},
Month = {May},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18466376},
Abstract = {A critical challenge for visual perception is to represent
objects as the same persisting individuals over time and
motion. Across several areas of cognitive science,
researchers have identified cohesion as among the most
important theoretical principles of object persistence: An
object must maintain a single bounded contour over time.
Drawing inspiration from recent work in adult visual
cognition, the present study tested the power of cohesion as
a constraint as it operates early in development. In
particular, we tested whether the most minimal cohesion
violation - a single object splitting into two - would
destroy infants' ability to represent a quantity of objects
over occlusion. In a forced-choice crawling paradigm, 10-
and 12-month-old infants witnessed crackers being
sequentially placed into containers, and typically crawled
toward the container with the greater cracker quantity. When
one of the crackers was visibly split in half, however,
infants failed to represent the relative quantities, despite
controls for the overall quantities and the motions
involved. This result helps to characterize the fidelity and
specificity of cohesion as a fundamental principle of object
persistence, suggesting that even the simplest possible
cohesion violation can dramatically impair infants' object
representations and influence their overt
behavior.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00687.x},
Key = {fds253064}
}
@article{fds253091,
Author = {Cheries, E and Mitroff, SR and Wynn, K and Scholl,
BJ},
Title = {Cohesion as a principle of object persistence in
infancy.},
Journal = {Developmental Science},
Volume = {11},
Number = {427-432},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds253091}
}
@article{fds253093,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Alvarez, GA},
Title = {Space and time, not surface features, guide object
persistence.},
Journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin and Review},
Volume = {14},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1199-1204},
Year = {2007},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {1069-9384},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18229497},
Abstract = {Successful visual perception relies on the ability to keep
track of distinct entities as the same persisting objects
from one moment to the next. This is a computationally
difficult process and its underlying nature remains unclear.
Here we use the object file framework to explore whether
surface feature information (e.g., color, shape) can be used
to compute such object persistence. From six experiments we
find that spatiotemporal information (location as a function
of time) easily determines object files, but surface
features do not. The results suggest an unexpectedly strong
constraint on the visual system's ability to compute online
object persistence.},
Key = {fds253093}
}
@article{fds253092,
Author = {Fleck, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Rare targets are rarely missed in correctable
search.},
Journal = {Psychological Science},
Volume = {18},
Number = {11},
Pages = {943-947},
Year = {2007},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0956-7976},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17958706},
Abstract = {Failing to find a tumor in an x-ray scan or a gun in an
airport baggage screening can have dire consequences, making
it fundamentally important to elucidate the mechanisms that
hinder performance in such visual searches. Recent
laboratory work has indicated that low target prevalence can
lead to disturbingly high miss rates in visual search. Here,
however, we demonstrate that misses in low-prevalence
searches can be readily abated. When targets are rarely
present, observers adapt by responding more quickly, and
miss rates are high. Critically, though, these misses are
often due to response-execution errors, not perceptual or
identification errors: Observers know a target was present,
but just respond too quickly. When provided an opportunity
to correct their last response, observers can catch their
mistakes. Thus, low target prevalence may not be a
generalizable cause of high miss rates in visual
search.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02006.x},
Key = {fds253092}
}
@article{fds253094,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Scholl, BJ and Noles, NS},
Title = {Object files can be purely episodic.},
Journal = {Perception},
Volume = {36},
Number = {12},
Pages = {1730-1735},
Year = {2007},
ISSN = {0301-0066},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18283924},
Abstract = {Our ability to track an object as the same persisting entity
over time and motion may primarily rely on spatiotemporal
representations which encode some, but not all, of an
object's features. Previous researchers using the 'object
reviewing' paradigm have demonstrated that such
representations can store featural information of
well-learned stimuli such as letters and words at a highly
abstract level. However, it is unknown whether these
representations can also store purely episodic information
(i.e. information obtained from a single, novel encounter)
that does not correspond to pre-existing
type-representations in long-term memory. Here, in an
object-reviewing experiment with novel face images as
stimuli, observers still produced reliable object-specific
preview benefits in dynamic displays: a preview of a novel
face on a specific object speeded the recognition of that
particular face at a later point when it appeared again on
the same object compared to when it reappeared on a
different object (beyond display-wide priming), even when
all objects moved to new positions in the intervening delay.
