Sanford School of Public Policy
Duke University
Publications of Anirudh Krishna :chronological alphabetical combined listing:
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%% Books
@book{fds376808,
Author = {Iversen, V and Krishna, A and Sen, K},
Title = {Social Mobility in Developing Countries Concepts, Methods,
and Determinants},
Pages = {506 pages},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2022},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780192896858},
Abstract = {Combines research from different disciplines to assess
social mobility in developing countries.},
Key = {fds376808}
}
@book{fds328043,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {The Broken Ladder: The Paradox and the Potential of
India’s One Billion},
Pages = {416 pages},
Publisher = {Penguin Random House India},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
ISBN = {9789386495112},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108235457},
Abstract = {In contrast to other investigations, which have taken a
top-down view of the developments in the country, Krishna
presents a ground-up perspective, delving into the lives of
ordinary individuals. Through decades-long research
conducted on the ground, living in villages and studying
slum communities, he reveals the heartbreaking and
eye-opening details of missed opportunities and immense, but
untapped, talent which, if honed, can have a significant
impact on both growth and equity.From presenting possible
solutions to the problems of neediness and inequity to
mulling over ways of fixing inequalities of opportunity, The
Broken Ladder is a comprehensive account of India’s
development strategies.},
Doi = {10.1017/9781108235457},
Key = {fds328043}
}
@book{fds270036,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Active Social Capital Tracing the Roots of Development and
Democracy},
Pages = {192 pages},
Publisher = {Columbia University Press},
Year = {2012},
Month = {June},
ISBN = {9780231500821},
Abstract = {How can development, peace and democracy become more
fruitful for the ordinary citizen? This book shows how
social capital is a crucial dimension of any solution to
these problems.},
Key = {fds270036}
}
@book{fds270038,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {One Illness Away: Why People Become Poor and How They Escape
Poverty},
Pages = {256 pages},
Publisher = {OUP Oxford},
Year = {2010},
Month = {August},
ISBN = {9780191625046},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199584512.001.0001},
Abstract = {This book addresses how equal opportunity can be promoted
and how slum-born millionaires can arisein reality. Speaking
to Barack Obama's message for more effective health
care, One Illness Away feeds directly into current public
debates.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199584512.001.0001},
Key = {fds270038}
}
@book{fds166053,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {One Illness Away: How People Escape Poverty and Why they
Become Poor},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2010},
Key = {fds166053}
}
@book{fds270037,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Poverty, Participation, and Democracy A Global
Perspective},
Pages = {208 pages},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Year = {2008},
Month = {July},
ISBN = {9780521729604},
Abstract = {Evidence from 24 diverse countries of Asia, Africa and Latin
America examined in this volume shows how poor people do not
value democracy any less than their richer
counterparts.},
Key = {fds270037}
}
@book{fds8633,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Active Social Capital: Tracing the Roots of Development and
Democracy},
Publisher = {New York: Columbia University Press},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds8633}
}
@book{fds8632,
Title = {Changing Policy and Practice From Below: Community
Experiences in Poverty Reduction},
Publisher = {New York: United Nations Development Programmme},
Editor = {Anirudh Krishna},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds8632}
}
@book{fds270035,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Changing Policy and Practice from Below Community
Experiences in Poverty Reduction : an Examination of Nine
Case-studies},
Pages = {143 pages},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds270035}
}
@book{fds270034,
Author = {Uphoff, NT and Esman, MJ and Krishna, A},
Title = {Reasons For Success : Learning From Instructive Experiences
In Rural Development},
Pages = {233 pages},
Publisher = {Kumarian Press},
Year = {1998},
ISBN = {9788170367338},
Abstract = {More than the wealth of detail and nuggets of insights which
mark these volumes, what is moving is their tone and
temper.},
Key = {fds270034}
}
@book{fds270033,
Author = {Krishna, A and Uphoff, NT and Esman, MJ},
Title = {Reasons for Hope Instructive Experiences in Rural
Development},
Pages = {322 pages},
Publisher = {Kumarian Press},
Editor = {Anirudh Krishna and Norman Uphoff and Milton J.
Esman},
Year = {1997},
Abstract = {Read individually for specific guidance, or collectively for
cumulative advice on how to promote the most desirable forms
of rural development, these stories offer a timely and
crucial message concerning the plight of the rural
poor.},
Key = {fds270033}
}
%% Journal Articles
@article{fds373881,
Author = {Krishna, A and Bonu, S},
Title = {Uneven Gains and Bottom-50 Districts: Intergenerational
Educational Mobility in India},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {58},
Number = {42},
Pages = {34-45},
Year = {2023},
Month = {October},
Abstract = {Using data from the National Family Health Survey-5
(2019–21), it is found that younger individuals (20–40
years) have made impressive gains in education. The average
young Indian has a high school education—much better than
their mother’s generation that went to school for only
three years. Gender differences, large and concerning
earlier, have nearly disappeared. However, areas of concern
remain. Districts, rather than states, are variously forward
and backward in education. People are mired in low-level
education traps in a group of bottom-50 districts, which
straddle state boundaries and are spread across the country.
How much progress is made in the next generation will be
determined by what happens in these lagging districts. Local
innovation rather than standardised solutions will be
required.},
Key = {fds373881}
}
@article{fds370920,
Author = {Krishna, A and Kumar, S and Rains, E},
Title = {A Range of Informality Across Cities and Slums:
Understanding Precarity in Patna’s Slums Before and During
the COVID-19 Pandemic},
Journal = {Journal of South Asian Development},
Volume = {18},
Number = {2},
Pages = {244-264},
Year = {2023},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09731741231155705},
Abstract = {This article proposes a framework for understanding why slum
residents are particularly vulnerable to economic downturns.
We centre evidence from Bihar’s capital city, Patna, to
examine how downturns are experienced more severely in some
cities and slums than others. We argue slums are zones of
pervasive informality, remaining largely disconnected from
formal institutions and dependent on discretionary supports.
But the extent of informality, and vulnerability, varies
within and across cities. Relative to those in the cities we
compare to, Patna’s slum residents are poorer, less
upwardly mobile and have weaker property rights and
shallower institutional connections. We argue this makes
them particularly vulnerable to downward shocks and we
present evidence from the case of the coronavirus pandemic
to show that they experienced this disaster particularly
severely. Our results have important policy implications: in
general, slum residents require greater policy and
institutional support, but there is important variation in
their vulnerability and needs within and across cities.
Moreover, while most research on slums focuses on mega- and
first-tier cities, we emphasize the urgent need for more
attention to second- and third-tier cities—where the
degree of informality, and consequently, the vulnerability
to downward spirals, can be greater.},
Doi = {10.1177/09731741231155705},
Key = {fds370920}
}
@article{fds373520,
Author = {Krishna, A and Kumar, S},
Title = {Why Do Poorer Kids Not Move Ahead Faster? Considering the
Poverty of Opportunity in Bihar and Delhi},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {58},
Number = {19},
Pages = {35-40},
Year = {2023},
Month = {May},
Abstract = {Can a poorer individual who has a particular talent
realistically hope to move up in life because they have this
particular talent? This proposition is put to the test by
interviewing more than 800 young individuals in rural and
urban Bihar and Delhi. Findings show that these individuals
have had virtually no opportunity to be tested for any
hidden talent, be it a talent for athletics, for singing,
chess, art or mathematics. Not one of these young people has
ever competed at the national, state, or district level. The
poverty of their circumstances is made worse by this poverty
of opportunity. Millions lose out on alternative careers.
Future champions remain unidentified and unrewarded.
Something better is necessary to make equality of
opportunity less of a slogan and more of a
reality.},
Key = {fds373520}
}
@article{fds370301,
Author = {Krishna, A and Shukla, R},
Title = {Tracing the Geographies of Inequality in India Beneath the
Urban–Rural Divide},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {58},
Number = {9},
Pages = {57-64},
Year = {2023},
Month = {March},
Abstract = {Spatial, that is, geographic inequalities are growing in
India and other countries. Some countries are better
provided with services, infrastructure, and earning
opportunities. States matter and the urban–rural
difference is salient to these distinctions. However,
locating the geographies of advantage and disadvantage
requires going below the level of states and beyond the
binary of urban–rural distinction. A sevenfold
classification of districts is offered to help in
visualising overlapping disadvantages. It reveals important
differences in living conditions and is a first effort to go
beneath the urban–rural dichotomy.},
Key = {fds370301}
}
@article{fds370017,
Author = {Krishna, A and Agrawal, T},
Title = {The impact of Covid-19 on household poverty: examining
impacts and resilience in a 40-year timeframe in rural
Rajasthan (India)},
Journal = {Oxford Development Studies},
Volume = {51},
Number = {3},
Pages = {217-232},
Year = {2023},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2023.2190087},
Abstract = {To what extent has chronic poverty increased during the
pandemic? In July and August 2021, we revisited seven
villages of southern Rajasthan (India), where we had studied
household poverty dynamics in 2002. We find that in the two
decades before the pandemic (2002–2020), people’s
structural positions improved vastly, chronic poverty fell
from nearly half to less than 20% of households. These gains
in resilience helped people cope with the pandemic. The
majority suffered deep income losses between February 2020
and August 2021, but there is no evidence of any substantive
rise in chronic poverty.},
Doi = {10.1080/13600818.2023.2190087},
Key = {fds370017}
}
@article{fds359987,
Author = {Downs-Tepper, H and Krishna, A and Rains, E},
Title = {A threat to life and livelihoods: examining the effects of
the first wave of COVID-19 on health and wellbeing in
Bengaluru and Patna slums},
Journal = {Environment and Urbanization},
Volume = {34},
Number = {1},
Pages = {190-208},
Year = {2022},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09562478211048778},
Abstract = {Taking advantage of our existing dataset of 6,721 slum
households in two Indian cities, we undertook six rounds of
follow-up phone interviews on the impact of COVID-19 between
July and November 2020 with three key informants in each of
40 diverse slums. These cities showed contrasting health
effects resulting from the first major wave of the COVID-19
pandemic – no deaths and nearly no illnesses were reported
in Patna, while there was widespread low-intensity sickness
and a cluster of deaths in Bengaluru. We found no clear
pattern in the links between outbreaks and city or
neighbourhood characteristics. Livelihood effects, however,
were devastating across both cities. All but a few slum
dwellers lost their jobs for several months and survived by
cutting back on essentials, incurring loans, liquidating
assets, and seeking help from neighbours. Government
assistance, generous in the early part of the lockdown,
dwindled rapidly. Many will likely become chronically
poor.},
Doi = {10.1177/09562478211048778},
Key = {fds359987}
}
@article{fds352563,
Author = {Krishna, A and Rains, E and Wibbels, E},
Title = {Negotiating Informality– Ambiguity, Intermediation, and a
Patchwork of Outcomes in Slums of Bengaluru},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {56},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1983-1999},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2020},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1725483},
Abstract = {In developing countries, procedural ambiguity due to
bureaucratic overlap and political discretion gives rise to
divergence between law and practice. In this context of
pervasive informality, it is important to consider how local
negotiations produce disparate outcomes. We examine these
local negotiations to explain how informal property rights
are acquired and how markets operate in the slums of
Bengaluru, India. Drawing on original interview and survey
data, we describe how at least 18 types of property
documents issued to urban slum residents can be ordered
along a tenure continuum. Intermediaries are required to
negotiate the opportunities that lie hidden within
ambiguity. A first set of political intermediaries helps
slum residents acquire property rights incrementally along
this continuum. A second set of intermediaries helps
facilitate informal housing transactions, keeping markets
liquid across the tenure continuum. The mechanics of
acquiring and transacting informal properties can differ
across cities and countries, but, across contexts,
intermediation helps negotiate informality.},
Doi = {10.1080/00220388.2020.1725483},
Key = {fds352563}
}
@article{fds365006,
Author = {KRISHNA, A},
Title = {The poorest after the pandemic},
Journal = {Current History},
Volume = {119},
Number = {820},
Pages = {291-296},
Year = {2020},
Month = {November},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2020.119.820.291},
Doi = {10.1525/curh.2020.119.820.291},
Key = {fds365006}
}
@article{fds349479,
Author = {Rains, E and Krishna, A},
Title = {Precarious gains: Social mobility and volatility in urban
slums},
Journal = {World Development},
Volume = {132},
Year = {2020},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105001},
Abstract = {Nearly one sixth of the global population lives in urban
“slums” – areas characterized by inadequate
infrastructure and tenure security. This figure continues to
grow as developing countries rapidly urbanize. Yet, the
implications of these trends for urban poverty and social
mobility are not well understood. While some argue slums
provide temporary housing for rural migrants as they
accumulate savings and eventually move to middle class
neighborhoods, others argue slum residents are stuck in
poverty traps. Deficits in longitudinal data on slums make
it difficult to analyze the extent of social mobility. We
iterate between satellite analysis and field knowledge to
build an original sample of more than 9000 slum households
across more than 200 slums from three Indian cities. To
address the limitations inherent in cross-sectional data, we
employ multiple methods and triangulate findings across
household survey data, neighborhood focus group data,
longitudinal satellite data, and in-depth qualitative
interviews. While no one analysis is definitive on its own,
all of these results point to the same conclusion: slum
residents are neither stuck in poverty traps nor are they on
a steady trajectory to joining the middle class. Movement
out of neighborhoods, particularly to non-slum
neighborhoods, is rare. Most households experience upward
mobility within their neighborhoods, but the extent of
improvement is capped at a low level, and, as opportunities
increase, volatility increases in parallel. Plateauing and
volatility are features present in low-end, and even more,
in high-end slums. Engendering better livelihood
opportunities requires reducing downward mobility while
addressing the causes of plateauing upward
mobility.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105001},
Key = {fds349479}
}
@article{fds351511,
Author = {Tellez, JF and Wibbels, E and Krishna, A},
Title = {Local Order, Policing, and Bribes},
Journal = {World Politics},
Volume = {72},
Number = {3},
Pages = {377-410},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {2020},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0043887120000064},
Abstract = {Day-to-day policing represents a fundamental interface
between citizens and states. Yet even in the most capable
states, local policing varies enormously from one community
to the next. The authors seek to understand this variation
and in doing so make three contributions: First, they
conceptualize communities and individuals as networks more
or less capable of demanding high-quality policing. Second,
they present original survey data and semistructured
interviews on local policing from over one hundred sixty
slums, eight thousand households, and one hundred seventy
informal neighborhood leaders in India that contribute to
the nascent empirical work on comparative policing and
order. Third, they find evidence that well-connected
individuals and densely connected neighborhoods express
greater confidence in and satisfaction with local policing.
