Journal Articles

1. Bullinger, AF; Melis, AP; Tomasello, M, Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, prefer individual over collaborative strategies towards goals, Animal Behaviour, vol. 82 no. 5 (November, 2011), pp. 1135-1141 [doi].
   (last updated on 2024/10/02)

   Abstract:
   Chimpanzees engage in a number of group activities, but it is still unclear to what extent they prefer mutualistic collaborative strategies over individual strategies to achieve their goals. In one experiment, we gave chimpanzees the choice between pulling a platform to within reach either individually or collaboratively with a tolerant partner, both strategies having equivalent payoffs. Overall, chimpanzees preferred the individual option, and this preference was independent of the type of reward for which they were working (food or tool). In a second experiment, chimpanzees switched to the collaboration option as soon as the payoff was increased for this option. These results suggest that chimpanzees prefer to work alone in foraging-like situations and choose collaboration only if it maximizes their reward. These results thus make a strong case for the hypothesis that differences between humans' and chimpanzees' collaboration are to a great extent due to motivational differences. © 2011 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.