This case study demonstrates that the mid-level visual
representations which keep track of persisting identity over
time--e.g. 'object files', in one popular framework can
store not only abstract types from long-term memory, but
also specific tokens from online visual experience.},
Doi = {10.1068/p5804},
Key = {fds253094}
}
@article{fds253096,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Sobel, DM and Gopnik, A},
Title = {Reversing how to think about ambiguous figure reversals:
spontaneous alternating by uninformed observers.},
Journal = {Perception},
Volume = {35},
Number = {5},
Pages = {709-715},
Year = {2006},
ISSN = {0301-0066},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16836059},
Abstract = {Ambiguous figures are a special class of images that can
give rise to multiple interpretations. Traditionally,
switching between the possible interpretations of an
ambiguous figure, or reversing one's interpretation, has
been attributed either to top-down or to bottom-up processes
(e.g. attributed to having knowledge of the nature of the
ambiguity, or to a form of neuronal fatigue). Here we
present evidence that is incompatible with both forms of
explanations. Observers aged 5-9 years can reverse ambiguous
figures when uninformed about the ambiguity, negating purely
top-down explanations. Further, those children who make
these 'spontaneous' reversals are more likely to succeed on
a high-order theory-of-mind task, negating purely bottom-up
explanations.},
Doi = {10.1068/p5520},
Key = {fds253096}
}
@article{fds253099,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Scholl, BJ and Wynn, K},
Title = {The relationship between object files and conscious
perception.},
Journal = {Cognition},
Volume = {96},
Number = {1},
Pages = {67-92},
Year = {2005},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0010-0277},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15833307},
Abstract = {Object files (OFs) are hypothesized mid-level
representations which mediate our conscious perception of
persisting objects-e.g. telling us 'which went where'.
Despite the appeal of the OF framework, not previous
research has directly explored whether OFs do indeed
correspond to conscious percepts. Here we present at least
one case wherein conscious percepts of 'which went where' in
dynamic ambiguous displays diverge from the analogous
correspondence computed by the OF system. Observers viewed a
'bouncing/streaming' display in which two identical objects
moved such that they could have either bounced off or
streamed past each other. We measured two dependent
variables: (1) an explicit report of perceived bouncing or
streaming; and (2) an implicit 'object-specific preview
benefit' (OSPB), wherein a 'preview' of information on a
specific object speeds the recognition of that information
at a later point when it appears again on the same object
(compared to when it reappears on a different object),
beyond display-wide priming. When the displays were
manipulated such that observers had a strong bias to
perceive streaming (on over 95% of the trials), there was
nevertheless a strong OSPB in the opposite direction-such
that the object files appeared to have 'bounced' even though
the percept 'streamed'. Given that OSPBs have been taken as
a hallmark of the operation of object files, the five
experiments reported here suggest that in at least some
specialized (and perhaps ecologically invalid) cases,
conscious percepts of 'which went where' in dynamic
ambiguous displays can diverge from the mapping computed by
the object-file system.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2004.03.008},
Key = {fds253099}
}
@article{fds253100,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Scholl, BJ},
Title = {Forming and updating object representations without
awareness: evidence from motion-induced blindness.},
Journal = {Vision Research},
Volume = {45},
Number = {8},
Pages = {961-967},
Year = {2005},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0042-6989},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15695181},
Abstract = {The input to visual processing consists of an
undifferentiated array of features which must be parsed into
discrete units. Here we explore the degree to which
conscious awareness is important for forming such object
representations, and for updating them in the face of
changing visual scenes. We do so by exploiting the
phenomenon of motion-induced blindness (MIB), wherein
salient (and even attended) objects fluctuate into and out
of conscious awareness when superimposed onto certain global
motion patterns. By introducing changes to unseen visual
stimuli during MIB, we demonstrate that object
representations can be formed and updated even without
conscious access to those objects. Such changes can then
influence not only how stimuli reenter awareness, but also
what reenters awareness. We demonstrate that this processing
encompasses simple object representations and also several
independent Gestalt grouping cues. We conclude that flexible
visual parsing over time and visual change can occur even
without conscious perception. Methodologically, we conclude