Critically, these differences do not appear to be a function
of a lower propensity for local conflict but rather of an
increased capacity to leverage neighborhood leaders to
mediate relations with the police. The combination of
analytics and empirics in this article provides insight into
the conditions under which individuals and communities
experience the police as expropriators of rents or neutral
providers of order.},
Doi = {10.1017/S0043887120000064},
Key = {fds351511}
}
@article{fds345849,
Author = {Krishna, A and Agrawal, T},
Title = {Food subsidy in cash or kind? The wrong debate},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {54},
Number = {32},
Pages = {39-43},
Year = {2019},
Month = {August},
Abstract = {The need for the public distribution system varies widely
across states and districts. In some districts, the poor
draw more than 80% of their grain from the PDS, but in other
districts this share is less than 10%. A wide diversity of
relationships with the PDS exist, suggesting a need for
alternative modes of provisioning. A variable geometry of
food provisioning might emerge, with cash working better for
the needs of some districts and grain supply continuing to
work better in other districts. Only a well-designed
empirical test of the alternative modes will help ascertain
the preferred shape of the PDS for a particular state or
district.},
Key = {fds345849}
}
@article{fds346367,
Author = {Iversen, V and Krishna, A and Sen, K},
Title = {Beyond Poverty Escapes - Social Mobility in Developing
Countries: A Review Article},
Journal = {World Bank Research Observer},
Volume = {34},
Number = {2},
Pages = {239-273},
Year = {2019},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkz003},
Abstract = {While social mobility in advanced economies has received
extensive scholarly attention, crucial knowledge gaps remain
about the patterns and determinants of income, educational,
and occupational mobility in developing countries. Focusing
on intergenerational mobility, we find that estimates often
differ greatly for the same country, depending on the
concept and measure of mobility used, on variable
constructions and on the data set utilized. There is also
wide variation in mobility across regions and social groups.
We discuss data and income and other variable measurement
challenges when agriculture and the informal sector absorb
most of the workforce, and illustrate why occupational
classifications and widely used mobility measures may
perform less well in such settings. Factors beyond those
featuring in the literature on advanced economies are
plausible determinants of social mobility, particularly of
what we call moderate and large ascents (and descents), in
developing country contexts. We highlight the lack of
in-depth understanding of the multiple and often localized
hurdles to such more pronounced progress. Similar knowledge
gaps exist for large descents, which give rise to
particularly profound concerns in low-income settings. We
report and touch on the implications of suggestive findings
of a disconnect between educational and occupational
mobility. Innovative research requires critical engagement
with theory and with methodology, identification, and data
challenges that may overlap or deviate notably from those
encountered in advanced economies.},
Doi = {10.1093/wbro/lkz003},
Key = {fds346367}
}
@article{fds340888,
Author = {Rains, E and Krishna, A and Wibbels, E},
Title = {Combining satellite and survey data to study Indian slums:
evidence on the range of conditions and implications for
urban policy},
Journal = {Environment and Urbanization},
Volume = {31},
Number = {1},
Pages = {267-292},
Year = {2019},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247818798744},
Abstract = {Projections suggest that most of the global growth in
population in the next few decades will be in urban centres
in Asia and Africa. Most of these additional urban residents
will be concentrated in slums. However, government
documentation of slums is incomplete and unreliable, and
many slums remain undocumented. It is necessary to employ
creative methods to locate and sample these understudied
populations. We used satellite image analysis and fieldwork
to build a sample of Indian slums. We show that living
conditions vary along a wide-ranging continuum of wellbeing;
different points correspond to different policy needs. We
also show that most variation in conditions is due to
differences across rather than within neighbourhoods. These
findings have important implications for urban policy.
First, satellite data can be a useful tool to locate
undocumented settlements. Second, policy must be
appropriately nuanced to respond to wide-ranging needs.
Finally, variation patterns suggest that policies should be
targeted at the neighbourhood rather than the individual
level.},
Doi = {10.1177/0956247818798744},
Key = {fds340888}
}
@article{fds347217,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Obstacles to social mobility in India—and the way
forward},
Journal = {Current History},
Volume = {118},
Number = {807},
Pages = {123-129},
Year = {2019},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds347217}
}
@article{fds345370,
Author = {Smith, ER and Concepcion, TL and Mohamed, M and Dahir, S and Ismail, EA and Rice, HE and Krishna, A and Global Initiative for Children’s
Surgery},
Title = {The contribution of pediatric surgery to poverty
trajectories in Somaliland.},
Journal = {PLoS One},
Volume = {14},
Number = {7},
Pages = {e0219974},
Year = {2019},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219974},
Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The provision of health care in low-income and
middle-income countries (LMICs) is recognized as a
significant contributor to economic growth and also impacts
individual families at a microeconomic level. The primary
goal of our study was to examine the relationship between
surgical conditions in children and the poverty trajectories
of either falling into or coming out of poverty of families
across Somaliland. METHODS: This work used the Surgeons
OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) tool, a
validated household, cross-sectional survey designed to
determine the burden of surgical conditions within a
community. We collected information on household demographic
characteristics, including financial information, and
surgical condition history on children younger than 16 years
of age. To assess poverty trajectories over time, we
measured household assets using the Stages of Progress
framework. RESULTS: We found there were substantial fluxes
in poverty across Somaliland over the study period. We
confirmed our study hypothesis and found that the presence
of a surgical condition in a child itself, regardless of
whether surgical care was provided, either reduced the
chances of moving out of poverty or increased the chances of
moving towards poverty. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the
presence of a surgical condition in a child is a strong
singular predictor of poverty descent rather than upward
mobility, suggesting that this stressor can limit the
capacity of a family to improve its economic status. Our
findings further support many existing macroeconomic and
microeconomic analyses that surgical care in LMICs offers
financial risk protection against impoverishment.},
Doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0219974},
Key = {fds345370}
}
@article{fds341809,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Globalised Growth in Largely Agrarian Contexts: The
Urban–Rural Divide},
Journal = {ESID Working Paper},
Number = {101},
Year = {2018},
Month = {September},
Key = {fds341809}
}
@article{fds341810,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Why Representation Matters: The Meaning of Ethnic Quotas in
Rural India. By Simon Chauchard. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2017. 292p. $99.99 cloth.},
Journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
Volume = {16},
Number = {1},
Pages = {258-260},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {2018},
Month = {March},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592717003528},
Doi = {10.1017/s1537592717003528},
Key = {fds341810}
}
@article{fds330597,
Author = {Krishna, A and Agarwal, S},
Title = {Promoting Social Mobility in India: Modes of Action and
Types of Support Organizations},
Journal = {Journal of South Asian Development},
Volume = {12},
Number = {3},
Pages = {236-258},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2017},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174117733429},
Abstract = {Equality of opportunity is an important ideal to uphold in a
just society. Beyond its long-standing commitment to
affirmative action, relatively little has been done in India
to realize this ideal. Compared to other countries, Indian
children raised in poverty have a smaller chance of rising
to high positions. Seized of this situation, a group of
organizations has taken up the mission of social mobility
promotion. Through coaching, mentorship, guidance,
information provision and other means, these organizations
are helping smart and hard-working children with backgrounds
in poverty to aspire, and to achieve, superior career
options. We identify five types of social mobility promoting
organizations (SMPOs), examine their modes of action and
indicate future directions.},
Doi = {10.1177/0973174117733429},
Key = {fds330597}
}
@article{fds341811,
Author = {Krishna, A and Agarwal, S},
Title = {Promoting Social Mobility in India},
Volume = {12},
Number = {3},
Pages = {236-258},
Year = {2017},
Month = {December},
Abstract = {Equality of opportunity is an important ideal to uphold in a
just society. Beyond its long-standing commitment to
affirmative action, relatively little has been done in India
to realize this ideal. Compared to other countries, Indian
children raised in poverty have a smaller chance of rising
to high positions. Seized of this situation, a group of
organizations has taken up the mission of social mobility
promotion. Through coaching, mentorship, guidance,
information provision and other means, these organizations
are helping smart and hard-working children with backgrounds
in poverty to aspire, and to achieve, superior career
options. We identify five types of social mobility promoting
organizations (SMPOs), examine their modes of action and
indicate future directions.},
Key = {fds341811}
}
@article{fds330598,
Author = {Iversen, V and Krishna, A and Sen, K},
Title = {Rags to riches? Intergenerational occupational mobility in
India},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {52},
Number = {44},
Pages = {107-114},
Year = {2017},
Month = {November},
Abstract = {The paper examines intergenerational occupational mobility
in India among males. This analysis differs from previous
work in three important respects. First, a finer-grained
categorisation that takes into account differences in skill
levels across occupations as well as India's social
hierarchy of labour is used. Second, both large and moderate
ascents and descents are examined. Third, the situation in
India with mobility patterns at other times and in other
countries is compared. The results show vast differences in
the upward and downward mobility prospects of urban and
rural residents and upper-caste Hindus versus Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The findings also reveal that
downward mobility risks loom large in India and that
mobility patterns in India and China appear remarkably
similar.},
Key = {fds330598}
}
@article{fds341812,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Should Rich Nations Help the Poor?},
Journal = {Journal of Human Development and Capabilities},
Volume = {18},
Number = {4},
Pages = {531-532},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2017},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2017.1395942},
Doi = {10.1080/19452829.2017.1395942},
Key = {fds341812}
}
@article{fds326044,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Demonetization in India: One more rock in the
river},
Journal = {Current History},
Volume = {116},
Number = {789},
Pages = {154-156},
Year = {2017},
Month = {April},
Key = {fds326044}
}
@article{fds317789,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {The urban-rural gap and the dilemma of governance},
Journal = {Current History},
Volume = {114},
Number = {775},
Pages = {291-297},
Year = {2015},
Month = {November},
Key = {fds317789}
}
@article{fds317788,
Author = {Krishna, A and Bajpai, D},
Title = {Layers in globalising society and the new middle class in
India: Trends, distribution and prospects},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {50},
Number = {5},
Pages = {69-77},
Year = {2015},
Month = {January},
Abstract = {The means of personal transportation to which one has access
constitute an important part of one's relationship with
globalisation, limiting or enhancing the scope of activity
and area of influence. We define economic classes in
relation to different transportation assets, considering as
the lower middle class those who have motorcycles or
motor-scooters, and as the upper middle class, those who own
automobiles. Unambiguously identifying a middle class is
difficult; the term is relational, context-dependent, and
inchoate. However, the lower- and upper-middle classes,
defined in this manner, are robust to alternative
definitions: these groups have substantially higher incomes
than groups below, own disproportionately large shares of
other physical assets, and do much better in terms of
education, health, media exposure, and social capital. The
middle class increased from 11% in 1992 to almost double
this percentage in the early years of the new millennium.
Subsequently, its growth has slowed down, coming almost to a
halt in rural areas. Fragility and volatility are in
evidence; many, formerly in the middle class, have fallen
back. It cannot be blithely assumed that India's middle
class will grow much larger.},
Key = {fds317788}
}
@article{fds270040,
Author = {Krishna, A and Sriram, MS and Prakash, P},
Title = {Slum types and adaptation strategies: identifying
policy-relevant differences in Bangalore},
Journal = {Environment and Urbanization},
Volume = {26},
Number = {2},
Pages = {568-585},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2014},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0956-2478},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247814537958},
Abstract = {An empirical analysis of the lived experiences of more than
2,000 households in different Bangalore slums shows how
migration patterns, living conditions, livelihood strategies
and prospects for the future vary widely across distinct
types of slums that were initially identified from satellite
images and studied over a 10-year period. Shocks and
responses vary in nature and intensity, and coping and
accumulative strategies diverge across slum types. More
fine-grained policy analyses that recognize this diversity
of slum types will help people deal with shocks and increase
resilience more effectively.},
Doi = {10.1177/0956247814537958},
Key = {fds270040}
}
@article{fds270041,
Author = {Krishna, A and Schober, G},
Title = {The Gradient of Governance: Distance and Disengagement in
Indian Villages},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {50},
Number = {6},
Pages = {820-838},
Year = {2014},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0022-0388},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.887692},
Abstract = {National governance scores must be seen in light of large
within-country variance. Not only being a rural village, but
being located at a substantial distance from cities, has
great importance for good governance. Analysis of household
data from different parts of rural India shows how villages
at greater distances to towns tend to have lower scores on
multiple governance dimensions. Even after controlling for
diverse influences, using both ordinary least square and
multilevel regression models, this gradient of governance
remains significant, imposing a dual penalty. Already
penalised by markets, which have disproportionately rewarded
urban and peri-urban areas, residents of villages located
further from towns also experience and expect to receive
worse treatment from government. © 2014 Taylor &
Francis.},
Doi = {10.1080/00220388.2014.887692},
Key = {fds270041}
}
@article{fds270043,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Making it in india examining social mobility in three walks
of life},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {48},
Number = {49},
Pages = {38-49},
Year = {2013},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0012-9976},
Abstract = {Inequality is rising in India alongside rapid economic
growth, reinforcing the need to investigate social mobility.
Are children from less well-off sections also able to rise
to higher paying positions, or are these positions going
mainly to established elites? This survey of more than 1,500
recent entrants to a variety of engineering colleges,
business schools, and higher civil services finds that class
and caste continue to make an important difference. Factors
that stand out as significant barriers to entry include
rural upbringing and parents' lack of education. Individuals
who have succeeded in surmounting these obstacles have
almost invariably been assisted by a teacher, relative, or
friend who motivated and inspired them. A way out of the
conundrum can be explored by investing in role models and
information provision.},
Key = {fds270043}
}
@article{fds270025,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Seasonal livelihoods},
Pages = {93-95},
Publisher = {Routledge},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203139820},
Doi = {10.4324/9780203139820},
Key = {fds270025}
}
@article{fds270053,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {The mixed news on poverty},
Journal = {Current History},
Volume = {112},
Number = {750},
Pages = {20-25},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0011-3530},
Key = {fds270053}
}
@article{fds270054,
Author = {Krishna, A and Ananthpur, K},
Title = {Distance and Diseases: Spatial Health Disparities in Rural
India.},
Journal = {Millennial Asia (Inaugural Sage Edition)},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
Key = {fds270054}
}
@article{fds218946,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Examining the Structures of Opportunity and Social Mobility
in India: Who Becomes an Engineer},
Journal = {Development and Change},
Year = {2013},
Key = {fds218946}
}
@article{fds218947,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Stuck in Place: Investigating Social Mobility in 14
Bangalore Slums.},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {49},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1010-28},
Year = {2013},
Key = {fds218947}
}
@article{fds270055,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Characteristics and Patterns of Intergenerational Poverty
Traps and Escapes in Rural North India},
Journal = {Development Policy Review},
Volume = {30},
Number = {5},
Pages = {617-640},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2012},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0950-6764},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00591.x},
Abstract = {The poverty status of all 4,198 households resident in 18
villages of Rajasthan, India, was examined at four points of
time between 1977 and 2010 using a retrospective methodology
known as Stages of Progress. Households that were
consistently poor at all four points over the 33 years were
regarded as the intergenerational poverty (IGP) group. Their
characteristics and experiences were compared with those of
other village households, which - after being consistently
poor at the first three points in time - had overcome
poverty before the fourth (and final) measurement. The
article shows how an impoverished inheritance, made worse by
a succession of adverse events (mostly of an everyday kind),
has trapped households within IGP. © 2012 Overseas
Development Institute.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00591.x},
Key = {fds270055}
}
@article{fds270056,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Examining the Structures of Opportunity and Social Mobility
in India: Who Becomes an Engineer?},
Journal = {Development and Change},
Volume = {45},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-28},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2012},
Month = {August},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dech.12072},
Abstract = {Rising inequality alongside rapid economic growth reinforces
the need to examine patterns of social mobility in India.
Are children from less well-off sections also able to rise
to higher-paying positions, newly created by the growing
economy, or are these positions mainly accessible to
established elites? Powered in particular by the software
industry, no sector has grown as fast as engineering in
India. Examining the social origins of students at a range
of engineering colleges, including higher- and lower-ranked
ones, provides a useful lens for understanding how the new
opportunities have availed different social segments. These
results provide some grounds for optimism: women, scheduled
castes, and sons and daughters of agriculturists have
improved upon historical trends. However, the rural-urban
divide remains deep: the more rural one is, the lower are
one's chances of getting into any engineering college.
Multiple simultaneous handicaps - being poor and rural or
scheduled caste and rural - reduce these chances to
virtually zero. Improving education quality together with
better information provision and more accessible career
advice are critical for making opportunity more equitable.
© 2014 International Institute of Social
Studies.},
Doi = {10.1111/dech.12072},
Key = {fds270056}
}
@article{fds356927,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {The Spatial Dimension of Inter-Generational Education
Achievement in Rural India},
Journal = {Indian Journal of Human Development},
Volume = {6},
Number = {2},
Pages = {245-266},
Year = {2012},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703020120204},
Doi = {10.1177/0973703020120204},
Key = {fds356927}
}
@article{fds270059,
Author = {Krishna, A and Poghosyan, M and Das, N},
Title = {“How Much Can Asset Transfers Help the Poorest? Evaluating
the Results of BRAC’s Ultra-Poor Programme
(2002-2008).”},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {48},
Number = {2},
Pages = {184-197},
Year = {2012},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0022-0388},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.621942},
Abstract = {The impacts of an innovative programme in rural Bangladesh,
which has assisted extremely poor households, literally the
poorest of the poor, were assessed over a six-year period
(2002-2008). The provision of a substantial dose of assets
has helped produce very positive results, by and large.
Vulnerability to downturns on account of negative events,
such as illnesses and house damage, has resulted in asset
losses for several assisted households. Additional measures
that reduce vulnerability and risk will help complete the
good work commenced by the asset transfer plan. © 2012
Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.},
Doi = {10.1080/00220388.2011.621942},
Key = {fds270059}
}
@article{fds336219,
Author = {Krishna, A and Poghosyan, M and Das, N},
Title = {How Much Can Asset Transfers Help the Poorest? Evaluating
the Results of BRAC's Ultra-Poor Programme
(2002-2008)},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {48},
Number = {2},
Pages = {254-267},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2012},
Month = {February},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.621942},
Abstract = {The impacts of an innovative programme in rural Bangladesh,
which has assisted extremely poor households, literally the
poorest of the poor, were assessed over a six-year period
(2002-2008). The provision of a substantial dose of assets
has helped produce very positive results, by and large.
Vulnerability to downturns on account of negative events,
such as illnesses and house damage, has resulted in asset
losses for several assisted households. Additional measures
that reduce vulnerability and risk will help complete the
good work commenced by the asset transfer plan. © 2012
Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.},
Doi = {10.1080/00220388.2011.621942},
Key = {fds336219}
}
@article{fds270051,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Distance and Inter-generational Education Achievements:
Examining Rural Areas of Two Indian States},
Journal = {Indian Journal of Human Development},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds270051}
}
@article{fds270052,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Stuck in Place: Investigating Social Mobility in 14
Bangalore Slums},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {49},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1010-1028},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2012},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.785526},
Abstract = {This study of 14 Bangalore slum communities, including
detailed interviews with 1,481 residents, represents an
initial effort to study social mobility in India's largest
cities, where opportunity and inequality have both been
rising. The results show that slum dwellers have advanced
economically, but the extent of improvement is small in the
majority of cases, and there are many reversals of fortune.
Sons tend to follow fathers or uncles into informal and
mostly low-skilled occupations. The majority have lived in
slums for many generations. These restricted-entry low-exit
situations are brought about in large part on account of
multiple institutional disconnections. © 2013 Copyright
Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.},
Doi = {10.1080/00220388.2013.785526},
Key = {fds270052}
}
@article{fds304199,
Author = {Krishna, A and Bajpai, D},
Title = {Lineal spread and radial dissipation: Experiencing growth in
rural India, 1993-2005},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {46},
Number = {38},
Pages = {44-51},
Year = {2011},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0012-9976},
Abstract = {The distribution of benefits from economic growth since the
early 1990s has followed an identifiable spatial pattern.
People in the largest cities have achieved the greatest
gains, followed by people in small towns and villages close
to towns. Further away, in villages located more than five
kilometres from the nearest town -home to more than half of
the entire population of India - inflation-adjusted per
capita incomes fell between 1993 and 2005. The steepest
declines were experienced by the lowest income groups.