that MIB may be an especially useful tool for studying the
role of awareness in visual processing and vice
versa.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2004.09.044},
Key = {fds253100}
}
@article{fds253095,
Author = {Noles, NS and Scholl, BJ and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {The persistence of object file representations.},
Journal = {Perception & psychophysics},
Volume = {67},
Number = {2},
Pages = {324-334},
Year = {2005},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0031-5117},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15973783},
Abstract = {Coherent visual experience of dynamic scenes requires not
only that the visual system segment scenes into component
objects but that these object representations persist, so
that an object can be identified as the same object from an
earlier time. Object files (OFs) are visual representations
thought to mediate such abilities: OFs lie between lower
level sensory processing and higher level recognition, and
they track salient objects over time and motion. OFs have
traditionally been studied via object-specific preview
benefits (OSPBs), in which discriminations of an object's
features are speeded when an earlier preview of those
features occurred on the same object, as opposed to on a
different object, beyond general displaywide priming.
Despite its popularity, many fundamental aspects of the OF
framework remain unexplored. For example, although OFs are
thought to be involved primarily in online visual
processing, we do not know how long such representations
persist; previous studies found OSPBs for up to 1500 msec
but did not test for longer durations. We explored this
issue using a modified object reviewing paradigm and found
that robust OSPBs persist for more than five times longer
than has previously been tested-for at least 8 sec, and
possibly for much longer. Object files may be the "glue"
that makes visual experience coherent not just in online
moment-by-moment processing, but on the scale of seconds
that characterizes our everyday perceptual experiences.
These findings also bear on research in infant cognition,
where OFs are thought to explain infants' abilities to track
and enumerate small sets of objects over longer
durations.},
Key = {fds253095}
}
@article{fds253103,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Simons, DJ and Levin, DT},
Title = {Nothing compares 2 views: change blindness can occur despite
preserved access to the changed information.},
Journal = {Perception & psychophysics},
Volume = {66},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1268-1281},
Year = {2004},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0031-5117},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15813193},
Abstract = {Change blindness, the failure to detect visual changes that
occur during a disruption, has increasingly been used to
infer the nature of internal representations. If every
change were detected, detailed representations of the world
would have to be stored and accessible. However, because
many changes are not detected, visual representations might
not be complete, and access to them might be limited. Using
change detection to infer the completeness of visual
representations requires an understanding of the reasons for
change blindness. This article provides empirical support
for one such reason: change blindness resulting from the
failure to compare retained representations of both the pre-
and postchange information. Even when unaware of changes,
observers still retained information about both the pre- and
postchange objects on the same trial.},
Key = {fds253103}
}
@article{fds253102,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Scholl, BJ and Wynn, K},
Title = {Divide and conquer: how object files adapt when a persisting
object splits into two.},
Journal = {Psychological Science},
Volume = {15},
Number = {6},
Pages = {420-425},
Year = {2004},
Month = {June},
ISSN = {0956-7976},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15147497},
Abstract = {Coherent visual experience requires not only segmenting
incoming visual input into a structured scene of objects,
but also binding discrete views of objects into dynamic
representations that persist across time and motion.
However, surprisingly little work has explored the
principles that guide the construction and maintenance of
such persisting object representations. What causes a part
of the visual field to be treated as the same object over
time? In the cognitive development literature, a key
principle of object persistence is cohesion: An object must
always maintain a single bounded contour. Here we
demonstrate for the first time that mechanisms of adult
midlevel vision are affected by cohesion violations. Using
the object-file framework, we tested whether object-specific
preview benefits-a hallmark of persisting object
representations-are obtained for dynamic objects that split
into two during their motion. We found that these preview
benefits do not fully persist through such cohesion
violations without incurring significant performance costs.