Rising inequality is a natural result of these spatially
distributed trends. The debilitating effects of "distance
from town" need to be countered by connecting outlying
villages with more and better physical and social
infrastructures.},
Key = {fds304199}
}
@article{fds270061,
Author = {Krishna, A and Shariff, A},
Title = {The Irrelevance of National Strategies? Rural Poverty
Dynamics in States and Regions of India,
1993-2005},
Journal = {World Development},
Volume = {39},
Number = {4},
Pages = {533-549},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2011},
Month = {April},
ISSN = {0305-750X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.08.011},
Abstract = {Examining panel data for more than 13,000 rural Indian
households over the 12-year period 1993-94 to 2004-05 shows
that two parallel and opposite flows regularly reconfigure
the national stock of poverty. Some formerly poor people
have escaped poverty; concurrently, some formerly non-poor
people have fallen into poverty. These simultaneous inward
and outward flows are asymmetric in terms of reasons. One
set of reasons is associated with the flow into poverty, but
a different set of reasons is associated with the flow out
of poverty. Both sets of reasons vary considerably across
and within states. No factor matters consistently across all
states of India. Standardized national policies do not
represent the best use of available resources. Diverse
threats and different opportunities must be identified and
tackled at the sub-national level. © 2010 Elsevier
Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.08.011},
Key = {fds270061}
}
@article{fds270058,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Gaining access to public services and the democratic state
in India: Institutions in the middle},
Journal = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
Volume = {46},
Number = {1},
Pages = {98-117},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2011},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0039-3606},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12116-010-9080-x},
Abstract = {How and to what extent do different citizens experience
democratic governance on a day-to-day basis? What agencies
do they utilize in order to have their voices heard and
grievances addressed? How do they gain access to government
agencies responsible for delivering social welfare services,
such as education, security, health care, and poverty
relief? Investigations conducted in two states of India
inquired about the manner in which different social groups
living in rural areas gain access to the welfare services of
the Indian state. These results show that an intermediary is
required for gaining access. Different types of
intermediaries are consulted by separate segments of
society. For a large majority of poorer individuals, a newly
arisen type of mediator, the naya neta (literally, new
leader), is the intermediary of choice. Neither usually low
status nor high status, but younger and better educated than
other types of village leaders, naya netas play important
roles in shaping welfare consequences in these villages of
Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh, most importantly, by affecting
equity of access. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media,
LLC.},
Doi = {10.1007/s12116-010-9080-x},
Key = {fds270058}
}
@article{fds270057,
Author = {Krishna, A and Bajpai, D},
Title = {“Lineal Spread and Radial Dissipation: Experiencing Growth
in Rural India, 1993-2005.”},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {46},
Number = {44-51},
Pages = {44-51},
Year = {2011},
ISSN = {0012-9976},
Abstract = {The distribution of benefits from economic growth since the
early 1990s has followed an identifiable spatial pattern.
People in the largest cities have achieved the greatest
gains, followed by people in small towns and villages close
to towns. Further away, in villages located more than five
kilometres from the nearest town -home to more than half of
the entire population of India - inflation-adjusted per
capita incomes fell between 1993 and 2005. The steepest
declines were experienced by the lowest income groups.
Rising inequality is a natural result of these spatially
distributed trends. The debilitating effects of "distance
from town" need to be countered by connecting outlying
villages with more and better physical and social
infrastructures.},
Key = {fds270057}
}
@article{fds270060,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Continuity and change: The Indian administrative service 30
years ago and today},
Journal = {Commonwealth and Comparative Politics},
Volume = {48},
Number = {4},
Pages = {433-444},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2010},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {1466-2043},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2010.522033},
Abstract = {Continuity trumps change: in essential respects the Indian
Administrative Service (IAS) remains as it was 30 years ago.
Thirty years hence the IAS should continue much as it is,
albeit with gradually waning influence. Pressures from below
and above will increasingly constrict the zone of discretion
enjoyed by IAS officials. But in the foreseeable future the
basic structure of the IAS will remain substantially
unchanged. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.},
Doi = {10.1080/14662043.2010.522033},
Key = {fds270060}
}
@article{fds317790,
Author = {Krishna, A and Poghosyan, M and Das, N},
Title = {How Much can Asset Transfers Help the Poorest? The Five Cs
of Community-Level Development and BRAC's Ultra-Poor
Programme},
Year = {2010},
Month = {October},
Abstract = {We develop a framework for assessing community-level
development programmes, building upon five related elements
that are centrally important: confidence, cohesion,
capacity, connections and cash (the five ‘Cs’). We use
this framework for evaluating the impacts over a six-year
period (2002-2008) of an innovative programme, implemented
in rural Bangladesh, which has assisted extremely poor
households, literally the poorest of the poor. Asset
transfers constitute the centrepiece of this
multidimensional programme, which also supports training,
organisation building, cash supports, microfinance, and so
on. The provision of a substantial dose of assets has helped
produce very positive results by and large. Impressive
income gains have been achieved (and sustained) by the
majority of assisted households. But vulnerability to
downturns on account of negative events, such as illnesses
and house damage, has resulted in asset losses for several
assisted households. Better social protection measures will
help complete the good work commenced by the asset transfer
plan.},
Key = {fds317790}
}
@article{fds270062,
Author = {Kristjanson, P and Mango, N and Krishna, A and Radeny, M and Johnson,
N},
Title = {Understanding poverty dynamics in Kenya},
Journal = {Journal of International Development},
Volume = {22},
Number = {7},
Pages = {978-996},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2010},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0954-1748},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1598},
Abstract = {Combining qualitative-quantitative approaches, we examined
the reasons behind household movements into and out of
poverty across Kenya, and how they differ by livelihood
zones. Among the 4773 households studied, 42 per cent were
poor 15 years ago and 50 per cent are poor at the present
time. Over the same period, 12 per cent of the households
escaped poverty, while another 20 per cent fell into
poverty. While some national trends were evident - such as
the role of health problems in driving people into poverty
and the importance of offfarm income in getting them out -
many reasons differ across livelihood zones, thus this paper
provides an example of how regionally differentiated
anti-poverty policies can be investigated and designed. ©
2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1002/jid.1598},
Key = {fds270062}
}
@article{fds317791,
Author = {Krishna, A and Shariff, A},
Title = {The Irrelevance of National Strategies? Rural Poverty
Creation and Reduction in States and Regions of
India},
Year = {2010},
Month = {September},
Abstract = {Examining panel data for more than 13,000 rural Indian
households over the 12-year period 1993-94 to 2004-05
confirms on a large scale what grassroots studies have
identified before: two parallel and opposite flows regularly
reconfigure the national stock of poverty. Some formerly
poor people have escaped poverty; concurrently, some
formerly non-poor people have fallen into the pool of
poverty. These inward and outward flows are asymmetric in
terms of reasons. One set of reasons is associated with the
flow into poverty, but a different set of reasons has helped
raise households out of poverty. Both sets of reasons vary
considerably across and within states. Not a single factor
matters consistently across all states of India. Any
standardised national policy is thus largely irrelevant.
Diverse threats operate and different opportunities exist
that must be identified and tackled at the sub-national
level. This paper was presented at the Chronic Poverty
Research Centre International Conference on ‘Ten Years of
“War against Poverty”: What have we learned since 2000
and what we should do 2010-2020?’ Manchester, UK, 8-10
September 2010.},
Key = {fds317791}
}
@article{fds270063,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Who became poor, who escaped poverty, and why? Developing
and using a retrospective methodology in five
countries},
Journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
Volume = {29},
Number = {2},
Pages = {351-372},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2010},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0276-8739},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.20495},
Abstract = {The Stages-of-Progress methodology helps identify
context-specific reasons associated with households'
movements into or out of poverty. Developed in 2002, it was
used over the next seven years for examining the experiences
of 35,567 households in 398 diverse communities of India,
Kenya, Uganda, Peru, and North Carolina. This essay looks at
the reasons that motivated the development of a different
methodology for exploring poverty flows, explores the steps
involved, and briefly presents key results. Large numbers of
households have fallen into poverty in every context
examined, but large numbers have also become persistently
poor. Different reasons are associated, respectively, with
escaping poverty and falling into poverty. Different
policies are, therefore, required to deal with each of the
two poverty flows. © 2010 by the Association for Public
Policy Analysis and Management.},
Doi = {10.1002/pam.20495},
Key = {fds270063}
}
@article{fds270039,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Rich Financial Lives of Poor People Portfolios of the
Poor How the World's Poor Live on $2 a Day by
Daryl Collins, Jonathan Morduch, Stuart Rutherford, and
Orlanda Ruthven Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ, 2009. 295 pp. $29.95, £20.95. ISBN
9780691141480.},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {326},
Number = {5960},
Pages = {1634-1635},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS)},
Year = {2009},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0036-8075},
url = {http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000272839000034&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=47d3190e77e5a3a53558812f597b0b92},
Abstract = {<jats:p>The authors document the variety of ways by which
poor families manage their finances to feed, shelter, and
care for themselves.</jats:p>},
Doi = {10.1126/science.1182499},
Key = {fds270039}
}
@article{fds304198,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Why don't 'the Poor' make common cause? the importance of
subgroups},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {45},
Number = {6},
Pages = {947-965},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2009},
Month = {July},
ISSN = {0022-0388},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380902807379},
Abstract = {Analyses that regard 'the poor' as a sociological category
need to take account of recent studies quantifying the
extent of flux within these ranks. Frequent movements into
and out of poverty regularly refresh the pool of the poor.
Large numbers of poor people were not born poor: they have
descended into poverty, some quite recently. Concurrently,
many formerly poor people have escaped from poverty.
Distinct subgroups are defined by these divergent
trajectories. Members of different subgroups have diverse
economic needs, political interests and mobilisation
potential, making cohesive action as a political force
unlikely (and certainly uncertain) among all of 'the poor'.
Policies to assist poor people will be more effective, and
political analysis will yield more fruitful results, if
instead of working with any generic category of 'the poor'
heed is taken of subgroup-specific experiences and demands.
© 2009 Taylor & Francis.},
Doi = {10.1080/00220380902807379},
Key = {fds304198}
}
@article{fds317792,
Author = {Amaldoss, W and Ho, TH and Krishna, A and Chen, KY and Desai, P and Iyer,
G and Jain, S and Lim, N and Morgan, J and Oprea, R and Srivasatava,
J},
Title = {Experiments on strategic choices and markets},
Journal = {Marketing Letters},
Volume = {19},
Number = {3-4},
Pages = {417-429},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2008},
Month = {December},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11002-008-9040-7},
Abstract = {Much of experimental research in marketing has focused on
individual choices. Yet in many contexts, the outcomes of
one's choices depend on the choices of others. Furthermore,
the results obtained in individual decision making context
may not be applicable to these strategic choices. In this
paper, we discuss three avenues for further advancing our
understanding of strategic choices. First, there is a need
to develop theories about how people learn to play strategic
games. Second, there is an opportunity to enrich standard
economic models of strategic behavior by allowing for
different types of bounded rationality and by relaxing
assumptions about utility formulation. These new models can
help us to more accurately predict strategic choices.
Finally, future research can improve marketing practice by
designing better mechanisms and validating them using
experiments. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media,
LLC.},
Doi = {10.1007/s11002-008-9040-7},
Key = {fds317792}
}
@article{fds270067,
Author = {Krishna, A and Pieterse, JN},
Title = {Hierarchical integration: The dollar economy and the rupee
economy},
Journal = {Development and Change},
Volume = {39},
Number = {2},
Pages = {219-237},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2008},
Month = {March},
ISSN = {0012-155X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00477.x},
Abstract = {While contemporary globalization makes the world more
interconnected, it also reworks and builds on existing
cleavages and uneven development. This is an
under-researched dimension of the emerging twenty-first
century international division of labour. The core question
is whether new developments (associated with exports,
offshoring and outsourcing) spin off to the majority in the
countryside and the urban poor. This article examines the
relationship between the dollar economy and the rupee
economy in India. It documents the ways in which inequality
is built into and sustains India's development. The authors
discuss other instances of multi-speed economies and
analytics that seek to come to grips with these relations,
from combined and uneven development to global value chains.
They present three ways of capturing contemporary
inequality: asymmetric inclusion, enlargement-and-containment
and hierarchical integration, each of which captures
different dimensions of inequality. © 2008 Institute of
Social Studies.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00477.x},
Key = {fds270067}
}
@article{fds270065,
Author = {Krishna, A and Lecy, JD},
Title = {The balance of all things: Explaining household poverty
dynamics in 50 villages of Gujarat, India},
Journal = {International Journal of Multiple Research
Approaches},
Volume = {2},
Number = {2},
Pages = {160-175},
Publisher = {Dialectical Publishing},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1834-0806},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/mra.455.2.2.160},
Abstract = {Explanations for poverty have often tended to focus on
momentous, especially calamitous, events. In this analysis
we show how households’ longer-term economic fortunes are
more significantly influenced by a succession of quotidian,
recurring, and comparatively minor events. Rather than any
single event, it is the balance of positive and negative
everyday events that better explains where a household will
eventually land up. Policy interventions can make a deeper
impact on poverty by influencing the balance of everyday
events. © 2008 eContent Management Pty Ltd.},
Doi = {10.5172/mra.455.2.2.160},
Key = {fds270065}
}
@article{fds270066,
Author = {Krishna, A and Haglund, E},
Title = {“Why Do Some Countries Win More Olympics Medals? Lessons
for Social Mobility and Poverty Reduction.”},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {43},
Number = {28},
Pages = {143-151},
Year = {2008},
Abstract = {Not everyone in our country has equal access to competitive
sports. Many are not effective participants on account of
ignorance or disinterest, disability or deterrence. This
analysis considers two separate arenas for enlarging the
pool of effective participants, one related to spor ts and
other to social mobility. In both c ase s, t his p ap er f
inds the plausibili t y of a n e xplanati o n based on
effective participation rates. It examines what country
characteristics are associated with greater success in the
Olympics at the macro level by considering indicators such
as health, education, and especially three variables of
information and access (road length per unit of land area,
the share of urban population and radios per capita). It
also analyses the opportunities and achievements in the
villages of two states, Karnataka and Rajasthan.},
Key = {fds270066}
}
@article{fds270069,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {For Reducing Poverty Faster: Target Reasons Before
People},
Journal = {World Development},
Volume = {35},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1947-1960},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2007},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0305-750X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.12.003},
Abstract = {Poverty is inherently dynamic: large numbers of people are
escaping from poverty at any given time, but large numbers
are also falling into poverty simultaneously. Achieving
faster poverty reduction requires speeding up the pace of
escapes while concurrently slowing down the rate of descents
into poverty. Studies undertaken over the past five years in
India, Kenya, Peru, and Uganda, considering 223 villages and
over 25 000 households, show that escapes and descents are
not symmetric in terms of reasons. While one set of reasons
is related to escaping poverty, another set of reasons is
associated with falling into poverty. Targeting both sets of
reasons is required for reducing poverty faster; targeting
people alone will not help. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.12.003},
Key = {fds270069}
}
@article{fds270070,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {How does social capital grow? A seven-year study of villages
in India},
Journal = {Journal of Politics},
Volume = {69},
Number = {4},
Pages = {941-956},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Year = {2007},
Month = {November},
ISSN = {0022-3816},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00600.x},
Abstract = {Social capital has been shown to be important for
strengthening democracy and promoting development, but
relatively little is known about how social capital grows,
especially over the short to medium term. To help identify
the nature and sources of growth in social capital, I
constructed a panel data set for 61 villages in India,
including repeat interviews (in 1997 and 2004) with more
than 1,700 respondents. Considerable changes in social
capital have occurred over this seven-year period. Factors
such as faith in government institutions, relative
modernization, relative need, and social stratification do
not help explain these changes. Organizations promoted by
outsiders have also not helped. Social capital is socially
generated through the internal efforts of community groups.
Villagers' self-initiated organizations and local leadership
have helped grow social capital, along with locally
formulated rules and lower economic inequality in the
initial period. © 2007 Southern Political Science
Association.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00600.x},
Key = {fds270070}
}
@article{fds317793,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Subjective Assessments, Participatory Methods and Poverty
Dynamics: The Stages-of-Progress Method},
Journal = {Chronic Poverty Research Centre Working Paper},
Number = {93},
Year = {2007},
Month = {October},
Abstract = {The Stages-of-Progress methodology helps examine
households’ movements out of poverty and into poverty.
More important, it helps uncover the reasons responsible for
these movements, thereby feeding directly into policy
formulation. I present the steps in this methodology,
discussing briefly some results from applications carried
out with colleagues in 236 diverse communities of India,
Kenya, Uganda, Peru and North Carolina, USA, examining the
pathways traversed by a total of more than 25,000
households. Next, I discuss how reliably this recall-based,
participatory and community-driven methodology works in
practice. Strengths and weaknesses of the method are
examined in conclusion.},
Key = {fds317793}
}
@article{fds270046,
Author = {Kristjanson, P and Krishna, A and Radeny, M and Kuan, J and Quilca, G and Sanchez-Urrelo, A and Leon-Velarde, C},
Title = {Poverty dynamics and the role of livestock in the Peruvian
Andes},
Journal = {Agricultural Systems},
Volume = {94},
Number = {2},
Pages = {294-308},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2007},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0308-521X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2006.09.009},
Abstract = {Livestock play an important role for poor rural households
in regions such as the Peruvian Andes. Research methods
leading to a better understanding of the role of livestock
in household poverty dynamics, and what better targeted
policies and interventions may enhance that role, however,
are not readily available. We utilized multiple methods,
including Stages-of-Progress and household surveys, which
gave us a combination of qualitative and quantitative
results. We examined how over the last 10 and 25 years
households have moved into and out of poverty in 40 rural
communities in two different highland regions of Peru. We
also examined the role played in these movements by
different livestock assets and strategies. We found a
significant number of households had escaped poverty, while
at the same time many households have fallen into poverty.
The reasons for movements up versus down are not the same,
with different strategies and policies needed to address
escapes versus descents. Diversification of income through
livestock and intensification of livestock activities
through improved breeds has helped many households escape
poverty and this method allowed us to explore what exactly
this means in the diverse areas studied. These findings can
contribute to better targeted livestock-related research and
development strategies and policies, not only in Peru, but
in other regions where similar livelihood strategies are
being pursued. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.agsy.2006.09.009},
Key = {fds270046}
}
@article{fds304197,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Poverty and health: Defeating poverty by going to the
roots},
Journal = {Development},
Volume = {50},
Number = {2},
Pages = {63-69},
Publisher = {Springer Nature},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {1011-6370},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100359},
Abstract = {Poverty is dynamic in nature: even as some people move out
of poverty, other people simultaneously fall into poverty.
The poverty pool is being simultaneously both depleted and
refilled. Anirudh Krishna argues that efforts for poverty
reduction tend to focus exclusively on raising people out of
poverty, and therefore will not be very successful unless
poverty creation is also addressed. Ill health and high
healthcare expenses are the principal reasons associated
with falling into poverty; therefore, reducing poverty
requires investing in better healthcare.},
Doi = {10.1057/palgrave.development.1100359},
Key = {fds304197}
}
@article{fds270068,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Poverty and Health: Defeating Poverty by Reducing Its
Creation},
Journal = {Development},
Volume = {50},
Number = {2},
Pages = {63-69},
Year = {2007},
ISSN = {1011-6370},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100359},
Abstract = {Poverty is dynamic in nature: even as some people move out
of poverty, other people simultaneously fall into poverty.
The poverty pool is being simultaneously both depleted and
refilled. Anirudh Krishna argues that efforts for poverty
reduction tend to focus exclusively on raising people out of
poverty, and therefore will not be very successful unless
poverty creation is also addressed. Ill health and high
healthcare expenses are the principal reasons associated
with falling into poverty; therefore, reducing poverty
requires investing in better healthcare.},
Doi = {10.1057/palgrave.development.1100359},
Key = {fds270068}
}
@article{fds270045,
Author = {Krishna, A and Kristjanson, P and Kuan, J and Quilca, G and Radeny, M and Sanchez-Urrelo, A},
Title = {Fixing the hole in the bucket: Household poverty dynamics in
the Peruvian Andes},
Journal = {Development and Change},
Volume = {37},
Number = {5},
Pages = {997-1021},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2006},
Month = {September},
ISSN = {0012-155X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00510.x},
Abstract = {Achieving the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty
will require simultaneous action on two separate fronts:
helping poor people escape from poverty, and stemming the
flow of people into poverty. This article examines forty
Peruvian communities, and finds that descents into poverty
have occurred alongside escapes in every one of them. Escape
and descent are asymmetric in terms of reasons: while one
set of reasons is responsible for escapes from poverty,
another and different set of reasons is associated with
descent. Making progress in poverty reduction will require
measures to accelerate escapes whilst at the same time
slowing down descents. The article looks at the different
policies which will be required to serve these two separate
purposes. © Institute of Social Studies
2006.},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00510.x},
Key = {fds270045}
}
@article{fds270072,
Author = {Krishna, A and Kristjanson, P and Kuan, J and Quilca, G and Radeny, M and Sanchez Urrelo and A},
Title = {Fixing the Hole in the Bucket: Household Poverty Dynamics in
Forty Communities of the Peruvian Andes},
Journal = {Development and Change},
Volume = {37},
Number = {5},
Pages = {997-1021},
Year = {2006},
Month = {September},
Key = {fds270072}
}
@article{fds270044,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Reversal of fortune},
Journal = {Foreign Policy},
Number = {154},
Pages = {62-63},
Year = {2006},
Month = {May},
ISSN = {0015-7228},
Key = {fds270044}
}
@article{fds270071,
Author = {Krishna, A and Lumonya, D and Markiewicz, M and Mugumya, F and Kafuko,
A and Wegoye, J},
Title = {Escaping poverty and becoming poor in 36 villages of Central
and Western Uganda},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {42},
Number = {2},
Pages = {346-370},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2006},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0022-0388},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380500405634},
Abstract = {Twenty-four per cent of households in 36 village communities
of Central and Western Uganda have escaped from poverty over
the past 25 years, but another 15 per cent have
simultaneously fallen into poverty. A roughly equal number
of households escaped from poverty in the first period (ten
to 25 years ago) as in the second period (the last ten
years) examined here. However, almost twice as many
households fell into poverty during the second period as in
the first period. Progress in poverty reduction has slowed
down as a result. Multiple causes are associated with
descent into poverty and these causes vary significantly
between villages in the two different regions. For nearly
two-thirds of all households in both regions, however, ill
health and health-related costs were a principal reason for
descent into poverty. Escaping poverty is also associated
with diverse causes, which vary across the two regions.