These results illustrate how cohesion is employed as a
constraint that guides the maintenance of object
representations in adult midlevel vision.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00695.x},
Key = {fds253102}
}
@article{fds253101,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Scholl, BJ},
Title = {Seeing the disappearance of unseen objects.},
Journal = {Perception},
Volume = {33},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1267-1273},
Year = {2004},
ISSN = {0301-0066},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15693670},
Abstract = {Because of the massive amount of incoming visual
information, perception is fundamentally selective. We are
aware of only a small subset of our visual input at any
given moment, and a great deal of activity can occur right
in front of our eyes without reaching awareness. While
previous work has shown that even salient visual objects can
go unseen, here we demonstrate the opposite pattern, wherein
observers perceive stimuli which are not physically present.
In particular, we show in two motion-induced blindness
experiments that unseen objects can momentarily reenter
awareness when they physically disappear: in some
situations, you can see the disappearance of something you
can't see. Moreover, when a stimulus changes outside of
awareness in this situation and then physically disappears,
observers momentarily see the altered version--thus
perceiving properties of an object that they had never seen
before, after that object is already gone. This phenomenon
of 'perceptual reentry' yields new insights into the
relationship between visual memory and conscious
awareness.},
Doi = {10.1068/p5341no},
Key = {fds253101}
}
@article{fds304702,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Scholl, BJ},
Title = {Last but not least : Seeing the disappearance of unseen
objects},
Journal = {Perception},
Volume = {33},
Number = {10},
Pages = {1267-1273},
Year = {2004},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5341},
Abstract = {Because of the massive amount of incoming visual
information, perception is fundamentally selective. We are
aware of only a small subset of our visual input at any
given moment, and a great deal of activity can occur right
in front of our eyes without reaching awareness. While
previous work has shown that even salient visual objects can
go unseen, here we demonstrate the opposite pattern, wherein
observers perceive stimuli which are not physically present.
In particular, we show in two motion-induced blindness
experiments that unseen objects can momentarily reenter
awareness when they physically disappear: in some
situations, you can see the disappearance of something you
can't see. Moreover, when a stimulus changes outside of
awareness in this situation and then physically disappears,
observers momentarily see the altered version-thus
perceiving properties of an object that they had never seen
before, after that object is already gone. This phenomenon
of 'perceptual reentry' yields new insights into the
relationship between visual memory and conscious
awareness.},
Doi = {10.1068/p5341},
Key = {fds304702}
}
@article{fds253062,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Scholl, BJ and Wynn, K},
Title = {The relationship between object files and conscious
perception},
Journal = {Journal of Vision},
Volume = {3},
Number = {9},
Pages = {338a},
Year = {2003},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/3.9.338},
Abstract = {Many aspects of mid-level vision appear to operate on the
basis of representations which precede identification and
recognition, but in which discrete objects are segmented
from the background and tracked over time (unlike early
sensory representations). It has become increasingly common
to discuss such phenomena in terms of 'object files' (OFs) -
critical mid-level representations which help mediate our
conscious perception of persisting objects - e.g. telling us
'which went where'. Despite the appeal of the OF framework,
it remains unclear to what degree OFs underlie consciously
perceived object trajectories. Here we present at least one
case wherein conscious percepts of 'which went where' in
dynamic displays diverge from the computation of 'which went
where' in the OF system. Observers viewed an ambiguous
'bouncing/streaming' display in which two identical objects
moved such that they could have either streamed past or
bounced off each other. We measured two dependent variables:
(1) an explicit report of perceived bouncing or streaming;
and (2) an implicit object-specific priming (OSP) measure,
wherein a 'preview' of information on a specific object -
e.g. a letter that flashes inside a small box - speeds the
recognition of that letter at a later point when it appears
again on the same box (compared to when it reappears on a
different box). When the displays were manipulated such that
observers had a strong bias to perceive streaming (on over
90% of the trials), there was nevertheless a strong
*negative* OSP associated with the streaming motion, such
that the OSP appeared to have 'bounced' even though the
percept 'streamed'. Given that OSP measures have been taken
as a hallmark of the operation of object files, this
suggests that in at least some cases conscious percepts of
'which went where' in dynamic ambiguous displays can
override the mapping computed by the object-file
system.},
Doi = {10.1167/3.9.338},
Key = {fds253062}
}
@article{fds253097,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Simons, DJ and Franconeri, SL},
Title = {The siren song of implicit change detection.},
Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and
Performance},
Volume = {28},
Number = {4},
Pages = {798-815},
Year = {2002},
Month = {August},
ISSN = {0096-1523},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12190251},
Abstract = {Although change blindness could suggest that observers
represent far less of their visual world than their
conscious experience leads them to believe, they could fail
to detect changes even if they fully represent all details.
Reports of implicit change detection in the absence of
awareness are consistent with the notion that observers'
representations are more complete than previously thought.
However, to provide convincing evidence, studies must
separate implicit detection from explicit processes. This
article reexamines the 3 primary claims of implicit change
detection and, after replicating original findings, provides
theoretical and empirical support for alternative, explicit
explanations. Even if observers do represent more of the
scene than previously thought, change detection might occur
only through explicit comparisons.},
Key = {fds253097}
}
@article{fds253098,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Simons, DJ},
Title = {Changes are not localized before they are explicity
detected},
Journal = {Visual Cognition},
Volume = {9},
Number = {8},
Pages = {937-968},
Year = {2002},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280143000476},
Abstract = {Change detection is in many ways analogous to visual search.
Yet, unlike search, successful detection depends not on the
salience of features within a scene, but on the difference
between the original and modified scene. If, as in search,
preattentive mechanisms guide attention to the change
location, the change itself must produce a preattentively
detectable signal. Despite recent evidence for implicit
representation of change in the absence of conscious
detection, few studies have yet explored whether attention
is guided to a change location prior to explicit detection.
In four "change blindness" experiments using several
variants of the "flicker" task, we tested the hypothesis
that implicit or preattentive mechanisms guide change
localization prior to explicit detection. None of the
experiments revealed improved localization of changes prior
to explicit reports of detection, suggesting that implicit
detection of change does not contribute to the eventual
explicit localization of a change. Instead, change
localization is essentially arbitrary, driven by the
salience of features within scenes.},
Doi = {10.1080/13506280143000476},
Key = {fds253098}
}
@article{fds253061,
Author = {Mitroff, SR and Simons, DJ},
Title = {A lack of confidence in implicit change detection},
Journal = {Journal of Vision},
Volume = {1},
Number = {3},
Pages = {7a},
Year = {2001},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/1.3.7},
Abstract = {Purpose: Two recent studies suggest that explicit measures
of change detection may overestimate change blindness.
First, when observers reported no explicit awareness of a
change, their response latency was still affected by the
presence of the change (Williams and Simons 2000). Second,
without explicit awareness of a change, the identity of a
changed object influenced accuracy in a related judgment
task (Thornton and Fernandez-Duque 2000). The current
studies explore whether these findings provide evidence for
implicit change detection without explicit awareness or
whether they could result from explicit processing. Methods:
In Experiment 1, observers reported whether or not they
believed a display change occurred and then rated their
confidence in their response. In Experiment 2, on every
trial, observers first performed an orientation judgment
task and then noted whether or not they had seen a change.