Compared to increases in urban employment, however,
land-related reasons have been more important for escaping
poverty in both regions. © 2006 Taylor &
Francis.},
Doi = {10.1080/00220380500405634},
Key = {fds270071}
}
@article{fds270073,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Pathways out of and into poverty in 36 villages of Andhra
Pradesh, India},
Journal = {World Development},
Volume = {34},
Number = {2},
Pages = {271-288},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2006},
Month = {February},
ISSN = {0305-750X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.08.003},
Abstract = {Fourteen percent of households in 36 villages of three
districts in Andhra Pradesh, India, escaped from poverty
over the past 25 years, but another 12% of these 5 536
households fell into poverty during the same time. Escaping
poverty and falling into poverty are responsive,
respectively, to different sets of factors. Two different
sets of poverty policies will be required in future: one set
to assist escape, and another set to prevent descent. While
ill health and high healthcare costs, social and customary
expenses, high-interest private debt, and drought are
associated most often with falling into poverty,
diversification of income sources and land improvement are
most closely related with escape. Some other factors,
including industrial growth and education, have had only
very slight and indirect effects on poverty in these
villages. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.08.003},
Key = {fds270073}
}
@article{fds270074,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Poverty and democratic participation reconsidered: Evidence
from the local level in India},
Journal = {Comparative Politics},
Volume = {38},
Number = {4},
Pages = {439-458},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Year = {2006},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0010-4159},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20434011},
Doi = {10.2307/20434011},
Key = {fds270074}
}
@article{fds270075,
Author = {Krishna, A and Brihmadesam, V},
Title = {What Does it Take to Become a Software Engineer? Educated
Parents, Information Networks, and Upward Mobility in
India},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds270075}
}
@article{fds270076,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Reversal of Fortune: Why Preventing Poverty Beats Curing
it},
Journal = {Foreign Policy},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds270076}
}
@article{fds270077,
Author = {Krishna, A and Kapila, M and Porwal, M and Singh,
V},
Title = {Why growth is not enough: Household poverty dynamics in
northeast Gujarat, India},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {41},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1163-1192},
Publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
Year = {2005},
Month = {October},
ISSN = {0022-0388},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380500170865},
Abstract = {Despite high growth rates in Gujarat, exceeding 9 per cent
per year over the decade of the 1990s, poverty in 36
villages located in the northeastern part of this state has
changed hardly at all. In these villages, 9.5 per cent of
households escaped from poverty over the past 25 years, but
6.3 per cent of households became poor at the same time.
Escape and descent are not symmetric: different reasons
account for escaping poverty than those for declining into
poverty. Growth alone is hardly sufficient to achieve
poverty reduction on any significant scale. Public policies
will be needed to address directly the separate causes for
descent into poverty. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.},
Doi = {10.1080/00220380500170865},
Key = {fds270077}
}
@article{fds40124,
Author = {Anirudh Krishna and Mahesh Kapila and Mahendra Porwal and Veerpal
Singh},
Title = {Why Growth is Not Enough: Household Poverty Dynamics in
Northeast Gujarat, India},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {41},
Number = {7},
Pages = {1163-92},
Year = {2005},
Month = {July},
Key = {fds40124}
}
@article{fds270082,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Understanding, measuring and utilizing social capital:
Clarifying concepts and presenting a field application from
India},
Journal = {Agricultural Systems},
Volume = {82},
Number = {3},
Pages = {291-305},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2004},
Month = {December},
ISSN = {0308-521X},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2004.07.003},
Abstract = {Social capital has been defined as a resource, a propensity
for mutually beneficial collective action, that communities
possess to different extents. Communities with high levels
of social capital are able to act together collectively for
achieving diverse common objectives. While the concept of
social capital is valid universally, the measure of social
capital will vary by context. It must be related in each
case to aspects of social relations that assist mutually
beneficial collective action within that particular cultural
context. A locally-relevant scale of social capital was
developed to assess whether and how social capital mattered
for development performance in 69 north Indian villages.
Variables corresponding to other bodies of explanation,
including extent of commercialisation, relative
stratification, and relative need were also examined, but a
combination of high social capital and capable agency was
found to associate most closely with high development
performance. Agency is important particularly in situations
where institutions are not available that enable citizens to
connect with the state and with markets. The productivity of
social capital is considerably reduced on account of this
institutional gap. Development performance can be improved
in these situations by adding to the stock of social capital
and also through enhancing agency capacity. © 2004 Elsevier
Ltd. All rights reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.agsy.2004.07.003},
Key = {fds270082}
}
@article{fds270081,
Author = {Uphoff, N and Krishna, A},
Title = {Civil society and public sector institutions: More than a
zero-sum relationship},
Journal = {Public Administration and Development},
Volume = {24},
Number = {4},
Pages = {357-372},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2004},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.313},
Abstract = {Measuring civil society strength has become entangled in
competing definitions of civil society (CS). A more
productive approach begins by considering CS from the
perspective not of what it is but from what it does. Civil
society functions - articulating citizens' interests and
demands, defending their rights and meeting their needs-can
be performed by a variety of institutions and organisations,
not all of which are or need to be detached from the
government. Determining the strength of CS requires
assessing how well these functions are performed by a
continuum of organisations and institutions. A
disaggregated, multi-sector model is developed that assists
in measuring CS strength in any specific context. © 2004
John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1002/pad.313},
Key = {fds270081}
}
@article{fds270089,
Author = {Krishna, A and Kristjanson, P and Radeny, M and Nindo,
W},
Title = {Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor in 20 Kenyan
Villages},
Journal = {Journal of Human Development},
Volume = {5},
Number = {2},
Pages = {211-226},
Year = {2004},
Month = {July},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1464988042000225131},
Abstract = {Three hundred and sixteen households in 20 western Kenyan
villages — 19% of all households in these villages —
managed successfully to escape from poverty in the past 25
years. However, another 325 households (i.e. 19% of all
households of these villages) fell into abiding poverty in
the same period. Different causes are associated with
households falling into poverty and those overcoming
poverty. Separate policies will be required consequently to
prevent descent and to promote escape in future. Results
from these 20 Kenyan villages are compared with results
obtained earlier from a similar inquiry conducted in 35
villages of Rajasthan, India. Some remarkable similarities
are found, but also several important differences.},
Doi = {10.1080/1464988042000225131},
Key = {fds270089}
}
@article{fds270079,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Escaping poverty and becoming poor: Who gains, who loses,
and why?},
Journal = {World Development},
Volume = {32},
Number = {1},
Pages = {121-136},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2004},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.08.002},
Abstract = {Different households have followed very different economic
trajectories, this study of 35 north Indian villages shows.
Members of 11.1% of 6,376 households in these villages have
overcome poverty in the last 25 years, while members of
another 7.9% have fallen into poverty. Households' escape
from poverty is assisted by one set of factors, but an
entirely different set of factors is associated with
households' decline. Two distinct sets of policies are
required thus, one set to promote escape from poverty and
another set to arrest decline into poverty. Poverty has some
distinctly local antecedents. A methodology for tracking
changes in poverty at the local level is developed that
community groups and others can use to assess change and
examine causes. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.08.002},
Key = {fds270079}
}
@article{fds270080,
Author = {Anirudh Krishna},
Title = {Falling Into Poverty in Andhra Pradesh Villages: Why Poverty
Avoidance Policies are Needed},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly, Bombay},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds270080}
}
@article{fds270088,
Author = {Anirudh Krishna},
Title = {Falling Into Poverty in a High-Growth State: Escaping
Poverty and Becoming Poor in Gujarat Villages},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {38},
Number = {49},
Pages = {5171-5179},
Year = {2003},
Month = {December},
Key = {fds270088}
}
@article{fds270084,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Partnerships between local governments and community-based
organisations: Exploring the scope for synergy},
Journal = {Public Administration and Development},
Volume = {23},
Number = {4},
Pages = {361-371},
Publisher = {WILEY},
Year = {2003},
Month = {October},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.280},
Abstract = {The utility of both local governments and community-based
organisations can be considerably enhanced when these
agencies work in partnership with one another. Different
roles will be played by local governments and community
organisations in different types of partnership
arrangements. Distinguishing among these roles helps
allocate responsibilities better among the partner agencies,
and it is also helpful for scheduling implementation,
devising appropriate capacity building programmes and
designing suitable accountability mechanisms. An analytical
framework to help with these tasks is developed and
presented in this article. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons,
Ltd.},
Doi = {10.1002/pad.280},
Key = {fds270084}
}
@article{fds270087,
Author = {Anirudh Krishna},
Title = {Falling Into Poverty: The Other Side of Poverty
Reduction"},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Volume = {38},
Number = {6},
Pages = {533-542},
Year = {2003},
Month = {February},
Key = {fds270087}
}
@article{fds270083,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {What is happening to caste? a view from some North Indian
villages},
Journal = {Journal of Asian Studies},
Volume = {62},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1171-1193},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
Year = {2003},
Month = {January},
ISSN = {0021-9118},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3591763},
Doi = {10.2307/3591763},
Key = {fds270083}
}
@article{fds270086,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Enhancing political participation in democracies: What is
the role of social capital?},
Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
Volume = {35},
Number = {4},
Pages = {437-460},
Publisher = {SAGE Publications},
Year = {2002},
Month = {May},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414002035004003},
Abstract = {What factors account for a more active and politically
engaged citizenry? Macro-national institutions, micro-level
influences (such as individuals' wealth and education), and
meso-level factors, particularly social capital, have been
stressed variously in different studies. How do these
different factors stack up against one another? What
contribution does social capital make compared with the
other factors? And how - through what channels - is social
capital brought to bear on issues of democratic
participation? These questions are examined here with the
help of an original data set collected over 2 years for 69
village communities in two north Indian states, including
interviews with more than 2,000 individual respondents.
Analysis reveals that institutions and social capital work
together in support of active participation. Social capital
matters, and its effects are magnified when capable agents
are also available who can help individuals and communities
connect with public decision-making processes.},
Doi = {10.1177/0010414002035004003},
Key = {fds270086}
}
@article{fds270085,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Moving from the stock of social capital to the flow of
benefits: The role of agency},
Journal = {World Development},
Volume = {29},
Number = {6},
Pages = {925-943},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {2001},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00020-1},
Abstract = {Comparing results for 60 villages in Rajasthan, India, it is
seen that having a high level of social capital does not
always help to achieve high development performance. Stocks
of social capital need to be drawn upon actively, and
capable agency is necessary in addition to high social
capital. Locally relevant scales of development performance
and social capital are devised for making this comparison.
Variables corresponding to other bodies of explanation,
including extent of commercialization, relative
stratification, and relative need are also examined, but a
combination of high social capital and capable agency is
found to be associated most closely with high development
performance. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.},
Doi = {10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00020-1},
Key = {fds270085}
}
@article{fds270078,
Author = {Shrader, AKWE},
Title = {Measuring Social Capital},
Journal = {Social Capital Initiative Working Paper Series},
Publisher = {Social Development Department, The World
Bank},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds270078}
}
@article{fds317795,
Author = {Meyer, R and Erdem, T and Feinberg, F and Gilboa, I and Hutchinson, W and Krishna, A and Lippman, S and Mela, C and Pazgal, A and Prelec, D and Steckel, J},
Title = {Dynamic influences on individual choice behavior},
Journal = {Marketing Letters},
Volume = {8},
Number = {3},
Pages = {349-360},
Year = {1997},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007968706676},
Abstract = {Research examining the process of individual decision making
over time is briefly reviewed. We focus on two major areas
of work in choice dynamics: research that has examined how
current choices are influenced by the history of previous
choices, and newer work examining how choices may be made to
exploit expectations about options available in the future.
A central theme of the survey is that if a general
understanding of choice dynamics is to emerge, it will come
through the development of boundedly-rational models of
dynamic problem solving that lie on the interface between
economics and psychology.},
Doi = {10.1023/A:1007968706676},
Key = {fds317795}
}
@article{fds317796,
Author = {Harlam, BA and Krishna, A and Lehmann, DR and Mela,
C},
Title = {Impact of bundle type, price framing and familiarity on
purchase intention for the bundle},
Journal = {Journal of Business Research},
Volume = {33},
Number = {1},
Pages = {57-66},
Publisher = {Elsevier BV},
Year = {1995},
Month = {January},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(94)00014-6},
Abstract = {Bundling of products is very prevalent in the marketplace.
For example, travel packages include airfare, lodging, and a
rental car. Considerable economic research has focused on
the change in profits and consumer surplus that ensues if
bundles are offered. There is relatively little research in
marketing that deals with bundling, however. In this article
we concentrate on some tactical issues of bundling, such as
which types of products should be bundled, what price one
can charge for the bundle, and how the price of the bundle
should be presented to consumers to improve purchase intent.