To replicate earlier results, the position of the target of
the orientation judgment was spatially linked to the
position of the changed item. In our new condition, this
spatial link was disrupted. Results: As in earlier studies,
observers were quicker to respond 'same' when there was no
change than when there was a change. However, they were also
quicker to respond when they were more confident, and these
differences in confidence accounted for the response time
differences when there was or was not a change. In
Experiment 2, when the position of the changed item and the
target of the perceptual judgment were spatially linked, the
identity of the changed item affected the judgment. Yet, no
influence remained when the spatial link was de-coupled,
suggesting the effect may be due to an explicit search
strategy. Conclusion: Our results question the existence of
an implicit comparison process that allows for change
detection in the absence of explicit processing.},
Doi = {10.1167/1.3.7},
Key = {fds253061}
}
%% Chapters in Books
@misc{fds322521,
Author = {Clark, K and Cain, MS and Mitroff, SR},
Title = {Perception and human information processing in visual
search},
Pages = {199-217},
Booktitle = {The Cambridge Handbook of Applied Perception
Research},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780511973017},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511973017.016},
Abstract = {© Cambridge University Press 2015. Visual search is the
process of finding specific target items within an
environment using particular visual features or prior
knowledge. Searches can be as easy as finding your friend
with purple hair in a lecture hall or as complicated as
finding a purposefully concealed weapon among thousands of
harmless bags at an airport checkpoint. Visual searches take
place in everyday, innocuous contexts such as finding your
car in a parking lot, and in critical contexts, such as
finding enemy combatants in an urban battlefield. We conduct
searches all the time, and most searches are relatively
commonplace. However, in some cases, visual searches can be
critically important. For example, airport security
screeners must identify harmful items in baggage, and
radiologists must identify abnormalities in medical
radiographs. Despite the ubiquitous nature of search and the
fact that it is sometimes life-or-death critical, human
visual search is far from ideal - errors are often made, and
searches are typically conducted for either too little or
too much time. Thus, some fundamental research questions are
the following: How can we maximize search efficiency? What
is the best way to increase both search speed and accuracy?
Much academic research has focused on increasing search
performance, but does such research adequately translate to
situations outside the laboratory environment? These open
questions are the foundation of research in applied visual
search - the application of what has been learned about
search accuracy and efficiency from lab-based
experimentation to search conditions in the workplace for
career searchers, with the goal of increasing
performance.},
Doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511973017.016},
Key = {fds322521}
}
@misc{fds220629,
Author = {Harris, J. A. and Barrack, D. L. and McMahon, A. R. and Mitroff, S.R. and Woldorff, M. G.},
Title = {Object-category processing during motion-induced blindness
as revealed by electrophysiological recordings},
Pages = {97-106},
Booktitle = {Cognitive Electrophysiology of Attention: Signals of the
Mind},
Publisher = {Elsevier Academic Press},
Address = {San Diego, CA},
Editor = {G.R. Mangun},
Year = {2014},
Key = {fds220629}
}
@misc{fds302521,
Author = {Cheries, EW and Mitroff, SR and Wynn, K and Scholl,
BJ},
Title = {Do the same principles constrain persisting object
representations in infant cognition and adult perception?:
The cases of continuity and cohesion},
Booktitle = {The Origins of Object Knowledge},
Year = {2012},
Month = {March},
ISBN = {9780191696039},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216895.003.0005},
Abstract = {© Oxford University Press, 2009. All rights reserved. In
recent years, the study of object persistence has undergone
a major rebirth in the two fields of cognitive science -
infant cognition and adult vision science. Given the
difference between the two, some researchers have suggested
that they may in fact be studying the same underlying mental
processes. This idea promises to drive further progress by
generating novel predictions that can then be tested in both
fields. The authors in this chapter focus on the
understanding of two core principles of persistence -
continuity and cohesion. The initial explorations of both
principles in infant cognition directly inspired research in
adult vision science, which in turn sparked further and more
specific explorations of the operation of these principles
back in infant cognition. The case studies presented in this
chapter highlight the benefits of explicitly and directly
exploring how infant cognition research can inform adult
perception research, and vice versa.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216895.003.0005},
Key = {fds302521}
}
@misc{fds212288,
Author = {Clark, K. and Cain, M. S. and Adamo, S. H. and Mitroff, S.