For example, we hypothesize that bundles composed of
complements or equally priced goods will result in higher
purchase intention. We also hypothesize that price increases
will result in larger purchase intention changes than price
decreases. Further, we expect that the presentation format
for describing the price of the bundle will influence
purchase intention in general, and, depending on the price
level of the bundle, different presentation formats will
result in higher purchase intention. Finally, we hypothesize
that purchase intention changes associated with different
price levels will be higher for subjects who are familiar
with the products than for subjects who are less familiar
with the products. We used an interactive computer
experiment conducted among 83 Master of Business
Administration (MBA) students to test our hypotheses. Our
findings suggest that: (1) bundles composed of complements
have a higher purchase intent than bundles of similar or
unrelated products, (2) consumers are more sensitive to a
bundle price increase than to a bundle price decrease of
equal amounts, (3) different presentation formats for
describing the price of the bundle influence purchase
intention, and (4) more familiar subjects respond to
different presentations of equivalent bundles in different
ways than less familiar subjects. We did not find any
support for the hypothesis that bundles composed of
similarly priced items have higher purchase intent than
bundles composed of unequally priced products. ©
1995.},
Doi = {10.1016/0148-2963(94)00014-6},
Key = {fds317796}
}
%% Chapters in Books
@misc{fds342116,
Author = {Gadiraju, KK and Vatsavai, RR and Kaza, N and Wibbels, E and Krishna,
A},
Title = {Machine learning approaches for slum detection using very
high resolution satellite images},
Journal = {IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops,
ICDMW},
Volume = {2018-November},
Pages = {1397-1404},
Year = {2018},
Month = {July},
ISBN = {9781538692882},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICDMW.2018.00198},
Abstract = {Detecting informal settlements has become an important area
of research in the past decade, owing to the availability of
high resolution satellite imagery. Traditional per-pixel
based classification methods provide high degree of accuracy
in distinguishing primitive instances such as buildings,
roads, forests and water. However, these methods fail to
capture the complex relationships between neighboring pixels
that is necessary for distinguishing complex objects such as
informal and formal settlements. In this paper, we perform
several experiments to compare and contrast how various
per-pixel based classification methods, when combined with
various features perform in detecting slums. In addition, we
also explored a deep neural network, which showed better
accuracy than the pixel based methods.},
Doi = {10.1109/ICDMW.2018.00198},
Key = {fds342116}
}
@misc{fds329409,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Rural-urban inequality and poverty},
Pages = {162-173},
Booktitle = {Inequality in Economics and Sociology: New
Perspectives},
Publisher = {Routledge},
Year = {2017},
Month = {July},
ISBN = {9781138678477},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315558936},
Doi = {10.4324/9781315558936},
Key = {fds329409}
}
@misc{fds342341,
Author = {Krishna, AS and Reddy, BE and Pompapathi, M},
Title = {Color edge detection for noisy images by nonlinear
prefiltering and block-by-block rotations},
Journal = {2015 International Conference on Communication and Signal
Processing, ICCSP 2015},
Pages = {1262-1267},
Year = {2015},
Month = {November},
ISBN = {9781479980819},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCSP.2015.7322710},
Abstract = {This paper addresses a method to obtain color edge detection
for images corrupted with Gaussian noise and impulse noise,
to correctly reproduce distinct, continuous edges based on
nonlinear prefiltering followed by block-by-block rotations
to locate the edges in all orientations. A nonlinear
prefilter is used to reduce the noise in Red, Green, and
Blue components of the color image. The method preserves
edges, corners and fine image details, smoothes the noise.
Then applied rotation operations block-by-block by
convoluting the prefiltered image with 3 × 3 kernel to
obtain the edge pixels. The algorithm has tested on a
variety of standard images and the performance has been
compared with algorithms known from the literature in terms
Figure of Merit (FOM).},
Doi = {10.1109/ICCSP.2015.7322710},
Key = {fds342341}
}
@misc{fds363134,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {PART 2: Seasonal livelihoods},
Pages = {93-95},
Booktitle = {Seasonality, Rural Livelihoods and Development},
Year = {2013},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9781849713245},
Key = {fds363134}
}
@misc{fds218949,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {The Naya Netas: Informal Mediators of Government Services in
Rural North India},
Booktitle = {The Politics of Non-State Social Welfare Provision in the
Global South},
Publisher = {Cornell University Press},
Editor = {Melanie Cammett and Lauren Maclean},
Year = {2013},
Key = {fds218949}
}
@misc{fds199830,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Politics and Development at the Grassroots: Missing Links in
the Institutional Chain},
Booktitle = {Oxford Handbook on the Politics of Development},
Editor = {Nicolas Van de Walle and Carol Lancaster},
Year = {2011},
Key = {fds199830}
}
@misc{fds270026,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Poverty knowledge and poverty action in India},
Pages = {111-132},
Booktitle = {The State in India after Liberalization: Interdisciplinary
Perspectives},
Publisher = {Routledge},
Year = {2010},
Month = {October},
ISBN = {9780415775533},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203846858},
Doi = {10.4324/9780203846858},
Key = {fds270026}
}
@misc{fds183985,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Dealing with a Distant State: The Evolving Nature of Local
Politics in India},
Booktitle = {Oxford Companion to Politics in India},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Editor = {Niraja Gopal Jayal and Pratap Bhanu Mehta},
Year = {2010},
Key = {fds183985}
}
@misc{fds270027,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Subjective Assessments, Participatory Methods, and Poverty
Dynamics},
Pages = {183-202},
Booktitle = {Poverty Dynamics: Interdisciplinary Perspectives},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Year = {2009},
Month = {May},
ISBN = {9780199557547},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557547.003.0008},
Abstract = {This chapter discusses the stages of progress method for the
assessment of poverty. It tracks households in five
countries: four developing countries and the United States.
The methodology has seven steps: (i) get together
representative community group; (ii) discuss the objectives
of the exercise; (iii) define poverty collectively in terms
of stages of progress, then ask the question: if a poor
household gets a bit more money what do they do with it?;
(iv) define 'x years ago' in terms of a well-known
signifying event; (v) list all village households, and then
ask about each household's stage at the present time and x
years ago; (vi) categorize all present-day households into
chronically poor or not; and then (vii) take a random sample
within each category to ascertain reasons for change or
stability. To cross-check the reliability of the method,
researchers share the results with key informants, before
leaving the community, to see whether they agree with the
findings.},
Doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557547.003.0008},
Key = {fds270027}
}
@misc{fds166055,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Are More People Becoming Vulnerable to Poverty? Evidence
from Grassroots Investigations in Five Countries},
Pages = {61-82},
Booktitle = {Globalization and Emerging Societies: Development and
Inequality},
Publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
Editor = {Boike Rehbein and Jan Nederveen Pieterse},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds166055}
}
@misc{fds166057,
Author = {K. Ananthpur and A. Krishna},
Title = {Formal Perceptions of Informal Justice},
Booktitle = {Strengthening Governance through Access to
Justice},
Publisher = {New Delhi: PHI Learning},
Editor = {Amita Singh and Nasir Aslam Zahid},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds166057}
}
@misc{fds166059,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {The Dynamics of Poverty: Why Don’t “the Poor” Act
Collectively?},
Pages = {411-420},
Booktitle = {The Poorest and Hungry: Assessments, Analyses, and
Actions},
Publisher = {Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research
Institute.},
Editor = {Joachim von Braun and Ruth Vargas-Hill and Rajul
Pandya-Lorch},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds166059}
}
@misc{fds152054,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Subjective Assessments, Participatory Methods and Poverty
Dynamics: The Stages Of Progress Method},
Pages = {183-201},
Booktitle = {Poverty Dynamics},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Editor = {Tony Addison and David Hulme},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds152054}
}
@misc{fds183986,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Subjective Assessments, Participatory Methods and Poverty
Dynamics: The Stages of Progress Method},
Booktitle = {Poverty Dynamics: Interdisciplinary Perspectives},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Editor = {Tony Addison and David Hulme and Ravi Kanbur},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds183986}
}
@misc{fds270028,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Do poor people care less for democracy? Testing
individual-level assumptions with individual-level data from
India},
Pages = {65-93},
Booktitle = {Poverty, Participation, and Democracy},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Editor = {A. Krishna},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780521504454},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511756160.005},
Abstract = {The positive effect of higher wealth on democracy was
asserted by Lipset (1960: 31): “democracy is related to
the state of economic development…the more well-to-do a
nation, the greater the chances it will sustain
democracy.” Later studies have overwhelmingly reaffirmed
this association between wealth and democracy. However, why
the association should hold remains unexplained in terms of
micro-foundations. The causal mechanisms linking development
to democracy “remain, in effect, a black box”
(Rueschmeyer, Stephens, and Stephens 1992: 29); “there is
little agreement as to why high income per
capita…virtually guarantees that democracy will remain in
place” (Bunce 2000: 707); the literature “suffers from
ambiguities of its own” (Przeworski and Limongi 1993: 62);
and it has “generated a long series of complex, competing,
and largely untested hypotheses” (Remmer 1995: 107).
Alternative hypotheses were reviewed in the introductory
chapter, suggesting that the missing causal mechanism is to
be found in richer individuals' greater concern for
democracy. As incomes grow, it is proposed, people tend to
have more interest in and greater support for democracy.
Three variants of this hypothesis have been put forward,
although none has been tested empirically at the individual
level. A hierarchy-of-needs hypothesis provides the first
clue as to why poor people might care less for democracy. A
second clue was provided by hypotheses proposing value
shifts and changes in culture. As people become richer, they
are expected in this hypothesis, to acquire more of the
values associated with respect for freedom and civil and
political liberties.},
Doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511756160.005},
Key = {fds270028}
}
@misc{fds270029,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Introduction: Poor people and democracy},
Pages = {1-27},
Booktitle = {Poverty, Participation, and Democracy},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Editor = {A. Krishna},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780521504454},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511756160.003},
Abstract = {Social scientists have steadily believed that democracies
will more likely exist in richer rather than poorer
countries. Analyses of cross-country data have consistently
shown democracy to be more prevalent and more stable in
countries that have higher-than-average per capita incomes.
Based on these statistical observations, a law-like
regularity has been postulated, proposing social
prerequisites for democracy, stated in terms of material
achievement. Continuing in this vein, a comprehensive
analysis concluded that the probability democracy will
survive in a country “increases steeply and monotonically
as per capita incomes get larger. Indeed, democracy is
almost certain to survive in countries with per capita
incomes above $4,000.” Below this level of per capita
income, democracy is considered to be at grave risk: “We
have learned that the bonds of poverty are difficult to
break, that poverty breeds dictatorships” (Przeworski, et
al. 2000: 273, 277). These expectations are, however,
confounded by some recent events. Over the past few decades,
democracy has broken out of its erstwhile confines. Today,
democracy is no more “the exclusive preserve of wealthy
lands,” states Karatnycky (2004: 83). “Many poor and
developing countries achieve a record of respect for
political and civil libertiesthe survey data show that there
are 38 [democratic] countries with an annual Gross National
Income per capita (GNIpc) of US$3,500 or less. Of these
[countries], 15 are places where yearly GNIpc is below
US$1,500” – that is, less than half the threshold level
proposed by Przeworski et al. (2000).},
Doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511756160.003},
Key = {fds270029}
}
@misc{fds270031,
Author = {Krishna, A and Booth, JA},
Title = {Conclusion: Implications for policy and research},
Pages = {147-160},
Booktitle = {Poverty, Participation, and Democracy},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Editor = {A. Krishna},
Year = {2008},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780521504454},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511756160.008},
Abstract = {Since the mid-twentieth century academic and intellectual
understandings of the role of mass publics in democracy has
been Schumpeterian in its conclusion that extensive
political participation by the poor or the working classes
would be antithetical to democracy. This worldview arose
from three major strains of research that informed and
reinforced each other. One built on the rise of
authoritarian politics in Europe between the first and
second World Wars, a paradigm that attributed antidemocratic
values to mass publics. Analysts concluded that should mass
publics participate extensively in politics, authoritarian
regimes would be the inevitable outcome, because the values
and attitudes of poor people would foster such an outcome
(Adorno et al. 1950; Lipset 1960, 1981; Schumpeter 1943).