R.},
Title = {Examining influences on applied visual search
performance},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds212288}
}
@misc{fds212287,
Author = {Clark, K. and Cain, M. S. and Mitroff, S. R.},
Title = {Perception and human information processing in visual
search},
Booktitle = {Cambridge University Handbook on Applied Perception
Research},
Editor = {R. Hoffman and J. Szalma and P. Hancock and R. Parasuraman and M.
Scerbo},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds212287}
}
@misc{fds154472,
Author = {Cheries, E. and Mitroff, S. R. and Wynn, K. and Scholl, B.
J.},
Title = {Constraints on Persisting Object Representations in Infants
and Adults.},
Booktitle = {The Origins of Object Knowledge. London: Oxford University
Press.},
Editor = {B. Hood and L. Santos},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds154472}
}
@misc{fds302523,
Author = {Simons, DJ and Mitroff, SR and Franconeri, SL},
Title = {Scene Perception: What We Can Learn from Visual Integration
and Change Detection},
Booktitle = {Perception of Faces, Objects, and Scenes: Analytic and
Holistic Processes},
Year = {2006},
Month = {June},
ISBN = {9780199848058},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313659.003.0013},
Abstract = {© 2003 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights
reserved. Much of perception does not require that
information be preserved from one view to the next. This
chapter's review of the visual-integration and
change-detection literature suggests that precise and
complete visual representations may be unnecessary for the
experience of a stable, continuous visual world. Instead,
the experience of stability is driven by precise
representations of the information needed to guide action,
accompanied by an assumption that the properties of objects
in the world are unlikely to change across views. Of course,
more sensitive measures might reveal the existence of
complete, precise representations of all aspects of the
visual world, but such detailed representations are not
needed to explain the experience of an unchanging world from
one view to the next.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313659.003.0013},
Key = {fds302523}
}
@misc{fds139258,
Author = {Simons, D. J. and Mitroff, S. R. and Franconeri, S.
L.},
Title = {Scene perception: What we can learn from visual integration
and change detection.},
Pages = {335-351},
Booktitle = {Perception of faces, objects, and scenes: Analytic and
holistic processes. Advances in visual cognition},
Editor = {M. Peterson and G. Rhodes},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds139258}
}
%% Articles Submitted
@article{fds183242,
Author = {Madden, D. J. and Mitroff, S. R. and Shepler, A. M. and Fleck, M. S. and Costello, M. and Voss, A.},
Title = {Adult Age Differences in Top-Down Attentional Control During
Rare Target Search.},
Year = {2010},
Key = {fds183242}
}
%% Other
@misc{fds198271,
Author = {Hubal, R. and Cain, M. S. and Mitroff, S. R.},
Title = {Simulating a vigilance task: Technology for homeland
security research.},
Journal = {Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education
Conference (I/ITSEC). Orlando, FL.},
Year = {2011},
Key = {fds198271}
}
@misc{fds198272,
Author = {Cain, M. S. and Vul, E. and Clark, K. and Mitroff, S.
R.},
Title = {Optimal models of human multiple-target visual
search.},
Journal = {Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive
Science Society. Boston, MA: Cognitive Science
Society.},
Year = {2011},
Key = {fds198272}
}
@misc{fds183238,
Author = {Mitroff, S. R. and Hariri, A.},
Title = {Identifying Predictive Markers of Field Performance: The
Potential Role of Individual Differences in Threat
Sensitivity},
Journal = {Institute for Homeland Security Solutions Research Brief.
https://www.ihssnc.org},
Year = {2010},
Key = {fds183238}
}
@misc{fds183239,
Author = {Madden, D. J. and Mitroff S. R.},
Title = {Aging and Top-Down Attentional Control in Visual
Search},
Journal = {Institute for Homeland Security Solutions Research Brief.
https://www.ihssnc.org},
Year = {2010},
Key = {fds183239}
}
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