Later research on voting and citizen attitudes in the West
concluded that working classes tended not to participate in
politics as much as those of higher socioeconomic status
(Almond and Verba 1963; Campbell et al. 1960; Milbraith
1965; Verba and Nie 1972; Verba, Nie, and Kim 1978). Third,
research on the impact of development on regime type linked
the emergence of democracy to economic modernization and
prosperity (Almond and Verba 1963; Apter 1965; Lerner 1958).
These findings combined into a worldview holding that the
poor tend to hold authoritarian rather than democratic
values; normally, they are rather politically inert. From
these suppositions, it was deduced that only by reducing the
political import of the poor – that is, by minimizing the
political engagement of the poor while working, first, to
increase the wealth of whole societies – democracy would
be better assured of stability in the future.},
Doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511756160.008},
Key = {fds270031}
}
@misc{fds152055,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {“Are More People Becoming Vulnerable to Poverty? Evidence
from Grassroots Investigations in Five Countries.”},
Booktitle = {Globalization and Emerging Societies},
Publisher = {Routledge, forthcoming},
Editor = {Boike Rehbein and Jan Nederveen Pieterse},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds152055}
}
@misc{fds152057,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Social Capital and Economic Development},
Pages = {438-66},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Social Capital},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Editor = {Dario Castiglione and Jan van Deth and Guglielmo
Wolleb},
Year = {2008},
Key = {fds152057}
}
@misc{fds270032,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Politics in the middle: Mediating relationships between the
citizens and the state in rural North India},
Pages = {141-158},
Booktitle = {Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic
Accountability and Political Competition},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {9780521865050},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511585869.006},
Abstract = {Caste and patron–client links have been regarded most
often as the building blocks of political organization in
India, especially in its rural parts (Migdal 1988; Weiner
1989), and caste associations have been thought to be the
pre-eminent mode of interest formation and interest
articulation for ordinary villagers (Bailey 1957;
Morris-Jones 1967; Panini 1997). Caste has changed over the
last twenty-five years, however, and the links between caste
and occupation and caste and wealth are no longer as close
as they used to be (Mayer 1997; Sheth 1999). Many observers
continue to stress caste and patron–client linkages as
important factors explaining political mobilization in rural
India (Karanth 1997; Kothari 1997; Manor 1997). The relation
of caste to political organization is mediated, however, by
the nature of state policies. Changes produced by state
policies over the last twenty-five years have had the result
of diminishing the utility for villagers of older caste- and
patronage-based conduits. In sixty-nine villages where I
studied these features, located in the northern Indian
states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, different forms of
political association have arisen and gained ground, and the
salience of older patronage-based associations has waned
considerably in comparison. Varying stimuli produced by the
state at different times have resulted in reconfiguring
caste and political association, the historical account
shows (Bayly 1988; Dirks 2001). As the nature and the rules
of the political game have changed once again over the past
twenty-five years, caste and other forms of social
aggregation have changed further in response.},
Doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511585869.006},
Key = {fds270032}
}
@misc{fds317794,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {The Stages-of-Progress Methodology and Results from Five
Countries},
Journal = {REDUCING GLOBAL POVERTY: THE CASE FOR ASSET
ACCUMULATION},
Pages = {62-79},
Publisher = {BROOKINGS INST},
Editor = {Moser, CON},
Year = {2007},
Month = {January},
ISBN = {978-0-8157-5857-0},
Key = {fds317794}
}
@misc{fds140648,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {The Conundrum of Services: Why Services are Crucial for
Making Service Provision Better},
Booktitle = {Shantayanan Devarajan and Ingrid Widlund, eds., The Politics
of Service Delivery in Democracies: Better Access for the
Poor. Stockholm: Ministry of Foreign Affairs},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds140648}
}
@misc{fds140653,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Poverty Knowledge and Poverty Action in India},
Booktitle = {Deepa Narayan and Patti Petesch, eds., Unleashing the
Economic and Social Mobility of the Poor,
PalgraveMcMillan},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds140653}
}
@misc{fds40138,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Will Communities in Asia Use Social Capital to Support or
Oppose Globalization?},
Booktitle = {Globalization in Transition: Forces of Adjustment in the
Asia Pacific Rim},
Editor = {Dennis Rondinelli and John Hefron},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds40138}
}
@misc{fds52864,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {The Stages-of-Progress Methodology, Assets, and Longitudinal
Trends: Results from a Five-Year Study in 236 Communities of
Five Countries},
Booktitle = {Caroline Moser, ed.,},
Publisher = {Brookings Institution Press},
Year = {2007},
Key = {fds52864}
}
@misc{fds371922,
Author = {Krishna, A},
Title = {Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor in Three States of India,
with Additional Evidence from Kenya, Uganda, and
Peru},
Pages = {165-197},
Booktitle = {MOVING OUT OF POVERTY, VOL 1: CROSS-DISCIPLINARY
PERSPECTIVES ON MOBILITY},
Year = {2007},
ISBN = {978-0-8213-6991-3},
Key = {fds371922}
}
@misc{fds40137,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Social Capital and Economic Development},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Social Capital},
Publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press},
Editor = {Dario Castiglione and Jan van Deth and Guglielmo
Wolleb},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds40137}
}
@misc{fds30962,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Are Villagers Ready for Decentralization?},
Pages = {100-31},
Booktitle = {Decentralization and Local Governance},
Publisher = {Orient Longman},
Editor = {L.C. Jain},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds30962}
}
@misc{fds30963,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Putting Social Capital to Work: Agency and
Development},
Series = {Sage Publications},
Pages = {25-59},
Booktitle = {Investigating Social Capital: Comparative Perspectives on
Civil Society, Participation and Governance},
Editor = {Per Selle and Sanjeev Prakash},
Year = {2004},
Key = {fds30963}
}
@misc{fds30978,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Global Truths and Local Realities: Traditional Institutions
in a Modern World},
Booktitle = {Institutions and Social Change},
Publisher = {Rawal Publications},
Editor = {Surjit Singh and Varsha Joshi},
Year = {2003},
Key = {fds30978}
}
@misc{fds14835,
Author = {A. Krishna and Norman Uphoff},
Title = {Mapping and Measuring Social Capital: A Conceptual And
Empirical Study of Collective Action For Concerving and
Developing Watersheds in Rajasthan, India},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Editor = {Christian Grootaert and Thierry van Bastelaer},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds14835}
}
@misc{fds16439,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {The Social Capital Assessment Tool: Design and
Implementation},
Booktitle = {Understanding and Measuring Social Capital: A
Multidisciplinary Tool for Practitioners},
Publisher = {Washington, D.C.: The World Bank},
Editor = {Christian Grootaert and Thierry van Bastelaer},
Year = {2002},
Key = {fds16439}
}
@misc{fds14833,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Social Factors in Sustainable Land-Use Management},
Booktitle = {Economic Policy and Sustainable Land Use in LDC: Recent
Advances in Quantitative Analysis for Developing
Countries},
Publisher = {Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag},
Editor = {Nico Heerink and Herman van Keulen and Marijke
Kuiper},
Year = {2001},
Key = {fds14833}
}
@misc{fds14834,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Creating and Harnessing Social Capital},
Booktitle = {Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective},
Publisher = {Washington, D.C.: The World Bank},
Editor = {Partha Dasgupta and Ismail Sergeldin},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds14834}
}
@misc{fds40450,
Author = {A. Krishna and Elizabeth Shrader},
Title = {Cross-Cultural Measures of Social Capital: A Tool and
Results from India and Panama},
Publisher = {Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No. 21, Social
Development Department, The World Bank},
Year = {2000},
Key = {fds40450}
}
@misc{fds40140,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Large-Scale Government Programmes: Watershed Development in
Rajasthan, India},
Booktitle = {Fertile Ground: The Impacts of Participatory Watershed
Mangement},
Publisher = {London, UK: Intermediate Technology Publications},
Editor = {Fiona Hinchcliffe and John Thompson and Jules Pretty and Irene Guijt and Parmesh Shah},
Year = {1999},
Key = {fds40140}
}
%% Other Working Papers
@article{fds166062,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {The Missing Middle: Development, Democracy, and Connecting
Institutions},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds166062}
}
%% Papers Submitted
@article{fds212025,
Author = {A. Krishna and G. Schober},
Title = {The Gradient of Governance: Distance and Disenchantment in
Rural India},
Journal = {Journal of Politics},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds212025}
}
@article{fds212026,
Author = {A. Krishna and A. Sarin},
Title = {Management Education in India: Avenue for Social
Stratification or Social Mobility?},
Journal = {World Development},
Year = {2012},
Key = {fds212026}
}
%% Book Reviews
@article{fds340745,
Author = {Krishna, A and Nolan, S},
Title = {Synthetic Fathers and Real Consequences: Social Mobility
Research in Transition},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {55},
Number = {4},
Pages = {737-742},
Publisher = {Taylor & Francis (Routledge)},
Year = {2019},
Month = {April},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1549787},
Doi = {10.1080/00220388.2018.1549787},
Key = {fds340745}
}
@article{fds166060,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {The Rich Financial Lives of Poor People},
Journal = {Science},
Year = {2009},
Key = {fds166060}
}
@article{fds30974,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {The Dubious Link: Civic Engagement and Democratization. By
Ariel C. Armony (Stanford University Press,
2004)},
Journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
Year = {2005},
Key = {fds30974}
}
@article{fds14403,
Author = {A. Krishna},
Title = {Globalization and Nationalism: The Changing Balance in
India's Economic Policy, 1950-2000, by Baldev Raj Nayar
(Sage Publications, 2001)},
Journal = {Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics},
Volume = {40},
Number = {1},
Pages = {112-113},
Year = {2002},
Month = {March},
Key = {fds14403}
}
%% Papers Published
@article{fds70647,
Author = {Anirudh Krishna and Patricia Kristjanson and Judith Kuan and Gustavo
Quilca, Maren Radeny and Alicia Sanchez-Urrelo},
Title = {Fixing the Hole in the Bucket: Household Poverty Dynamics in
Forty Communities of the Peruvian Andes},
Journal = {Development and Change},
Volume = {37},
Number = {5},
Pages = {997-1021},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds70647}
}
@article{fds70648,
Author = {Anirudh Krishna},
Title = {Poverty and Democratic Participation Reconsidered: Evidence
from the Local Level in India},
Journal = {Comparative Politics},
Volume = {38},
Number = {4},
Pages = {439-58},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds70648}
}
@article{fds70649,
Author = {Anirudh Krishna},
Title = {Pathways Out of and Into Poverty in 36 Villages of Andhra
Pradesh, India},
Journal = {World Development},
Volume = {34},
Number = {2},
Pages = {271-88},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds70649}
}
@article{fds70650,
Author = {Anirudh Krishna and Daniel Lumonya and Milissa Markiewicz and Firminus Mugumya and Agatha Kafuko and Jonah
Wegoye},
Title = {Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor in 36 Villages of Central
and Western Uganda},
Journal = {Journal of Development Studies},
Volume = {42},
Number = {2},
Pages = {346-70},
Year = {2006},
Key = {fds70650}
}
@article{fds40451,
Author = {Ruth Alsop and Anirudh Krishna and a nd Disa Sjoblom},
Title = {Inclusion and Local Elected Governments: The Panchayat Raj
System in India},
Journal = {Social Development Papers No. 37},
Publisher = {Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development
Network, The World Bank},
Year = {2001},
Month = {May},
Key = {fds40451}
}